EARTH AND LIFE SCIENCE

• Earth Science - the study of all aspects of the formation and composition of planets with special attention
to earth (Geology, Oceanographic, Meteorology, Planetology, etc.)
• Life Science - the study of living organisms (Biology, Marine Biology, Botany, Zoology, Entomology,
Microbiology, etc.)

THE EARTH SUBSYSTEMS

• Geosphere- the layers of the earth that contains rocks, mountains, forest and other land forms.
• Biosphere - pertains to every life form inside the earth.
• Hydrosphere - contains the planet's water, whether it is an ocean, lakes or river. (70% of Earth's
composition)
• Atmosphere - the layer that essential to life of planets.

3 MAIN CATEGORIES OF ROCKS

• Igneous - common on Earth's crust from molten rocks, lava spewed from volcanoes.
• Sedimentary - from eroded fragments or even from the remains of plants or animal.
• Metamorphic - are sedimentary rocks that have been transformed by pressure or heat.

Exogenic Processes - takes place at/or near the Earth's surface that makes the surface wear away.

Weathering - the process that takes place rocks and other parts of the geosphere are broken down into
smaller pieces.

• Mechanical Weathering - the process of breaking big rocks into little ones without chemical changes
(frost wedging, plant roots, abrasion, temperature)
• Chemical Weathering - involves changes that some substance can cause into surface of the rocks
(water, acid, oxygen, living organism)

Endogenic Processes - cause by endogenic factors, or agent energy for activities that are located the Earth's
surface.

• Magnetism - movement of magma forming igneous rocks.

• Plutonism - explains that rocks are formed in fire by volcanic activities.
• Metamorphism - the changes of minerals due to heat, pressure and introduction to chemically active fluid.

📝PHILOSOPHY

📌Philosophy is the science or discipline that uses human reason to investigate the ultimate causes, reasons,
and principles which govern all things.

📌 Philosophy was coined from the Greek word Philos (Love) ang Sophia (Wisdom) The Ancient Greeks used
this term to refer to a "LOVE FOR WISDOM"

📌Philosophy originated from the ancient Greece and the first philosophers were pioneers in the study of
various disciples such as history, biology, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, and physics.

📌The historical development of philosophy led to the growth of 2 Major Branches: Western Philosophy and
Eastern Philosophy.

▪ Western Philosophy developed a more scientific, theory-based, and individualistic approach in their studies.
▪ Eastern Philosophy on the other hand, consisted of schools of thought closely tied to religion, and is
concerned with social relations, ethics, and achieving a balanced life.

📌The science of Philosophy employs various viewpoints and approaches in studying the human condition.
Philosophy may be considered a way of analyzing frameworks, an examination of particular phenomena or
aspect of human life.

📌Philosophers regard philosophy as being driven by man's need and desire to understand his condition. This
need is often traced to man's tendency to wonder and doubt. Another philosophical view shows philosophy as
being driven by man's need to understand situations and experiences. Finally, some of see philosophy as
being driven by a need to gain more knowledge, understand nee experiences and examine our conditions.
 📍NATURE AND INQUIRY OF RESEARCH

📌RESEARCH - A systematic process of collecting, analyzing, and interpreting information (data) in order to
increase our understanding of a phenomenon about which we are interested or concerned.

📍CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Accuracy - must give correct or accurate data. the lives of people.
2. Objectiveness - must deal with hard facts. 5. Clarity - must succeed in expressing its central
3. Timeliness - must work on a topic that is fresh. point.
4. Relevance - Its topic must be instrumental in 6. Systematic - it must take place in an
improving society or in solving problems affecting organized or orderly manner.

📍IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH
1. Gathers knowledge or information on concepts, practices and theories.
subjects or phenomena we lack or have little 5. Obtain practical knowledge for purposes like
knowledge about. solving problems on population explosion, drug
2. Corrects perceptions as well as expand addiction, juvenile delinquency and the like.
them. 6. Provides hard facts which serves as bases
3. Develops and evaluates concepts, for planning, decision-making, project-
practices, and theories. implementation and evaluation.
4. Develops and evaluates methods that test

📌PURPOSE OF RESEARCH
1. To learn how to work independently 5. To improve your reading and writing skills
2. To learn how to work scientifically or 6. To be familiar with the basic tools of research
systematically and the various techniques of gathering data and
3. To have an in-depth knowledge of something of presenting research findings.
4. To elevate your mental abilities by letting you 7. To free yourself to a certain extent, from the
think in higher order thinking strategies (HOTS) of domination or strong influence of a single
inferring, evaluating, synthesizing, appreciating, textbook or of the professor's lone viewpoint or
applying, and creating. spoon feeding.

📌TYPES OF RESEARCH

1. Based on Application of Research Method

a. Pure Research - deals with concepts, principles, or abstract things. Increases your knowledge about
something.
b. Applied Research - applying your chosen research to societal problems or issues. Finding ways to
make positive changes in the society.

2. Based on the Purpose of the Research

a. Descriptive - aims at defining or giving a verbal portrayal or a picture of a person, thing, event, group,
situation, etc.
b. Correlational Research - shows relationship or connectedness of two factors, circumstances or
agents called variables that affect the research. Only concerned in indicating the existence of a
relationship, not the cause and ways.
c. Explanatory Research - elaborates or explain. Not just the reasons behind the relationship of two
factors but also the way.
d. Exploratory Research - purpose is to find out reasonable or possible way to conduct a research
study on a certain topic.
e. Action Research - studies an on-going practices in a school, organizations, community or institution
for the purpose of obtaining results that will bring improvements in the system.

3. Based on types of Data needed

a. Qualitative Research - requires non-numerical data. Uses words rather than numbers.
b. Quantitative Research - involves measurements of data. Presents research findings referring to the
numbers of frequency of something in numerical form.

• Primary Data - obtained through direct observation or contact.

• Secondary Data - have already been written or reported.
 CREATIVE WRITING

Definition: Creative Writing is the very fine art of making things up, in the most attractive, apt and convincing
way possible. It is any writing that goes outside the bounds of normal professional, journalistic, academic, or
technical forms of literature, typically identifies by an emphasis on narrative craft, character development and
the use of literary tropes or with various traditions of poetry and poetics.

Forms of Creative Writing

• novels • biographies
• short stories • poems

Five Basic Types of Writing

1. Technical writing conveys specific information about a technical subject to a specific audience for a
specific purpose.
2. Creative writing is fiction—poetry, short stories, plays, and novels—and is most different from technical
writing.
3. Expository writing “exposes” a topic analytically and objectively, such as news reports. Like technical
writing, the goal of expository writing is to explain or reveal knowledge, but expository writing does not
necessarily expect a response or action from the reader.
4. Expressive writing is a subjective response to a personal experience—journals and diaries—whereas
technical writing might be objective observations of a work-related experience or research.
5. Persuasive writing depends on emotional appeal. Its goal is to change attitudes or motivate to action.

LANGUAGE USED IN CREATIVE WRITING

A. Imagery - words that name sense impressions of hearing, taste, touch, smell, and sight. The device is
used by the poet to draw a picture in the reader’s mind. Poets often use figures of speech to form imagery.
Imagery makes a poem come alive.

Types of Imagery

1. Visual - images of sight 5. Tactile - images of touch.

2. Auditory - images of sound. 6. Kinesthetic and Kinetic - images of motion
3. Olfactory - images of smell and activity. (Kinesthetic is by human or animal
4. Gustatory - images of taste. activity while Kinetic is general motion of
objects.

B. Figurative Language or Figures of Speech - A figure of speech is an expression that has more than a
literal meaning.

Some figures of speech are:

• Simile • Onomatopoeia • Allusion

• Metaphor • Anaphora • Irony
• Hyperbole • Alliteration
• Personification • Apostrophe

C. Diction – The style or writing determined by the choice of words an author uses. Poets intentionally use
words with multiple meanings and derive ambiguity and richness from the association of these words.

Forms of Diction

1. Denotation - is the standard dictionary meaning of a word, without associations or overtones.

2. Connotation - is the interpretations of a word beyond its literal definition. The emotional,
psychological, or social overtones or implications that a word carries in addition to its dictionary
meaning.

Types of Diction

1. Formal Diction- formal words are used in formal situations.

2. Informal Diction- informal situations like writing or talking to our friends.
3. Colloquial Diction- uses words common in everyday speech.
4. Slang Diction- is the use of words that are impolite or newly coined.
 POLITICAL SCIENCE
What is political science?
Technically, Political science is the study of politics, government, and public policy, both in the U.S. and
around the world. Political scientists seek to both describe and explain political phenomena. This includes
study of the processes of government, study of the institutions of government, as well as study of the
behavior of the people in government and the study of how citizens interact with their government. Political
scientists seek to understand the underlying ways in which power, authority, rules, constitutions, and laws
affect our lives. Like other social sciences, political science focuses on human behavior, both individually
and collectively.
Although the study of politics and power is ancient, the discipline of political science is relatively new. Like
other social sciences, political science uses a “scientific” approach, meaning that political scientists
approach their study in an objective, rational, and systematic manner. Some political scientists focus on
abstract and theoretical questions, while others study particular government policies and their effects.

What are the field of focus of political science?

The six traditional subfields of political science, each with their own designated faculty: comparative
politics, formal theory and methodology, international relations, public policy, political theory, and U.S.
politics.
Comparative Politics
The subfield of Comparative Politics focuses on the varying dynamics of power, authority and collective
decision-making in polities around the world. Our group of seven comparative politics faculty is especially
interested in the social, organizational, and ideational bases of political mobilization and power across a
wide variety of contexts.
Formal Theory & Method
This subfield is intended for those students who wish to incorporate advanced work in the areas of
formal modeling and research methodology into their research. Coursework in the department covers
standard classical regression tools, linear models, maximum likelihood, experimental and causal
inference techniques and non-parametric tools as well as formal political theory. With the guidance of
faculty members, students are encouraged to go outside the department and take courses in other topics
of interest. For example, our students regularly enroll in courses in computer science, economics,
mathematics and other fields.
International Relations
The subfield of International Relations seeks to understand the causes and consequences of conflict
and cooperation in international politics. Our four international relations faculty cover a wide range of
substantive focuses, from national security affairs to international environmental politics and the politics
of international trade and finance.

Public Policy
The subfield of Public Policy explores relationships between political processes and policy outcomes,
centering on the notion that procedures and institutions affect how policies are developed, implemented
and consumed.
Political Theory
The subfield of Political Theory focuses on ideas in politics: their histories, their internal logic, and their
connection to fields of power. Our three political theory faculty work in complementary areas and teach
graduate and undergraduate courses on topics including classical, modern, and contemporary thought,
theories of power, liberalism, Marxism, critical theory, just war theory, and comparative political theory.
U.S. Politics
Our U.S. Politics subfield is especially strong in American political development, immigration, race,
ethnicity, gender and sexuality, public law, and elections. Several faculty take a historical perspective on
U.S. politics and focus on culture and institutions.

Who is called the father of political science?

Aristotle (384-322 BCE) is known as the father of political science. Aristotle was a Greek philosopher who
wrote on a wide range of subjects, including natural science, poetry, ethics and geology. He is called the
father of political science largely because of his work entitled Politics. This treatise is divided into eight
books, and deals with subjects such as citizenship, democracy, oligarchy and the ideal state.

Why study political science?

Political science has gotten a bad rap. Many people wrongly assume that political science is boring and
has nothing to do with them. On the contrary, government and politics affect everyone’s lives on a daily
basis, and, once you’re familiar with a few basics and a few key characters, the study of politics is as
interesting and addictive as a soap opera, and watching the process unfold is not unlike watching a football
game.

Most colleges and universities include political science courses in their liberal studies requirements
precisely because an understanding of government and politics is so important. Political science courses
are not only excellent preparation for employment, but they better enable people to be informed and active
citizens in their community.

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

Quantitative Research - According to Aliaga and Gunderson, (2000), is "explaining phenomena by

collecting numerical data that analyzed using mathematically based methods (in particular statistics)." This
type of research utilizes numbers and statistical analysis. It is ideal in studying phenomenon which must
contend with the problems of measurement.
A Phenomenon is a peculiar increase dent that can happen anywhere, with any discipline or in any
organization. Example: Increase in sale, change in turn-over rates, change in drop-out rates etc...

Characteristics of Quantitative Research

 It is reliable and objective  It tests theories or hypotheses

 It uses statistics to generalize a finding  It assumes that the sample is
 It reduces and restructures a complex representative of the population
problem to a limited number of variable.  The subjectivity of its methodology is a
 It looks at the connections between secondary concern
variables and establishes cause and  It deals with the details of the subject
effect relationships in highly controlled
circumstances.
Advantage of Quantitative Research

 It allows the researcher to measure and analyze the data to arrive at an objective answer to the
problem posted or stated.
 The result is reliavle since the study uses a big sample of the population
 Standards are usually used in choosing the instruments, in sampling procedures, and in choosing the
most appropriate statistical treatment, thus making the research replicable.
 Personal biases can be avoided since personal interaction is not part of the research process.
 Processes involved are simplified since the steps in doing quantitative research are made easy and
systematic
 Results can be reduced through statistical treatments and interpreted in a few statements

Disadvantages of Quantitative Research

 The context of the study or the experiment is ignored in such a way that it does not consider the
natural setting where the study is conducted
 Having a large study sample requires researchers to spend more resources
 Results are limited since they are usually based on the analysis of numbers and are not obtained
from detailed narratives
 It Provides less elaborate accounts of human perceptions
 In experimental research, the level of control might not be normally placed in the real world because
it is usually done in a laboratory
 Preset or fixed alternative answer may not necessarily reflect the true answers of the participants are
unknown to him/her.
 Importance of Quantitative Research in different fields

 Education - Quantitative Research can be used in measuring the level of performance of students
as well as the teachers.
 Business - It can improve the overall marketing strategy, and help the company make informed
decisions on how to be best move forward with a particular product or services
 Medical and Health Allied Services - It yields statistics that can help improved the rate of recovery
of patients with illnesses and sicknesses, and the efficacy of medicines and drug, among others.
 Science and technology - It can lead to a more responsible and accountable operation of the
different components of technology.

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE

1987 Philippine Constitution Articles

• Article 10: Local Government
• Article 1: National Territory • Article 11: Accountability of Public Officers
• Article 2: Declaration of Principles and State • Article 12: National Economy and Patrimony
Policies • Article 13: Social Justice and Human Rights
• Article 3: Bill of Rights • Article 14: Education Science and Technology,
• Article 4: Citizenship Arts, Culture and Sports
• Article 5: Suffrage • Article 15: The Family
• Article 6: Legislative Department • Article 16: General Provisions
• Article 7: Executive Department • Article 17: Amendments of Revision
• Article 8: Judicial Department • Article 18: Transitory Provision
• Article 9: Constitutional Commission

THE 1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION / PREAMBLE

We, the sovereign Filipino people, imploring the aid of Almighty God, in order to build a just and humane
society and establish a Government that shall embody our ideals and aspirations, promote the common good,
conserve and develop our patrimony, and secure to ourselves and our posterity the blessings of independence
and democracy under the rule of law and a regime of truth, justice, freedom, love, equality, and peace, do
ordain and promulgate this Constitution.
 INTRO TO THE WORLD AND RELIGION
UNDERSTANDING THE NATURE OF RELIGION
Worldview - a collection of beliefs about life and the universe being held by people.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF WORLDVIEWS

1. Monism - there is NO real distinction 4. Atheism - disbelief in or DENIAL OF
between God and the universe. THE EXISTENCE of the personal God.
2. Polytheism - the belief and worship of 5. Agnosticism - GOD CANNOT BE
MANY GODS. KNOWN.
3. Monotheism - the doctrine or belief in
ONE SUPREME GOD.

DEFINITION AND NATURE OF RELIGION

Religion - may be defined as, "an organized Religio - this latin word refers to "something done
system of beliefs, ceremonies, and rules to worship with over anxious or scrupulous attention to detail."
a God or a group of gods."
Religare - latin word which means "to tie together,
to bind fast."

ORIGIN OF RELIGION
- Archeologist believe that they have discovered elements of religious belief practised by Homo sapiens
almost 60,000 years ago. (Ember & Ember 1996)
- Other maintain that since early humans are weak and ignorant of the different forces of nature, they
had to invent religion to explain the seemingly unexplainable mystery and fury of nature. In the process,
they had to create a scheme of deities and spirits. (Hopfe 1983)

IMPORTANT DATES
C. 2000 BCE – time of Abraham the patriarch of C. 2-4 BCE - 32 CE – time of Jesus Christ, the
Israel. Messiah and founder of Christianity.
C. 1200 BCE – time of Moses, Hebrew leader of C. 32 CE – the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus
Exodus. Christ.
C. 1100-500 BCE – Hindus compiled their holy text, C. 40-90 CE – New Testament was written by the
the Vedas. followers of Jesus Christ.
C. 563-83 BCE – time of the Buddha, founder of C. 100 CE – beginnings of Shintoism (unknown
Buddhism. founder)
C. 551-479 BCE – time of Confucius, founder pf C. 500-580 CE – time of Lao Tze, founder of
Confucianism. Daoism.
C. 200 BCE – the Hindu book, Bhagavad Gita was C. 570-632 CE – time of Muhammad who recorded
written. the Quran as the basis of Islam.

WASTONG BALARILA SA WIKANG FILIPINO

(Note:Isa po isa sa madidiscuss ninyo sa Komunikasyon at Pananaliksik kaya basahing mabuti)

NANG vs NG vs NA'NG
NANG:
- Panghalili sa “noong” - (nang siya ay umalis) NG:
- Panghalili sa “para” o “upang” - (maligo nang - Pantukoy ng pangngalan - (tinamaan ng
maging mabago) bato)
- Sagot sa “Paano” o “Gaano” - (tumakbo - Pagpapahiwatig ng pagmamay-ari - (bilin ng
nang mabilis) nanay
- Pang-angkop ng pandiwang inuulit - (kain ka
NA'NG
nang kain)
- Kung pinagsamang “na” + “ang” - (alam ko
- Kung pinagsamang - “na” + “ng” , “na” + “na”
na'ng sikreto mo)

DIN, DAW, DITO, DIYAN, DOON vs RIN, RAW, RITO, RIYAN, ROON

DIN, DAW, DITO, DIYAN, DOON:

- Kasunod ng mga salitang nagtatapos sa katinig, MALIBAN sa “-w” at “-y” (sa dako pa roon)
- Kasunod ng salitang nagtatapos sa “-r” (sa lugar daw na iyon)
- Kasunod ng salitang nagtatapos sa pantig na may “r” (nakahilera din sa kalsada)
RIN, RAW, RITO, RIYAN, ROON:
- Kapag ang sinusundang salita ay nagtatapos sa mga patinig o ang mga mala-patinig na katinig a, e, i, o,
u, w, y (pumunta siya roon)
- Kasunod ng salitang nagtatapos sa “-d” (nakasaad rin sa aklat)

PINTO - Ang inilalapat sa pintuan para hindi ito HAGDAN - ang istrukturang inaakyatan at
madaanan binababaan

PINTUAN - Ang puwang sa dingding o bakod para HAGDANAN - puwang kung saan nakalatag ang
madaanan hagdan

SA'YO SA'KIN
- Pinaikling “sa iyo” - Pinaikling “sa akin”
- Puwedeng “sa 'yo” - Puwedeng “sa 'kin”
- Hindi puwedeng “sayo - Hindi puwedeng “sakin”

NA LANG - Hindi puwedeng “nalang” PA RIN

- Hindi puwedeng “parin”
NA NAMAN - Hindi puwedeng “nanaman” - Hindi puwedeng “padin”

PA LANG - Hindi puwedeng “palang” NA RIN

- Hindi puwedeng “narin”
- Hindi puwedeng “nadi

- “Except for” o “with the exception of” sa

BUKOD SA (Bukod sa siya ay mabait, matalino rin Ingles
siya.)
- Kasama ng iba LIBAN KUNG (Liban na lamang kung umulan,
- “Aside from” sa Ingles tuloy ang lakad natin.)
- Pagbibigay ng kundisyon sa kasalungat na
LIBAN SA (Liban sa isa, lahat ay kumain na.) mangyayari
- Hindi kasama ng iba - “Unless” sa Ingles

GITLING - Ginagamit ang gitling sa pagdugtong ng mga unlaping nagtatapos sa katinig at sa mga salitang
ugat na nagsisimula sa patinig - (pag-asa, mag-igib, pinag-uusapan)

NA vs +G vs +NG

NA +G +NG

Para sa mga salitang Para sa mga salitang Para sa mga salitang

nagtatapos sa katinig, liban sa nagtatapos sa titik n nagtatapos sa patinig
“-n” (lamang loob) (puting pusa)
(itim na aso)

R vs D

- May ilang salita na napapalitan ang titik “d” (bilang unang titik o huling titik ng salita) ng titik “r” sa
pagdaragdag ng mga panlapi - (marami, karagatan, nadarama, liparin, pahiran)
- Hindi puwedeng madami, kadagatan, nadadama, lipadin, pahidan

PANG, PAN, PAM, MANG, MAN, MAM, SING, SIN, SIM, SANG, SAN, SAM

PANG, MANG, SING, SANG

- Para sa mga salitang nagsisimula sa patinig at may kasamang gitling - (pang-alok)
- Para sa mga salitang nagsisimula sa titik g, h, k, m, n, ng, w, y - (pangkalos)

PAN, MAN, SIN, SAN

- para sa mga salitang nagsisimula sa titik d, l, r, s, at t - (panlunas)

PAM, MAM, SAM, SIM

para sa mga salitang nagsisimula sa titik b at p - (pampaganda)

 NILA, SILA, KILA vs NINA, SINA, KINA

NILA, SILA, KILA (gusto nila, bahay nila, kila tita, NINA, SINA, KINA (bahay nina Pedro, sina Juan at
naroon sila) Jose, kina Aling Rosa)
- Panghalip panao na tumutukoy sa - Pantukoy panao na tumutukoy sa maraming
maraming bilang bilang
- “They” o “their” sa Ingles
TOPICS IN GENERAL MATH
GRADE 11 (FIRST SEMESTER)
1. represents real-life situations using functions, 3. represents an inverse function through its: (a)
including piece-wise functions. table of values, and (b) graph.
2. evaluates a function. 4. finds the domain and range of an inverse
3. performs addition, subtraction, multiplication, function.
division, and composition of functions 5. graphs inverse functions
4. solves problems involving functions. 6. solves problems involving inverse functions.
5. represents real-life situations using rational 7. represents real-life situations using exponential
functions. functions.
6. distinguishes rational function, rational equation, 8. distinguishes between exponential function,
and rational inequality. exponential equation, and exponential inequality.
7. solves rational equations and inequalities. 9. solves exponential equations and inequalities.
8. represents a rational function through its: (a) 10. represents an exponential function through its:
table of values, (b) graph, and (c) equation. (a) table of values, (b) graph, and (c) equation.
9. finds the domain and range of a rational function. 11. finds the domain and range of an exponential
M11GM-Ib-5 function.
10. determines the: 12. determines the intercepts, zeroes, and
(a) intercepts asymptotes of an exponential function.
(b) zeroes; and 13. graphs exponential functions.
(c) asymptotes of rational functions 14. solves problems involving exponential
11. graphs rational functions. functions, equations, and inequalities.
1. represents real-life situations using 15. represents real-life situations using logarithmic
one-to one functions. functions.
2. determines the inverse of a one-to-one function.
16. distinguishes logarithmic function, logarithmic 36. analyzes the different market indices for stocks
equation, and logarithmic inequality. and bonds.
17. illustrates the laws of logarithms. 37. interprets the theory of efficient markets.
18. solves logarithmic equations and inequalities. 3. basic concepts of business and consumer loans.
19. represents a logarithmic function through its: (a) 3. decide wisely on the appropriateness of business
table of values, (b) graph, and (c) equation. or consumer loan and its proper utilization.
20. finds the domain and range of a logarithmic 38. illustrates business and consumer loans.
function. 39. distinguishes between business and consumer
21. determines the intercepts, zeroes, and loans.
asymptotes of logarithmic functions. 40. solves problems involving business and
22. graphs logarithmic functions. consumer loans (amortization, mortgage).
23. solves problems involving logarithmic functions, 41. illustrates a proposition.
equations, and inequalities. 42. symbolizes propositions.
24. illustrates simple and compound interests. 43. distinguishes between simple and compound
25. distinguishes between simple and compound propositions.
interests. 44. performs the different types of operations on
26. computes interest, maturity value, future value, propositions.
and present value in simple interest and compound 45. determines the truth values of propositions.
interest environment. 46. illustrates the different forms of conditional
27. solves problems involving simple and propositions.
compound interests. 47. illustrates different types of tautologies and
28. illustrates simple and general annuities. fallacies.
29. distinguishes between simple and general 48. determines the validity of categorical
annuities. syllogisms.
30. finds the future value and present value of both 49. establishes the validity and falsity of real-life
simple annuities and general annuities. arguments using logical propositions, syllogisms,
31. calculates the fair market value of a cash flow and fallacies.
stream that includes an annuity.
32. calculates the present value and period of 50. illustrates the different methods of proof (direct
deferral of a deferred annuity. and indirect) and disproof (indirect and by
33. illustrate stocks and bonds. counterexample).
34. distinguishes between stocks and bonds. 51. justifies mathematical and real-life statements
35. describes the different markets for stocks and using the different methods of proof and disproof.
bonds.
 ORAL COMMUNICATION

📝MODELS OF COMMUNICATION (Tagalog explanation)

Shannon-Weaver Model - Kilala Ito bilang "mother of all Communication models"Dito sa Shannon Weaver
Ang process dito "linear" Lang o "one way" process.Meron itong 5 Elements, SOURCE, TRANSMITTER,
CHANNEL, RECEIVER AT DESTINATION. Kaya naging One-way process Lang Ang SHANNON-WEAVER
MODEL Dahil Wala itong "feedback" ibig Sabihin Hindi Alam ng speaker Kung naintindihan ba Ito ni receiver o
Hindi.One way Dahil huminto na Ito Kay receiver at Hindi na ulit nabalik Kay Speaker.

Transaction Model - Hindi kagaya Ng Shannon-weaver na one way process Lang,Dito sa transaction model 2
way process Siya ibig Sabihin nagkaroon na Ng feedback si receiver kay sender. Ang barrier Naman Dito sa
TRANSACTION MODEL ay Ang NOISE,Na maaaring makaapekto sa daloy ng usapan.

Schramm Model - Naman ay mayroong Encoder at decoder,Ito din ay 2 way process ibig Sabihin nagkaroon
Ng Feedback.Ang Barrier Naman Ng Schramm model ay Ang CHANNEL

READING AND WRITING

COMPONENTS OF ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL WRITING.

1. Context - Refers to the situation where professional writing is performed. Includes the people involved (i.e.,
the sender and the receiver.) Relationship between the people involved in the communication, time and place,
and, some possible interference.
2. Message - Message refers to the context of your document. It includes the main topic and the details that
support it these details may be in the form of facts, statistics, testimonies, and observation.
3. Language - Refers to the channel to convey the message. It can either be visual or textual, formal or
informal, verbal and non-verbal. Note that you need to follow the standard form and usage of language in
professional writing.
4. Purpose - The reason or motive that you have when communicating. It also helps you determine the
reactions you want to elicit from your target audience. In the context of professional and academic writing, your
two general purposes are to inform and to persuade. To inform means to make the audience understand a
concept whereas to persuade means to influence the readers to change their attitudes or actions.
5. Audience - the receiver of the message. It can either be primary, the direct receiver of the document and
the secondary or the indirect receiver of the message.
6. Product - The output that you intend to produce after considering all the other components.

ACADEMIC WRITING
- academic essay - book/article review
- thesis - literature review
- dissertation - research report
- library research - project proposal
- coursework - positional paper
- reaction paper - term paper

PROFESSIONAL WRITING
- Instructional manuals - business and technical report
- Specification - incident report
- Brochure - trip report
- business correspondence (letter and memo)
PROFESSIONAL WRITING
- Any type of written communication done - this means that PW can use the first and
specifically in a professional setting/context second
- it is most often applied in business and - although PW is more personal it does nor
technical writing mean that you can use personal anecdotes,
- professional writing may involve private jokes and colloquial expressions.
businesses, government corporations and - PW addresses a participle need, follows a
offices, and academic institution Which standard structure and format, and conveys
produce online and offline doc that aim to business and technical content to a specific
communicate information to a particular audience.
audience. - it is also objective, unemotional, accurate,
- compared to academic writing, professional concise, and straightforward.
writing uses business English and a more - academic reports (performance of the
personal tone. students)
 ACADEMIC WRITING
- Is impersonal and formal - aside from this, citation and referencing are
- usually uses the 3rd POV and does not also two essential elements of any
have a direct reference to persons and academic text.
feeling - the type of doc style (APA or American
- strictly adheres to formal English and avoids Psychological Association, MLA or Modern
contractions. Language Association, IEEE, Chicago
- you also need to build a wide-ranging field- Harvard) that you will use depends om the
specific vocabulary. policy of your school.
- refers to the specialized words that are - do not overuse the it and this
exclusive to a specific field of study such as - avoid contraction
psychology, medicine, linguistics and - avoid redundancy
sciences. - avoid repetition of the name of the person,
- you need to consider of academic essays. use pronouns.
- in terms of mechanics, make sure to follow
the guidelines for language use and
mechanics in well-written text.

PHILIPPINE POLITICS AND GOVERNANCE (SPECIALIZED SUBJECT)

 Political Science - is a social science discipline that studies the state and the government.
 Government - is the instrument of the state through which the will of the people.
 Power - is the one's ability to achieve a desired outcome.

POLITICAL POWERS:
 Legitimacy - people's perception their government rules rightfully and thus must be.
 Authority - on the other hand, speaks of the ability of a national government to be the sole leader.
 Sovereignty- is seen as the political ability to command respect and exercise power.

DIMENSIONS OF POWER
 Power as Decision Making - power is a perceived as the influence on the content of decisions who
decides, what to be made.
 Power as Agenda Setting - power involves the ability to set or control political agenda, highlighting on the
exclusion of the other issues.
 Power ss Thought Control - power is seen as an ideological indoctrination or a psychological control
where one has the ability to change.

TYPES OF AUTHORITY
 Traditional - authority is based on acceptance of and high regard of traditions.
 Rational Legal - authority is based on impersonal rules and regulations.
 Charismatic - obedience is based on personal characteristics of a leader, whose qualities are considered to
be exceptional.
State - is a political identity/ community that has sovereign justification over a clearly defined territory and exercises
authority through several institution.
1. It is sovereign. 4. It is an instrument of dominant.
2. Its institution are public. 5. It is a territorial association.
3. It is an exercise of legitimacy.

Globalization - as the process through which societies have become interviewed or interconnect that events and
decisions with one part of the world have significant effects on the lives of people in other part of the world.
FORMS OF GLOBALIZATION
Economic Globalization - all economies have been integrated in a global community.
Cultural Globalization - information communities and images from one part of the world make cultural differences
between nations and individuals less significant.
Political Globalization - the importance of international organizations and governmental organizations is being
recognized