Lecture 15: Thermodynamics of roasting
Contents
Preamble
Phase rule
Predominance area diagram
Method of construction
Utility of predominance –area diagram
Roasting of complex sulphide ores
Technology of roasting
Conclusions
Reference
Key words: roasting, dead roasting, Predominance area diagram
Preamble
Roasting is gas/solid reaction in which sulphide is converted to oxide or sulphate or even to metal.
Whether roast product is oxide or sulphate or partially sulphide would depend on temperature and
partial pressures. The purpose of this lecture is to determine thermodynamic conditions for roasting.
Phase rule
Gibbs phase rule is
P F C 2
P is the number of phases and C is the minimum number of chemical components requiresconstituting
all the phases in the system. F is the number of degrees of freedom in the system also referred to as the
variance of the system). The integer in the Gibbs phase rule is related to the number of intensive
parameters such as temperature and pressure that are being considered.
In roasting we have 3 components, that is metal, sulphur and oxygen. Also pressure has no effect on
condensed phases. Mostly roasting is carried out at a constant pressure. The phase rule as applied to a
3‐ component system at constant temperature and pressure reduces to
F 3 P.
For a given temperature the composition of the gas mixture is defined by the partial pressure of gaseous
components, pO and pSO . Thus the phase relations in the ternary system as constant temperature may
be described in two dimensional diagram where pSO and pO are the two coordinates. Such a diagram
is called predominance‐ area diagram.
Predominance area diagram
Figure 15.1 shows predominance area diagram for Ni S Osystem, at constant temperature. The
phases are shown in the figure.
Figure 15.1: predominance area diagram for Ni S O system at constant temperature.
In the figure at points B C and D, three condensed phases area at equilibrium for a particular value of
pO and pSO . Degree of freedom is zero. For example at point B Ni S /Ni/NiO can co‐exist at fixedpO
andpSO , at point C . Thus
these points are called invariant point.
The lines describe the equilibrium between any two condensed phases. Along the lines degree of
freedom F 1,which means we can vary either pO orpSO to obtain the phases. For example line EB is
equilibrium between and Ni, where along line BC equilibrium exists between .
Along lines AB and GD equilibrium exists between Ni and NiO, and . This shows that
NiO/Ni or NiS/ equilibrium is independent of pSO .
The figure also shows predominance areas for a single phase, for example in the area ABCDHNiO is a
stable phase, whereas in the area FCDG, NiS is a stable phase. In the area degree of freedom is 2 which
means both pSO and pO can be varied to obtain a phase within the area.
Method of construction
The predominance area diagram depends on the system and temperature. In a two dimensional
diagram, temperature is fixed. These are the equilibrium diagrams and hence we have to consider all the
phases which can form in a systems.
Consider Ni S O system in which Ni, NiO, Ni S , Ni SO and NiS phase can form. Let us write
chemical equation representing equilibrium between any two condensed phases
Ni c O g NiO c .
1
K .
pO
Since Ni and NiO are pure and hence their activities are unity.
LogK 0.5 kg pO
We see that Ni⁄NiO equilibrium is independent of pSO and hence it is a vertical line AB in diagram 15.1.
The actual values of pSO and pO can be obtained from free energy values.
Similarly line DG represents equilibrium between NiS and NiSO
NiS c 2O g NiSO c
Since activity of condensed phase is unity
log K 2 log pO
DG line is also a vertical line.
Consider NiO NiSO equilibrium
2 NiO c 2SO g NiSO c O g
pO
K
pSO
log pSO 0.5 log pO log K
We not that equilibrium between NiO and NiSO can be attained by varying pSO and pO both and the
line DH shows the variation of log pSO against log pO .
Similarly
Ni S 3.5 O 3 NiO 2 SO
log pSO 0.5 log K 1.75 log pO
The line BC is the variation between log pSO2 and log po2 for Ni S ⁄NiO equilibrium.
The predominance area diagram can be constructed easily by writing ∆G° values for each reaction.
Utility of predominance – area diagram (PAD)
1. PAD shows the stable phase under different conditions (gas pressures)
2. PAD predicts possible processing routes.
3. One can predict the conditions for formation of a particular phase. In dead roasting of PbS, PbO
can form several compounds like PbSO . 4PbO, PbSO . 2PbO and PbSO . PbO.Dead roasting of
PbS is likely to produce PbO and PbSO .
4. It is possible thermodynamically to produce metal from sulphide by controllingpO .
Roasting of complex sulphide ores
Additional reactions may occur during the roasting of complex sulphide ore.
Differentsulphide may form solid solutions and even complex sulphides. In iron‐copper sulphide ores,
numberof ternary phases and also solid solutions of FeS in Cu S may form during roasting.
Another phenomenon is the formation of ZnO Fe O in roasting of sulphide ores. Since in a complex
phase the chemical activity of a given compound is less than the pure compound, its predominance area
will expand.
Technology of roasting
Roasting may be carried out in different furnaces. Multiple hearth furnace was dominant for a long time
for roasting of sulphide ores. Now flash roasting is developed. Fluidized bed roasting is also being in use.
A problem on fluidized bed roasting is discussed is lecture 17.
Roasting is strongly exothermic process. The calculation of adiabatic temperature is important and will
be discussed in lecture 17.
A copper concentrate may be roasted autogenously in a multiple hearth furnace provided sulphur is not
eliminated completely. Dead roasting would require additional thermal energy. Heat balance
calculations will be taken in subsequent lectures. Material balance will also be illustrated first because
heat balance cannot be done without materials balance. In subsequent lectures attempt has been made
to illustrate materials and heat balance.
Conclusions:
In this lecture thermodynamics of roasting is briefly presented to impart a feel about the formation of
different phases during roasting of sulphide ore. In this connection predominance area diagram is a very
useful one to obtain the conditions for the formation of a phase.
Reference:
1) Resenquist : principles of extractive metallurgy
2) Ray, H S; Sridhar, R and Abraham, K.P: Extraction of non ferrous metals