MAR 2018

2018 RESOURCE DIRECTORY / INDEX 2017

Continued growth in the language services sector
Achieving cross-border shopping success
Content localization revenue opportunities for 2018

multilingual.com
 table of

2018
contents

2018 Resource Directory MAR 2018

2018 RESOURCE DIRECTORY / INDEX 2017
Continued growth in the language services sector
Achieving cross-border shopping success
Content localization revenue opportunities for 2018

Associations and Member Organizations..................8

Automated Translation..................................................8
Blogs.................................................................................8
Books & Publications......................................................8
Conferences....................................................................8
Consulting Services........................................................9
Content Management...................................................9
Data Mining.....................................................................9
Desktop Publishing........................................................9
Desktop Publishing Services........................................9
Desktop Publishing Tools........................................10
Dictionaries, Grammar Checkers...............................10 multilingual.com

Education (degrees, certificate programs)...............10

eLearning, Educational Software...............................11
Enterprise Solutions.....................................................11 Trends
Fonts & Operating Systems........................................12
Internationalization Services.......................................12 30 Continued growth in the
Internationalization Tools.............................................12 language services sector
Interpreting....................................................................12
Language Learning......................................................12 — Donald A. DePalma
Language Product Resellers ......................................12
Localization Services....................................................12 32 Achieving cross-border
Localization Tools .........................................................17 shopping success
Marketing.......................................................................17
Multicultural Communications...................................18 — Yuka Kurihara
Multilingual Software...................................................18
Multimedia.....................................................................18 34 Content localization revenue
Nonprofit Organizations..............................................19
Project Management...................................................19 opportunities for 2018
Recruitment, Job Matching........................................20 — Juliana Pereira
Research & Analysis......................................................20
Resources.......................................................................20
Software Testing...........................................................20 Editorial Resources
Speech Technologies...................................................20
Subtitling/Dubbing......................................................20
Technical Writing..........................................................20 38 Editorial Index 2017
Terminology Management.........................................20
Training, Seminars & Workshops...............................20 54 Glossary & Acronyms
Translation Management Systems.............................21
Translation Services......................................................22 74 Advertiser Index
Translation Tools...........................................................28
Voiceovers......................................................................29
Website Globalization..................................................29
Workflow Solutions......................................................29

2018 Resources 7
2018

Associations & Member Organizations New Zealand Society of Translators and Interpreters
https://nzsti.org
AILIA (Language Industry Association of Canada) www.ailia.ca South African Translators' Institute http://translators.org.za
American Translators Association www.atanet.org TAUS https://taus.net
AMTA www.amtaweb.org
Automated Translation
Argentine Association of Language Services Companies
http://aasl.website CrossLang www.crosslang.com
Association of Czech Translation Agencies www.acta-cz.org DXC ACG http://acg.dxc.technology
Association of Translators and Interpreters of Alberta See our ads on pages 11, 13, 18, 24
www.atia.ab.ca Globalese www.globalese-mt.com
Carolina Association of Translators and Interpreters (CATI) Iconic Translation Machines Ltd. http://iconictranslation.com
www.catiweb.org KantanMT https://kantanmt.com
Chartered Institute of Linguists www.ciol.org.uk LEC www.lec.com
Chicago Area Translators and Interpreters Association Lingua et Machina www.lingua-et-machina.com
www.chicata.org
Linguistic Systems, Inc. www.linguist.com
Colorado Translators Association https://cta-web.org
Multilizer http://pdf.multilizer.com
European Language Industry Association (Elia) Omniscien Technologies https://omniscien.com
Web: http://elia-association.org SDL plc www.sdltrados.com
Email: [email protected] See our ads on pages 2, 21
Brussels, Belgium
Elia is the European not-for-profit association of language Spoken Translation, Inc. www.spokentranslation.com
service companies with a mission to accelerate our members' SYSTRAN Software, Inc. www.systrangroup.com
business success. We do this by creating events and initiatives See our ad on page 29
that anticipate and serve our members' needs in building Yaraku www.yarakuzen.com

Blogs
strong, sustainable companies, thereby strengthening the
wider industry. Elia was founded in 2005 and has since estab-
lished itself as the leading trade association for the language
services industry in Europe. About Translation www.aboutranslation.com

Books & Publications

Globalization and Localization Association
Web: www.gala-global.org Byte Level Books www.bytelevelbooks.com
Email: [email protected] JoSTrans, The Journal of Specialised Translation
Seattle, WA United States www.jostrans.org
+1(206) 494-4686
The Globalization and Localization Association (GALA) is a
MultiLingual Computing, Inc. https://multilingual.com
See our ad on page 33
global, nonprofit trade association for the language industry. As
a membership organization, we support our member companies Rancho Park Publishing www.ranchopark.com
and the language sector by creating communities, championing
standards, sharing knowledge and advancing technology. Conferences
ABRATES Conference www.abrates.com.br
Israel Translators Association http://ita.org.il
AETC Conference www.etbl.ee
Joint National Committee for Languages (JNCL-NCLIS)
AILIA Conferences https://ailia.ca
See our ad on page 19 http://languagepolicy.org
Mid-America Chapter of the American Translators ATA Annual Conference http://atanet.org
Association www.micata.org Balkan Language Industry Symposium (BLIS)
http://upps.org.rs

8 2018 Resources
 2018
BP Translation Conference http://bpconf.com
Consulting Services
Brand2Global www.brand2global.com
CTA Conference https://cta-web.org A-CLID Ltd. http://a-clid.com
Drongo Language Festival www.drongofestival.nl Alessandra Binazzi Consulting www.binazziconsulting.com
Elia Conferences http://elia-association.org/our-events be.international http://be.international
See our ad on page 8 Byte Level Research www.bytelevel.com
EUATC Conference http://euatc.org/conference Comgenesis, LLC www.comgenesis.com
FIT World Congress www.fit-ift.org/events Guy Gilpin & Associates www.linkedin.com/in/guy-gilpin
GALA Conference www.gala-global.org/conference
See our ad on page 8 Kaleidoscope GmbH www.kaleidoscope.at
See our ads on pages 26, 59
Intelligent Content Conference (ICC)
www.intelligentcontentconference.com linguatools GbR http://linguatools.org

International Scientific and Practical Conference LocalizationGuy, LLC www.localizationguy.com

http://ecl.lv/conference sQuid www.s-quid.it

Content Management
Internationalization & Unicode Conference (IUC)
www.unicodeconference.org
ITI Conference www.iti-conference.org.uk
DXC ACG http://acg.dxc.technology
The LavaCon Conference https://lavacon.org/2018 See our ads on pages 11, 13, 18, 24
Vasont Systems www.vasont.com
LocWorld
LocWorld-standard-logo.pdf 1 12/8/14 3:52 PM

Data Mining
C

Web: https://locworld.com M

Email: info@locworld CM

Sandpoint, ID United States

MY

Precognox
CY

208.263.8178
CMY

K
www.precognox.com

Desktop Publishing
LocWorld conferences are dedicated to the language
and localization industries. Our constituents are the people
responsible for communicating across the boundaries of
language and culture in the global marketplace. International Studio Gambit Sp. z o.o. www.stgambit.com
product and marketing managers participate in LocWorld
from all sectors and all geographies to meet language service Desktop Publishing Services
and technology providers and to network with their peers.
Hands-on practitioners come to share their knowledge and 1-StopAsia www.1stopasia.com
experience and to learn from others. See our website for See our ads on pages 20, 22
details on upcoming and past conferences.
EuroGreek Translations Limited
Web: www.eurogreek.com
LT Summit www.lt-innovate.org Email: [email protected]
Monterey Forum www.miis.edu Athens, Greece
30-210-9628-559
NTIF http://ntif.se
Established in 1986, EuroGreek Translations Limited
NZSTI Conference https://nzsti.org/annual-conference is Europe's leading Greek localizer, specializing in medical,
SpeechTEK www.speechtek.com technical, financial and legal translations from EN/DE/FR/
TELTAI www.teltai.com.au ES to EL and EL to EN. Our aim is to provide high-quality,
turnkey solutions, encompassing a whole range of client
Translating and the Computer needs, from translation to localization, desktop publish-
www.translatingandthecomputer.com
ing and testing. Our DTP department covers all Latin and
The Translation and Localization Conference Cyrillic alphabet-based languages, in addition to Greek, at
www.translation-conference.com very competitive rates. All of EuroGreek's work is produced
Translation Forum Russia http://tconference.ru in-house by a team of 30 highly qualified specialists and is
TTT Conference www.ttt-conference.com
fully guaranteed for quality and on-time delivery.
Wordcon http://wordcon.in
Wordfast Forward www.wordfast.com/conference/2018

2018 Resources 9
 2018
Global DTP
Web: www.global-dtp.com
Email: [email protected]
Brno, Czech Republic
420-603-574-709
Global DTP s.r.o., based in the Czech Republic, offers
professional multilingual desktop publishing and media
engineering solutions to the localization industry. Over
the past 15 years, Global DTP has become one of the lead-
ing DTP/multimedia companies. We have been delivering
high-quality and cost-effective services for at least eight of
the top 20 LSPs and many other companies/agencies. Due
to our extensive experience in localization and knowledge of
the prepress, media and publishing industries, our team of
20 in-house professionals handles more than 1,000 projects
1. All 260+ dictionaries are included
every year. Our core services are multilingual desktop pub-
2. Dictionaries in 26 languages lishing, multimedia and eLearning engineering.

3. IATE – InterActive Terminology

GOLocalization www.golocalization.com
for Europe is included
Idiomas, LLC www.idiomas-llc.com
4. Works both online and OFFLINE interlanguage s.r.l. http://interlanguage.it
See our ad on page 26
5. You get WordFinder Online for
searches in your web browser LS-Localise http://ls-localise.com
QARTO https://qarto.com
6. You get WordFinder Pro for
SuccessGlo Inc. www.successglo.com
Windows for searches OFFLINE
WorldAccent www.worldaccent.com
7 You get WordFinder Pro for Mac
for searches OFFLINE Desktop Publishing Tools
8. WordFinder Pro works interactively Hornet Design Studio Sp. Z O.O. Sp.K http://hornetdesign.eu
with all other programs including
all CAT-tools Dictionaries, Grammar Checkers
9. You get WordFinder Apps for your Druide informatique www.druide.com
iPhone, iPad, Android phones
and tablets WordFinder Software International AB
Web: www.wordfinder.com
10. Everything for only 9.99 EUR, 10.99 USD, Email: [email protected]
99 SEK or 99 NOK per month. Gothenburg, Sweden
+46 31 719 62 00
Imagine all the world's best dictionaries at your finger-
tips! For a fixed monthly fee, on all your devices, integrated
in your daily work applications! WordFinder Unlimited
For more information go to – one service, more than 260 dictionaries. Try for free at
www.wordfinder.com www.wordFinder.com.

Education (degrees, certificate programs)

Interpreter Education Online
http://site.interpretereducationonline.com
WordFinder Software International AB Localisation Research Centre www.localisation.ie
P.O. Box 2212, SE-403 14, Gothenburg, Sweden
The Localization Institute www.localizationinstitute.com
[email protected] • www.wordfinder.com
See our ad on page 21
Middlebury Institute of International Studies http://miis.edu

10 2018 Resources
 2018
Translation Technology Summer School
www.arts.kuleuven.be/conference/transtech-summers enterPrise solutions
Université Lille 3 www.univ-lille3.fr/ufr-lea/formations/masters/tsm Across Systems GmbH & Inc www.across.net
University of Sussex, Sussex Centre for Language Studies DXC ACG http://acg.dxc.technology
www.sussex.ac.uk/languages See our ads on this page, 13, 18, 24
Wake Forest University http://interpretingandtranslation.wfu.edu LinguaSol Pvt Ltd www.linguasol.net
MateCat
eleArning, educAtionAl softwAre
www.matecat.com
See our ads on pages 3, 29
memoQ www.memoq.com
DXC ACG See our ad on page 29
Web: http://acg.dxc.technology
Email: [email protected] Memsource www.memsource.com
San Diego, CA United States See our ads on this page, 21
1 858 207-9314 Spartan Software Inc. www.spartansoftwareinc.com
Improve the effectiveness of your training and support
programs, and engage your audience in new and exciting STAR Group
Web: www.star-group.net
ways with eLearning solutions from DXC ACG. A business Email: [email protected]
unit with 27+ years of experience, ACG is now part of DXC Ramsen, Switzerland
Technology, the world’s leading independent, end-to-end IT +41-52-742-9200
services company. DXC ACG offers innovative technology, STAR is a leader in information management, localization,
dependable execution and reliable quality, all focused on your internationalization and globalization services and solutions
needs. We develop and localize education and training mate- such as GRIPS (Global Real Time Information Processing Solu-
rials that are effective and budget-friendly in more than 100 tion), STAR CLM (Corporate Language Management) includ-
languages, using industry-leading tools, proven processes and ing Transit (Translation & Localization), TermStar/WebTerm
world-class talent. Our eLearning solutions include mobile (Terminology Management), STAR MT (Corporate Machine
applications, web-based training, competency assessments Translation), STAR WebCheck (Online Translation Reviewing)
and certification programs. and MindReader (Authoring Assistance). With more than 50
offices in 30 countries and a global network of prequalified
ICD Translation http://icdtranslation.com freelance translators, STAR provides a unique combination of
Ingenuiti www.ingenuiti.com information management tools and services required to manage
all phases of the product information life cycle.
MSS www.mss.es
Welocalize www.welocalize.com
See our ads on page 17

2018 Resources 11
 2018

Fonts & Operating Systems Language Learning

Evertype http://evertype.com Academia de inglés en Granada (KSE Academy)
FontLab www.fontlab.com http://keepsmilingenglish.com
Linguist's Software, Inc. www.linguistsoftware.com BRIC Language Systems https://briclanguage.com
Conversa Language Center www.conversa.edu
Internationalization Services Istituto Galilei Italian school www.galilei.it

Elite Translations Asia www.elitetranslations.asia

Quick-n-EZ Language www.quick-n-ez.com
Real World Translations www.realworldtranslations.com
The Glocalization Network http://theglocalizationnetwork.com
Study Languages, LLC https://studyspanish.com
HighTech Passport www.htpassport.com
Lionbridge Language Product Resellers
Web: www.lionbridge.com
Email: [email protected] Lingvistica www.lingvistica.nl
Waltham, MA United States World of Reading, Ltd. www.wor.com
781-434-6000
Lionbridge enables more than 800 world-leading brands
to increase international market share, speed adoption of
Localization Services
products and effectively engage their customers in local mar- 1-StopAsia www.1stopasia.com
kets worldwide. We provide translation, online marketing, See our ads on pages 20, 22
global content management and application testing solu- ACP Traductera www.traductera.com
tions that ensure global brand consistency, local relevancy
and technical usability across all touch points of the global ADA Translation TURKEY www.ada-turkey.com
customer life cycle. Using our innovative cloud technologies, Adapt Localization Services www.adapt-localization.com
global program management expertise and our worldwide See our ad on page 13
crowd of more than 100,000 professional cloud workers, we Adapt Worldwide https://adaptworldwide.com
provide integrated solutions that enable clients to success- See our ads on pages 17, 18
fully market, sell and support their products and services in
global markets. Admerix http://admerix.com
Alliance Localization China (ALC) www.allocalization.com
Magnum Group, Inc. www.magnumgroupinc.com ALT PLUS www.altplus.si

Welocalize www.welocalize.com
Altagram https://altagram.com
See our ads on page 17 AMPLEXOR www.amplexor.com

Internationalization Tools
AMTrad Services www.amtrad.it
Andovar www.andovar.com
Schaudin.com www.schaudin.com ANGLOC www.angloc.com
Smartling www.smartling.com Anzu Global https://anzuglobal.com
See our ads on pages 21, 75 Arabization Services www.arabization-services.com

Interpreting ASSERTIO Language Services www.assertio-language-services.com

AyDiiZii Solutions http://aydiizii.com
1-StopAsia www.1stopasia.com Beluga Linguistics www.belugalinguistics.com
See our ads on pages 20, 22
birotranslations www.birotranslations.com
Boostlingo www.boostlingo.com See our ad on page 23
Cloud Interpreter https://cloudinterpreter.com Ccaps Translation & Localization www.ccaps.net
CPSL Language Services www.cpsl.com Ciklopea
Monterey Language Services www.montereylanguages.com Web: www.ciklopea.com
Primaxis www.primaxis.com.au Email: [email protected]
Zagreb, Croatia
Richard Schneider Language Services, Inc. www.idioms.com +385-1-3751736
WordFinder Software International AB www.wordfinder.com Ciklopea is a leading provider of professional lan-
See our ads on page 10 guage solutions specialized in translation, localization and

12 2018 Resources
 2018
consulting, enabling companies to reach, engage and support E4NET Co., Ltd
their global clients and customers. Our linguistic products Web: www.e4net.net
have been developed to accommodate the specific require- Email: [email protected]
ments, dynamics and prospects of the life sciences, IT, soft- Seoul, South Korea, 82-2-3465-8532
ware, technology and manufacturing industries. Ciklopea is Total Business Solutions: E4NET is a total localization
certified in accordance with the standards ISO 17100:2015, solutions provider including translation, DTP, recording and
ISO 9001:2015 and ISO 27001:2013. is specialized in Asian localization covering all major Asian
and regional tier 3 languages. We have 20+ years of suc-
cessful localization production experience with major proj-
Clear Words Translations http://clearwordstranslations.com
ects for IBM, Microsoft, SAP, Oracle, HP, LG Electronics,
See our ad on page 24
Panasonic and more. E4NET is now providing patent translation
Commit www.commit-global.com services to the Korea Institute of Patent Information and translating
CPSL Language Services www.cpsl.com life science projects including clinical protocols and reports. We are
Creative Words www.creative-words.com
continuously developing and applying innovative technologies such
as machine translation and associated customer services through-
Crestec Europe B.V. out our production process to maximize production/service effi-
Web: www.crestec.eu ciency. ISO 9001: 2015, ISO 27001 certified.
Email: [email protected]
Amsterdam, Netherlands
+31 205854640
With 30+ years of experience, the Crestec Group has
developed into a major market leader in global communica-
tion. Our worldwide network of 30 offices spread over Japan
and Asia, Europe and the US, enables us to deliver translation
and documentation services in 90+ languages in any possi-
ble format and in a wide range of subject areas: automotive,
medical, consumer electronics and so on. We also offer soft-
ware localization, DTP and printing fulfillment services. As
the main European office within the Crestec Group, Crestec
Europe is specialized in technical documentation. Whatever
your needs are, we have the solution for you!

CSOFT International, Ltd. www.csoftintl.com

DELTA International CITS GmbH www.dicits.com
Deluxe Media www.bydeluxe.com
Digital Language Services, Inc. www.digilang.com

DXC ACG
Web: http://acg.dxc.technology
Email: [email protected]
San Diego, CA United States
1 858 207-9314
Whether you’re localizing software, websites, mobile apps,
videos or documents, depend on a global leader, DXC ACG.
A business unit with 27+ years of experience, ACG is now
part of DXC Technology, the world’s leading independent,
end-to-end IT services company. DXC ACG offers innova-
tive technology, dependable execution and reliable quality,
all focused on your needs. Our network of world-class lan-
guage professionals includes thousands of in-country, native
speakers, many with specialized expertise. Combined with
DXC technical proficiency and proven processes, DXC ACG
offers a unique combination of localization capabilities that
can be customized to meet your requirements. Our services
include translation and localization into 100+ languages and
extensive globalization testing.

2018 Resources 13
 2018
EC Innovations, Inc. www.ecinnovations.com Hermes Traducciones y Servicios Lingüísticos, SL
Elite TransLingo LLC www.elitetranslingo.com www.hermestrans.com

ES Localization Services www.estr.com HighTech Passport www.htpassport.com

EuroGreek Translations Limited www.eurogreek.com IAPS (Institute for Advanced Professional Studies)
See our ads on pages 4, 9 www.iaps.com
exe https://localization.exe.sk Ideas Translated www.ideastranslated.com
Experis Language Solutions iLocIT! www.ilocit.de
www.experis.us/clients/information-technology/language-solutions.htm Into23 http://into23.com
Fidel Softech www.fideltech.com Iota Localisation Services www.iotals.com
FLE www.fle.net.cn iSP - international Software Products www.isp.nl
Frank Dietz Translation LLC http://frankdietz.com ITI https://iti.ru
Gamax http://loc.gamax.hu Janus Worldwide Inc. www.janusww.com
Globalization Partners International JTS Korea, Inc. www. jtskorea.co.kr
See our ad on page 25 www.globalizationpartners.com
Kaleidoscope GmbH www.kaleidoscope.at
GlobalizeMe www.globalizeme.com See our ads on pages 26, 59
Kevrenn International www.kevrenn.com
GlobalWay www.globalway.co.kr
See our ad on page 25 LAI Global Game Services www.lai.com
The Glocalization Network http://theglocalizationnetwork.com Language Inspired http://languageinspired.co.uk
Glossarium - Traduções e Serviços de Informática LingoFocus Co.,Ltd www.lingofocus.net
www.glossarium.pt Lingua Greca Translations https://linguagreca.com
GTE Localize http://gtelocalize.com Linguitronics Co., Ltd. www.linguitronics.com
See our ad on this page
Lionbridge www.lionbridge.com
See our ads on pages 12, 37
Localex www.localex.com.tr
Locasoft, S.L. www.localsoft.com
Logrus Global https://logrusglobal.com
LoVoTrans www.lovotrans.com
LTES Ltd www.ltes-global.com
M3 Localization Ltd. www.m3loc.com
MAGIT Sp. z o.o. www.translations.magit.pl
See our ad on page 26
MediaLocate, Inc. www.medialocate.com
See our ad on page 18

MediLingua Medical Translations B.V.

Web: www.medilingua.com
Email: [email protected]
Leiden, Netherlands
+31-71-5680862
MediLingua is one of the few medical translation spe-
cialists in Europe. We only do medical. We provide all
European languages and the major languages of Asia and
Africa, as well as translation-related services to manufac-
turers of devices, instruments, in vitro diagnostics and
software; pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies;
medical publishers; national and international medical
organizations; and other customers in the medical sec-
tor. Projects include the translation of documentation for

14 2018 Resources
 2018
medical devices, surgical instruments, hospital equipment multilingual products. Moravia's solutions include local-
and medical software; medical information for patients, ization, product testing, multilingual publishing, technical
medical students and physicians; scientific articles; press translation, content creation, machine translation and
releases; product launches; clinical trial documentation; workflow consulting. Adobe®, IBM, Microsoft, Oracle and
medical news; and articles from medical journals. Toshiba are among some of the leading companies that
depend on Moravia for accurate, on-time and economi-
Merciere Ltd. www.merciere.cz cal localization. With global headquarters in Brno, Czech
Republic, Moravia has local offices in Europe, the United
Moravia IT, LLC States, Japan, China and Latin America. To learn more,
Web: www.moravia.com please visit us at www.moravia.com.
Email: [email protected]
Thousand Oaks, CA United States
805-262-0055 MTS MorphoLogic Translation Services
Moravia is a leading globalization solution provider, www.morphologic-translations.de
enabling companies in the information technology, eLearn- NLG Next Level Globalization www.nlgworldwide.com
ing, life sciences, consumer electronics and telecommuni-
cations industries to enter global markets with high-quality Novilinguists srl www.novilinguists.com
Omniage Ltd. http//omniage.com

ORCO S.A. Paulo José www.paulo-jose.com

Web: www.orco.gr We add local flavour Qabiria Studio SLNE https://qabiria.com
Email: [email protected] to your global business
Athens, Greece Reverie Language Technologies www.reverieinc.com
+30 210 7236001 Rheinschrift Language Services https://rheinschrift.de
Founded in 1983, ORCO celebrates its 35th anniversary See our ad on page 15
this year. Over the years, ORCO has built a reputation for
excellence and gained the trust of leading companies such as RoundTable Studio www.roundtablestudio.net
Oracle, IBM and Carrier for the localization of their prod- Ryszard Jarża Translations http://jarza.pl
ucts. Our core business activities include technical, medical, See our ad on page 27
legal, financial, marketing and other translations, software SALT Group http://saltgroup.org
and multimedia localization, as well as localization consult-
ing. We cover most European languages and our client list Saltlux, Inc. www.saltlux.com
includes long-term collaborations with international corpo- SDL plc www.sdltrados.com
rations, government institutions, banks, private enterprises, See our ads on pages 2, 21
NGOs and the European Union. ORCO is certified accord- ST Communications www.stcommunications.com
ing to ISO 17100 & ISO 9001 quality standards. Languages:
Greek and European languages. STAR Group www.star-group.net
See our ads on pages 11, 15

PassWord Europe STEP.IN. S.r.l. www.step-in.it

Web: http://password-europe.com TalkingChina Language Services www.talkingchina.com
Email: [email protected] Teknik Translation Agency www.tekniktranslation.com
Paris, France, +33 1 42 86 87 13
Since 1993, PassWord Europe has been working with the Texel Localization www.txl.co.il
world's leading information and communications technology Tilde www.tilde.com
companies, offering them world-class expertise in localization TOIN Corporation www.toinusa.com
and translation, project and translation assets management, TRADNOLOGIES www.tradnologies.com
multilingual desktop publishing and graphic design. With highly
qualified human resources, integrated processes and excellent Traducta Multilingual Translation Services www.traducta.com
technical capabilities, we provide solutions to all needs – for TransGlobe International https://transglobeinternational.com
contents such as software, multimedia, documentation, com- Translate 24/7 http://translate24-7.com
munications, marketing and sales. Our professionals constantly
leverage their know-how to ensure high-quality, proactive, TranslateNow, LLC www.translatenow.com
timely service at every process step. At PassWord Europe, qual- Treeloc SL www.treeloc.com
ity is at the heart of workflows throughout a project life cycle. Venga Global www.vengaglobal.com

2018 Resources 15
 2018
Vistatec
See our ad on page 16
www.vistatec.com
locAlizAtion tools
VocaLink Global https://vocalinkglobal.com Applanga www.applanga.com
lexiQA https://lexiqa.net
Welocalize Lingobit Technologies www.lingobit.com
Web: www.welocalize.com
Email: [email protected] Localize.pl www.localize.pl
Frederick, MD United States, +1 301.668.0330 MateCat www.matecat.com
Welocalize enables brands to reach and grow global See our ads on pages 3, 29
audiences through services and solutions for translation, memoQ www.memoq.com
localization, adaptation and automation. Across Welocalize See our ad on page 29
companies, we offer multilingual solutions at key steps along
SDL plc www.sdltrados.com
our clients’ global business journey to transform all content See our ads on pages 2, 21
types for local audiences. Park IP Translations is the leader
in patent translations, foreign filings and litigation support. Sisulizer Ltd & Co KG www.sisulizer.com
Welocalize Life Sciences offers specialized language services Smartling www.smartling.com
for regulated industries. Adapt Worldwide is our multilingual See our ads on pages 21, 75
digital marketing agency. Over 1,500 global team members Verifika QA https://e-verifika.com
across offices in North America, Europe and Asia are dedi- VideoLocalize www.videolocalize.com
cated to helping some of the world’s largest brands operate and
succeed internationally. WordFinder Software International AB www.wordfinder.com
See our ads on page 10

Welocalize Life Sciences

See our ads on this page
https://lifesciences.welocalize.com MArketing
AJPR www.ajpr.com
WeWell Technology Co., Ltd. http://wewell.hk
Artful Thinkers www.artfulthinkers.com
Xlated Ltd. www.xlated.com
Global Propaganda www.globalpropaganda.com

2018 Resources 17
 2018
JFA, Inc. a
Web: www.jfamarkets.com
Email: [email protected] CPSL Language Services www.cpsl.com
Wayzata, MN United States
JFA is an international marketing communications firm that DXC ACG
works with companies, organizations and countries that have an Web: http://acg.dxc.technology
Email: [email protected]
international product or service to sell. We are the only firm that
San Diego, CA United States
specializes in marketing communications in the language and 1 858 207-9314
localization field. So if you want to be better known in The New Multimedia is becoming increasingly important in content
York Times or the Milwaukee Journal or The Wall Street Journal marketing, but to achieve maximum efficiency, it must be
Europe, please contact us. To make sure our communications culturally appropriate and in the local language. A language
are on track and effective we do research, testing and follow-up. services business unit with 20+ years of multimedia experience,
We also market a line of international posters (The Periodic ACG is now part of DXC Technology, the world’s leading inde-
Table of Languages, Money, First Class and Toasts) which can pendent, end-to-end IT services company. DXC ACG offers
be customized for clients. References available on request. innovative technology, dependable execution and reliable qual-
ity, all focused on your needs. The more complex the project,
Lionbridge www.lionbridge.com the more value we bring with a custom-designed, fully-localized
See our ads on pages 12, 37 multimedia solution. Our global-rich media services include
Websites for Translators https://websitesfortranslators.co.uk 2D and 3D animation, video editing, mobile applications,
augmented reality, graphic design and DTP as well as photo
MulticulturAl coMMunicAtions processing, voiceover, subtitles and text-to-speech conversion.

Adapt Worldwide Global DTP www.global-dtp.com

Web: https://adaptworldwide.com See our ad on page 10
Email: [email protected] Marlac Group www.marlacgroup.com
London, United Kingdom
+44 (0) 20 8068 1139 MediaLocate, Inc. www.medialocate.com
See our ad on this page
Adapt Worldwide is a multilingual marketing agency,
providing digital solutions across the whole global journey.
With the acceleration of the digital transformation of global
brands, Adapt Worldwide delivers what modern marketers
today expect from their localization providers — data-driven
digital marketing expertise, content and campaign optimi-
zation, and multilingual search data and market research.
Specialized teams include linguists, data analysts, copywrit-
ers, designers, developers, content producers and digital
marketing strategists. Based in London, Adapt Worldwide, a
Welocalize company, is supported across offices in North
America, Europe and Asia, dedicated to helping global brands
operate and succeed internationally.

Afaf Translations LLC www.afaftranslations.com

LAT Multilingual Translation & Marketing Inc.
www.latmultilingual.com
Modis Design www.modisdesign.com
Tennessee Foreign Language Institute www.tfli.org
TripleInk www.tripleink.com
See our ad on page 28

MultilinguAl softwAre
Natlanco bvba http://natlanco.com
Nisus Software, Inc. https://nisus.com
WordFinder Software International AB www.wordfinder.com
See our ads on page 10

18 2018 Resources
 2018
Moravia IT, LLC www.moravia.com to critical information and services while fostering a climate
See our ads on pages 15, 76 of understanding, respect and dignity in times of great need.

nonProfit orgAnizAtions
Project MAnAgeMent
American Foundation for Translation and Interpretation
www.afti.org 1-StopAsia www.1stopasia.com
Critical Link International www.criticallink.org See our ads on pages 20, 22
Bodeux International LLC http://bodeuxinternational.com
Joint National Committee for Languages
(JNCL-NCLIS) MateCat www.matecat.com
See our ads on pages 3, 29
Web: http://languagepolicy.org
Email: [email protected] memoQ www.memoq.com
Garrett Park, MD United States See our ad on page 29
202-580-8684 Tal - Language Services www.languageservices-tal.com
The Joint National Committee for Languages and the
XTM International www.xtm-intl.com
National Council for Languages and International Studies See our ad on this page
(JNCL-NCLIS) represent the interests of over 140 member
organizations, associations and companies in virtually all
aspects of the language enterprise – education PreK-20,
research, training, assessment, translation, interpreting
and localization – to the US Government. The mission of
JNCL-NCLIS is to ensure that all Americans have the oppor-
tunity to learn English and at least one other language.

Red T
Web: http://red-t.org
Email: [email protected]
New York, NY United States
+1-212-675-0451
Red T is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization advocating for the
protection of translators and interpreters in high-risk settings.

Translation Commons
Web: https://translationcommons.org
Email: [email protected]
Las Vegas, NV United States, (310) 405-4991
Translation Commons is a nonprofit US public charity
powered by translators. We are a volunteer-based online
community aiming to help our language community thrive
and bridge all the sectors within our industry. We facilitate
cross-functional collaboration among the diverse sectors
and stakeholders within the language industry and instigate
transparency, trust and free knowledge. Our mission is to
offer free access to tools and all other available resources, to
facilitate community-driven projects, to empower linguists
and to share educational and language assets.

Translators without Borders

Web: https://translatorswithoutborders.org
Email: [email protected]
United States, Ireland, Kenya
Translators without Borders (TWB) is a US nonprofit
organization that aims to close the language gaps that hinder
critical humanitarian efforts worldwide. By maintaining a
global network of translators, TWB helps non-profit organi-
zations overcome communication barriers, increasing access

2018 Resources 19
 2018

Recruitment, Job Matching Language Services www.2m.com.au

Agnew Multilingual www.agnew.com
Adaptive Globalization Al Media Movers, Inc. www.media-movers.com
www.adaptivebusinessgroup.com/adaptive-globalization
DXC ACG http://acg.dxc.technology
Larsen Globalization www.larseng11n.com See our ads on pages 11, 13, 18, 24
Top Language Jobs www.toplanguagejobs.com Effectiff www.effectiff.com
TranslationDirectory.com www.translationdirectory.com GoLocalise www.golocalise.com

Research & Analysis hakromedia www.hakromedia.com

HighTech Passport www.htpassport.com
Nimdzi Insights www.nimdzi.com
The Kitchen www.thekitchen.tv
Translationrating.com https://translationrating.com
Percepciones Textuales www.percepcionestextuales.com.ar
Resources Studio Ares www.aresmedia.net
ZOO Digital www.zoodigital.com
Bisharat! A language, technology & development initiative

The CJK Dictionary Institute, Inc.
www.bisharat.net
www.cjk.org
Technical Writing
Keyboard Help www.keyboardhelp.net Adobe Systems
www.adobe.com/products/one-adobe-solution-for-technical-content.html
MateCat www.matecat.com
See our ads on pages 3, 29 Content Rules, Inc. www.contentrules.com
Payment Practices www.paymentpractices.net Schildhauer Communication Services www.schildhauer.de

Software Testing Society for Technical Communication

TechScribe
www.stc.org
www.techscribe.co.uk
EuroGreek Translations Limited www.eurogreek.com
See our ads on pages 4, 9 Terminology Management
Global App Testing www.globalapptesting.com
Moravia IT, LLC www.moravia.com
Interverbum Technology www.interverbumtech.com
See our ads on pages 15, 76 Kaleidoscope GmbH www.kaleidoscope.at
See our ads on pages 26, 59
Speech Technologies memoQ www.memoq.com
See our ad on page 29
Globalme www.globalme.net/speech-data-collection
Talk Technologies https://talktech.com
SDL plc www.sdltrados.com
See our ads on pages 2, 21

Subtitling/Dubbing STAR Group

See our ads on pages 11, 15
www.star-group.net

1-StopAsia Termologic www.termologic.com

Web: www.1stopasia.com WordFinder Software International AB www.wordfinder.com
Email: [email protected] See our ads on page 10
Torrance, CA United States Transforming Ideas. Connecting Cultures.

Training, Seminars & Workshops

+1-213-480-0011
1-StopAsia is a one-stop source for all your Asian Lan-
guage needs. Since our start in 1998, we have been con-
tinuously growing. With 24 hour translation services and metafrasi School of Translator Training www.metafrasi.edu.gr
ISO17100:2015, we have been helping more than 700 LSPs The Localization Institute www.localizationinstitute.com
worldwide. We are proud to have eight offices in six coun- See our ad on page 21
tries with 210 employees. Our top priority is to support your zaac - Angelika Zerfass www.zaac.de
project managers in meeting their deadlines and to deliver
high quality Asian language projects. Our most common
languages are Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Thai. For more
information, visit www.1stopasia.com.

20 2018 Resources
 2018
Memsource
Web: www.memsource.com
Email: [email protected]
Prague, Czech Republic, +420 221 490 441
Memsource is a leading cloud-based translation man-
agement system that enables global companies, translation
agencies and translators to collaborate in one secure, online
location. Internationally recognized for providing an easy-to-
use, yet powerful CAT tool combined with a TMS, Memsource
processes two billion words per month from over 200,000
users around the world. Manage your translation projects in
real-time in an intelligent platform that accepts over 50 file
types and offers REST API, out-of-the-box CMS connectors
and powerful workflow automation to save time and money.
Join localization professionals from around the world who rely
on Memsource to streamline their translation process. To start
your free 30-day trial, visit www.memsource.com.

miniTPMS http://minitpms.com
PhraseApp https://phraseapp.com
Plunet GmbH www.plunet.com
Protemos https://protemos.com

SDL plc
Web: www.sdl.com or www.sdltrados.com
Email: sdltrados.com/chat
Maidenhead, United Kingdom
+44 (0) 1628 417227
SDL is the global innovator in language translation tech-
nology, translation services and content management. Over
the past 25 years we’ve helped companies deliver trans-
formative business results by enabling powerful, nuanced
digital experiences with customers around the world.
SDL is the leading provider of translation software to the
translation industry and SDL Trados Studio is recognized
globally as the preferred computer-assisted translation tool
of government, commercial enterprises, language service
providers and freelance translators.

Smartling
trAnslAtion MAnAgeMent systeMs Web: www.smartling.com
Email: [email protected]
New York, NY United States, 1-866-707-6278
Andrä Solutions GmbH & Co. KG www.ontram.com
Smartling helps ambitious brands access more markets,
BaccS www.ibaccs.com deliver better experiences and build stronger relationships by
JiveFusion Technologies http://jivefusiontech.com transforming the way their content is created and consumed
Lionbridge www.lionbridge.com around the world. Our translation management software pri-
See our ads on pages 12, 37 oritizes process automation and intelligent collaboration so
The Local Word S.r.l. http://thelocalword.net that companies can quickly and cost-effectively localize their
websites, apps and documents with minimal IT involvement.
LSP.net http://lsp.net To find out how our unique approach has helped brands like
MateCat www.matecat.com British Airways, Pinterest and WeWork tell a global story,
See our ads on pages 3, 29 visit www.smartling.com.

STAR Group www.star-group.net

See our ads on pages 11, 15

2018 Resources 21
 2018

Text United www.textunited.com Adapt Localization Services www.adapt-localization.com

See our ad on page 13
TMServe www.tmserve.gr
AdriaLoc www.adrialoc.com
Welocalize www.welocalize.com
See our ads on page 17 Advanced Language Services SRL www.advanced-languages.com
Wordbee S.A. www.wordbee.com Affinity Translation www.affinitytranslation.com
XL8 TMS https://xl8tms.com AfroLingo www.afrolingo.co.za

XTM International https://xtm-intl.com AG .translate http://agtc.ru

See our ad on page 19 aiaTranslations www.aiatranslations.com
XTRF Management Systems www.xtrf.eu Air Translations www.airtranslations.it

trAnslAtion services Alba Translating Company

Albaglobal
http://alba-translating.ru
www.albaglobal.com
1-StopAsia www.1stopasia.com Albanian Language Services www.albanian-language.com
See our ads on pages 20, this page Albena Dimitrova Translations
A-tradi www.a-tradi.com http://thealbena.wixsite.com/translation
AAA Translation www.aaatranslation.com Albion Languages Kft. www.albionlanguages.com
Abellana Plus Ltd www.abellanaplus.com Alexa Translations www.alexatranslations.com
Absolute Translations Ltd www.absolutetranslations.com Alias Translation www.aliastranslation.sk
Academy of Languages T&I Services www.aolti.com Aliquantum, Inc. www.aliquantuminc.com
AccentPharm Medical Translations http://accentpharm.com Alisa International Language Services www.alisainternational.com
Acculing https://acculing.com Alkemist Translation Company www.alkemist.si
ACTC Translation Centre Pte Ltd www.actc.com.sg All Linguex Translations Inc. www.medicustranslations.com
AD VERBUM www.adverbum.com All Localized www.alllocalized.com

22 2018 Resources
 2018
All-In Translations www.allintranslations.com Audience Global www.audienceglobal.com
Alma Mater www.am-ukr.com Avalon Media srl www.avalon.ro
Alpha Languages S.r.l. www.alphalanguages.it Avanta Translating http://avanta-translating.com
Alpha Translations Canada Inc. www.alphatranslations.ca B2B Translations www.b2btranslations.com
AMlingua www.amlingua.com Babylon Expert www.babylonexpert.com
Ampere Nordic www.amperenordic.com Babylon Translations Ltd. www.babylon-translations.com
Andiamo! Language Services www.andiamo.co.uk Baquero Translations www.baquerotranslations.com
Andrei Sedliarou Translations www.translator4you.com BCS Multilingual Solutions www.bcs.com.tr
Angira Translation Agency http://angira.ru Beacon Solutions www.beaconsolutions.co.kr
Anglo-Franco Communications www.anglofranco.com BeConnected http://beconnected.no
ANT Translation www.antranslation.com BEPS Translations www.bepstranslations.com
Apextra www.apextra.net Berthold International GmbH http://bertholdinternational.com
Arabic Localizer www.arabiclocalizer.com BeTranslated www.betranslated.com
Arabiskaa www.arabiskaa.com BG Communications http://bgcommunications.ca
Arcadia Translations www.arcadia-t.com birotranslations www.birotranslations.com
Argo Translation, Inc. www.argotrans.com See our ad on this page

Argos Multilingual www.argosmultilingual.com

BLS Translation Services www.bestlanguageservices.com
See our ad on this page Bluebird Translations www.bluebirdtranslations.com
Arinna, Inc. www.arinnainc.net BTInfo www.btinfo.pl
ASAP-translation.com www.asap-translation.com C&E Translation & Advertising Inc. www.cetrans.com
Atrado www.atrado.be Casa de Traduceri www.casadetraduceri.ro

2018 Resources 23
 2018
Caucasus Translations, Ltd, www.caucasustranslations.com Comprehensive Book Translation Services
CEET s.r.o. www.ceet.eu http://bookwebtranslation.com
CET Central European Translations www.cet-translations.com Contentech www.contentech.com
Charles Aschmann Language Services (CALS) Copenhagen Text www.copenhagentext.dk
www.charlesaschmann.com Cosmo Translations www.cosmosite.co.uk
Ciklopea www.ciklopea.com Crestec Europe B.V. www.crestec.eu
See our ad on page 12 See our ad on page 13
CINETIQUE Translations www.cinetique.co.uk Cybertec USA, Inc. www.cybertecusa.com
Day Translations www.daytranslations.com
Clear Words Translations
Web: http://clearwordstranslations.com
delsurtranslations www.delsurtranslations.com.ar
Email: [email protected] DG Global www.dg-global.com
Córdoba, Argentina diaLOC http://dialoc.com
+54 351 4684622
Are you looking to take your business further this year? Dialog One, LLC www.dialog-one.com
Want to grow your revenue streams and onboard new clients Diamecs Engineering, Ltd. www.diamecs.ru
from around the world? Clear Words Translations can help Diskusija www.diskusija.lt
you do just that! Speak to your clients in their own language,
regardless of their location through website and mobile DokuTrans Translation Services www.dokutrans.net
app localization. Translate company documents for clients Dorothy Translations www.dorothytranslations.com
and employees, or book a legal interpreter. No matter what Dr.Localize Communication Bridge Co., Ltd http://drlocalize.com
your industry or specialty, we have a solution for you, from Dragoman Transcreation http://dragoman.ist
medical translation to voiceovers! Contact us today at www.
clearwordstranslations.com. Clarity And Efficiency. DXC ACG http://acg.dxc.technology
See our ads on pages 11, 13, 18, this page

CommGap International Language Services www.commgap.com E4NET Co., Ltd www.e4net.net

See our ad on page 13

24 2018 Resources
 2018
eLANGUAGES, INC. http://elanguagesinc.com GlobaWare International www.globaware.com
eLanguageWorld http://elanguageworld.com Glossa Group GmbH www.glossa-group.com
Elmenta OÜ www.elmenta.com Glossima & Wehrheim www.glossima.com
EQUUS Traducciones www.equus-trad.com Glyph Language Services www.glyphservices.com
Eriksen Translations www.eriksen.com Go Global Language Consulting www.goglobal-consulting.com
ESEN Translation Services www.esentranslation.com GORR www.gorr.si
Étymon Solutions SLL www.etymon-solutions.com Gproject Corporation www.gproj.com
EuroGreek Translations Limited www.eurogreek.com Guilherme R Basilio www.transconsult.com.br
See our ads on pages 4, 9 HansemEUG, Inc. www.ezuserguide.com
Exalingo www.exalingo.com Harcz & Partner Ltd. Translation Company
FaustTranslations.com GmbH www.fausttranslations.com www.translationcompany.org
Ferris Translations e.U. www.ferristranslations.com Haymillian www.haymillian.com
FINVERBUS Translations www.finverbus.com HD - Horacio R. Dal Dosso www.hdosso.com.ar
Folio Online www.folio-online.co.za Helena Technical Translations BV www.helena.nl
The Foreign Language Company
http://foreignlanguagecompany.com Hi! All Languages Translations
Web: www.languagestranslations.eu
Formula F Ltd. http://123translate.me
Email: [email protected]
Future Trans www.future-trans.com Giroc, Timis, Romania
Global Language Translations and Consulting, Inc. +40720230609
www.gltac.com Hi! All Languages Translations is an online global trans-
lation services provider that offers high-quality professional
Globalization Partners International translation services in all language combinations and domains.
Web: www.globalizationpartners.com We work with professional linguists all over the world, and
Email: [email protected] only with those who are native in the target language. There-
Vienna, VA United States fore, your language translation requirements will be properly
1 866-272-5874
understood in every corner of the world. Compared to other
Globalization Partners International (GPI) provides translation companies, we can better understand what quality
translation services in over 100 languages and 15 translation means as our company is led by highly-experienced linguists
disciplines to help global organizations across numerous only. We think of you as our partner and as a member of our
verticals communicate and conduct business in any language team, your goal being our goal.
and in any locale. We utilize technology as a tool to deliver
great service on a global basis. GPI offers custom translation
connectors to a variety of web content management systems, Hieroglifs Translations www.hieroglifstranslations.ro
marketing automation platforms and web applications to Hispano Language Advisory www.myhispano.com
streamline localization workflows and provide access to
HolaDoctor, Inc. www.holadoctor.net
translation project information across an enterprise.
IAFL Translation & Interpretation Services www.iaflindia.com
GlobalSprachTeam Sassenberg+Kollegen www.sprachteam.com ICanLocalize www.icanlocalize.com
Idea Translations www.ideatranslations.com
GlobalWay idioma Co., Ltd. www.idioma.com
Web: www.globalway.co.kr
Email: [email protected]
iDISC Information Technologies, S.L. www.idisc.com
Seoul, South Korea ILA Translation Services www.ilatranslation.com
+82-2-3453-4924 Indy Translations http://indytranslations.com
GlobalWay, a leading localization company in Korea, pro-
vides professional localization and globalization services with Inline Translation Services, Inc. www.inlinela.com
exceptional quality and also offers a wide range of content and
document management services including voiceover, testing
and DTP. We have highly qualified in-house linguists who trans-
late and review a variety of content with professional knowledge.
Our experienced engineers and project managers can help you
to get exactly what you want. GlobalWay and its partners world- Follow us on Facebook
wide are ready to support your growing business and localiza- facebook.com/MultilingualMagazine
tion tasks. Feel free to contact us for more information.

2018 Resources 25
 2018
interlanguage s.r.l. Lexington House SRL www.lexington.ro
Web: http://interlanguage.it Lexipov http://lexipov.com
Email: [email protected]
Modena, Italy Lichi Translations www.lichitranslations.com
+39059344720 lidolang specialist translations www.lidolang.com
Delivering a comprehensive range of top-quality pro- LINGMASTER www.lingmaster.com
fessional services since 1986: technical, financial, legal and
advertising translations, terminology management, desktop Lingo2Lingo Translations www.lingo2lingotranslations.com
publishing, interpreting, voiceover and subtitling. In-house Linguainfo Services Pvt. Ltd. http://linguainfo.com
staff of editors and project managers covering a variety of tech-
LinguaLinx, Inc. www.lingualinx.com
nical fields, from all languages into Italian with extended usage
of CAT tools. Highly specialized in the railway and automotive LinguaPoint GmbH www.linguapoint.de
sector and in translations into Italian for Switzerland. The DTP LinguaVox https://translation.agency
service offers typesetting in all European and Asian languages.
interlanguage has been awarded the quality system certification Linguitronics Co., Ltd. www.linguitronics.com
See our ad on page 14
ISO 9001:2015, translation service certification ISO 17100:2015
and interpreting service certification UNI 10574:2007. Lionbridge www.lionbridge.com
See our ads on pages 12, 37
International Language Center www.ilcworldwide.com Littera Sr Translation Agency https://littera-sr.com
International Language Services, Inc. www.ilstranslations.com LocaFlex, Ltd. www.locaflex.ru
International Translation Bureau www.itbtranslation.com LOCASIS www.locasis.com
INTERTEXT Translation Services www.intertext.es LocaSoft GmbH www.locasoft.com
intránsol www.intransol.com LocaTran Translations Ltd. www.locatran.com
inWhatLanguage, LLC www.inwhatlanguage.com Logos Group www.logos.net
itbFirst http://itbfirst.com Logostrada sp. z o.o. www.logostrada.pl
JAPANtranslation http://japan-translation.japanese-web.com LTA LLC www.lta-ks.com
JLS Language Corporation http://jls.com
LtoI
JRD Translations www.jrdias.com Web: www.ltoi.co.kr
Junction International, LLC www.junctioninternational.com Email: [email protected]
Seoul, South Korea
Kaleidoscope GmbH 82-2-780-0401
Web: www.kaleidoscope.at LtoI has consistently been an expert in the localization
Email: [email protected] of the Korean language. With this experience, we are sin-
Vienna, Austria, +43 1 253 5 352 cerely striving to grow together with our partners through
Taking Your Content Global – with Kaleidoscope your the next decades. Our motto is “There are customers who
product will speak every language! The combination of decades have not worked with us yet, but no customers work with
of expertise, our software solutions developed in-house, and us just once.” With this in mind, we provide localization
select software from market-leading technology partners services in the following fields: storage, database, IT hard-
has been making this a reality since 1996. Coupled with the ware, medical, travel with TEP, MTPE, DTP, marketing,
full-service approach from eurocom, Austria's largest and most eLearning, UI, UA and more. Moreover, LtoI has been a
innovative translation agency, Kaleidoscope offers a unique premium vendor for MLVs and direct clients with compet-
and unrivaled synergy of language and technology. itive and reasonable prices.
Luciana Ramos - Translation and Training
Lan-bridge Communications Ltd. www.lan-bridge.co.uk http://lucianaramos.com.ar
Langscape Language Solutions Pvt Ltd www.langscape.com Mafalda Monteiro - Language Services, Lda.
Language Connections Inc. www.languageconnections.com http://mmlanguageservices.com
Language Inc. www.language-inc.org MAGIT Sp. z o.o.
Language Scientific www.languagescientific.com Web: www.translations.magit.pl
Language Services Associates http://lsaweb.com Email: [email protected]
Wroclaw, Poland
Language Services Bureau www.languageservicesbureau.com +48 71 347-73-30
LanguageTran https://languagetran.com MAGIT — experts in “Polishing” your products since
Latamways www.latamways.com 1995. MAGIT offers software localization, multimedia
localization and technical translations into Polish and other
Latin Link www.latinlink.com

26 2018 Resources
 2018
Eastern European languages. Our main fields of expertise Orient Translation Services www.orienttr.com
include IT, life sciences, telecommunication, automotive, Palex www.palexgroup.com
mobile and industrial technologies. Taking advantage of our
network of proven language resources and building on expe- Paragon Language Services, Inc. www.paragonls.com
rience in projects completed for global and regional players, Park IP Translations www.parkip.com
we offer professional services and personal dedication to help See our ads on page 17
companies successfully launch products into new markets. PassWord Europe http://password-europe.com
We are your competent translation partner, flexible, respon- See our ad on page 16
sive and reliable. Look no further. Try us out!
Petersburg Translation Bureau www.ptb-localization.com
Maloof Language Services www.malooflanguageservices.com Planet language services www.italiantechnicaltranslations.com
MARK Business Translations http://marktranslations.com POZENA Translations www.pozena.com
Mc LEHM Language Services http://mc-lehm.com Premier Focus Translations www.premierfocustranslations.com
medical-translator http://medical-translator.net Pride Trans-Asia, Inc. www.pride-trans.co.kr
MediLingua Medical Translations B.V. www.medilingua.com ProBahasa Translation, CV www.probahasa.com
See our ad on page 14
ProLinguo GmbH www.prolinguo.com
Meridian Linguistics www.meridianlinguistics.com
PTS Group International Company Ltd www.ptsgi.com
merle&sheppard Language Consulting
www.language-consulting.com QA Czech www.qaczech.com
Metafora Translation Services http://meta fora.kz Qingdao OM Translation Co., Ltd. www.86trans.com
MGO-Traducciones www.mgo-traducciones.com.ar Raffles Translation Services www.rafflestranslation.com.sg
Michael Beijer http://beijer.uk Rescribe www.rescribe.com
Mila Tova International Translations www.milatova.com Rheinschrift Language Services https://rheinschrift.de
See our ad on page 15
Mincor, Inc. www.mincor.net
Rosario Traducciones y Servicios www.rosariotrad.com.ar
Mirora Translation www.mirora.com
RS_Globalization Services GmbH & Co. KG
Mobico www.mobico.com www.rs-globalization.com
Moli Crossland http://molicrossland.com
Ryszard Jarża Translations
Montero Traducciones S.L. www.montero-traducciones.com
Web: http://jarza.pl
Moravia IT, LLC www.moravia.com Email: [email protected]
See our ads on pages 15, 76 Wrocław, Poland
Mother Tongue Writers www.mothertongue.com/us +48 601 228332
Ryszard Jarża Translations, established in 2000, is a pro-
mt-g medical translation GmbH & Co. KG www.mt-g.com
vider of Polish translation, localization and testing services,
MTM - Multilingual Translations Management b.v. primarily for life sciences, IT, automotive, refrigeration and
www.mtm-international.eu other technology sectors. Most of our work is produced
Multilingual Connections https://multilingualconnections.com in-house by a team of Polish linguists and engineers who offer
Multilingual Technologies Inc. www.multilingual-tech.com a unique combination of technical competences and creativity
required in marketing translation projects. We work directly
Multiservice Gateway, Inc. www.multiservicegateway.com
with localization departments of large multinational clients
Neotech www.neotech.ru and with multilanguage service providers. With focus on one
Netwire http://netwire.global target language only (Polish) and strong in-house capabilities,
Nuadda Words and Languages SL www.nuadda.com
we guarantee a high standard of quality and ability to work
efficiently in the continuous delivery model. Our translation
Nuance Fidelis http://nuancefidelis.com services are certified to ISO 17100.
Ocean Translations SRL www.oceantranslations.com
Sandberg Translation Partners (STP) http://stptrans.com
Octopus Translations http://octopustranslations.com
Scriptware Translations www.scriptwaretranslations.com
Omniverbal http://omniverbal.com
SDL plc www.sdltrados.com
OneDocument, S.L. www.onedocument.eu See our ads on pages 2, 21
Oneliner Translations www.oneliner.be SEAtongue www.seatongue.com
Ontranslation www.ontranslation.es SeproTec Multilingual Solutions www.seprotec.com
ORCO S.A. www.orco.gr Shan Translation Pte Ltd. https://shansingapore.com
See our ad on page 16
Sharper Translation Services Inc. www.sharpertranslation.com

2018 Resources 27
 2018
SLS international Inc. www.sls-international.com languages. Our Six Degrees of Transcreation® approach to
SOFTtalk Translations http://softtalk.co.uk marketing communications enables our international team
to make client brands relevant anywhere on earth. And our
Sonkeigo www.sonkeigo.lv proven quality management system combined with state-of-
Spanish Express www.spanish-express.com the-art technology resources provides us with the practical
SpanSource www.spansource.com tools to deliver the comprehensive language services needed
to meet our clients' global business objectives.
STF Traducation http://traducation.com
Surrey Translation Bureau www.surreytranslation.co.uk
TrueLanguage http://truelanguage.com
SwissGlobal Language Services AG www.swissglobal.ch Tschechische-Übersetzungen.de
TDN Translation www.tdntranslation.com www.tschechische-ubersetzungen.de
Technolex Translation Studio www.technolex-translations.com TTC wetranslate Ltd www.ttcwetranslate.com

Techworld Language Solutions www.techworldinc.com TW Languages http://twlanguages.com

Teneo Linguistics Company www.tlctranslation.com Valuepoint Knowledgeworks Pvt Ltd www.knowledgew.com

Terra Translations www.terratranslations.com
Vedia Translations http://vediatranslations.com

Tetras GmbH www.tetras.de

VEQTA Translations https://veqta.com
Versalia Traducción, S.L. www.versalia.com
text&form www.textform.com
Vialan Translation Concepts, Inc. www.vialanguage.net
TextPartner sp.j. www.textpartner.com
Viya Translations www.viyadil.com
Tim Davies Nordic Translations www.timadavies.com
Washington Translation Bureau www.watransbureau.com
TiMe Translations & Training www.timeargentina.com
Way2Global www.way2global.com
TMG Translation Services Limited www.tmgtranslation.com
Ways With Words Translation Serices Ltd.
tml Translation Management Ltd http://ways-with-words.com
www.translationmanagement.com
Web-Translations Ltd. www.web-translations.com
TRADUCCIONES CONTINENTAL, S.L. www.tcontinental.es
Welocalize www.welocalize.com
TransAction Translators Ltd www.transaction.co.uk See our ads on page 17
TransForm Gesellschaft für Sprachen- Wessex Translations Limited www.wt-lm.com
und Mediendienste mbH https://transformcologne.de
Wiitrans www.wiitrans.com
Transimpex – Translators • Interpreters • Editors •
Consultants, Inc. www.transimpex.com Win & Winnow Language Services www.winandwinnow.com
Translation Back Office www.translationbackoffice.com WISE-CONCETTI Ltd. http://vnlocalize.com
The Translation Company Group LLC Wordlink Traduções Ltda. www.wordlink.com.br
https://thetranslationcompany.com
Wordminds https://wordminds.com
Translations.CA www.translations.ca
Wordsmith Communication www.wordsmithcommunication.com
Translators Family sp. z o.o. www.translatorsfamily.com
Wratislavia Translation House Sp. z o.o. www.wth.pl
Translavic Polska sp. z o.o. www.translavic.eu
Yamagata Europe www.yamagata-europe.com
Transmaster Traduções www.transmaster.com.br
Transworld Consulting www.transworldconsulting.co.uk
Yappn Canada https://yappn.com
zappmedia www.zappmedia.com
TripleInk ZELENKA Translations www.zelenka-translations.com
Web: www.tripleink.com
Email: [email protected]
Minneapolis, MN United States
(612) 342-9800 Translation Tools
TripleInk is a multilingual marketing communications
agency that provides business-to-business and consumer Fluency by Western Standard www.westernstandard.com
products companies with precise translation, transcre- Kaleidoscope GmbH www.kaleidoscope.at
ation and multilingual production services for audiovisual, See our ads on pages 26, 59
interactive and print media. From advertising and website LEXICOOL www.lexicool.com
globalization to technical documentation we offer integrated Lucy Software and Services GmbH www.lucysoftware.com
marketing communication solutions in all major world

28 2018 Resources
 2018
MateCat Wordfast www.wordfast.com
Web: www.matecat.com WordFinder Software International AB www.wordfinder.com
Email: [email protected] See our ads on page 10
Rome, Italy
+39 06 90254001
Ever dreamt of increasing your profits by 15%? That's what
Voiceovers
you get with MateCat. By reusing content from public and 1-StopAsia www.1stopasia.com
private translation memories and artificial intelligence, Mate- See our ads on pages 20, 22
Cat lets you reduce the cost and turnaround time of all your All Voices International www.allvoicesintl.com
translations. Integrate machine learning in your translations.
Focus on creative and cognitive processes rather than wasting THE ARABIC VOICE www.thearabicvoice.com
time on repetitive tasks that are more suited to machines. Let Bromberg & Associates http://brombergtranslations.com
MateCat take care of repetitive and boring tasks like fixing EuroGreek Translations Limited www.eurogreek.com
machine translation errors and placing the tags in the target See our ads on pages 4, 9
text. Visit www.matecat.com to start translating. It's free. GM Voices www.gmvoices.com
Moravia IT, LLC www.moravia.com
maxprograms www.maxprograms.com See our ads on pages 15, 76
Meedan https://meedan.com/bridge Pink Noise www.pinknoisestudios.com
memoQ PrimeVoices SARL www.primevoices.com
Web: www.memoq.com Victoria's Voice http://vicsvoice.com
Email: [email protected]
Budapest, Hungary
+3618088313
Website Globalization
Cover every aspect of translation business – start using DXC ACG http://acg.dxc.technology
memoQ, the most advanced translation management system See our ads on pages 11, 13, 18, 24
in the world. memoQ offers you the leanest, sharpest and most Easyling www.easyling.com
effective solution technology for your entire workflow. Let us
help you improve your translation business and optimize your
Five Star Languages www.5starlanguages.co.uk
translation processes: start your free trial at memoQ.com! getLoc https://getloc.it
Latinlingua http://latinlingua.com
Memsource www.memsource.com Lionbridge www.lionbridge.com
See our ads on pages 11, 21 See our ads on pages 12, 37
SDL plc www.sdltrados.com Moravia IT, LLC www.moravia.com
See our ads on pages 2, 21 See our ads on pages 15, 76
Smartling www.smartling.com Smartling www.smartling.com
See our ads on pages 21, 75 See our ads on pages 21, 75
STAR Group
Workflow Solutions
www.star-group.net
See our ads on pages 11, 15
SYSTRAN Software, Inc. www.systrangroup.com Language Technology Centre Ltd www.ltcinnovates.com
See our ad on this page

“JOHN, IT’S TIME TO MOVE ON.” PUT YOUR OLD SMT

ENGINE AWAY & MOVE
TO NEURAL. FLUENCY
IS OUR MIDDLE NAME.

2018 Resources 29
 Tre n d s

Continued growth in the

language services sector

Donald A. DePalma
Donald A. DePalma is the chief strategy
officer and founder of CSA Research.

In “The Language Services Market: 2017,” CSA Market Survey 2018, we asked those business leaders about
Research estimated that the language services and their revenue growth and volume of client-side demand for
technology sector would turn over $43 billion for the last two quarters of 2017 and for the year overall. We
the year, growing 6.97% over 2016. We also fore- also probed their hiring plans for the past two quarters, for
cast that the market would continue its growth 2017, and for the first three months of 2018. While most
over the next four years, driven by increasing LSPs were not able at the time of the survey to provide exact
demands for multilingual information in written percentages for either business or legal reasons before they
had closed their books for the year, the great majority had a
and spoken form, app and product localization, as
positive outlook (see Figure 1).
well as emerging content services. Our business confidence survey aggregates the input of 85
In November and December 2017, our analysts checked CEOs of the top 100 LSPs. Each question is tied to specific
the pulse of the market by surveying the CEOs of the 100 performance measures that indicate whether the market is
largest language service providers (LSPs) on CSA Research's growing in terms of revenue and volume, and if LSPs are
list of global providers. In preparation for the annual Global responding to growth or declines with more or less hiring. In

30 2018 Resources
 Tren d s

Figure 1: 2017 revenue reports from the largest LSPs. Copyright 2018 by Common Sense Advisory, Inc.
Up Unchanged Down

this post, we share top-level business companies did had increased, com- the last two quarters — 47% in Q3
confidence survey results to give an pared to 16% who reported that it and 57% in Q4.
early indicator of how 2017 turned had stayed the same. Just 3% of them What the change in employ-
out for the largest providers in the experienced lower demand compared ment numbers means: as we have
space. to the previous year. Seasonality was long noted, language is a human-
Revenue increased for most of the at play here as well, with 65% seeing delivered service that is augmented
top 100. Looking at all of 2017, 75% of growth in Q3 but spiking to 76% by substantial amounts of technology
respondents reported that their reve- of respondents that saw increased and outsourcing that allow LSPs to
nue was up over the preceding year. It growth in Q4. expand capacity more rapidly than
was unchanged for 18% of the CEOs, What the growth in volume headcount. Our research has shown
and down for just 7% of them. The means: our research shows continu- that automation allows LSPs to meet
survey results also confirm the sea- ing and growing demand for services increasing demand without scaling
sonality of the market — our research and technology, in commercial, human resources such as project
shows that a growing amount of government and non-governmental managers in lockstep with volume
revenue in successive quarters was organization sectors. In this very growth. Planners carefully track
back-loaded to the fourth quarter. In competitive and often commoditized technology trends, such as artificial
this survey, we found that revenue sector, successful LSPs must increase intelligence, which help them auto-
increased in the third quarter (Q3) the volume of traditional services mate repetitive tasks and redistribute
for 65% of respondents, and for 73% while creating new businesses involv- resources to activities where humans
in the fourth (Q4). ing content, voice and technical add distinct value to the process.
What the revenue data means: most services. Overall, this business confidence
leading LSPs in our sample saw their Employment does not march in survey provides insight into the cur-
revenue grow in 2017, a good indica- lockstep with revenue/demand growth. rent state of the industry. The lion's
tion that the market will continue its Companies have options besides hiring share of top 100 LSPs report that
upward climb in 2018. These numbers more people. Improved technology and they did well in 2017. This is a leading
are indicative of the overall market processes allow LSPs to scale to bigger indicator for the industry 2018 global
— 67% of our 2017 Global Market volumes with the same number of market forecast, especially when we
Survey sample, companies of all sizes, employees. Thus, 59% of the sample consider the explosive growth of
increased their revenue from 2016. said that employment was up for the multilingual content we witness in
Demand for services continues to year, unchanged at 25%, and down at our research with the global 3000
rise. For the full year, 80% of CEOs 16%. Just as with revenue, employ- enterprises and the emergence of
told us that the volume of work their ment shows quarterly seasonality in global content service providers. [M]

2018 Resources 31
 Tre n d s

Achieving cross-border
shopping success

Yuka Kurihara
Yuka Kurihara is director of globalization at Pitney Bowes, where she leads the
company’s globalization efforts. Her career has evolved from fixing internationalization
bugs to expanding her company’s Asian footprint, to her current leadership position
in numerous technical and process innovations.

I love shopping. I used to stroll around the In fact, 94% percent of our survey participants said that they
made an online purchase domestically within the past year,
mall all day, checking out each store for the best
and most often on a monthly (48%) or weekly (26%) basis.
deal. Now I love the convenience of shopping
Online shopping is now a part of everyday life. With online
online — while waiting at the doctor’s office, stores, the line between domestic and international shopping
or in my pajamas before bed. With my phone, experiences are becoming blurry. Our research also reveals
I have the world of retail right at my fingertips. how global ecommerce is trending as consumers become
Apparently, I’m not the only one with an online more comfortable with domestic and international online
shopping habit. It’s happening worldwide. shopping experiences

Researching global shopping behaviors, Pitney Bowes sur- Who’s shopping around the world?
veyed thousands of consumers in over a dozen countries. We According to our survey, the top countries where the con-
found that consumers around the world love shopping online. sumers are willing to buy a product on a foreign merchant’s

32 2018 Resources
 Tren d s

website are Australia (78%), Singapore (77%), Canada (72%), To maximize sales opportunities, retailers should consider
Mexico (71%) and Hong Kong (70%). These cross-border meeting consumers wherever they are — by offering their
shoppers are confident about having a product shipped into products via multiple channels.
their home country.
We also discovered that travelers from China (84%), Key success factors
India (82%) and South Korea (75%) are the most likely to Any retailer can start selling products online, but how
revisit the global retailer online after returning home from do you ensure success? The answer comes down to having
an international trip. While away, those travelers found a the right global ecommerce strategy. Do you know how to
brand that they really liked and are looking to buy more. ship your product to the target country efficiently? Can
We called this “In-store Global, Online Local.” Our survey the consumers in that country even read your product’s
findings uncovered that 63% of consumers contribute to description? If you don’t have answers to these types of key
this phenomenon. The trend suggests that retailers with questions, how can you expect revenue?
brick-and-mortar stores can create a future cross-border Proper research is needed to understand consumers’
shopper with visiting tourists. behavior and the country-by-country variations. As an
The online marketplace (on sites such as eBay or Rakuten) example, if you sell fashion and personal care items, list them
is the most popular way of shopping across borders among on Tmall (China’s largest marketplace) where those items
our survey participants. The majority (62%) of consumers tend to do well. Or, if you are expanding to Japan, having an
find their favorite products this way. The top countries with excellent customer service team is a must. Understanding
the marketplace as their preferred method of online shop- the trend for the specific target market is critical. What is the
ping are China (83%), Japan (82%) and India (81%). most popular payment method these days? Do shoppers rely
We found that about a quarter of shoppers go directly to on merchant ratings and reviews? All of these are important
a retailer’s website. For this method of shopping, consumers considerations above and beyond getting the basics right.
from Canada, South Korea and Australia lead the way for And don’t forget the basics such as making your website fully
both domestic and cross-border purchases. For cross-border localized and not surprising your customer with extra fees
purchases, the survey found that roughly a third of shoppers like duties and taxes when the delivery is made.
from these top countries go directly to the retailer’s website: Your website is only the beginning of the customer’s
35% of Canadians, 34% of South Koreans and 33% of Austra- journey and the experience continues through delivery
lians. Other shoppers surveyed did not express any particular and your return policies. You should also ensure that you
preference, and use both marketplaces and retailer’s websites. provide an end-to-end experience. More importantly, that
This study seems to indicate that one approach to the you delight consumers in the local market far from your
online shopping experience is not enough for shoppers. own home. [M]

Delivering the building blocks

for global success

multilingual.com
Home of MultiLingual
magazine and the /mlconnect
latest information for
the language industry /multilingualmag
and businesses with global
communication needs. /multilingualmagazine

/company/multilingual-computing

2018 Resources 33
 Tre n d s

Content localization revenue

opportunities for 2018
Insights from a research study

Juliana Pereira is vice president of marketing at Smartling.

With 15 years' experience in marketing and ecommerce, she
has worked in several industries, from nonprofits and
publishing to tech, music and fashion. Juliana holds a BA from
Juliana Pereira Brown University, and an MA from the New School.

Localization and global expansion aren't

showing any signs of slowing down. A Smart- Unfortunately — as most MultiLingual readers know —
ling-commissioned report from IDG Research understanding the value of localization and doing it well are
surveyed more than 300 American and Euro- different things. Many executives and managers don’t know
where to start. And just because a company buys localiza-
pean executives on localization and globalization
tion or translation doesn’t mean its executives understand
trends, revealing a strong and growing desire at all the technologies that help them do so profitably.
multinational businesses to continue international Translation management software, machine trans-
expansion. Here, we’ll uncover the latest findings on lation and other industry tech aside, nonlocalization
these companies' international footprints, local- tools are also essential to international business growth:
ization challenges and 2018 localization budgets. Ecommerce platforms, websites and similar cloud-
Global businesses can then use these insights to based technology rapidly create a digital footprint in
more intelligently shape localization strategy for new markets. The proliferation of mobile continues to
greater return on investment (ROI). make cross-border business growth easier. Even recent
improvements in logistics technology make interna-
For starters, the survey addressed true localization — tional shipping more affordable and efficient than in
not just translation, but the cultural conversion of cur- years past. But while software for these outside areas is
rency type, units of measurement and product names. embraced, many translation buyers remain unaware of
Almost all survey respondents considered localization a innovations in our own industry.
fundamental requirement. More than 80% said content As a result, when a company rapidly expands, inefficient
localization is essential to entering new markets and is localization processes become a significant hindrance to
increasingly important to business operations and 98% growth. Of companies surveyed, 88% recognize that transla-
already localize content for foreign markets or plan to do so. tion is necessary for expansion. Translation and localization

34 2018 Resources
 Tren d s

were language services of choice; only spending significantly and 39% localization’s value. 71% have seen
17% of respondents regularly purchase expected to increase that spend slightly. increased sales because of transla-
transcreation. 5% expected no change. A nominal 1% tion. Other noted benefits include
From marketing content to human projected spend would go down. an uptick in lead generation (51%),
resources materials, what these global As we mentioned earlier though, improved user experience for digi-
businesses localize is pretty broad — costs and challenges don’t keep tal interfaces and/or apps (51%),
as are their challenges in translating companies from underestimating increased user and/or buyer content
this material. Out of eight different
possible concerns, at least one-fourth Expected change in investment in content localization
of respondents experienced every
one. Slow time to market was most
common. How much of a problem
this is, though, depended on how
many countries the company operates Plan to increase
in — including the company’s country localization
of origin. 30% of companies in five or expendiitures
more markets have turnaround dif-
ficulties, compared to more than 40%
of all other respondents. Similarly, 38%
of those in five or more countries said
proving localization ROI is a problem, Increase Increase Stay the Decrease Decrease
while only 16% of those in just one significantly slightly same slightly significantly
country said the same.
This isn’t the only area where the Number of international markets
number of markets made a differ-
ence. Businesses that operate in the
same number of countries had more
commonality in their responses
Average number
than businesses of the same size. For of markets
example, companies in five or more
international markets are more likely
to need translation than those in
fewer. But more specifically, the con-
tent these companies translate fell
into shared categories based on the
number of countries they currently 1 2 3 4 5 6-10 11-20 More than
20
operate in. Respondents with larger
global footprints cited app-related
content as a significant localization Planned international market expansions
need. Translation of digital content
was most required by those in only
one country but looking to expand.
Another example is 12 month
spending projections. Of companies Average number
currently in five or more countries, 76% of new market
expansions in the
said localization expenditures would next 12 months
likely “increase significantly” from
the third quarter of 2017 through the
second quarter of 2018, compared
to 50% of those in only one country
now. Across all respondents, 55% 1 2 3 4 5 6-10 11-20 More than
expected to increase localization 20

2018 Resources 35
 Tre n d s

Top benefits from content localization engagement (45%), increased user

and/or buyer satisfaction (34%) and
Increased sales in target market 71% globally consistent brand messaging
(18%). But despite listing all these
Increased lead generation 51% benefits, around one-third said it’s
Improved user experience of
hard to measure localization’s impact.
digital interfaces or applications 51% To try to measure the impact,
respondents employ different tech-
Increased user/buyer engagement 45% niques. The two most common were
with content
measuring the number of customers
Increased user/buyer satisfaction
in target markets 34% gained and the percentage of market
share captured. Customer acquisition
Consistent global brand messaging 18% links directly to an increase in revenue,
which one-third of respondents cited
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% as a key localization outcome. 74%
mostly or completely agreed with the
Types of content to be localized statement “content localization is a
revenue driver.”
Website 60% Given that more than half of those
Social media 54% polled plan to spend more on lan-
Digital 53% guage moving forward, those making
Video 53% smaller localization investments
Technical information 51% risk falling behind more aggressive
Marketing copy 48%
competitors. Planned growth aside,
App-related 45% expenditures in this area are already
Branding 44% significant. Nearly 40% of the com-
Blog
panies surveyed budget $500,000 or
43%
more every year for content localiza-
Training materials 42%
tion. 21% budget over one million.
Human resource materials 42%
How are these investments directed?
0% 20% 40% 60% More than half of respondents (56%)
employ professional translators in-
house (note: that’s different from the
Top challenges of content localization 41% who ask nontranslator bilingual
staff to do the job). 56% purchase post-
Slow time to market 37% edited machine translation (MTPE),
with 51% buying machine translation
Process is too manual 34% as a stand-alone. 56% work with a
language service provider and 39%
Localization impact is difficult to
34% crowdsource third-party translators
measure
on their own. When it comes to using
Process takes too many internal
33% more than one solution, companies
resources
in five or more countries were most
Translation quality is inconsistent 32%
or poor likely to work across categories. The
percentage hiring in-house, profes-
Missed deadlines 29% sional translators also radically shot
up in this group: It’s 74%.
ROI is hard to prove 29%
As far as who was polled, respon-
No visibility or control in process
dents covered 301 director-level or
26%
higher execs at multinational busi-
nesses based in the United States,
0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
the United Kingdom, Germany and

36 2018 Resources
France. All businesses employ 1,000
people or more. Not all respondents
work in marketing, although that was
the most common title, with 35% serv-
ing as their company’s chief marketing
officer, president or head of market-
ing; 32% as director of marketing; and
16% as marketing vice-president. 27%
of the companies themselves were in
the marketing, advertising and public
relations industry.
On average, the Germans spend
the most on localization — €473,000
on average, converted to $559,000
— with the Americans close behind
at $538,000. Further debunking the
stereotype that American businesses
don’t understand the value of local-
ization, US respondents were actually
the most likely to expect a spending
increase: 59% said localization bud-
gets for the next 12 months would
“increase significantly.” The French
spend the least — €327,000, which
converts to $386,000. Of the French
respondents, 52% expected a signifi-
cant spending increase. But only 39%
of British companies did; on average,
they spend £415,000 ($531,000).
Across all countries, the average
company surveyed operates in seven
international markets and translates
into seven languages. A significant
number do more. 22% of respondents
operate in 11 or more markets, with
12% active in more than 20. The aver-
age responding company also expected
to enter seven new countries over the
next 12 months — almost all of which
will require translation — effectively
doubling their global presence.
Until recently, such rapid geo-
graphic expansion — entering a new
country every two months or even
more quickly than that — would have
been unthinkable for all but the largest
and most sophisticated corporations.
What has changed is companies’ ability
to have a strong virtual presence in new
market locales, even if they don’t have
brick and mortar facilities and large
employee bases in every country. [M]

37
 glossary &
acronyms

80/20 Rule: states that for many phenomena, 80% of the con-
sequences stem from 20% of the causes. Management thinker
Joseph M. Juran suggested the principle, and it was named after
the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who observed that 80%
of income in Italy was received by 20% of the Italian population.
The assumption is that most of the results in any situation are
determined by a small number of causes. This idea is often ap-
plied to data such as sales figures: “20% of clients are responsible
for 80% of sales volume.” Such a statement is testable, is likely to
be correct and may be helpful in decision making. Also known as
Pareto’s Principle.
24/7: an abbreviation for 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, including
holidays and days that otherwise may alter limitations of work. In
commerce and industry, 24/7 identifies a service that will be pres-
ent regardless of the current time or day, as might be offered by a
restaurant, gas station, manned datacenter, supermarket or help
information line.

a
A/B testing: in the context of marketing and business intelligence,
a randomized experiment with two variants, A and B, which are the
control and treatment in the controlled experiment. It is a form of
statistical hypothesis testing with two variants.
abductive reasoning: in artificial intelligence and philosophy,
reasoning based on possible or hypothesized causes or explanations.
It involves inferring the best or most plausible explanation from a
given set of facts or data.
Abilene Paradox: a paradox in which a group of people collectively
decides on a course of action that is counter to the preferences of American Sign Language (ASL) letters.
any of the individuals in the group. It involves a common break-
down of group communication in which each member mistakenly
believes that his or her own preference is counter to the group’s and, American Sign Language (ASL): the dominant sign language of
thus, the person does not raise objections. the deaf community in the United States, in the English-speaking
abstract character repertoire (ACR): an unordered set of abstract parts of Canada and in parts of Mexico. Although the United King-
characters to be encoded. dom and the United States share English as a spoken and written
advanced leveraging: within computer-aided translation tools, language, British Sign Language is quite different from ASL and not
advanced leveraging combines statistical analysis and linguistic in- mutually intelligible.
telligence to create a new category of fuzzy matches that can lead to American Standard Code for Information Interchange
an increase in translation productivity. It features full-text indexing (ASCII): the worldwide standard for the code numbers used by
capabilities that allow users to search and retrieve text strings of any computers to represent all the uppercase and lowercase Latin let-
length, such as full and fuzzy segments, paragraphs, terms and even ters, numbers, punctuation and other symbols.
subsegments. American Translators Association (ATA): a professional associa-
agglutination: in linguistics, combining short words or word ele- tion founded to advance the translation and interpreting professions
ments into a single word in order to express compound ideas. and foster the professional development of individual translators and
agile: in this context, agile methods break tasks into small itera- interpreters.
tions with minimal planning. Each iteration involves a team working anglophone: someone who speaks the English language natively or
through a full software development cycle, for example, which by adoption. The term specifically refers to people whose cultural
speeds up release of the product. background is primarily associated with the English language, re-
American National Standards Institute (ANSI): an organiza- gardless of ethnic and geographical differences.
tion of American industry groups that work with other nations to application programming interface (API): a software interface
develop standards in facilitating telecommunications, character that enables applications to communicate with each other. An API is
encoding and international trade. the set of programming language constructs or statements that can be

54 2018 Resources
 glossary &
acronyms

coded in an application program to obtain the specific functions and Balkans: a geopolitical and cultural region of southeastern Europe.
services provided by an underlying operating system or service program. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run
application protocol data unit (APDU): a packet of data ex- through the center of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia.
changed between two application programs across a network. Baltic states: the Baltic states are three countries in northern
application service provider (ASP): a service, usually a business, Europe, all members of the European Union: Estonia, Latvia and
that provides remote access to an application program across a Lithuania. After centuries of foreign domination, the Baltic coun-
network protocol, typically HTTP. A common example is a website tries were reestablished as independent nations in the aftermath of
that other websites use for accepting payment by credit card as part World War I in 1918-1920.
of its online ordering systems. basic multilingual plane (BMP): the first plane defined in Uni-
Asia-Pacific Association for Machine Translation (AAMT): a code /ISO 10646, designed to include all scripts in active modern
working group that owns and maintains the Universal Terminology use.
eXchange (UTX) specification. Before the Common Era (BCE): a calendar notation commonly
Association of Language Companies (ALC): a national trade as- replacing the Julian and Gregorian notation BC (Before Christ).
sociation representing businesses that provide translation, interpre- bidirectional (writing system): a writing system in which text is
tation, localization and language training services. generally flush right, and most characters are written from right to
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): a geopoliti- left, but some text is written left to right as well. Arabic and Hebrew
cal and economic organization of ten countries located in South- are the only bidirectional writing systems in current use.
east Asia, which was formed in 1967 by Indonesia, Malaysia, the bidirectional text (bidi): a mixture of characters within a text
Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. Since then, membership has where some are read from left to right and others from right to left.
expanded to include Brunei, Burma (Myanmar), Cambodia, Laos Bidirectional or bidi refers to an application that allows for this vari-
and Vietnam. ance.
ATA: see American Translators Association. Big5: the name of the Chinese character set and encoding used ex-
ATSUI: Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging. tensively in Taiwan. Big5 is not a national standard, but is equivalent
audio description (AD): a term used to describe the descriptive to the first two planes of CNS 11643-1992.
narration of key visual elements in a video or multimedia product. Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU): an algorithm for
AD makes the visual images of media accessible for people who are evaluating the quality of text that has been machine translated from
blind and visually impaired. The visual is made verbal. In AD, nar- one natural language to another. Quality is considered to be the
rators typically describe actions, gestures, scene changes and other correspondence between a machine’s output and that of a human.
visual information. They also describe titles, speaker names and The closer that a machine translation is to a human translation,
other text that may appear on the screen. the better it is. BLEU was one of the first metrics to achieve a high
authoring memory (AM): computer software for providing access correlation with human judgments of quality and remains one of
to a corpus of text fragments, primarily within an authoring or word the most popular. Scores are calculated for individual translated
processor environment, to assist the user in the identification and segments — generally sentences — by comparing them with a set
reuse of existing text fragments. of good quality reference translations. Those scores are then aver-
Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG): authoring aged over the whole corpus to reach an estimate of the translation’s
tools are software and services that web developers and other “au- overall quality. Intelligibility or grammatical correctness is not taken
thors” use to produce web content. ATAG documents explain how into account.
to make the authoring tools themselves accessible, so that people bitext: a merged document comprised of both source language
with disabilities can create web content and help authors create and target language versions of a given text. Bitexts are generated
more accessible web content — specifically enable, support and by a piece of software called an alignment tool, which automatically
promote the production of content that conforms to Web Content aligns the original and translated versions of the same text.
Accessibility Guidelines. bloggerati (sing. bloggerato): adapted from literati, the term
automated dialog replacement (ADR): a process of rerecording refers to “A-list bloggers” — popular and/or celebrity bloggers in the
dialogue in the studio in synchronization with the picture. blogging community.
Automated Machine Translation (AMT): AMT and Caterpillar bodyshopping: the practice of using offshore resources and per-
Technical English are development project collaborations between sonnel to do small disaggregated tasks within a business environ-
Caterpillar, Inc., and Carnegie Mellon University to further improve ment without any broader intention to offshore an entire business
the creation and translation of technical documentation into three function.
core languages: Spanish, French and German. branding: a name, logo, slogan and/or design scheme associated
automatic content enrichment (ACE): a bridge between single with a product or service. Brand recognition and other reactions
language websites and localization, ACE technology associates are created by the use of the product or service and through the
English words and phrases on web pages with pop-ups containing influence of advertising, design and media commentary. A brand
information in a user’s native language. is a symbolic embodiment of all the information connected to the
product and serves to create associations and expectations around
b it. A brand often includes a logo, fonts, color schemes, symbols and
back translation: the process of translating a document that has sound that may be developed to represent implicit values, ideas and
already been translated into another language back to the original even personality.
language — preferably by an independent translator. Brazil, Russia, India and China (BRIC): the fast-growing and

2018 Resources 55
 glossary &
acronyms
developing economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China. job searching. In moving from school to a career, a graduate may
break-even point: the amount of sales or revenues that a company encounter a Catch-22 where one cannot get a job without work
must generate in order to equal its expenses. In other words, it is the experience, but one cannot gain experience without a job.
point at which the company neither makes a profit nor suffers a loss; Caterpillar Technical English (CTE): consists of a controlled
there is no net loss or gain. Break-even analysis provides insight into vocabulary — approximately 80,000 technical terms — and all of
whether or not revenue from a product or service has the ability to the English grammatical structures required when writing technical
cover the costs of production of that product or service. Company documentation. CTE ensures that automated machine translation is
executives can use this information in making a wide range of busi- able to translate what authors write in English.
ness decisions, including setting prices, preparing competitive bids CCJK: Simplified Chinese, Traditional Chinese, Japanese and Korean.
and applying for loans. CE: see Conformité Européene marking.
bring your own device (BYOD): the increasing trend toward Central America: the central geographic region of the Americas.
employee-owned devices within a business. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American
business ethics: examines ethical principles and moral or ethical continent, which connects with South America on the southeast.
problems that arise in a business environment. It applies to all as- Central America has traditionally consisted of Belize, Costa Rica, El
pects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individu- Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama.
als and business organizations as a whole. Central and Eastern Europe (CEE): predominantly used to de-
business process outsourcing (BPO): the contracting of nonpri- scribe former Communist countries in Europe after the collapse of
mary business activities and functions to a third-party provider. the Iron Curtain in 1990. Later, it became an abbreviation mostly —
business-to-business (B2B): the type of transaction where one still not precisely defined — referring to the European countries east
business makes a commercial exchange with another. of Germany and south to the Balkan states. In most cases it includes
business-to-consumer (B2C): the type of commerce transaction Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, and
in which a business sells products or services to consumers. the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. It sometimes also
byte order mark (BOM): originally used in the middle of Unicode includes Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova and Russia.
files in rare instances where there was an invisible join between two CEO: chief executive officer.
characters where a line break must not occur. A new code joiner has CFO: chief financial officer.
been implemented — U+2060 WORD JOINER. It is called the byte CGO: chief globalization officer.
order mark (BOM) if used at the beginning of a Unicode file. Also character: the smallest component of written language that has
known as a zero width no break space. semantic value. A printed or written letter or symbol. In computing,
the binary code used to represent a letter or symbol.
c character encoding form (CEF): a mapping from the set of integers
Caffe: a deep learning framework made with expression, speed and used in a coded character set to the set of sequences of code units.
modularity in mind. It is being developed by the Berkeley Vision and character encoding scheme (CES): used to represent a repertoire
Learning Center (BVLC) and by community contributors. Yangqing of characters by some kind of an encoding system.
Jia created the project during his PhD at UC Berkeley. character identifier (CID): the key used to access outline (glyph)
capability maturity model (CMM): a methodology used to de- data in CID-keyed fonts.
velop and refine an organization's software development process. character set or charset: a defined set of characters used by a spe-
captive center: a company-owned offshore operation. The activi- cific computer system where no coded representation is assumed.
ties are performed offshore, but they are not outsourced to another The mapping of characters from a writing system into a set of binary
company. codes such as ANSI or Unicode.
cascading style sheet (CSS): an external format that determines Chinese National Standard (CNS): defines a total of 48,027
the layout of tagged file formats such as HTML. characters and applies the EUC-TW (extended UNIX code-Taiwan)
casual games: a category of electronic or computer games targeted at to one-, two- and four-byte encoding.
a mass audience, casual games usually have a few simple rules and an CHT: Chinese for Taiwan.
engaging game design, thereby making it easy for a new player to begin CIO: chief information officer.
playing the game in just minutes. Casual games require no long-term CJK: Chinese, Japanese and Korean.
time commitment or special skills to play, and there are comparatively CJKV: Chinese, Japanese, Korean and Vietnamese.
low production and distribution costs for the producer. CLA: cross-lingual application
CAT: see computer-assisted translation. CLC: controlled language checker.
Catalan: a Romance language, the national and official language cloud computing: a style of computing in which dynamically scal-
of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish autonomous able and often virtualized resources are provided as a service over
communities of the Balearic Islands, Catalonia and Valencia — the internet. Users need not have knowledge of, expertise in or con-
where it is known as Valencian — and in the city of Alghero on the trol over the technology infrastructure in the “cloud” that supports
Italian island of Sardinia. Although with no official recognition, it is them. The term cloud is used as a metaphor for the internet based
also spoken in the autonomous communities of Aragon and Murcia on how the internet is depicted in computer network diagrams and
in Spain, and in the historic Roussillon region of southern France. is an abstraction for the complex infrastructure it conceals.
Also known as Valencian. CNT: contents files.
Catch-22: a term coined by Joseph Heller in his 1961 novel code page (CP): a table that defines the numeric index (computer
Catch-22, describing a false dilemma where no real choice exists. code point value) associated with each character in a specific set of
A familiar example of this circumstance occurs in the context of characters. Each character in a code page has a numerical index.

56 2018 Resources
 glossary &
acronyms
coded character set (CCS): a set of characters for which a unique that the product complies with the essential requirements of the relevant
number has been assigned to each character. European health, safety and environmental protection legislations.
COLT: connection optimized link technology. consecutive interpreting: the interpreter begins his or her
Common Era (CE): a calendar notation that commonly replaces interpretation of a complete message after the speaker has stopped
the Gregorian and Julian calendars’ notation AD, for Latin Anno producing the source utterance. At the time that the interpretation
Domini (year of our lord). is rendered, the interpreter is the only person in the communication
Common Locale Data Repository (CLDR): a project of the Uni- environment who is producing a message. Normally, in consecu-
code Consortium to provide locale data in the XML format for use tive interpreting, the interpreter is alongside the speaker, listening
in computer applications. and taking notes as the speech progresses. When the speaker has
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS): a regional orga- finished or comes to a pause, the interpreter reproduces the message
nization whose participating countries are former Soviet Republics in the target language, in its entirety and as though he or she were
formed during the breakup of the Soviet Union. The CIS is a loose making the original speech.
association of states and is in no way comparable to a federation. content management system (CMS): a system used to store and
Its official members are Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, subsequently find and retrieve large amounts of data. CMSs were
Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Turkmeni- not originally designed to synchronize translation and localization
stan and Ukraine are unofficial member states. of content, so most have been partnered with globalization manage-
community interpreting: a type of interpreting service that is par- ment systems.
ticularly vital in communities with large numbers of ethnic minori- content marketing: any marketing that involves the creation and
ties, enabling those minorities to access services where, due to the sharing of media and publishing content in order to acquire and re-
language barrier, they would otherwise find it difficult. Situations tain customers from a clearly defined target audience. This informa-
where such interpreters are necessary typically include medical, tion can be presented in a variety of formats, including news, video,
educational, housing and legal areas. Community interpreters need white papers, ebooks, infographics, case studies and how-to guides.
not only to be fluent in the language that they are interpreting, but Content marketing creates interest in a product through education-
also need to be familiar with the public services involved. al, entertaining or informative material. Successful content market-
Compatibility Encoding Scheme for UTF-16 (CESU-8): similar ing relies on providing consistent, high-quality content designed to
to UTF-8, CESU-8 is a way of representing Unicode text. CESU-8 solve people’s problems.
uses six bytes for supplementary characters and is not appropriate controlled authoring: writing for reuse and translation. Con-
for data interchange. trolled authoring is a process that integrates writing with localiza-
component object model (COM): a binary-interface standard for tion so that the text can be written for reuse and at the same time
software components introduced by Microsoft in 1993. It is used to written for efficient translation.
enable inter-process communication and dynamic object creation in controlled languages: subsets of natural languages whose gram-
a large range of programming languages. mars and dictionaries have been restricted in order to reduce or
compound annual growth rate (CAGR): a useful measure of eliminate both ambiguity and complexity. Also, stylistic rules —
growth over multiple time periods. such as not using certain verb tenses or the passive voice — can be
computational linguistics: the engineering of systems that process created, depending upon the group or organization and its language
or analyze written or spoken natural language. It is concerned with the usage goals.
computational aspects of the human language. Its goal is to provide controlled vocabulary: the standardization of words that may be
computers with the ability to produce and interpret human language. used to search an index, abstract or information database. There is
computer-aided design (CAD): refers to software tools used for usually a published listing or thesaurus of preferred terms identify-
architectural or engineering layout. ing the system’s vocabulary.
computer-assisted translation (CAT): computer technology that convert: change a document from one file type to another.
assists in translating text from one language to another. Also called corpus (pl. corpora): in this context, a collection of written or
computer-aided translation. Often, CAT tools may employ transla- spoken material in machine-readable form, assembled for the pur-
tion memory (TM) or a variety of other applications designed to pose of studying linguistic structures and frequencies. A large body
help human translators in their translation tasks. of natural language text used for accumulating statistics on natural
computer-based training (CBT): a form of education in which the language text. Corpora often include extra information such as a tag
student learns by executing special training programs on a computer. for each word indicating its part-of-speech and perhaps the parse
conditional text: content within a document that is meant to tree for each sentence.
appear in some renditions of the document, but not other rendi- creole language: a stable language that originates from a mixture
tions. The text is conditional in the sense that its inclusion or varia- of various languages. The majority of creole languages are based
tion depends on which version of the document is being produced. on English, Portuguese, French, Spanish and other languages —
conference interpreting: the interpretation of a multilingual their superstrate language — with local or immigrant languages
conference or meeting, either simultaneously or consecutively. as substrate languages. The lexicon of a creole usually consists of
International institutions such as the European Union and the words clearly borrowed from a superstrate language, except for
United Nations hold multilingual meetings that often need to be phonetic and semantic shifts; on the other hand, the grammar often
interpreted into several foreign languages, usually done via headset has original features and may differ substantially from those of the
by behind-the-scenes conference interpreters. superstrate language.
Conformité Européene marking (CE): literally means European con- cross-reference: as a noun, an instance within a document that
formity. The CE marking on a product is a manufacturer’s declaration refers to related or synonymous information elsewhere, usually within

2018 Resources 57
 glossary &
acronyms
the same work. As a verb, the action of making this connection. based architecture for authoring, producing and delivering tech-
crowdsourced/community/collaborative translation (C3): nical information. This architecture consists of a set of design
refers to crowdsourced translation, also known as community trans- principles for creating “information-typed” modules at a topic
lation and collaborative translation. level and for using that content in delivery modes such as online
crowdsourcing: the act of taking a task traditionally performed help and product support portals on the web.
by an employee or contractor and outsourcing it to an undefined, data mining: analysis of data in a database using tools that look for
generally large group of people, in the form of an open call. For ex- trends or anomalies without knowledge of the meaning of the data.
ample, the public may be invited to develop a new technology, carry Data mining uses computational techniques from statistics and pattern
out a design task, refine an algorithm or help capture, systematize or recognition.
analyze large amounts of data. desktop publishing (DTP): using computers to lay out text and
CRPG: computer role-playing game. graphics for printing in magazines, newsletters, brochures and so
CS: Chinese Simplified or compound strings. on. A good DTP system provides precise control over templates,
CT: Chinese Traditional or compound text. styles, fonts, sizes, color, paragraph formatting, images and fitting
cultural adaptation process (CAP): the process and time it text into irregular shapes.
takes a person to integrate into a new culture and feel comfort- DevOps: a culture or practice that emphasizes the collaboration
able within it. and communication of both software developers and other IT
customer relationship management (CRM): refers to prac- professionals while automating the process of software delivery
tices, strategies and technologies that companies use to man- and infrastructure changes. It aims at establishing an environment
age and analyze customer interactions and data throughout the where building, testing and releasing software can happen rapidly,
customer life cycle, with the goal of improving business rela- frequently and more reliably.
tionships with customers, assisting in customer retention and diacritic: a mark or sign placed under, over or through a Latin
driving sales growth. script character that indicates a modification in the phonetic value
cutscene: a cutscene or event scene is a sequence in a video game of the character with which it is associated.
over which the player has no or only limited control, breaking up dialect: a variety of a language used by people from a particular
the gameplay and used to advance the plot. geographic area. The number of speakers and the area itself can be
of arbitrary size. A dialect is a complete system of verbal communi-
cation — oral or signed but not necessarily written — with its own
vocabulary and/or grammar.
diaspora: a dispersion of a people from their original homeland
or the dispersion of an originally homogeneous entity, such as a
language or culture.
diphthong: a complex speech sound or glide that begins with one
vowel sound and gradually changes to another within the same syl-
lable, such as coin, loud and side.
disambiguation: the process of rewriting or reconstructing a sen-
tence so that one of its possible meanings is singled out.
DIY: do-it-yourself.
DIYOW: do-it-your-own-way.
DNT: do not translate.
document type definition (DTD): states what tags and attri-
butes are used to describe content in standard generalized markup
language (SGML) documents, where each tag is allowed, and which
Cyrillic characters on an early typewriter. tags can appear within other tags.
domain: a knowledge domain that a user is interested in or is
Cyrillic alphabet: actually a family of alphabets, subsets of which communicating about. A group of computers or devices that
are used by certain East and South Slavic languages — Belarusian, share a common directory database and are administered as a
Bulgarian, Macedonian, Russian, Rusyn, Serbian and Ukrainian — unit.
as well as many other languages of the former Soviet Union, Asia dongle: a security or copy-protection device for commercial com-
and Eastern Europe. With the accession of Bulgaria to the European puter programs. Programs can use a dongle query at the start of a
Union (EU) on January 1, 2007, Cyrillic became the third official program to determine if the registration is valid and to terminate if
alphabet of the EU. the correct code is not present.
double-byte character set (DBCS): this term has two basic
d meanings. In CJK (Chinese-Japanese-Korean) computing, the
daily active users divided by monthly active users (DAU/ term traditionally means a character set in which every graphic
MAU): measures the percentage of players that show up every day character not representable by an accompanying SBCS (single-
to social games. If a game’s DAU/MAU is .3, then around a third of byte character set) is encoded in two bytes. Han characters
the game’s total players are checking in at least once each day. DAU/ would generally comprise most of these two-byte characters.
MAU is commonly thought to show how addictive a game is. The term can also mean a character set in which all characters
Darwin Information Typing Architecture (DITA): an XML- — including all control characters — are encoded in two bytes.

58 2018 Resources
double-byte languages: languages such
as Chinese, Japanese and Korean (CJK)
that use twice as much memory because W W W . K A L E I D O S C O P E . A T
their characters are more complex and
I N F O @ K A L E I D O S C O P E . AT
graphical than Roman alphabet letters.
CJK languages are character-based with
each character referring to an idea as op-
posed to a specific shape.
K A L E I D O S C O P E®
dubbing: in filmmaking, the process of TA K I N G YO U R C O N T E N T G LO B A L
recording or replacing voices for a mo-
tion picture. The term is most commonly
used in reference to voices recorded that I N F O @ K A L E I D O S CO P E . AT
do not belong to the original actors and
speak in a different language than the
actor is speaking.
DVB: digital video broadcasting.
Dynamic Quality Framework (DQF):
designed by TAUS and over 50 cocreators,
DQF provides a commonly agreed-upon
approach to select the most appropriate
translation quality evaluation models and
metrics depending on specific quality

LANGUAGE
requirements. The underlying process,
technology and resources affect the choice
of quality evaluation model. This environ-
ment is designed to ensure that members
apply best practices for their MT evalua-
tions, whether selecting a translation en-
gine, measuring productivity or evaluating

S O F T W A R E
the final quality of translations.

e
Eastern Mediterranean and Greater
Syria: a geographic and cultural region
TERMINOLOGY WORKFLOW
consisting today of Lebanon, Syria, QUALITY MANAGEMENT
Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Cyprus, Hatay
Province and other parts of southern QUERY MANAGEMENT
Turkey. Also known as the Levant region. COLLABORATIVE REVIEW
EBCDIC: extended binary coded deci-
mal interchange code.
EBITDA: earnings before interest, taxes,

S E R V I C E S
depreciation and amortization.
EC: European Community or European
Commission.
ECL: exit control list.
ECM: enterprise content management.
T E C H N I C A L T R A N S L AT I O N S
ECMA: European Computer Manufac- M A R K E T I N G & T R A N S C R E AT I O N
turers Association.
economy of scale: a proportionate cost D E D I C AT E D P R O J E C T M A N A G E M E N T
reduction gained by an increased level of
production. The cost per unit of output
generally decreases with increasing scale
as fixed costs are spread out over more
units of output, although this model has
limitations.
ECU: European currency unit.
EEA-EFTA states: the European Eco- quickTerm expertTools
© ©

nomic Area (EEA) comprises the member

states of the European Union (EU), except smartQuery
globalReview
© ©

59
 glossary &
acronyms
to characters. Encoding is a method by which a character set is
turned into computerized form for transmission and preservation.
endangered language: a language that is at risk of falling out of
use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of
its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language.
enterprise application interface (EAI): created to facilitate the
flow of information and to connect transactions among distributed
and complex applications and business processes within enterprises.
enterprise resource planning (ERP): an amalgamation of a com-
pany’s information systems so that data from various functions such
as human resources, inventories and financials are bound together
and linked to customers and vendors.
ERM: electronic relationship management.
ERS: emergency restoration system.
escort interpreting: the interpreter accompanies a person or a
delegation on a tour, on a visit or to a meeting or interview. These
specialists interpret on a variety of subjects, both on an informal
basis and on a professional level, and most of the interpretation is
consecutive.
ESL: English as a second language.
European Economic Area (EEA) member states Euro- ETSI: see European Telecommunications Standards Institute.
pean Union Iceland, Norway and Liechtenstein ETSI Industry Specification Group for Localisation Industry
Standards (ETSI ISG LIS): an industry specification group that
Provisional EU members EFTA signatories that have not
was formed in the spring of 2011 within ETSI to take over the Local-
ratified.
ization Industry Standards Association (LISA) standards portfolio,
Croatia, plus Iceland and Norway. It was established on January 1, 1994, including related LISA intellectual property, after LISA was declared
following an agreement between the member states of the European insolvent on February 28, 2011. ETSI ISG LIS now owns such stan-
Free Trade Association (EFTA) and the European Community, which dards as TBX and TMX.
later became the EU. It allows the EFTA-EEA states to participate in the European (coding): refers to languages such as English, French,
EU’s internal market without being members of the EU. Russian and Greek that use single-byte encoding schemes for their
eGovernance: the public sector’s use of information and commu- alphabets.
nication technologies with the aim of improving information and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI): one of
the world’s most influential producers of telecommunications standards.
service delivery, encouraging citizen participation in the decision-
European Union (EU): an intergovernmental and supranational
making process and making government more accountable, trans-
union of 27 democratic member states. The EU was established
parent and effective.
under that name in 1992 by the Treaty on European Union (the
eGovernment: refers to a government’s use of information technol-
Maastricht Treaty).
ogy to exchange information and services with citizens, businesses
exchange format: the file type to convert a source file for import-
and other arms of government. eGovernment may be applied by the ing it into a CAT tool. For example, IDML is the exchange format
legislature, judiciary or administration in order to improve internal between Adobe InDesign and most specialized software.
efficiency, the delivery of public services or the processes of demo- EXE: executable files.
cratic governance. extended UNIX code (EUC): a multibyte encoding design used to
EIP: enterprise information portal. encode Japanese, Chinese, Korean and Taiwanese on UNIX systems.
eLearning: the use of internet technology for learning outside of a eXtensible HyperText Markup Language (XHTML): a family of
physical classroom. XML markup languages that mirror or extend versions of the widely
embedded media: media that can be included in an HTML page, used Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), the language in which
such as Real-Audio files or GIF animations. Web browsers use mul- web pages are written.
tipurpose internet mail extensions (MIME types), a specification for eXtensible Markup Language (XML): a programming language/
formatting these non-ASCII messages so that they can be sent over specification pared down from SGML, an international standard
the internet. When a browser finds a file in an HTML document for the publication and delivery of electronic information, designed
with a MIME extension such as .gif, the browser knows to display especially for web documents.
that file as an image. Many email clients also support MIME. eXtensible Stylesheet Language (XSL): a language for expressing
embedded system: hardware and software that make up a compo- style sheets, controlling formatting and other output behavior.
nent of a larger system, often for real-time response, that is expected extract: copy or retype text from a file that is nonreadable for trans-
to function without human intervention. lating software into one that is.
EMEA: Europe, the Middle East and Africa.
EMS: enterprise management system. f
EMU: European Economic and Monetary Union. FAHQT: fully automatic high-quality translation.
encoding scheme: rules for assigning numeric value (code points) FAQ: frequently asked questions.

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 glossary &
acronyms
FDI: foreign direct investment. gist translation: a less-than-perfect translation performed by ma-
FEP: front-end processor. chine or automatic translation for the purpose of “gisting,” or getting
FEV: forced expiration volume. a general idea of what the text says.
FIGS: the languages French, Italian, German and Spanish. Global information management Metrics eXchange — Vol-
file transfer protocol (FTP): a common way to move files be- ume (GMX-V): a word and character count standard for electronic
tween host computers and sometimes personal computers. documents. GMX-V was developed and maintained by OSCAR
fix pack: a cumulative collection of all the fixes available up to that (Open Standards for Container/Content Allowing Re-use), a special
point. A fix pack can include fixes that have not been previously interest group of LISA (Localization Industry Standards Associa-
released and can span multiple products or components. A fix pack tion). GMX-V, one of the tripartite series of standards from LISA,
can be applied on top of any previously shipped maintenance update deals with electronic document metrics. GMX is made up of the
to bring the system up to speed. following standards: GMX-V — Volume, GMX-C — Complexity,
FLR: foreign language resource. GMX-Q — Quality.
FMS: file management system.
format: as a verb, the core action in desktop publishing: handling
layout, typography and images. In translation, make the translated
layout look like the source layout. As a noun, synonymous with file
type: JPG format, IDML format.
francophone: used to describe a French-speaking person. Geopo-
litically, it refers to a person who speaks French as a first language
or who self-identifies with this language group. As an adjective, it
means “French-speaking,” whether referring to individuals, groups
or places.
free text: data that is entered into a field without any formal or
predefined structure other than the normal use of grammar and
punctuation.
freelancer: an independent contractor who sells his or her
services to a client on a job-to-job basis or without a long-term
commitment to any one employer. Often refers to a freelance
translator.
full match: a source text segment that corresponds exactly (100%)
with a previously stored sentence in a translation memory tool. The GPS constellation of satellites.
fuzzy match: refers to the situation when a phrase or sentence in a
translation memory (TM) is similar (but not a 100% match) to the global positioning system (GPS): the only fully functional global
sentence or phrase the translator is currently working on. The TM tool navigation satellite system. Utilizing a constellation of at least 24
calculates the degree of similarity or “fuzziness” as a percentage figure. medium earth orbit satellites that transmit precise microwave
signals, the system enables a GPS receiver to determine its location,
g speed, direction and time. GPS is funded by and controlled by the
GALA: see Globalization and Localization Association. US Department of Defense. While there are many thousands of civil
gamification: the use of game design, game thinking and game users of GPS worldwide, the system was designed for and is oper-
mechanics to enhance nongame contexts. ated by the US military.
GB 18030: a non-Unicode code page extending the traditional Chinese globalization (g11n): refers to the process that addresses busi-
standard and containing room for 1.6 million characters. GB 18030 can ness issues associated with launching a product globally, such
include one-, two- or four-byte characters and includes support for as integrating localization throughout a company after proper
Mongolian, Tibetan, Yi and Uyghur, as well as all previously sup- internationalization and product design. In g11n, the common
ported Chinese scripts. abbreviation for globalization, the 11 refers to the 11 letters
GCVC: global content value chain. between the g and the n.
Geert Hofstede: an influential Dutch writer on the interactions Globalization and Localization Association (GALA): a trade
between national cultures and organizational cultures, and the organization bringing together language service providers of all
author of several books, including Culture’s Consequences: Compar- sizes and shapes, GALA also gathers requirements for interop-
ing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations erability standardization in the industry. The latest GALA initi-
and Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind, coauthored ated standardization effort (TAPICC) is an attempt to resurrect
with his son Gert Jan Hofstede. Hofstede’s study demonstrates that previous OASIS, TAUS and LT-Innovate attempts at a transla-
national and regional cultural groupings affect the behavior of soci- tion API.
eties and organizations and that they are persistent across time. globalization management system (GMS): a GMS automates
GILT: globalization, internationalization, localization and transla- localization workflow to reduce the time and money employed
tion. The term usually appears as an adjective describing the broad by manpower. It typically includes process management technol-
global language industry, or the GILT industry. ogy to automate the flow of work and linguistic technology to
GIM: global information management. aid the translator. It focuses on managing the translation and
GIS: geographic information systems. localization cycles and synchronizing those with source content

2018 Resources 61
 glossary &
acronyms
management. GMS provides the capability of centralizing namese (hántu.’) as well as other languages.
linguistic assets in the form of translation databases, leveraging hard-coding: refers to the software development practice of
glossaries and branding standards across global content. Also embedding data directly into the source code or fixed formatting.
known as a translation management system. Hard-coding requires the program’s source code to be changed any
glocal: derived from the combination of the words global and local. time the desired data changes, when it might be more convenient
The word refers to the creation or distribution of products or ser- to the end user to change the detail by some means outside the
vices intended for a global or transregional market, but customized program.
to suit local language, laws and culture. hashtags: a community-driven convention for adding additional
glocalization: a blending of the words globalization and localiza- context and metadata to tweets. Hashtags have the hash or pound
tion, the term refers to the individual, group, division, unit, orga- symbol (#) preceding the tag, for example, #collegefootball, #Beatles
nization or community that is willing and able to think globally or #oilspill. Hashtags can occur anywhere in a tweet.
and act locally. Glocalization emphasizes that the globalization of HCI: human-computer interaction.
a product is more likely to succeed when the product or service is hidden Markov model (HMM): a statistical technique with train-
adapted specifically to each locality or culture in which it is mar- ing algorithms that can process a large quantity of training data
keted. and can automatically train a system to recognize particular speech
glossarization: refers to the process of locating and translating patterns.
product-specific terminology. All available materials undergo a hiragana: a flowing phonetic subscript of the native Japanese writ-
linguistic review, then are compiled and translated to ensure consis- ing system. In hiragana, all of the sounds of the Japanese language
tency and fluency among different versions. are represented by 50 syllables.
glossary: in the context of localization, a glossary is a list of source Hispanic: a term that historically denoted relation to ancient
language terms paired with a list of corresponding terms in the Hispania (geographically coinciding with the Iberian peninsula —
target language. modern-day Spain, Portugal, Andorra and Gibraltar) and/or to its
glyph: the shape representation or pictograph of a character. pre-Roman peoples. The term now refers to the culture and people
GNU: short for GNU is Not UNIX. GNU is a UNIX-compatible of Spain plus the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas.
software system that is nonproprietary. HLT: human language technology.
google: as a verb, refers to using the Google search engine (or, more homograph: one of two or more words that have the same spelling
broadly, any engine) to obtain information on the web. but differ in origin, meaning and sometimes pronunciation. An
gross domestic product (GDP): one of the measures of national example is wind (weather) and wind (activity).
income and output for a given country’s economy. The most com- homophone: a word that has the same pronunciation as another
mon approach to measuring and quantifying GDP is the expendi- but different meaning, derivation or spelling. Examples are there and
ture method GDP = consumption + gross investment + government their, foe and faux, and time and thyme.
spending + (exports – imports). honorific: linguistic honorifics convey formality, social distance,
gross margin: the amount of contribution to the business enter- politeness, humility, deference or respect through the choice of an
prise, after paying for direct-fixed and direct-variable unit costs, alternate form such as an affix or change in person and number.
required to cover overheads (fixed commitments) and to provide In Japanese, for example, the system of honorifics is extensive and
a buffer for unknown items. It expresses the relationship between mandatory in many social situations.
gross profit and sales revenue. HPJ: Help Project files.
GTMS: global translation management system. HR: human resources, or the department within a company respon-
guanxi: a central concept in Chinese society and describing the sible for hiring employees, among other things.
basic dynamic in personalized networks of influence. Guanxi is, in HRM: human resources management.
part, a personal connection between two people in which one is able HTTP: HyperText Transfer Protocol.
to prevail upon another to perform a favor or service or be prevailed HyperText Markup Language (HTML): a markup language that
upon. The two people need not be of equal social status. It could uses tags to structure text into headings, paragraphs, lists and links,
also be a network of contacts, which an individual can call upon and tells a web browser how to display text and images on a web
when something needs to be done and through which he or she can page.
exert influence on behalf of another.
GUI: graphical user interface. i
i18n: see internationalization.
h “I” form interpretation: interpretation in the first person, where
hangul: invented in the fifteenth century, the native alphabet of the the interpreter acts as a neutral portal and attempts to capture the
Korean language, as opposed to the nonalphabetic hanja system feeling and tone of whomever he or she is interpreting for.
borrowed from China. Each hangul syllabic block consists of several IANA: Internet Assigned Numbers Authority.
of the 24 letters (jamo) — 14 consonants and ten vowels. ICF: informed consent form.
hanja: the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically, ICT: information and communication technology.
it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and ICU: International Components for Unicode.
incorporated into the Korean language with Korean pronunciation. IDE: integrated development environment.
hanzi: a logogram, literally meaning Han character, used in writing ideographic language: a written language in which each character
Chinese. These Chinese characters have also been borrowed for represents an idea, concept or other component of meaning, rather
use in Japanese (kanji), less frequently Korean (hanja), formerly Viet- than pronunciation alone. Japanese kanji, Chinese hanzi and Korean

62 2018 Resources
 glossary &
acronyms
hanja are examples of ideographic writing systems. general. The word is a combination of internet and astronaut. Other
IE: information element. terms roughly analogous with internaut are cybernaut and netizen,
IEC: International Electrotechnical Commission. though each has its own connotation. The common thread among
IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force. them, however, is an implication of experience and knowledge of the
IFU: instructions for use. internet or cyberspace that goes beyond the casual user.
IM: input methods or instant messaging. internet: the internet is a system of linked computer networks,
international in scope, that facilitate data transfer and communica-
tion services.
Inuktitut: the name of the varieties of the Inuit language spoken
in Canada, including parts of the provinces of Newfoundland and
Labrador, Québec, to some extent in northeastern Manitoba as well
as the territories of Nunavut, the Northwest Territories and tradi-
tionally on the Arctic Ocean coast of the Yukon Territory. Inuktitut
is recognized as an official language in Nunavut and the Northwest
Territories.
IP: internet protocol or intellectual property
IRB: institutional review boards.
IRI: internationalized resource identifier.
Irish-medium school: Gaelscoil (plural: Gaelscoileanna), or
Irish-medium school, is particularly popular in primary schools in
Ireland. The term refers especially to Irish-medium schools outside
the Irish-speaking regions. Students in the Gaelscoileanna acquire
the Irish language through language immersion, though they study
Laboratory in vitro diagnostic tests. the standard curriculum.
ISDN: integrated services digital network.
in vitro diagnostics (IVD): tests that can detect diseases, condi- ISV: independent software vendor.
tions or infections. Some tests are used in laboratory or other IT: information technology.
health professional settings and other tests are for consumers to ITP: International Translation & Publishing.
IVR: interactive voice response systems.
use at home. In vitro indicates that these tests take place in a test
tube, culture dish or elsewhere outside a living organism. The IVD j
market is currently experiencing rapid growth due to technological Japanese Industrial Standard: the Japanese equivalent of ANSI.
advancements. Java: a programming language originally developed by Sun Micro-
information retrieval: the science of searching for information in systems and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun’s Java
documents, searching for documents themselves, searching for meta- platform. The language derives much of its syntax from C and C++
data that describe documents or searching within databases, whether but has a simpler object model and fewer low-level facilities. Java
relational stand-alone databases or hypertext networked databases applications are typically compiled to byte code that can run on any
such as the internet or intranets, for text, sound, images or data. Java virtual machine regardless of computer architecture.
input method editor (IME): a way to input via keyboard that Java computer-assisted translation (JCAT): a Java-based trans-
makes use of additional windows for character editing or selection lation tool that takes advantage of XML features. JCAT primarily
in order to facilitate entry of alternate writing systems. benefits linguists.
International Organization for Standardization (ISO): a JavaScript: an open-source scripting language for design of inter-
network of national standards institutes from 145 countries working active websites. JavaScript can interact with HTML source code,
in partnership with international organizations, governments, in- enabling web developers to use dynamic content. For example,
dustry, business and consumer representatives. ISO acts as a bridge JavaScript makes it easy to respond to user-initiated events (such as
between public and private sectors. form input) without having to use common gateway interface.
internationalization (i18n): especially in a computing context, JavaScript Object Notation: a lightweight data-interchange
format that is easy for humans to read and write, and also easy for
the process of generalizing a product so that it can handle multiple
machines to parse and generate.
languages and cultural conventions — currency, number separators,
JavaServer Pages (JSP): JSP have dynamic scripting capability that
dates and so on — without the need for redesign. In i18n, the com- works in tandem with HTML code, separating the page logic from
mon abbreviation for internationalization, the 18 refers to the 18 the static elements — the actual design and display of the page — to
letters between the i and the n. help make the HTML more functional.
Internationalization Tag Set (ITS): a set of attributes and ele- JAXP: Java API for XML Processing.
ments designed to provide internationalization and localization JDK: Java Development Kit.
support in XML. ITS 2.0 is the current version of the standard. JFIGS: Japanese, French, Italian, German and Spanish.
internaut: a slang term for a designer, operator or technically JIC: Japan Industrial Code.
capable professional user of the internet, someone who is ultra- JISC: Japan Industrial Standards Committee.
familiar with the internet as an entity and with cyberspace in JRE: Java Runtime Environment.

2018 Resources 63
 glossary &
acronyms

k United States. In the United States, the term is in official use in the
ethnonym Hispanic or Latino, defined as “a person of Cuban, Mexi-
kana: the two Japanese syllabaries — hiragana and katakana.
can, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish cul-
kanji: the Chinese characters that are used in the modern Japanese
ture or origin regardless of race.” Neither Hispanic nor Latino refers to
logographic writing system along with hiragana, katakana and the
a race, as a person of Latino or Hispanic ethnicity can be of any race.
Hindu-Arabic numerals. The Japanese term kanji literally means
learning management system (LMS): software that automates
Han characters. Despite the existence of some 13,000 kanji charac-
the administration of training events.
ters, these alone do not suffice to write Japanese. Hiragana charac-
lemmatize: to sort so as to group together inflected or variant
ters are also required to express grammatical inflections.
forms of the same words.
LEP: limited English proficient.
LESA: limited English-speaking ability.
Levant: the Levant region, also known as the Eastern Mediterra-
nean and Greater Syria, is a geographic and cultural region consist-
ing today of Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, Israel, Palestine, Cyprus, Hatay
Province and other parts of southern Turkey. Also known as the
Eastern Mediterranean and Greater Syria.
leverage/leveraging: refers to the amount of previously translated
text from an earlier release that can be reused or recycled.
lexicography: the act of compiling dictionaries.
LI18NUX2000 Global Specification: based on specifications
drawn up by several working groups within Li18nux, LI18NUX2000
Global Specification includes globalization functionality features
from commercial UNIX systems as well as operating system recom-
mendations to ease the development of internationalized applica-
tion software.
Syllabic hiragana (left character) and katakana (right character), ligature: refers to a glyph that is created when two or more
representing vowel sounds and syllables such as ka, si and tu. characters are combined to form a new, single typographical
character.
katakana: a Japanese syllabary, one component of the Japanese lingua franca: a language that is adopted as a common language
writing system along with hiragana, kanji and in some cases the between speakers whose native languages are different.
Latin alphabet. The word katakana means “fragmentary kana,” as linguist: someone who is accomplished in languages. A student
they are derived from components of more complex kanji. Katakana or practitioner of the subject of linguistics (the scientific study of
are characterized by short straight strokes and angular corners and languages and their structures).
are the simplest of the Japanese scripts. Katakana and hiragana both Linux: a free open source UNIX-type operating system that runs on
render the same syllables, but katakana is angular and used largely a number of hardware platforms.
to spell words borrowed from other languages, while hiragana is LIP: language interface program.
cursive and is used more frequently to spell native Japanese words. LISA: see Localization Industry Standards Association.
KB: kilobyte or kilobytes. LKP: lookup file.
kernel: the central module of an operating system, it loads first and loanword: a word or phrase adopted from another language with
remains in memory to control memory management, disk manage- little or no modification.
ment, and process and task management. locale: an international language and geographic region that also
keyword: any word on a web page. Keyword searching is the most embodies common language and cultural information. Locale
common form of text search on the web. Most search engines do differs from language in that the same language may be spoken in
their text query and retrieval using keywords. more than one country. Locale also refers to the features of a user’s
KISI: Korean Industrial Standards Institute. computing environment that are dependent on geographic location,
KPA: key process area. language and cultural information. A locale specifically determines
KPI: key performance indicator. conventions such as sort order rules; date, time and currency for-
mats; keyboard layout; and other cultural conventions.
l localization (l10n): the process of adapting a product or software
L2: second language. to a specific language or culture so that it seems natural to that
l10n: see localization. particular region. True localization considers language, culture,
LAN: local area network; large area network. customs and the characteristics of the target locale. It frequently
Latin America: the region of the Americas where Romance languages involves changes to the software’s writing system and may change
— those derived from Latin, namely Spanish and Portuguese — are keyboard use and fonts as well as date, time and monetary formats.
officially or primarily spoken. In l10n, the common abbreviation for localization, the 10 refers to
Latina, Latino: the demonyms Latina (feminine) and Latino (mas- the ten letters between the l and the n.
culine) are defined in several English language dictionaries as persons Localization Industry Standards Association (LISA): an as-
of Hispanic, especially Latin American, descent, often living in the sociation declared insolvent on February 28, 2011.

64 2018 Resources
 glossary &
acronyms

long tail, the: the statistical property that a large share of the MAPI: message application programming interface.
population rests within the tail of a probability distribution. In markup language (ML): a markup language is a system for an-
localization, it refers to the large number or languages or cultures notating a document in a way that is syntactically distinguishable
that taken uniquely would only represent small percentages of from the text. Markup instructs the software displaying the text to
world population. The term has gained popularity in recent times carry out appropriate actions, but is omitted from the version of
as a retailing concept describing the niche strategy of selling a large the text that is displayed to users. Some markup languages, such as
number of unique items in relatively small quantities. The term was HTML, have predefined presentation semantics, meaning that their
popularized by Chris Anderson in an October 2004 Wired magazine specification prescribes how the structured data are to be presented;
article, in which he mentioned Amazon and Netflix as examples of others, such as XML, do not.
businesses applying this strategy. MARTIF: machine-readable terminology interchange format.
lossy: describes a compression algorithm that reduces the amount massive online collaboration: massive collaboration is a form of
of information in data, rather than just the number of bits used to collective action that occurs when large numbers of people work
represent that information. independently on a single project, often modular in its nature. Such
LPM: localization project manager or localization project management. projects typically take place on the internet using social software
LQA: language quality assurance. and computer-supported collaboration tools that provide a poten-
LSB: least significant byte. tially infinite hypertextual substrate within which the collaboration
LSE: language search engine. may be situated. A key aspect that distinguishes massive collabo-
LSP: language service provider or localization service provider. ration from other forms of large-scale collaboration is that the
LTI: localization, translation and interpretation. collaborative process is mediated by the content being created — as
LVT: linguistic verification testing. opposed to being mediated by direct social interaction as in other
forms of collaboration.
m massively multiplayer online game (MMOG): a type of com-
MAC: media access control. puter game that enables hundreds or thousands of players to simul-
machine interpretation (MI): this concept is sometimes also taneously interact in a game world to which they are connected via
referred to as “spoken translation” and involves systems to process the internet.
speech to text using speech recognition systems such as Nuance massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG):
Dragon, then processes the text through machine translation (MT), a multiplayer computer role-playing game that enables thousands of
and renders the text to speech (TTS) through speech synthesis. Ap- players to play in an evolving virtual world at the same time over the
plications range from out-of-the-box solutions to optimized systems internet.
that you train with your acronyms, special terms, frequent misspell- MB: megabyte(s).
ings and human translation of frequent sentences. In some systems, MBCS: multibyte character set.
users may get to decide whether to read or listen to the translation. MBO: management by objective.
machine translation (MT): a technology that translates text from mergers and acquisitions (M&A): refers to the aspect of cor-
one human language to another, using terminology glossaries and porate strategy, corporate finance and management dealing with
advanced grammatical, syntactic and semantic analysis techniques. the buying, selling and combining of different companies that can
machine-aided translation (MAT): computer technology ap- aid, finance or help a growing company in a given industry expand
plications that assist in the translation of text from one spoken rapidly without having to create another business entity.
language to another, based on the concept of translation memory metadata: structural metadata covers the design and specification
and the reuse of previously translated terms and sentences. of data structures, while descriptive metadata is about individual
instances of application data, or the data content. Metadata is often
described as data about data, or data about data context.
metrics: denotes the science of measuring as applied to a specific
field of study.
Middle East and North Africa: the list of countries and territories
has no standard definition, and sometimes spreads as far as Malta,
Azerbaijan and Somalia.
MIME: multipurpose internet mailer extensions.
MLS: multiple listing service.
MLV: multilanguage vendor.
The Arab Maghreb Union countries. Moore’s law: states that the overall processing power for comput-
ers will double every two years. In 1965, Gordon Moore made a
Maghreb: usually defined as most of the region of North Africa prediction that computing would dramatically increase in power,
west of Egypt. It is partially isolated from the rest of the continent and decrease in relative cost, at an exponential pace.
by the Atlas Mountains and the Sahara desert. Berber activists have morpheme: the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning.
called the region Tamazgha, meaning land of the Berbers, since the morphology: the branch of grammar that studies the structure or
second half of the twentieth century. The Arab Maghreb Union is forms of words. The main branches are inflectional morphology,
a trade agreement between Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco derivational morphology and compounding.
and Tunisia. MT: see machine translation.

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MUD: multiuser domain. computer learns to perform some task by analyzing training ex-
MUI: multilingual user interface. amples. Usually, the examples have been labeled in advance. An
multilingual: refers to anything that supports more than one object recognition system, for instance, might be fed thousands
language simultaneously, thereby allowing the end user to select of labeled images of cars, houses and coffee cups, and it would
multiple languages and formats. This software allows data contain- find visual patterns in the images that consistently correlate with
ing multiple languages to be entered, processed, presented and particular labels.
transmitted multinationally. neural machine translation (NMT): NMT uses a large artifi-
multilingual workflow system (MWS): a computer program cial neural network. Neural networks are based on connected
that creates an environment to support and orchestrate a range of simple units called artificial neurons, loosely analogous to
activities that facilitate the development of multilingual products. axons in a biological brain. Neural MT departs from phrase-
An MWS should contain a globalization management system for based statistical machine translation (SMT) approaches that use
managing multilingual content, along with translation memory and separately engineered subcomponents. Google and Microsoft
machine translation. translation services now use neural MT. Neural MT models use
multimedia: in computing, multimedia describes a number deep learning and representation learning. They require only a
of diverse technologies that allow visual and audio media to be fraction of the memory needed by traditional SMT models.
combined. Entertainment, education and advertising applications, n-gram: a sequence of items, such as letters or words, can be
among others, use a computer to present and combine text, graph- predicted using n-gram models to show probability, where n refers
ics, video, animation and sound. to the number of items in the sequence. Some stemming techniques
multimodal: multimodal access for a personal computer, tele- use the n-gram context of a word to choose the correct stem.
phone, personal digital assistant and other devices allows input via notified bodies: organizations designated by the national gov-
speech, keyboard, mouse, stylus and/or other methods; outputs ernments of the member states of the European Union as being
include speech, audio and graphical displays. competent to make independent judgments about whether or not a
product complies with the protection — essential safety — require-
n ments laid down by each CE marking directive.
Namespaces: XML Namespaces provide a simple method for
qualifying element and attribute names used in eXtensible Markup o
Language (XML) documents by associating them with namespaces OASIS: see Organization for Advancement of Structured Informa-
identified by URI references. XML Namespaces are the solution to tion Standards.
the problem of ambiguity and name collisions. OASIS Open Architecture for XML Authoring and Localization
nanosyntax: a term used to describe an approach to syntax in (OAXAL): a technical committee encouraging the development of an
which syntactic trees are built up out of a large number of elements. open standards approach to XML authoring and localization.
Each morpheme may correspond to several such elements, which Observe, Orient, Decide, Act (OODA): a method for deciding
do not have to form a subtree. how to react to situations, developed initially by the US military and
national language support (NLS): a function that allows a soft- adopted to software and business practice. It posits that people and
ware application to set the locale for the user, identify the language organizations make decisions most quickly in cyclical loops involv-
in which the user works and retrieve strings — representing times, ing observing, orienting, deciding and acting.
dates and other information — formatted correctly for the speci- ODBC: open database connectivity.
fied language and location. NLS also includes support for keyboard offshoring: the practice of engaging a third-party provider in
layouts and language-specific fonts. another country — often on another continent or “shore” — to
natural language processing (NLP): a main focus of computa- perform tasks or services often performed in-house.
tional linguistics, the aim of NLP is to devise techniques to automat- OLG: online gaming.
ically analyze large quantities of spoken (transcribed) or written text ontology: an explicit formal specification of how to represent the
in ways that parallel what happens when humans perform this task. objects, concepts and other entities that are assumed to exist in
nearshoring: a form of outsourcing in which an activity — for some area of interest and the relationships that hold among them.
example, business processes or software development — is relo- open source software: any computer software distributed under a
cated to locations that are, generally, cheaper and yet geographically license that allows users to change and/or share the software freely.
nearer than offshore locations. End users have the right to modify and redistribute the software, as
.NET: Microsoft platform for applications that work over the internet. well as the right to package and sell the software.
netizen: a blend of internet and citizen, a person actively Open Standards for Container/Content Allowing Re-use
involved in online communities. Netizens use the internet to en- (OSCAR): LISA’s technical committee (special interest group) for
gage in activities of the extended social groups of the web — for actual standardization work. OSCAR was dissolved along with LISA
example, giving and receiving viewpoints, furnishing informa- in February 2011.
tion, fostering the internet as an intellectual and social resource, OpenI18N certification: a certification program that uses an inde-
and making choices for the self-assembled communities. Gener- pendent authority to verify whether a Linux distribution is adhering
ally, a netizen can be any user of the worldwide, unstructured to the industry-developed internationalization standard.
forums of the internet. OpenType fonts: OpenType fonts are cross-platform, self-con-
neural learning: a biologically-inspired programming paradigm tained files and contain advanced typographic features such as glyph
that enables a computer to learn from observational data. The substitution and metrics overrides.

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after the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto, who observed that 80%
of income in Italy was received by 20% of the Italian population. The
assumption is that most of the results in any situation are deter-
mined by a small number of causes. This idea is often applied to data
such as sales figures: “20% of clients are responsible for 80% of sales
volume.” Such a statement is testable, is likely to be correct and may
be helpful in decision making. Also known as the 80/20 rule.
parser: a computer program that takes a set of sentences as
input and identifies the structure of the sentences according to a
given grammar. The term parser is sometimes used generically
in cases where the sentences are made up of information units of
any kind.
pay-per-click (PPC): an advertising technique used on websites,
OpenWorm depiction as three-demensional logrythmic entity. advertising networks and search engines. With search engines, PPC
advertisements are usually text ads placed near search results. When
OpenWorm: an international open science project created to simu- a site visitor clicks on the advertisement, the advertiser is charged a
late the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans at the cellular level. Al- small amount.
though the long-term goal is to model all 959 cells of the C elegans, PC: personal computer or politically correct.
the first stage is to model the worm’s locomotion by simulating the PCDATA: parsed character data.
302 neurons and 95 muscle cells. This bottom-up simulation is be- PDF: portable document format.
ing pursued by the OpenWorm community. PDI: power distance index.
operating system (OS): the software that drives the hardware as- People’s Republic of China (PRC): the official name of mainland
sociated with a computer system. China and its current political structure.
OPEX: operating expenses. personalization: sometimes referred to as one-to-one marketing,
OPI: over-the-phone interpretation. personalization involves using technology to accommodate the dif-
optical character recognition (OCR): recognition of printed ferences among individuals. Web pages are personalized based on
or written characters by a computer. Involves computer software the characteristics — interests, social category, context and so on —
designed to translate images of typewritten text — usually captured of an individual. Personalization is a means of meeting the custom-
by a scanner — into machine-editable text or to translate pictures er’s needs more effectively and efficiently, making interactions faster
of characters into a standard encoding scheme representing them in and easier, and, consequently, increasing customer satisfaction and
ASCII or Unicode. the likelihood of repeat visits.
Organization for Advancement of Structured Information PEST: political, economic, sociocultural, technological.
Standards (OASIS): an IT standardization consortium based in phonology: the part of linguistics that deals with systems of sounds
the state of Massachusetts. Its foundational sponsors include IBM especially in a particular language.
and Microsoft. Localization buy-side, toolmakers and service pro- PIL: patient information leaflet.
viders are also well represented. Formerly known as SGML Open. PIM: personal information manager.
original equipment manufacturer (OEM): OEMs buy comput- pinyin: more formally Hanyu pinyin, the most commonly used
ers in bulk and customize them for a particular application. OEMs Romanization system for Standard Mandarin. Hanyu is the Han
then sell the customized computers under their own names. There- (Chinese) language, and pinyin means phonetics or, more literally,
fore, OEMs are really the customizers and not the original manufac- spelling sound or spelled sound.
turers of the equipment. plain text: in computing, plain text makes up the contents of
OSCAR: see Open Standards for Container/Content Allowing Re- an ordinary sequential file readable as textual material with-
use. out much processing, usually opposed to formatted text and to
OSS: open source software. binary files. Plain text files can be opened, read and edited with
OTA: over-the-air. countless generic text editors. Plain text files are almost universal
outsource: to hire a third-party provider to perform tasks or ser- in programming.
vices often performed in-house. plug-ins: software modules that add a specific feature or service to
p a larger system.
PO: purchase order.
P&L: profit and loss. PoA: plan of action.
PanImages: from the Greek prefix pan, meaning whole or all- porteño: a common reference to the people of Buenos Aires, Ar-
inclusive, an image search engine that automatically translates a gentina. In Spanish, it literally describes a person who is from a port
search term into about 300 other languages, suggests a few that city, and is also used as an adjective for anything related to those
might work and then displays images from Google and the online port cities.
photo database Flickr. POS: part of speech or point of sale.
Pareto's Principle: rule states that for many phenomena, 80% POSIX: portable operating system interface.
of the consequences stem from 20% of the causes. Management pretranslation: involves the preparation of files for translation where
thinker Joseph M. Juran suggested the principle, and it was named the existing files already contain related segments of previously

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acronyms
translated data. Only 100% matches are replaced, with the result being a reliability for the age of the internet.
set of files containing both source and target language terminology. reflow: in graphic terms, refers to running the flow of text to fit a
project management (PM): the systematic planning, organizing certain visual space, particularly after translating or editing. Can
and controlling of allocated resources to accomplish project cost, also mean to extract documents from a translating system.
time and performance objectives. PM is normally reserved for remote simultaneous interpreting: this term describes systems
focused, nonrepetitive, time-limited activities with some degree for the delivery of simultaneous interpreting services by phone or
of risk. over the internet. The technology creates a virtual booth where
project manager (PM): a professional in the field of project man- interpreters — who may be in different locations — can pass the
agement. He or she has the responsibility of the planning, execution microphone back and forth as they interpret the event in real-time.
and closing of any project. Key project management responsibilities RSI technology does not necessarily include a visual element such as
include creating clear and attainable project objectives, building the slides or a video feed. It can handle remote speakers, remote inter-
project requirements and managing the triple constraint for projects preting, remote participation and hybrid events.
— cost, time and scope. Representational State Transfer (REST): an architectural style
prosumer: this word is becoming fairly common but can be con- for networked hypermedia applications, which is primarily used to
fusing, and has two meanings. Futurist Alvin Toffler in his 1980 build web services that are lightweight, maintainable and scalable. A
book The Third Wave coined the word as a blend of producer and web service based on REST is called RESTful.
consumer when he predicted that the role of producers and con- Republic of China - Taiwan (ROC): a politically distinct entity
sumers would begin to blur and merge. Toffler used it to describe from mainland China and the PRC.
a possible future type of consumer who would become involved Republic of Korea (ROK): often colloquially called South Korea.
in the design and manufacture of products so that they could be RES: resource files.
made to individual specification. The second usage describes a Resource Description Framework (RDF): a formal data model from
purchaser of technical equipment who wants to obtain goods of a the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) for machine understandable
better quality than consumer items, but can’t afford professional metadata used to provide standard descriptions of web resources.
items — older terms for goods of this intermediate quality are return on investment (ROI): in finance, the ratio of money gained
semiprofessional and industrial quality. Here, the word is a blend or lost on an investment relative to the amount of money invested.
of professional and consumer. The amount of money gained or lost may be referred to as interest,
pseudo-localization: translates the code strings of a product into profit/loss, gain/loss or net income/loss.
“pseudo-strings.” The resulting “pseudo-language” is designed to test RFC: request for comments.
the impact that different aspects of localization have on the prod- RFP: request for proposal.
uct’s functionality and appearance. RFQ: request for quote.
pseudo-translation: similar to a test run that seeks to copy the
translation process rather than actually produce a translation. A
text string is taken and put through a translation-like process that
alters it and produces a new string. The text string is frequently
changed as a result of this process, so pseudo-translation is done
to illustrate the potential problems that may occur when the trans-
lation is actually done.
q
Q&A: questions and answers.
QC: quality control.
quality assurance (QA): the activity of providing evidence needed
to establish confidence among all concerned that quality-related ac-
tivities are being performed effectively. All those planned or system-
atic actions necessary to provide adequate confidence that a product World map of countries using right-to-left writing systems.
or service will satisfy given requirements for quality. QA covers all
activities from design, development, production and installation to right-to-left languages (RTL): languages such as Hebrew, Arabic,
servicing and documentation. Urdu and Farsi are written primarily right to left. This text flow
presents significant text and graphic layout implications.
r RLV: regional language vendor.
R&D: research and development. ROA: return on assets.
radical: the root or base form of a word. The building blocks of romaji: the application of the Latin alphabet to write the Japanese
Chinese characters of which the most common set contains 214 language. Japanese who have attended elementary school since
radicals. Radicals themselves are composed of strokes. World War II have been taught to read and write romanized
RBMT: see rule-based machine translation. Japanese. Therefore, almost all Japanese are able to read and write
RC: resource code files. Japanese using romaji.
Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID): known romanization: in linguistics, the representation of a word or
initially as Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks, RAID has language with the Roman (Latin) alphabet, or a system for doing so,
become an industry standard and prepared computer storage where the original word or language uses a different writing system.

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RONA: return on net assets. only entertain users, but have additional purposes such as educa-
RPG: role-playing game. tion and training. They can be similar to educational games and are
RQM: resource quality management. primarily focused on an audience outside of primary or secondary
RTF: rich text format. education. A serious game is usually a simulation that has the look
RTT: real-time translation. and feel of a game, but is actually a simulation of real-world events
rule-based machine translation (RBMT): the application of sets or processes. The main goal of a serious game is usually to train or
of linguistic rules that are defined as correspondences between the educate users, though it may have other purposes, such as market-
structure of the source language and that of the target language. ing or advertisement, while giving them an enjoyable experience.
The first stage involves analyzing the input text for morphology and service-oriented architecture (SOA): a software architectural
syntax — and sometimes semantics — to create an internal repre- concept that defines the use of services to support the requirements
sentation. The translation is then generated from this representation of software users.
using extensive lexicons with morphological, syntactic and semantic SGML Open: an IT standardization consortium founded in 1993
information, and large sets of rules. and based in the state of Massachusetts. Its foundational sponsors
include IBM and Microsoft. Localization buy-side, toolmakers and
s service providers are also well represented. Currently known as the
SaaS: software as a service. Organization for Advancement of Structured Information Standards
SAE J2450: a translation quality metric developed by a subcom- (OASIS).
mittee of the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) for use in the Sharable Courseware Object Reference Model (SCORM): a
automotive industry. set of specifications that, when applied to course content, produces
Sanskrit: a historical Indo-Aryan language and the primary small, reusable learning objects.
liturgical language of Hinduism, Jainism and Mahayana Buddhism. shooters: in gaming, games where the main goal is to shoot lots
Currently, it is an official language of the state of Uttarakhand in and lots of stuff, often other game characters.
northern India. sight translation: with sight translation, the input is visual (the
SCL: system control language. written word) rather than oral (the spoken word). Reading compre-
SDK: software development kit. hension is an important element of sight translation.
SDML: signed document markup language. Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP): a standard for exchanging
search engine: a program designed to help find information stored XML-based messages over a computer network, normally using HTTP.
on a computer system such as the world wide web or a personal Simplified Chinese (SC): refers to one of two standard Chinese
computer. A search engine allows a user to ask for content meeting character sets of printed contemporary Chinese written language,
specific criteria — typically those containing a given word, phrase or officially simplified by the government of the People’s Republic of
name — and retrieves a list of references that match those criteria. China in an attempt to promote literacy. Simplified Chinese is used
search engine optimization (SEO): a set of methods aimed at in mainland China and Singapore, modified to be written with fewer
improving the ranking of a website in search engine listings. SEO strokes per character.
is primarily concerned with advancing the goals of a website by simship: a term used to refer to the simultaneous shipment of
improving the number and position of its organic search results for software products in different languages or with other distinguish-
a wide variety of relevant keywords. ing differences in design.
segmentation: the way CAT tools fraction texts for translation. For simultaneous interpreting: the interpreter reformulates the
example, one sentence that was split with a soft return in a docu- message into the target language as quickly as possible while
ment not checked for segmentation will be processed as two seg- the source speaker is speaking. Normally, in simultaneous
ments, or two different sentences, which would distort translation. interpreting between spoken languages, the interpreter sits at
Segmentation Rules eXchange (SRX): an XML-based standard a microphone in a soundproof booth, usually with a clear view
used to describe how to segment text for translation and other of the speaker, listening through headphones to the incoming
language-related processes. It was created to enhance the leverage of message in the source language. The interpreter then relays the
the TMX standard. This is a vendor-neutral standard for describing message in the target language into the microphone to whoever
how translation and other language-processing tools segment text is listening.
for processing. It allows translation memory and other linguistic single-source concept: documentation according to single-source
tools to describe the language-specific processes by which text is concept means using a common source to provide documentation
broken into segments (usually sentences or paragraphs) for further in several output formats (printed manual, online help).
processing. SLV: single language vendor.
SEL: self-extensible language. SMB: small and medium-sized businesses.
semantic: part of the structure of language, along with phonology, SME: small and medium-sized enterprises or subject matter expert.
morphology, syntax and pragmatics, which involves understanding SMG: screen management guidelines.
the meaning of words, sentences and texts. SMT: see statistical machine translation.
Semantic Web: an extension of the world wide web that provides SMTP: simple mail transfer protocol.
a common framework allowing data to be shared and reused across social games: in this context, a social network game, a type of
application, enterprise and community boundaries. It is based on online game distributed primarily through social networks such as
Resource Description Framework (RDF), which integrates a variety Facebook. Social games are usually characterized by community, of-
of applications using XML for syntax and URLs for naming. ten built around the existing social network, and the ability to drop
serious games: computer and video games that are intended to not in and out of the game without ever winning or losing.

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acronyms
social media: refers to the web-based and mobile technologies supply chain management (SCM): an electronic alternative to the
used to turn communication into an interactive dialogue. It builds traditional paper chain, enabling participating suppliers to access
on the ideological and technological foundations of Web 2.0, and up-to-date company information and enabling companies to better
typically allows for the creation and exchange of user-generated manage and track supply and demand.
content. Social media can take on many different forms, including sustaining engineering: engineering and technical support that
internet forums, social networking sites, blogs, microblogging, wikis follows release of requirements and specifications in the path to
and interactive visual media. deliver an end product. Sustaining engineers are responsible for a
social network: an online service, platform or site that focuses system’s upkeep, and monitoring the data it creates.
on building social relations among people, who, for example, share syllabary: a table of syllables or more specifically a set of the syl-
interests or activities. A social network service essentially consists of labic symbols/characters in which each character represents a syl-
a representation of each user (often a profile), his or her social links lable, used in certain languages such as Japanese.
and a variety of additional services. Most social network services are syntax: the study of the rules whereby words or other elements of
web-based and provide means for users to interact over the internet. sentence structure are combined to form grammatical sentences.
Facebook, LinkedIn and Foursquare are popular social networks
used for different purposes. t
SOP: standard operating procedure. T&D: transmission and distribution.
source language (SL): a language that is to be translated into target language (TL): the language that a source text is being
another language. translated into.
South America: a continent of the Americas, situated entirely in technical committee (TC): standardization bodies usually own,
the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. create, maintain and update technical standards through purpose-
It is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean and on the north and specific technical committees. In organizational structures such
east by the Atlantic Ocean; North America and the Caribbean Sea as OASIS, Unicode and ISO, they are called technical committees,
lie to the northwest. while in others such as W3C they are not. They may also be referred
ST: source text. to as an Industry Specification Group, Working Group, Special
standard generalized markup language (SGML): an interna- Interest Group and so on.
tional standard for information exchange that prescribes a standard telephone interpreting: the interpreter, who is usually based in a
format for using descriptive markup within a document, defining remote location, provides interpretation via telephone for two indi-
three document layers: structure, content and style. viduals who do not speak the same language. Most often, telephone
statistical machine translation (SMT): a machine translation interpreting is performed in the consecutive mode. This means that
paradigm where translations are generated on the basis of statistical the interpreter listens to each utterance first and then proceeds to
models whose parameters are derived from the analysis of bilingual render it into the other language, as opposed to speaking and listen-
text corpora. SMT is the translation of text from one human lan- ing simultaneously.
guage to another by a computer that learned how to translate from TEnT: translation environment tool.
vast amounts of translated text. TermBase eXchange standard (TBX): a standard for terminology
STE: Simplified Technical English. and term exchange.
stemming: the process of reducing inflected words to their base terminology management: primarily concerned with manipulat-
or root form. There are several types of stemming algorithms of ing terminological resources for specific purposes — for example,
varying accuracy, but having a stemming algorithm in place can be establishing repositories of terminological resources for publishing
important in linguistic information retrieval. dictionaries, maintaining terminology databases, ad hoc problem
streaming: streaming allows a computer user to see and hear an solving in finding multilingual equivalences in translation work or
audio/video file as it is transferred. Player programs for platforms creating new terms in technical writing. Terminology management
such as Windows Media, RealNetworks and QuickTime (available software provides the translator a means of automatically searching
free) must be downloaded to decompress audio/video files for lis- a given terminology database for terms appearing in a document,
tening or viewing. Streaming video is usually sent from prerecorded either by automatically displaying terms in the translation memory
video files, but can be broadcast live. software interface window or through the use of hotkeys to view the
STT: speech-to-text. entry in the terminology database.
subject-object-verb (SOV): Chinese variants (other than Manda- terminology manager: a computer technology application tool that
rin, although it is often acceptable in Mandarin) feature SOV word assists in the translation of text from one spoken language to another.
order, as do languages such as Albanian and Bengali. TES: transfer encoding syntax.
Tidy Functions: Tidy is a binding for the Tidy HTML clean and
repair utility that allows a user to not only clean and otherwise ma-
nipulate HTML documents, but also traverse the document tree.
TIF: Terminology Interchange Format.
time-to-market: the length of time it takes from a product being
conceived until it is available for sale. Time-to-market is crucial in
industries where products are outdated quickly.
TM: see translation memory.
Here, Japanese places the verb at the end of the sentence, TMF: terminology markup framework.
using SOV order. TOC: table of contents.

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token: tokens are identifiers, keywords, constants, strings, opera- more sentences or even a larger unit.
tors and other separators. White space — such as spaces, tabs, new transliteration: to write or print a letter or word using the closest
lines and comments — is ignored except where it is necessary to corresponding letters of a different alphabet or language. A systematic
separate tokens. Also known as tokenization. way to convert characters in one alphabet or phonetic sounds into
TR: technical report. another alphabet.
Tracker eXtensible Markup Language (TXML): an XML-based pivot triple-byte character set (TBCS) UNIX code: TBCS encoded
format. The translation memory environment Wordfast Pro uses TXML. according to the specification of the extended UNIX code.
TRP: translation request package.
truncation: truncating text lines in the display means leaving out
any text on a line that does not fit within the right margin of the
window displaying it. Also, in database searching, the addition of a
symbol at the end of a word or word stem so the computer will look
for all variants of the word.
TSP: translation service provider.
TTS: text-to-speech.
tuple: a sequence of finite, ordered elements. A tuple can be used to
group any number of items into a single compound value. Syntacti-
cally, a tuple is a comma-separated sequence of values. Although it
Examples of Traditional to Simplified Chinese characters sets.
is not necessary, it is conventional to enclose tuples in parentheses.
tweet: a post or status update on Twitter, a microblogging service.
Traditional Chinese (TC): a Chinese character set that is con- Tweets are text-based posts of up to 280 characters displayed on the
sistent with the original Chinese ideographic form that is several author’s profile page.
thousand years old. Today, traditional characters are used in Taiwan, Twitter: a social networking and microblogging service, owned
Hong Kong, Macau and by some overseas Chinese communities, and operated by Twitter, Inc., that enables its users to send and read
especially those originating from the aforementioned regions/coun- other user messages called tweets.
tries or who emigrated before the widespread adoption of simplified
characters in the People’s Republic of China. u
translation: the process of converting all of the text or words from UCD: Unicode Character Database.
the source language to the target language. An understanding of the UCS: universal character set.
context or meaning of the source language must be established in UI: user interface.
order to convey the same message in the target language. ULI: see Unicode Localization Interoperability technical committee.
translation management system (TMS): a TMS automates UN: United Nations.
localization workflow to reduce the time and money employed by
manpower. It typically includes process management technology
to automate the flow of work and linguistic technology to aid the
translator. Also known as globalization management system.
translation memory (TM): a special database that stores previ-
ously translated sentences which can then be reused, in full or in
part, on a sentence-by-sentence basis. The database matches source
to target language pairs.
Translation Memory eXchange (TMX): based on XML, an open
standard that has been designed to simplify and automate the pro-
cess of converting translation memories from one format to another.
translation memory system: a tool for computer-aided transla-
tion. The translation memory (TM) stores the original text and its
human translation in manageable units. The TM system proposes
the translation whenever the same or a similar unit occurs again. Latin and Greek scribes created calligraphy in the uncial style.
translation portal: a website or service that offers a broad array of re-
sources via the internet, thus providing a marketplace for translation uncial writing: a majuscule script commonly used from the third
agencies, freelance translators and customers to exchange services. to the eighth centuries common era by Latin and Greek scribes.
translation technology: information and communication technol- Unicode: the Unicode Worldwide Character Standard is a character
ogy that executes or helps to execute the translation process aiming encoding standard used to represent text for computer processing.
at increased efficiency and speed. Originally designed to support 65,000 characters, it now has encod-
Translation Toolkit (TTK): the native bilingual format for Al- ing forms to support more than one million characters.
chemy CATALYST, which supports previous versions of Alchemy Unicode Consortium: home of the Unicode Standard and Com-
CATALYST project files. mon Locale Data Repository (CLDR). Unicode’s goal is to support
translation unit (TU): a segment of a text that the translator treats scripts for all languages in the world.
as a single cognitive unit for the purposes of establishing an equiva- Unicode Localization Interoperability technical committee
lence. The translation unit may be a single word, a phrase, one or (ULI): the third Unicode Consortium technical committee was

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acronyms
formed in April 2011. ULI has not chartered creating its own stan- UPT: universal personal telecommunications.
dards; instead, it is looking into localization interoperability related usability: the ease that users experience in navigating an interface,
standards behaviors and profiling. locating information and obtaining knowledge over the internet.
Unicode TR29: the primary Unicode standard defining word and User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG): provides guidelines
sentence boundaries. This standard is also referred to as Unicode for designing user agents that lower barriers to web accessibility for
Standard Annex #29 or UAX #29. people with disabilities. User agents include browsers, media players
Unicode transfer format (UTF-8): an encoding form of Unicode and applications that retrieve and render web content.
that supports ASCII for backward compatibility and covers the UTC: coordinated universal time or Unicode Technical Committee.
characters for most languages in the world.
uniform resource identifier (URI): a string that refers to a re- v
source. The most common are URLs, which identify the resource by Valencian: a Romance language, the national and official
giving its location on the web. language of Andorra, and a co-official language in the Spanish
uniform resource locator (URL): short strings that identify resources autonomous communities of the Balearic Islands, Catalonia and
on the web: documents, images, downloadable files, services, electronic Valencia — where it is known as Valencian — and in the city of
mailboxes and other resources. Alghero on the Italian island of Sardinia. Although with no of-
ficial recognition, it is also spoken in the autonomous communi-
ties of Aragon and Murcia in Spain, and in the historic Roussillon
region of southern France. Also known as Catalan.
VAR: value-added reseller.
variable: in computer programming, variables enable programmers
to write flexible programs. Rather than entering data directly into
a program, a programmer can use variables to represent the data.
Then, when the program is executed, the variables are replaced with
real data. This makes it possible for the same program to process
different sets of data.
VBA: Visual Basic for Applications.
VC: venture capital.
vector-based: refers to software and hardware that use geometrical
formulas to represent images (same as object-oriented graphics).
VID: visual inferface design.
video game: a game that involves interaction with a user interface
to generate visual feedback on a video device. The electronic systems
used to play a video game are known as platforms; examples of these
are personal computers and video game consoles. These platforms are
broad in range, from large computers to small handheld devices.
video remote interpreting (VRI): interpreting done off-site via video.
virtual private network (VPN): sometimes used when internet
users wish to disguise their physical locations.
VISCII: Vietnamese Standard Code for Information Interchange.
Voice eXtensible Markup Language standard (Voice XML):
The United Arab Emirates. enables voice input and audio output for voice response and multi-
modal applications.
United Arab Emirates (UAE): a federation of seven emirates, each voiceover: refers to a production technique where a disembod-
administered by a hereditary emir, situated in the southeast of the ied voice is broadcast live or prerecorded in radio, television, film,
Arabian Peninsula in Southwest Asia on the Persian Gulf, bordering theater and/or presentation. The voiceover may be spoken by
Oman and Saudi Arabia. The UAE consists of Abu Dhabi, Dubai, someone who also appears on-screen in other segments or it may be
Sharjah, Ras Al Khaimah, Ajman, Umm Al Qaiwain and Fujairah. performed by a specialist voice actor.
An emirate is a political territory that is ruled by a dynastic Muslim VOIP: voice over internet protocol.
monarch-styled emir. VR: virtual reality or voice recognition.
Universal Learning Format (ULF): a modular set of XML-based
formats for capturing and exchanging various types of eLearning data. w
Universal Terminology eXchange (UTX): a format for user-cre- WAN: wide area networks.
ated dictionaries with source language and target language entries. WAP: wireless application protocols.
UTX is intended to absorb the differences between various formats WBS: work breakdown structure.
for machine translation. UTX can be used for other purposes, espe- WBT: web-based training.
cially in the domain of natural language processing. WCM: web content management.
UNIX: a multiuser, multitasking operating system. It was one of the Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI): an effort to improve the
first operating systems to be written in a higher level programming accessibility of the world wide web for people with disabilities.
language, thus making it hardware-independent. People with disabilities may encounter difficulties when using

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 glossary &
acronyms
computers generally, but also on the web. Since people with be used to exchange data between companies, such as a software pub-
disabilities often require nonstandard devices and browsers, lisher and a localization vendor, or between localization tools, such as
making websites more accessible also benefits a wide range of translation memory systems and machine translation systems.
user agents and devices, including mobile devices, which have XML-based Text Memory (XMLTM): a standard for XML to al-
limited resources. The W3C launched the Web Accessibility low ease of translation of XML documents.
Initiative in 1997 with endorsement by the White House. XSLT: eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformation.
Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG): part of a
series of web accessibility guidelines published by the WAI. z
They consist of a set of guidelines for making content accessible, zero width no break space (ZWNBS): originally used in the mid-
primarily for people with disabilities, but also for all user agents, dle of Unicode files in rare instances where there was an invisible
including highly limited devices such as mobile phones. The join between two characters where a line break must not occur. A
current version, WCAG 2.0, was published in December 2008 new code joiner has been implemented — U+2060 WORD JOINER.
and is also an ISO standard, ISO/IEC 40500:2012. Also known as byte-order mark.
web hit: the counting term sometimes used to measure website
traffic. The count includes every file used on a web page as a “hit”
to that page. Viewing one page with six graphics would mean at
least seven hits. Page views and unique visitors are more accurate
measures of website traffic.
Web Ontology Language (OWL): a family of knowledge
representation languages or ontology languages for authoring
ontologies or knowledge bases. The languages are character-
ized by formal semantics and RDF/XML-based serializations for
the Semantic Web. OWL is endorsed by the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C) and has attracted academic, medical and Information in the wrong language
commercial interest.
web service: a collection of protocols and standards used for is not information at all.
exchanging data between applications or systems.
whispering interpreting: also called chuchotage, the inter-
preter sits or stands next to the intended audience and interprets
simultaneously in a whisper. This mode does not require any
equipment. Whispered interpretation is often used in situations
when the majority of a group speaks one language, and a limited
number of people do not speak the source language.
Win 32/64: refers primarily to the number of bits that can be
processed or transmitted in parallel, or the number of bits used for
a single element in a data format in a Windows operating system.
WIP: work in progress.
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): an international community
that develops and owns many standards, including XML and HTML.
WORM: write-once, read-many.
written Chinese: refers to the thousands of symbols or Chinese
characters used to represent spoken Chinese, along with rules and Information in the
conventions about how they are arranged and punctuated. Chi-
nese characters do not constitute an alphabet or a compact syl- right language can
labary. Instead, they are built up from simpler parts representing
objects or abstract notions, although most characters do contain save lives.
some indication of their pronunciation.
WSDL: Web Service Description Language.
WYSIWYG: what you see is what you get.

x Support Translators
XAML: eXtensible Application Markup Language.
XCCS: Xerox Character Code Standard.
XDR: eXternal Data Representation. without Borders
XML: see eXtensible Markup Language.
XML Localization Interchange File Format (XLIFF): an XML-
today
based format for exchanging localization data. Standardized by
OASIS in April 2002 and aimed at the localization industry, XLIFF translatorswithoutborders.org
specifies elements and attributes to aid in localization. XLIFF could

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