Orientation of outdoor facilities

North/south orientation is generally desirable for outdoor courts to avoid background

glare at dawn or dusk. Orientation should also take into consideration other
structures and features on the site, neighbouring property, vehicle and pedestrian
traffic, and prevailing winds. However, with more sports being played under lights,
this may be less of a concern.

When installing all track and field facilities, careful consideration must be given to the
position of the sun at critical times of day and the wind conditions. To avoid the
dazzling effect of the sun when it is low, the longitudinal axis of arenas should lie
along the north-south axis, although it is possible to deviate to the north- north-east
and north-north-west. This may result in the main straight being on the eastern side
of the arena and will require consideration of the effects of a western setting sun on
the spectators in the main stand. However, the most important aspect of design is to
ensure that the best possible competition conditions are provided for the athletes.

In outdoor pools, best practice suggests that springboards and platforms are
recommended to face north in the northern hemisphere and south in the southern
hemisphere.

In shooting sports and archery, outdoor ranges should be constructed so that the
sun is behind the shooter as much as possible. The orientation of an archery range
in the southern hemisphere generally requires the shooting line to be on the north
side of the range and the targets are on the north side”, with a tolerance allowance
from the magnetic north of +/- 20 degrees.
This is to allow the sun to be behind the archers most of the day.

Lawn bowling greens must be located away from tall buildings and trees that may
cast shadows over the bowling surface, thereby affecting turf performance. This is
not relevant for synthetic surfaces.

Tennis courts must be oriented with play along an approximate north/ south axis.
A north-south court orientation is preferred in basketball and netball to minimise the
effects of sun glare.

Court marking
In many cases of facility provision, it is not possible to accommodate individual
courts for separate activities because of cost and space factors. Multi-marking of
hardcourt areas, both indoors and outdoors, provides an acceptable alternative to
individual markings.

The following information provides some guidelines and recommendations on how

this may be achieved.

There is no international standard colour scheme for multi-court markings. However,

there are recognised colour schemes that are widely used. The following
is considered when deciding on colours to use:

• Requirements of each sport— basketball specifies black and netball specifies

anything other than yellow.
• Tradition/common practice—some sports don’t specify a colour but there are
certain colours normally used such as blue or green for volleyball.
• The range of courts being painted—if two governing bodies both want the same
colour it would cause confusion so typical compromises are made.
• The colour of the floor—if you have a green vinyl floor then volleyball would be
better painted in blue than green.

There also must be an allowance for ‘run-off’ areas for different sports. It is important
to ensure that the minimum space around the court is maintained for each individual
sport. Any sport or local government attempting to save money by reducing court
sizes is setting up the potential for future litigation. If space is limited, the governing
body’s recommendations on run-offs should always prevail.

Indoor recreational
Court marking lines are painted on most sports floors. PVC tape is not usually used,
except for temporary courts, whilst inlaid lines are an option for a limited number of
sports floor products.

Paint should be selected and tested to suit the type of floor. Manufacturers will
supply or recommend a proven paint and give guidance on its use. Two-part
polyurethane is often used because of its durability. All lines should be masked out
to a high standard prior to painting. Line widths must be ± 2mm and overall
dimensions within 0.1 %.

The layout of court markings needs to be carefully planned to avoid overlapping

lines. Manufacturers can usually recommend specialist firms to undertake this work
or may include it as an element of
the floor installation. For multi- sports facilities a range of colours
is required to avoid confusion. Some suppliers provide a combined service in which
line markings and fixed sports equipment are installed in the same package,
therefore avoiding coordination problems.
Computer drawn layouts are useful aids when deciding details of a court layout.

The following colour schemes are recommended for indoor court markings on light
surfaces, e.g. wooden gymnasium floors:

Outdoor recreational
- Playing lines can be painted on most surfaces but with synthetic grass for
sports such as hockey and football (soccer), they are either tufted in during
manufacture or cut in when installing the surface. Colour choice is important
in suitable combinations of colours for the sports to be played. The most
 frequently used sports are marked out in white, followed by yellow, blue and
red. These colours are also recommended for multi-court markings on dark
surfaces, such as bituminous or concrete surfaces:

Tips for line marking:

• Allow new asphalt pavements to cure for 7-10 days prior to line marking.
• Do not use oil based line paint to mark new or reline the existing court pavements
as they can become slippery when wet and the paint will crack.
• Use water based outdoor acrylic line paint (good quality).
• Apply in thin layers – do not put heavy coats leading to build up over the asphalt as
this will also crack and curl along the sides.

Line marking products

- In the past, schools and sporting organisations have used sump oil or similar
products as a cheap, durable and easy to apply line marking solution to
outdoor grassed playing fields.
- The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has released information that
states “the use of waste oil [sump oil] for line marking on playing fields is
discouraged and all reasonable and practicable measures should be used to
find a more environmentally benign alternative.”

Sports lighting
Lighting is a subject area with a high degree of technical complexity that can be
difficult to understand.
The complicating factors which need to be taken into account in developing a lighting
design may include:
• The varying and conflicting requirements of individual sports in a multi-sports
facility.
• Complex inter-relationships with other elements of the building such as reflectance
and colour of surfaces, variation in background surfaces
• Health and safety issues, for example in swimming pools or in fast moving ball
games such as cricket or hockey, where the maintenance of a good lighting system
is a fundamental requirement.
It is recommended that anyone considering a new installation or upgrade of their
sports lighting, appoint an appropriate professionally qualified organisation, who will
be required to develop the:
• Sports lighting performance requirements into acceptable design solutions and
specifications.
• Other environmental lighting that will be required for support areas in and around
the building or outdoor pitch.
• Related systems such as electrical supply, wiring and controls.

Design considerations
It is important that the lighting requirements of each sport are fully understood at the
outset of a project. Lighting installations for sport should balance the folliwing issues
within an integrated design:
• Levels of illuminance.
• Uniformity of illuminance.
• Contrast
• Glare control.
• Colour rendering.
• Compliance with statutory regulations.

Other considerations include:

• Volume of the field of play.
• Lamp types.
• Level of illumination appropriate for a particular sport and level of play, nternational,
national, club and community.
• Glare.
• Colours of surfaces.
• Sport specific safety issues.

Developing a design strategy

Sports lighting should be considered early in the building design process.

The following are key steps in developing a lighting design strategy:
• Confirm the layout(s) of sports areas.
• Definte the volune(s) of the field(s) of play.
• Identify adjacent areas with visual links.
• Establish the general lighting requirements.
• Establsih the lighting requirements for the invidivual sports and courts.

Lighting of multi‐sports indoor facilities

The principal aims and objectives in lighting a sports hall include:
• The provision of a safe, enjoyable environment for players.
• The illumination of court markings and key
• Features such as nets and goals for the player and match officials.
• The provision of suitable and sufficient lighting for spectators.
• The provision of lighting for television broadcasting, where applicable.

Outdoor sports lighting

Recent years have seen a rapid growth in the number of floodlit outdoor sports
facilities.

Outdoor sports lighting is now regularly seen at:

• Artificial grass pitches
• Natural turf pitches
• Multi use games areas (MUGAs)
• Tennis courts
• Athletics tracks

Outdoor sports lighting can help create more playing and training opportunities for
playing areas and offer increased programming flexibility for users. Before deciding
to install floodlights, it is important that the cost benefits of the lighting are
considered.
The benefits include:
• Increased use of the facility.
• Programming flexibility.
• Additional income.
• Usage options.

The disavantages which are predominatly cost-related are:

• Capital cost.
• Energy costs.
• Maintenance.
• Management and supervision.

Design Standards of Spaces:

Baseball Field
The regulation field is used for the Open, Under 18 and Under 16 age groups. A
modified field is used for Little League and Under 14.

The playing field

- The infield (also called diamond) is a 27.4m square and is graded so that the
baselines and home plate are level. The infield and outfield, including the
boundary lines, are fair territory and all other areas are foul territory. The
minimum distance from home base to the nearest fence, stand or other
obstruction on fair territory is 76.2m.
- The pitcher’s plate is 10 inches above the level of home late. The degree of
slope from a point 6 inches in front of the pitcher’s plate to a point 6 feet
toward home plate is 1 inch to 1 foot and is uniform.
- It is preferred that the line from home base through the pitcher’s plate to
second base runs east- southeast.

Measurements of distances to the bases are as following:

• Home base to second base 38.8m.
• Home base to first base 27.4m.
• Second base to first base 27.4m.
• Home base to third base 27.4m.
• Second base to third base 27.4m.
• First base to second base 27.4m.
• Distance between first and third base is 38.8m.
The foul lines and all other playing lines are marked with paint or non- toxic, non-
burning chalk or other white material.

Volleyball
The international governing body for volleyball is Federation Internationale de
Volleyball (FIVB) who provide the rules for the sport.
The sport has three disciplines:
• Indoor volleyball.
• Beach volleyball .
• Indoor beach volleyball.

Indoor volleyball
The playing area
Dimensions
- The playing court is 18m long and 9m wide and is surrounded by a free zone
3m wide on all sides.
- The space above the playing area is known as the free playing space and is a
minimum of 7m high from the playing surface. For FIVB, world and official
 competitions, the free zone measures a minimum of 5m from the side lines
and 8m from the ends lines. The free playing space is a minimum of 7m high
from the playing surface.

Playing surface
- The playing surface is flat and a light colour. For FIVB, world and official
competitions, only a wooden or synthetic surface is allowed. White colours are
required for the lines. Other different colours are required for the playing court
and free zone.

Line markings
- All lines on the court are 5cm wide and are a light colour different from the
colour of the floor.
- The boundary lines are the two side lines and end lines. The centre line
divides the playing court into two equal courts, 9m x 9m each. This line
extends from beneath the net from sideline to sideline.
- On each court the rear edge of the attack line is drawn 3m back from the
middle of the centre line and marks the front zone.

Zones and areas

- The front zone on each court is limited by the axis of the centre line and the
rear edge of the attack line. The front zone extends beyond the side lines to
the end of the free zone.
- The service zone is a 9m wide area behind each end line and extends to the
end of the free zone. It is 15cm long and drawn 20cm behind the end line as
an extension of the side lines. The substitution zone extends from both attack
lines to the scorer’s table.
- The Libero Replacement zone is part of the free zone on the same side as the
team benches, extending from the attack line up to the end line. A penalty
area, 1m x 1m, is located in the control area outside of the endlines.

Nets and posts

- The net is 2.43m high for men and 2.24m high for women. It is placed
vertically over the centre line. It is 1m wide and 9.5m-10m long and is 10cm
 square black mesh. The height of the net is measured from the centre of the
playing court.
- The antenna is a flexible rod, 1.8m long and 10mm in diameter and made of
fibreglass or similar material. It is fastened on opposite sides of the net. The
top of the antenna extends 80cm above the net and is marked with 10cm
stripes of contrasting colour, usually red and white. The 2.55m high posts are
placed 0.50m-1.0m outside the side lines. The posts are rounded and fixed to
the ground without wires.

Beach volleyball

Playing area
Dimensions
- The court is 16m long, 8m wide and surrounded by a minimum 3m wide free
zone on all sides.
- The free playing space above the playing area is 7m high from the playing
surface.
Surface
- The surface consists of levelled sand, flat and uniform of possible, free of
rocks, shells and anything else which represent risk of injuries to players.
Line markings
- All lines are 5cm wide and coloured to contrast with the colour of the sand.
 - The boundary is marked by two side lines and two endlines. There is no
centre line. Court lines are made of ribbons of a resistant material and any
exposed anchors of a flexible material.
Zones and areas
- There is a service zone and free zone surrounding the court. The service
zone is an area 8m wide behind the end line which extends to the edge of the
3m wide free zone.
Nets and posts
- The net is vertical over the middle of court. The top is set at 2.43m for men
and 2.24m for women. For juniors the height of the net is as follows:

The net is 8.5m long and 1m wide when it is taut. The mesh is 10cm square and at
the top and bottom are two 7-10cm wide horizontal white bands.

Antennae
- The antenna is fastened at the outer wide of each side band on the net. The
top 80cm of each antenna extends above the net and is marked with 10cm
strips of contrasting colour. The posts are placed at a distance of 0.70-1m
from each side line to the post padding. They are 2.55m high and fixed to the
ground without wires. The posts must be padded.
Indoor beach volleyball
Indoor beach volleyball is a social/ participation game. It is played on a sand covered
volleyball court surrounded by netting. The playing area is 13m long and 9m wide
and surrounded by nets. The height of the nets is 6m.
The terrain is levelled, washed sand, 300mm deep.
The centre net is a maximum of 2.35m high.

Bowling—ten pin
Ten-pin bowling is a sport that uses the imperial system of measurement.

Lane dimensions
- The length of a regulation lane is 60 feet from the foul line to the centre of the
headpin.
 - The lane is 42 inches wide but is measured in boards. There are 39 boards.

Markings
Board 20 is the center board, counting from either side. It is marked by the Center
Arrow. Arrows are 5 boards apart for easy board counting.

Lane surface
The surface is free of all continuous grooves. It is perfectly flat both side to side and
front to back with a maximum tolerance of just 40/1000th inch allowed.

Lane approach
The approach where the bowler delivers the ball is not less than 15 feet in length.
The same lane finishing coating is applied from edge board to edge board.

The pin deck

Each pin is 12 inches from its neighbour in any direction (as measured from the
centre of each pin).
Conference and Seminar Hall
Conferences tend to be the largest events vs. smaller workshops and seminars.
They can number anywhere between fifty attendees to thousands of attendees, and
the largest may host even more visitors that that. You'll come across both national
and international conferences – national conferences are typically attended primarily
by people living within the country which is hosting the event, while international
conferences can attract visitors from all over the world.
- Conferences tend to be the most prestigious forms of events as well, so they
are the place where you most want the opportunity to present your work as a
talk or as a poster. Speaking of which, conferences will usually involve a
number of talks by prominent speakers in addition to poster sessions where
researchers present their ideas and data in a visual format. When you attend
a poster session, you can walk around and look at each of the different
posters and stop to chat or to ask questions of the presenter as well.
Presenters will stand next to their poster and will often have a short 5-10
minute explanation of the poster which they will give to anyone who asks.
Seminar tends to be held within one institution or university, and will often a seminar
will be a small group of people – say, between five and ten attendees – who come
together to focus on a particular issue. Often seminars will be less formally
structured than conferences, so one person might give a presentation but it will
probably be brief. There is more of a focus on discussion at these events, so do feel
free to chime in with your thoughts on the topic at hand.
- Another difference between a seminar and a conference is that while
conferences usually last for between a few days and a week, seminars will be
much shorter. They may be for an hour or two in the afternoon rather than
lasting all day.

Swimming
- The Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA) is the world governing body
for aquatic sports such as swimming, diving, waterpolo, synchronised and
open water swimming.
- FINA rules are used to manage state, national and international events such
as the World Championships and the Olympics. The FINA Facilities Rules
provide the best possible environment for competitive use and training.
Competition pools
Dimensions
- Standard pools are either 25m or 50m long.
Depth
- For pools with starting blocks, the minimum depth is 1.35m, extending to at
least 6.0m. A minimum depth of 1.0 metre is required for pools without
starting blocks.
Walls
- The end walls are at right angles to the swimming course and surface of the
water. They are made of a solid material, with a non–slip surface extending
0.8m below the water surface, to allow competitors to touch and push off in
turning without hazard.
- Rest ledges along the pool walls are permitted. They are located at least 1.2m
below the water surface, and are up to 0.15m wide. Both internal and external
ledges are acceptable, however internal ledges are preferred.
- Gutters are placed on all four walls of the pool. If end wall gutters are
installed, they must allow for attachment of touch panels to the required 0.3
metre above the water surface. They are covered with a suitable grill or
screen.
Water temperature
- The water temperature is between 250 and 28° celsuis. During competition
the water is kept at a constant level, with very little movement. Inflow and
outflow is allowed as long as no appreciable current or turbulence is created.
Lanes
- According to FINA rules World Championships require 8 lanes and Olympic
Games require 10 lanes. The lanes are a minimum of 2.5m wide, with two
spaces of at least 2.5m wide outside of the first and last lanes.
Lane ropes
- In an 8 lane pool, lane ropes extend the full length of the course and are
secured at each end wall to anchor brackets recessed into the end walls. The
anchors are positioned so that the floats at each end wall of the pool are on
 the surface of the water. Each lane rope consists of floats placed end to end.
The floats have a minimum diameter of 0.10m- 0.15 metre.
In a swimming pool the colour of the lane ropes is as follows:
• Two green ropes for lanes 1 and 8.
• Four blue ropes for lanes 2, 3, 6 and 7.
• Three yellow ropes for lanes 4 and 5.
The floats that extend for a distance of 5m from each end of the pool are red. At the
15m mark from each end wall of the pool the floats are distinct. In 50 metre pools the
floats are distinct at 25m.
There is only one firmly stretched lane rope between each lane.
Starting platforms
- Starting platforms are from 0.5m- 0.75m high above the water surface. The
surface area is at least 1.5m square and covered with a non-slip material. The
maximum slope is 10 degrees. The platforms are firm and are without a
springing effect.
Lane markings
- The lane markings on the floor of the pool are a dark colour and marked in the
centre of each lane.
- The width of the marking is 0.2m- 0.3m for all pools. The length for 50m pools
is 46m and 21m for 25m pools.
- Each lane line ends 2m fromthe end wall of the pool with a distinctive cross
line 1m long and of the same width as the lane line. Target lines are marked
on the end walls or on the touch panels in the centre of each lane and are the
same width as the lane lines.
Leisure pools
- A number of pool facilities include leisure water features that are designed for
recreational swimmers, lap swimming and specific areas for toddlers and
children. These may include:
• Varying water depths, with extensive shallow or beach areas.
• Wave pools and surfing pools.
• Water slides and flumes.
• Fast flowing river rides & rapids.
• Water jets and water cannons.
• Water features eg rain showers.
• Spa facilities, including varying temperatures.

Diving
- Diving installations are located either indoor or outdoor in aquatic facilities and
are generally separated from the swimming area.
- The minimum size for a diving pool is 25m wide and 20m long. The overall
dimensions can be increased to suit other activities such as synchronised
swimming and water polo.
- A competition pool is equipped with two 1m and two 3m springboards and a
diving tower with take-off platforms at 5m, 7.5m and 10m. Platforms also exist
at 1m and 3m heights as training tools. The basic measuring point used is the
plummet line. This is a vertical line extending through the centre point of the
front edge of the diving springboard.
- The water temperature is a minimum of 26° celsius. The colour of the walls
are white or pale blue. A dark blue floor, in conjunction with agitation of the
water surface by water sprays, assists divers in seeing the water surface and
reduces the risk of an accident.
- Surface agitators are a FINA requirement to help divers in their visual
perception of the water surface. Normally the agitation is made via a sprinkler
directed on to the surface of the water.
- A bubbler is installed on the pool floor to provide a compressed air cushion of
bubbles to protect divers from injury.
- In the diving pool the water depth is a minimum of 1.8m at any point.
- In outdoor pools, it is recommended that springboards and platforms are to
face north in the northern hemisphere and south in the southern hemisphere.
 - Diving boards, diving platforms and diving pools are designed and
constructed in accordance with the requirements of the FINA Facilities Rules
2015-2017.

There are two types of diving boards—springboard and platform.

Springboard diving
The springboards are at least 4.8m long and 0.5 metre wide and provided with
moveable fulcrums easily adjusted by the diver.

For springboard diving facilities constructed on concrete platforms, the following

applies:
• The vertical distance from the level of the platform, which supports the fulcrum
assembly, to the level of the top of the springboard, is 0.35m.
• The distance from the front edge of the fulcrum assembly (which is 0.741m) to the
front edge of the supporting platform, is a maximum of 0.44m.
• If the front edge of the platform projects past this point then the fulcrum assembly
and the rear hinge assembly is moved forward so as to provide for a maximum of
0.44m from the front edge of the platform to the front of the fulcrum assembly.
• The springboards are installed dead level at the leading edge when the movable
fulcrum is in all positions.
• The springboards are placed on either one or both sides of the platform.
• For synchronised diving, at least two springboards at the same height are placed
side by side and no objects obstruct the visibility in any part of the dive between the
divers.
Platform diving
Each platform is rigid and horizontal. The minimum dimensions of the platform are:
• The preferred thickness of the front edge of the platform is 0.2m but not exceeding
0.3m, and
can be vertical or inclined at an angle not greater than 10° to the vertical inside the
plummet line.
• The front edge of the 10m platform projects at least 1.5m. The 2.6-3.0m platforms
projects at least 1.25m and the 0.6-1m platform projects 0.75m beyond the edge of
the pool.
• Where a platform is directly underneath another platform the platform above
projects a minimum of 0.75m (preferred 1.25m) beyond the platform below.
• The back and sides of each platform (except 1.0m or lower platforms) are
surrounded by handrails up to 1m from the edge of the platform with a minimum
clearance of 1.8m between vertical pairs. The minimum height is 1.0m and has at
least two horizontal crossbars placed outside the platform, beginning 1.0m from the
front edge of the platform.
• Each platform is accessible by suitable stairs (not ladders)
as required by the countries’ building regulations and/or health and safety standards
that are applicable.

Football (soccer)
Field surface
Matches may be played on natural or artificial surfaces, according to the rules of the
competition. The colour of artificial surfaces is green.

Field markings
 - The field of play is rectangular and marked with lines called boundary lines.
The two longer boundary lines are touch lines and the two shorter lines are
goal lines. It is divided into two halves by a halfway line, which joins the
midpoints of the two touch lines. The centre mark is at the midpoint of the
halfway line. A circle with a radius of 9.15m is marked around it.
- Marks are made off the field of play, 9.15m from the corner arc and at right
angles to the goal lines and the touch lines, to ensure defending players
retreat this distance when a corner kick is taken.
- The length of the touch line is greater than the length of the goal line. All lines
are not more than 12cm wide.

Length (touch line):

Minimum 90m, maximum 120m.
Width (goal line):
Minimum 45m maximum 90m.
For senior football the recommended field dimension is 105m long and 68m wide.

Run‐off area
The run-off area or buffer zone is 3m minimum. Where pitches are located alongside
each other, a minimum of 6m is required. The run-off area beyond the pitch is free of
any obstacle (including dugouts and floodlight columns) to ensure players and
officials do not injure themselves by running into any fixed object. The run-offs are
surfaced with exactly the same surface as the playing area.

Goal area
Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line, 5.5m from the inside of each
goalpost. These lines extend into the field of play for a distance of 5.5m and are
joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line. The area bounded by these lines
and the goal line is the goal area.

Penalty area
Two lines are drawn at right angles to the goal line, 16.5m from the inside of each
goalpost. These lines extend 16.5m into the field of play and are joined by a line
drawn parallel with the goal line. The area bounded by these lines and the goal line
is the penalty area. Within each penalty area, a penalty mark is made 11m from the
midpoint between the goalposts and equidistant to them.

An arc of a circle with a radius of 9.15m from the centre of each penalty mark is
drawn outside the penalty area.

Flag posts
A flag post, not less than 1.5m high, with a non-pointed top and a flag is located at
each corner. Flag posts are also located at each end of the halfway line, not less
than one metre outside the touch line.

Goals
A goal is located on the centre of each goal line. A goal consists of two upright posts
equidistant from the corner flag posts and joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar.
The goalposts and crossbar must be made of wood, metal or other approved
material. They are square, rectangular, round or elliptical in shape and are not
dangerous to players. The distance between the posts is 7.320m and the distance
from the lower edge of the crossbar to the ground is 2.44m.

Both goalposts and the crossbar have the same width and depth of 12cm. The goal
lines have the same width as the goalposts and the crossbar. Goal nets are attached
to the posts and ground behind the goals that conforms to the Australian Standard
4866.1—2007 Playing Field Equipment – Soccer Goals. The goalposts and
crossbars are white. For safety reasons goals are anchored securely to the ground.
The technical area includes:
• Two team benches, capable of seating nine people in each bench.
• Cover to protect the players and officials from the elements and missiles
thrown by spectators.
• Identical fixtures for both teams.
 • A table and chair for the 4th Official if required.

Gymnastics
The disciplines recognised by Federation International de Gymnastique (FIG):
• Gymnastics for all
• Artistic gymnastics
• Rhythmic gymnastics
• Trampoline
• Aerobic gymnastics
• Acrobatic gymnastics

Men’s artistic gymnastics (MAG)

There are six competitive apparatus in the MAG:
• Floor
• Pommel horse
• Rings
• Vault
• Parallel bars
• Horizontal bar
The standard performance area for both men and women is 12m x 12m. The border
is 100cm minimum and where there is a delimitation strip between the performance
area and the border, the strip is 5cm wide and included as part of the performance
area.

Landing mats
Preference should be given to uniform colours.
The thickness of the mats for pommel is 100mm and for all other events, 200mm.

Womens Artistic
Gymnastics (WAG)
There are four competitive apparatus in Women’s Artistic Gymnastics:
• Vault
• Uneven bars
• Beam
• Floor

- Rhythmic gymnastics
- Aerobic gymnastics
- Trampoline gymnastics
- Acrobatic Gymnastics
Multi-purpose Gymnasium
The multi-purpose gymnasium has been designed to accommodate a wide range of
scheduled and free-play activities such as indoor volleyball, basketball, and a variety
of children’s activities. Use of the gymnasium is included with your membership.
However, there are several leagues and activities scheduled throughout every
season which could limit utilization during specified times. Prior notification for
reserved or scheduled activities will be posted in advance.

The gymnasium is an area that may be used for school events, so it should be able
to function discretely from the remainder of the school building.
Provide an interior gathering/meeting space directly adjacent to the gymnasium
functions.
The area should connect to both interior and exterior school Circulation—it may be
the common shared space, or a separate lobby area.
Public restrooms should be located near the gymnasium and accessible for a!er
school events.

Gymnasium
The gymnasium provides a dedicated space for physical education. Provide a clear
ceiling height of 24 feet (7.32 m). Windows, light fixtures, and mechanical equipment
must withstand the impact abuse of balls. Include recessed alcove with drinking
fountains. A divider curtain is desirable to allow two acvies to
occur simultaneously.

Multi-Purpose Field
Multi--purpose (or multi-sport) field, a facility with dimensions and markings to
accommodate a variety of sports. Increasingly, schools, universities, parks and more
are moving to this model of athletic facility. It allows fields to host more games, and
in the case of artificial turf fields, more often.
Within the sports planning industry, we can expect to see an increasing number of
fields marked for multiple uses: football, soccer, lacrosse, field hockey and more.
Rugby league
These guidelines cover the official markings and dimensions of the playing surface
for NRL competition matches.

Dimensions of playing field

- The playing field is 68m wide and 100m long from goal line to goal line. The
in-goals areas measure 68m x 8m.
- The touch lines are in touch, the touch in-goal lines are touch in-goal, the goal
lines are in the in-goal area and the dead ball line is beyond in-goal.
- The goals posts are 16m high and 5.5m apart. It is recommended that the
bottom two metres of each upright be padded.
Markings
- All lines on the field are 15cm wide unless otherwise stated.
- The arrows on the 10-20-30 and 40m marks face the nearest tryline only.
- The 50m mark does not have an arrow.

Shooting
- The International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) is recognised by the
International Olympic Committee as the sole controlling body of International
Amateur Shooting Sports at international and worldwide levels of competition.
- The ISSF controls the technical regulations in all the target shooting
disciplines including pistol, rifle, running target and shotgun.
 - The Olympic program of the shooting consists of 15 different events over
three disciplines. These are rifles, pistols and shotguns. Other events not on
the Olympic program are running target events and additional rifle and
shotgun events.
Range standards for 300m, 50m, 25m, 10m rifle and pistol ranges
- Outdoor ranges are constructed so that the sun is behind the shooter as much
as possible during the day. There must be no shadows on the targets.
- Ranges have a line of targets and firing line. The firing line is parallel to the
line of targets.

Recommended features to be included in the design and construction of the range:

• If possible, the range is surrounded by walls for safety reasons.
• Transverse baffle systems to be provided between the firing line and line of targets
to prevent accidental exit of unaimed shots.
• 50m and 25m are outdoors where possible, but can be indoors
if required by legal or climatic conditions.
• 300m ranges are at a minimum 290m open to the sky.
• 50m ranges are at a minimum 45m open to the sky.
• 25m ranges are at a minimum 12.5m open to the sky.

There must be sufficient space behind the firing points for the office and jury to
perform their duties. A space must also be provided for spectators, separate to the
athletes and officials, located at least 5m behind the firing line. Each range is
equipped with a large time clock at either end and clearly seen by athletes and
officials.
Target frames or mechanisms are marked with numbers (starting from the left)
corresponding to their firing point number. The numbers are alternating and in
contrasting colours (required for 300m target numbers) and are clearly visible
throughout the competition. On 25m targets, each group of five targets are lettered,
starting with the A group on the left. They are also individually numbered using
numbers 11-20 for the targets in groups A and B, numbers 21-30 for groups C and
D, etc.
Wind flags
Rectangular wind flags, which indicate air movements on the range, are placed at
distances from the firing lines. The colour of the wind flags contrast with the
background. Dual colour or striped wind flags are recommended.

Shooting distances
Shooting distances are measured from the firing line to the target face. Below is a
table of shooting distances and allowable variations.

Target centre locations

Target centre locations are measured to the centre of the ten ring. All target centres
within a group of targets or range have the same height (± 1cm).
Below is the recommended heights when measured from the firing point floor.

Firing point standards for rifle and pistol ranges

The firing point is stable, rigid and constructed so that it does not vibrate or move.
From the firing line to approximately 1.20m rearward, the firing point is level in all
directions. The remainder of the firing point is level or slopes to the rear with a few
centimetres drop.

Range standards for running target ranges

 - The range is arranged so that the target runs horizontally in both directions
across an open area at a constant speed. This area is called the opening. The
movement of the target across the opening is called a run.
- The protective walls on both sides of the opening are high enough so that no
part of the target is visible until it reaches the opening. The edges are marked
with a colour different from the target.
- Ranges are constructed to prevent any person from being exposed to danger
during shooting.
- The shooting station is arranged so that the athlete is visible to spectators. It
can be protected from the weather as long as the athlete is still visible to the
spectators.
- The 50m running target depicts a running wild boar with scoring rings printed
on the shoulder. The animal is printed on a rectangular shaped target paper.
Targets are printed in one colour only and show the animal running in left and
right directions. Trimming the frame to the shape of the animal is not
permitted.

General standards for trap ranges

Trap pit
- The trap pit is constructed so that the upper surface of the roof is on the same
elevation as the surface of the shooting stations. Interior measurements of the
trap pit are approximately 20m from end to end, 2m from front to rear and 2m
to 2.1m from the floor to the under side of the roof.
- These dimensions will allow freedom of movement for working personnel and
sufficient storage space for targets.
General standards for shotgun ranges
- Ranges in the northern hemisphere are laid out so shooting is toward a north
to north easterly direction. Ranges in the southern hemisphere are laid out so
shooting is toward a south to south easterly direction. These arrangements
place the sun to the back of the athlete and on the target as much as
possible.
- Where possible shotgun ranges are constructed with a level shot fall zone that
is free of obstacles. This permits the mechanical salvage and the recovery of
lead pellets. Net systems mayalso be installed to capture lead pellets.

General standards for skeet ranges

- A skeet field consists of two houses (high house and low house) and eight
shooting stations. Stations
- 1 through 7 are arranged on a segment of a circle with a 19.2m radius and a
base chord of 36.8m. This is 5.5m from the centre point of the circle which is
marked by a stake.
• The centre of the circle also marks the base of the target crossing point.
• Station 1 is located at the left end of the base chord.
• Station 7 at the right end when standing anywhere on the segment of the
circle and facing the centre stake.
• Stations 2 through 6 are located on the segment of the circle at points
equidistant from each other.
• Station 8 is located at the centre of the base chord.
 • Shooting stations 1 through 7 are 0.9m square.
• Shooting station 8 is rectangular, 0.9m wide by 1.85m long, with its long sides
parallel to the base chord.
• The markers for shooting stations 1 through 7 are on the centreof the side
nearest the target crossing point. The marker for shooting station 8 is on the
centre point of the base chord.
• All eight shooting stations are on the same level.

Softball
Softball has two main disciplines, fastpitch and slowpitch. Fastpitch is played in local,
state, national and international competitions. Slowpitch, which is also played
competitively, is very popular as a recreational or social sport.

The playing field

The playing field is divided into fair territory and foul territory. Fair territory is further
divided into the infield and the outfield and territory beyond the outfield fence.

Infield
The infield is a square called a diamond. There is a base at each corner: first base,
second base, third base and home plate. The pitching distance is measured from the
rear point of the home plate to the front edge of the pitchers plate.

Outfield
The outfield is a grassed area beyond the infield and extends the entire width of the
field and to the outfield fence. The table below outlines the distances relevant to the
competition.

Playing field layout and dimensions

Below is a table outlining the international standard distances. They are measured
from the rear point of home plate to the first base and the front edge of the pitchers
plate.
Backstop
- The backstop is the area behind the home plate.
Bases
- At one corner of the diamond is the home plate with bases at each of the
remaining corners. The bases are numbered counter clockwise as 1st base,
2nd base and 3rd base and securely fastened to the ground.
Each base is a 38.1cm square and made of a white material. First base is a double
base—76.2cm x 38.1cm.

Home plate
- Home plate is a five-sided piece of white rubber located between the two
batter’s boxes and the catcher’s box.
Batters and catcher’s box
- The batter’s boxes are the rectangular areas beside home plate and the
catcher’s box is behind home plate
Coaches box
- A coaches box is located in foul territory outside both baselines.
Foul lines
- The two foul lines meet at a right angle at home plate. These lines and the
fence running between the baselines defines the limits of the field.
Pitching circle
- The pitching circle surrounds the pitching rubber.
 - Pitching rubber
- The pitching rubber is located at the centre of the diamond. It is 61cm wide
and 15.3cm deep.

Track and Field

- Sports facilities for track and field athletics are generally used for daily training
as well as for staging regional or local competitions.
- The IAAF Track and Field Facilities Manual 2008 (the Manual) stipulates
dimensions and equipment for international and other high class competition
by elite athletes. For club and school competitions, the dimensions of
horizontal jumps landing areas, distance to take-off boards, the lengths of
runways, dimensions of landing areas etc may be reduced. The safety of
athletes must be paramount in making such decisions. If you are in doubt as
to what is appropriate consult your state sporting association.
Track events
Track events include sprint, middle distance, hurdle and steeplechase events. The
400m oval track forms the basis of a multi-sports arena and its dimensions are
dependent on the requirements of other sports.
The competition area for track events includes the following:
• Oval track with at least four lanes and safety zones measuring no less than 1m on
the inside and outside.
• Straight with minimum of six lanes for sprints and hurdles.
• Steeplechase track as for oval track with a permanent water jump.
400m Standard track
- The 400m Standard Track (the Track) has straight and curved sections of
almost equal length and uniform bends which are most suitable to the running
rhythm of athletes. Furthermore, the area inside the track is large enough to
accommodate all throwing events and also a standard football (soccer) pitch
(68m x 105m).
- The Track comprises 2 semicircles, each with a radius of 36.50m, which are
joined by two straights, each 84.39m in length.
- The Track has 8, 6 or occasionally 4 lanes but the last is not used for
international running competition. All lanes have a width of 1.22m ± 0.01m.

Tennis
- The dimensions of a singles and doubles tennis courts are defined
in the Rules of Tennis by the International Tennis Federation (ITF). For practical
purposes the vast majority of tennis courts are built to doubles dimensions, which
allows for both singles and doubles.
The court
- The court is 23.77m long and for singles matches, 8.23m wide. For doubles
matches the court is 10.97m wide.
- The court is divided into two equal areas by a net suspended by a cord or
metal cable attached to two net posts. The net is 1.07m high and is fully
extended to that it fills the space between the two nets posts. The net is
0.914m high at the centre, where is held down tightly by a white strap. A white
band covers the cord or metal cable and the top of the net.
- For doubles matches the centre of the net posts are 0.914m outside the
doubles court on each side.
- For singles matches the centres of the net posts are 0.914m outside the
singles court on each side.
Playing area
- The overall playing area including run-off depends on the type of event. A
guide to minimum court area requirements (single courts) is outlined in the
table below.
- With indoor courts the recommended height measured at the net from the
court surface to the ceiling is 9.14m.
Line markings
- The lines at the end of the court are baselines and the lines at the sides of the
court are side lines. The baseline is up to 10cm wide.
- Service lines are two lines between the singles side lines, 6.40m from each
side of the net, parallel with the net.
- On each side of the net the area between the service line and the net are
divided into two equal parts called the service courts. The line dividing the
service courts is the centre service line and is drawn parallel with the singles
side lines and half way between them. The centre service line is 5cm wide.
- All other lines on the court are between 2.5cm and 5cm wide.
- All court measurements are made to the outside of the lines and are all the
same colour, contrasting with the colour of the surface.
Cycling
Cycling encompasses the following disciplines: road, track, mountain bike,
cyclocross, BMX, indoor, trials and para-cycling track events.

Track events
There are ten track racing events divided into three sections.
Sprint events
Individual sprint, team sprint, kilometre (500m for women) and keirin.
Endurance events
Individual pursuit, team pursuit, points race, madison and scratch race.
Combined event
Omnium is made up of six events over two consecutive days.

Velodrome
Track racing takes place in an arena called a velodrome. The inner edge of the track
consists of two curves connected by two parallel straight lines. The entrance and exit
of the bends are designed so that the transition is gradual. The banking of the track
is determined by the radius of the curves and the maximum speeds achieved in the
various disciplines. Velodromes can be enclosed or open air and are surfaced in
wood or smooth concrete.
Length
The length of the track is between 133m and 500m inclusive. For World
Championships and Olympic Games, velodromes are 250m. The length of the track
is measured 20cm above the inner edge of the track (the upper edge of the blue
band).
The length of the track multiplied by a round number of laps or half laps equals
1,000m.
The smaller the track, the steeper the banking. A 250m track would bank around 45°,
while a 333m track would bank around 32°.

Width
The width of the track is constant throughout its length. Tracks approved in
categories 1 and 2 have a minimum width of 7m. Other tracks have a width
proportional to its length of 5m minimum.

Surface
The surface of the track is completely flat, homogenous and non-abrasive. The
tolerance of flatness for the track surface is 5mm over 2m. The coating is uniform in
all its aspects over the entire track surface. The surface colour of the track must
leave the track marking lines clearly visible.
Blue band
A rideable area, sky blue in colour, known as the blue band is provided along the
inside edge of the track. The width of this band is at least 10% of the width of the
track and its surface has the same properties as the track. No advertising inscription
is permissible in this area.
With the exception of mounted riders, no person or object is allowed on the blue
band while one or more riders are on the track.

Safety zone
Immediately inside the blue band there is a prepared and marked safety zone. The
combined width of the blue band and the safety zone is at least 4m for tracks of
250m and over, and 2.5m for tracks shorter than 250m. With the exception of the
commissaires, mounted riders or other persons authorised by the Chief
Commissaire, no person or object (including starting blocks) are allowed inside the
safety zone when a rider is on the track.

A fence at least 120cm high, is erected on the inner edge of the safety zone in the
track centre. The fence is transparent and advertising boards are not allowed.
In places where the level of the track proper is more than 1.5m higher than the actual
track centre, additional protective measures such as nets, panels, or the like, can be
erected in order to prevent athletes being subjected to injury.

Villas for Guest

What is a Villa?
- villas were luxurious country estates that Roman noblemen would escape to
from their day to day lives in the city. They were like wealthy villages—self-
sufficient, built on a grand scale, and often with expansive landscaping and
vineyards. Roman Emperor Hadrian’s villa in Tripoli is perhaps the most
famous of these, with its grandiose architecture and beautiful gardens. It is
now of course reduced to ruins, but even in that condition, the opulent nature
of the estate is still impressive.

Sports Science Building

 - Sports science is the study of how the healthy human body works during
exercise, and how sport and physical activity promote health, physically,
mentally and socially. The study of sport science incorporates many other
academic studies and areas, like physiology, psychology, anatomy,
engineering and chemistry.
- Courses in anatomy and physiology aim to develop knowledge and
understanding of the basic structure and function of the human body and to
discuss how this knowledge can be used to improve health and/or
performance. Furthermore, environmental physiology gives the opportunity to
discuss the limits to human performance and survival.
- Exercise at any level requires a well-balanced diet to maintain good health
and successful sporting performance. This knowledge is obtained through our
performance nutrition course.
- Biomechanics makes it possible to calculate the most efficient or the least
harmful patterns of movement in sporting movements and techniques, which
is an important consideration when designing an exercise programme.
- Psychological factors may contribute to whether an individual achieves
success and optimal performance in sport, and may also affect whether
individuals choose to engage in exercise. Courses in sports psychology
develop an understanding of the psychological demands and benefits of sport
and physical activity.
It is also important to develop practical knowledge of reliable methodologies and
measurements and understand how they should be interpreted to support athletes or
clients further in their training.
This knowledge is then brought together by studying of training theory, that is, the
science of the most effective training in specific sports and has to achieve an optimal
balance between exercise, rest and diet.

Sports science as a subject is comprised of all of these elements, with a focus on

physical activity, health and performance. This helps to give an overall picture factors
that may improve, and ultimately limit, human sporting performance at the highest
level.

Mess Hall
A mess or mess hall (also called a mess deck aboard ships) is an area where
military personnel socialize, eat, and (in some cases) live. The term is also used to
indicate the groups of military personnel who belong to separate messes, such as
the Officers' mess, the CPOs' mess, the Enlisted mess. In some civilian societies this
military usage has been extended to the eating arrangements of other disciplined
services such as fire fighting and police forces.

The root of mess is the Old French mes, "portion of food" (cf. modern French mets),
drawn from the Latin verb mittere, meaning "to send" and "to put" (cf. modern French
mettre), the original sense being "a course of a meal put on the table"; cfr. also the
modern Italian portata with the same meaning, past participle of portare, to bring.
This sense of mess, which appeared in English in the 13th century, was often used
for cooked or liquid dishes in particular, as in the "mess of pottage" (porridge or
soup) or Eton mess.

Recreation Hall
A building that is open to the public where meetings are held, sports are played, and
there are activities available for young and old people.
Equipped for amusement and relaxation or for social activities.

Library
An effective school library media center must reflect the needs of its
school population. It must be properly and adequately equipped to meet the
needs of the curriculum and the users. In order for it to be a real partner in the
attainment of educational goals, a set of standards must be followed.

Weight Training Building

Weight training is a type of (resistance) training to increase the strength and size of
skeletal muscles primarily using bars, dumbbells and/or other equipment. Weight
training has many benefits, since it can reduce the signs and symptoms of many
diseases and chronic conditions.
Is a space specifically designated for exercise, fitness training, and physical wellness
activities. Also included are toilets, office, and general storage normally found in a
Physical Fitness (Exercise Room) space to meet codes and regulations.

SPACE ATTRIBUTES
- The Physical Fitness (Exercise Room) space types provide a comprehensive,
varied program of physical activities to meet the individual training regimens
of its occupants.
- Indoor fitness programs can typically be divided into four categories of
exercise: warm-up/cool down, free weight, circuit training, and cardiovascular.
Each area that houses a particular exercise category should be designed
around the requirements of the necessary equipment, including spatial, utility,
and HVAC requirements, as well as circulation and control.
- Also important to the design of this space type is the durability of finishes,
flexibility of space, and acoustical control. Typical features of physical fitness
space types include the list of applicable design objectives elements as
outlined below. For a complete list and definitions of the design objectives
within the context of whole building design, click on the titles below.

Functional / Operational
- Spatial Requirements of Equipment and Exercise Activities: A minimum 12'
ceiling height is generally required in this space type to accommodate the
clearances needed for daily equipment usage. Special surfaces are also
required for many athletic activities such as cushioned training surfaces,
mirror walls, or impact-resistant walls. Anticipate circulation, in particular
controlled circulation, using a flow diagram at the beginning of the design
process.
- Durability of Structure and Finishes: Increased structural steel is typically
provided to reduce vibration transmission. Exercise and weight rooms,
including equipment storage rooms, should be designed for a 150 LB/SF live
load. Finishes should be durable and easy to maintain in anticipation of
maximum use.
 - Acoustical Control: Reduce noise impact generated by physical activity, by
including sound baffles at all acoustically rated partitions, in particular
exercise and weight rooms and tenant demising partitions.
- Occupancy

Medical Center
is a health care facility in which health care, research, staff support, and ancillary
services are provided and Function–medical services that may be more complex
than that provided by a traditional community hospital.

SPACE ATTRIBUTES
- The Clinic/Health Unit space type should provide a sanitary and therapeutic
environment in which patients can be treated by medical practitioners quickly
and effectively.
- A clinic's size and configuration are determined by its specialization and
location. The clinic/health unit space type can be configured into a number of
different types of modules to accommodate many approaches to clinic/health
unit design. There is however, a trend toward more collaborative health care,
which requires nurses' stations and physicians' offices to be close to each
other (or eliminate private offices altogether) to provide shared work areas
and more opportunities for communication.
- A clinic/health unit setting is intended to also serve as a healing environment.
So there is also a trend to designing less clinical-looking spaces, and
introducing more of a personal or homey feeling in individual patient rooms
and admitting areas. Access to nature and the colors of nature also support
healing. So design the space holistically by incorporating the colors or scenes
of nature when views to nature are not available or possible.

Worship and Meditation Room

Worship spaces are areas where individuals can come to pray, meditate, and reflect.
Sometimes, the term ''worship space'' isn't used exclusively and these types of areas
have alternatively been called, among other terms:
1. Prayer rooms
2. Quiet spaces
3. Reflection rooms

Quiet spaces and reflection rooms are more inclusive terms and spaces for people
who may be spiritual and not necessarily religious (they do not worship anything per
se). Therefore, we'll stick to the latter two terms in this lesson as we go over some
core aspects of the best practices for creating such spaces in the workplace
Philippine Sports Training Center

According to Republic Act No. 11214 ( Philippine Sports Training Center Act ) the
policy of the state is to promote and develop sports in the country, to achieve
excellence in international sports competitions, to ensure success in the country’s
quest to achieve competitiveness in the Olympic Games and to promote international
amity among nations. Pursuant thereto, the establishment and construction of a
national sports training facility shall be a primary strategy to achieve the foregoing
objectives.

The objectives of the PSTC are as follows:

(a) To serve as the official home and primary venue for the development of
athletes in the National Team and its corresponding training pools included in
the list of sports contemplated therein, through the use of scientific principles
and programs, proven training techniques, and modern equipment and
facilities that are at par with international standards;
(b) To contribute to sports science and research as the national sports training
institution assisted by the Philippine Sports Commission (PSC), through the
Philippine Sports Institute (PSI), as mandated by Republic Act No. 6847;
(c) To serve as venue for the training of coaches and referees;
(d) To host local and international competitions, if necessary; and
(e) For any other purpose inherent and incidental for the purposes for which the
PSTC was created.
The PSTC shall include the following training facilities ang amenities:

Administrative Building
BUILDING ATTRIBUTES
The building must have flexible and technologically-advanced working environments
that are safe, healthy, comfortable, durable, aesthetically-pleasing, and accessible. It
must be able to accommodate the specific space and equipment needs of the
tenant. Special attention should be made to the selection of interior finishes and art
installations, particularly in entry spaces, conference rooms and other areas with
public access.
A. Types Of Spaces
An office building incorporates a number of space types to meet the needs of staff
and visitors. These may include:
OFFICES
• Offices: May be private or semi-private acoustically and/or visually.
• Conference Rooms
EMPLOYEE/VISITOR SUPPORT SPACES
• Convenience Store, Kiosk, or Vending Machines
• Lobby: Central location for building directory, schedules, and general
information
• Atria or Common Space: Informal, multi-purpose recreation and social
gathering space
• Cafeteria or Dining Hall
• Private Toilets or Restrooms
• Child Care Centers
• Physical Fitness Area
• Interior or Surface Parking Areas
ADMINISTRATIVE SUPPORT SPACES
• Administrative Offices: May be private or semi-private acoustically and/or
visually.
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE SPACES
• General Storage: For items such as stationery, equipment, and instructional
materials.
• Food Preparation Area or Kitchen
• Computer/Information Technology (IT) Closets. See WBDG Automated Data
Processing: PC System related information.
• Maintenance Closets

Athletes and Coaches Dormitory

The building will serve as the official home and venue of expert coaching for the
training and development of the athletes in the national team through the use of
sound scientific principles and programs, proven training techniques, and state-of-
the art equipment and facilities
Longitudinal markings

Measurement line
The measurement line is black or white, to contrast with the track, and placed with its
inner edge 20cm from the inner edge of the track. It is marked off at every 5m and
numbered at every 10m going counterclockwise from the finish line. The official
length of the track is to be measured on the inner edge of this line.

Sprinters’ line
The sprinters line is red and placed with its outer edge 90cm from
the inner edge of the track. The distance is measured to the inner edge of the red
line.

Stayers’ line
A blue line drawn at one third of the total width of the track or 2.45m (whichever is
greater) from the inner edge of the track, the distance being measured from the inner
edge of the line.

Perpendicular markings

Finish line
The finish line is situated towards the end of one of the straights
but at least a few metres before the entrance of the banking, and in principle in front
of the main grandstand. It is marked by a perpendicular black line 4cm wide at the
centre of a white band 72cm in wide. The finish line marking on the track continues
up to the top of the flat surface of the fencing.

200 metre line

A white line is drawn across the track 200m before the finish line, from which point
the times are recorded for sprint events.

Pursuit lines
Two red lines half the width of the track in length, perpendicular to the track and
precisely in line with one another, are drawn at the precise midpoint of each of the
straights to mark the finish points for pursuit events.

Road events
A road course may be from place to place, around a circuit, out and back or a
combination of these. The course must not cross itself. There must be no chance
that riders have to cut through other groups of riders.

Markers
In all road events a conspicuous marker denotes the final kilometre. Panels at the
500m, 300m, 150m 100m and 50m are recommended. Panels indicating the last 25,
20, 10, 5, 4, 3 and 2 km are recommended for all road races. In races ending on a
circuit, only the last 3, 2 and 1 km are displayed.

The finish
The finishing area is at least 8m wide and protected to prevent spectators from
entering onto the course. The last 200m is free of turns and curves. The finish line is
perpendicular to the racecourse. For any championship event it is a black line
between 4cm and 6cm wide painted in the middle of a 72cm wide white stripe.

Individual road race

Individual road races are massed start races, in which all riders start from the same
mark, or handicap races, in which starting positions are assigned in accordance with
past performance to give all riders an equal chance at winning. If a circuit course is
used for an individual road race, the distance is at least 5km per lap.

Criterium
A criterium is a closed loop course entirely closed to traffic. The length of the course
is between 800m and 5km. The minimum width throughout the course is 7m.
Riders may only ride in a forward direction on the course but may dismount and run
backward to a repair pit when it is safe to do so.

Individual time trial

Courses may be out and back, around a circuit, or one way. Only out and back and
circuit courses may be used for record purposes. Starting times are at equal
intervals, normally one minute.

Team Time Trial

Teams are made up of two or more riders. The distance, timing basis and number of
riders who are required to finish is specified in the official race announcement.Times
are based on any specified finishing position or on the sum of the times of any
specified finishers.Courses may be out and back, around a circuit, or one way. Only
out and back or circuit courses may be used for record purposes.

The recommended minimum roadway width is 12m for an out and back course;
otherwise a minimum of 8m is permitted. A warm-up area at least 2km long adjacent
to the starting area is recommended.
The turnaround point for an out and back course is where the roadway is wide
enough to permit the riders and any following vehicles to turn smoothly.

Stage racing
A stage race is an event with a common entry, run on consecutive days and
comprises a sequence
of road races (ie individual road races, time trials, criteriums). The overall results are
determined by cumulative time or points. Riders must successfully complete each
stage in order to be eligible for the next one. In stage races by time, the sum of the
rider’s times for each stage determines the final results. In stage races by points, the
sum of the rider’s points for each stage determines the final results.

BMX
The track is a compact, closed looped design, forming a circuit 300m to 400m long.
The track is a minimum of 10m wide at the start and cannot taper to
a width less than 5m at any point along the track.

Starting hill
The starting hill is at least 10m wide and 1.5m high, preferably 2.5m above the grade
of the first straight. The initial incline extending from the starting gate to level grade is
at least 12m long.

Starting gate
The starting gate is 7.3m wide. It is at least 50cm high with an angle no greater than
90 degrees with the slope of the ramp which supports the bikes wheels when in the
starting position.

Initial straight
The initial straight is 40m long. It is recommended that the bottom front side of the
first obstacle is located not less than 35m from the starting gate nor less than 20m
from the curvature of the first turn.

First turn
The first turn can go in either direction and banked to a degree which allows safe
entry and exit for riders of all ages at race speeds. The track is a minimum of 6m
wide measured along a straight line extending from the inner radium to the top of the
berm at its outer radius.

Turns and obstacles

The track has a minimum of 3 turns and a minimum of 5m wide throughout each
turn. All obstacles on the track are constructed with the safety of all riders,
regardless of age, in mind. On the first straight the minimum distance between two
obstacles is 10m. An obstacle is defined by its front and back slope and can be a
single obstacle, double, triple or multi-jump as well as a 4-pack, 5- pack or multi-
pack.

Race track markings

The boundaries of the race track are clearly marked with white lines.
Fencing
The track is enclosed by a perimeter fence located at any point no closer than 2m
from the competition track. The fence is constructed of a substantial material such as
plastic webbing which is capable of absorbing the full impact of a rider of any size
striking it at race speed.

Finish line
The finish line is a straight line 4cm wide, painted black in the middle of a white strip
24cm wide. Any banners extending across the track above the finish line or
elsewhere along the track are at an elevation sufficiently above track level to avoid
interference with the riders crossing beneath them.

Futsal
Futsal is the only form of indoor soccer or five-a-side that is officially approved by
FIFA.

Pitch surface
The surface is flat, smooth and non- abrasive, preferably made of wood or artificial
material, according to the rules of the competition. Concrete or tarmac should be
avoided. Artificial turf pitches are permitted in exceptional cases and only for national
competitions.
Pitch markings
The pitch is rectangular and marked with lines 8cm wide. The two longer lines are
touch lines, the two shorter lines are goal lines. The touch line is longer than the goal
line. The pitch is divided in half by a halfway line, which joins the midpoints of the two
touch lines. The centre mark is at the midpoint of the halfway line and is marked with
a circle 3m in radius. A mark 8cm wide is drawn outside the pitch, 5m from the
corner arc and at right angles to the goal line, to ensure that defending players
retreat this distance when a corner kick is being taken.

Two marks, 8cm wide, each at a distance of 5m to the left and the right of the
second penalty mark, are marked on the pitch to indicate the minimum distance to
be retreated when a kick is being taken from the second penalty mark.

Dimensions
For non-international matches the dimensions are as follows:
Length (touch line):
Minimum 25m maximum 42m.

Width (goal line):

Minimum 16m maximum 25m.

For international matches the dimensions are as follows:

Length (touch line):
Minimum 38m maximum 42m.

Width (goal line):

Minimum 20m maximum 25m.

Penalty area
Two imaginary lines 6m long are drawn from the outside of each goalpost and at
right angles to
the goal line. At the end of these lines a quarter circle is drawn in the direction of the
nearest touch line, each with a radius of 6m from the outside of the goalpost. The
upper part of each quarter circle is joined by a line 3.16m long running parallel to the
goal line between the goalposts. The area bounded by these lines and the goal line
is the penalty area.

Within each penalty area, a penalty mark is made 6m from the midpoint between the
goal posts and equidistant to them. A second mark is made 10m from the midpoint
between the goalposts and equidistant to them.

The corner arc

A quarter circle with a radius of 25cm from each corner is drawn inside the pitch.

Goals
A goal must be placed on the centre of each goal line. A goal consists of two upright
posts equidistant from the corners and joined at the top by a horizontal crossbar. The
goalposts and crossbar are made of wood, metal or other approved material. They
are square, rectangular, round or elliptical in shape and are placed on the centre of
each goal line. The distance (inside measurement) between the posts is 3m and the
distance from the lower edge of the crossbar to the ground is 2m.

Both goalposts and the crossbar have the same width and depth, 8cm. The nets are
made of hemp, jute or nylon or other approved material and are attached to
the back of the goalposts and the crossbar. The goalposts and crossbars are a
different colour from the pitch. The goals must have a stabilising system that
prevents them from overturning. Portable goals are only used if they satisfy this
requirement.

The substitution zones

The substitution zones are the areas on the touch line in front of the team benches
and are 5m long. They are marked at each end with a line 80cm long, 40cm of which
is drawn on the pitch and 40cm off the pitch, and 8cm wide.
Rhythmic gymnastics

Aerobic gymnastics

Trampoline gymnastics

Acrobatic Gymnastics
Handball
Handball is currently played in the following formats:
• Handball
• Field Handball
• Wheelchair Handball • Beach Handball
• Street Handball
• Mini Handball.

Handball - indoor
Playing court
The playing court is 40m long and 20m wide, with two goal areas and a playing area.
The longer boundary lines are called side lines, and the shorter ones are called goal
lines (between the goalposts) or outer goal lines (on either side of the goal). There is
a safety zone surrounding the playing court, with a minimum width of one metre
along the side lines and 2m behind the goal lines.
Goals
- A goal is placed in the centre of each outer goal line. The goals must be firmly
attached to the floor or to the walls behind them. The goals are 2m high and
3m wide.
- The goalposts are joined by a horizontal crossbar. The rear side of the
goalposts are in line with the rear edge of the goal line. The goalposts and the
crossbar have an 8cm square cross section. On the three sides which are
visible from the court they are painted in bands of two contrasting colours,
which also contrast with the background. The goals have a net, attached in
such a way that a ball thrown into the goal remains in the goal.

Lines
All lines on the court are part of the area that they enclose. The goal lines are 8cm
wide between the goalposts. All other lines are 5cm wide. Lines between two
adjacent areas may be replaced with a difference in colours between the adjacent
areas of the floor.

In front of each goal there is a goal area. The goal area is defined by a 6m goal area
line which is drawn as follows :
• A 3m line directly in front of the goal. This line is parallel to the goal line and 6m
away from it (measured from the rear edge of the goal line to the front edge of the
goal area line).
• Two quarter circles, each with a radius of 6m (measured from the rear inner corner
of the goalposts), connecting the 3m line with the outer goal line.
- The 9m free throw line is a broken line, drawn 3m outside the goal area line.
Both the segments of the line and the spaces between them measure 15cm.
- The 7m line is a one metre line, directly in front of the goal. It is parallel to the
goal line and 7m away from it (measured from the rear edge of the goal line to
the front edge of the 7m.
- The goalkeeper’s 4m restraining line is 15cm long and is directly in front of the
goal. It is parallel to the goal line and 4m away from it (measured from the
rear edge of the goal line to the front edge of the 4m line).
- The centre line connects the midpoints of the two side lines.
 - The substitution line (a segment of the side line) for each team extends from
the centre line to a point at a distance of 4.5m from the centre line. This end
point of the substitution line is enhanced by a line which is parallel to the
centre line, extending 15cm inside and 15cm outside the sideline.

Judo
- The competition area is a minimum of 14m x 14m and is divided into two
zones.
- The inner zone called the contest area is a minimum of 8m x 8m to a
maximum of 10m x 10m.
- The outer zone is the safety area and is a minimum of 3m wide.
- The contest area is a different colour to the safety area.
- When using two or more adjoining competition areas, the common or shared
safety area is 4m.
- A free zone, a minimum of 50cm, must be maintained around the entire
competition area.

Tatamis
The competition area is covered by a Tatamis or similar material. The Tatamis is
made of pressed foam and is 1m x 2m or 1m x 1m.

Platform
The platform is optional and is made of solid wood. It measures approximately 18m x
18m. When using a platform, it is recommended that the safety area is a minimum
of 4m wide around the competition area.
Karate
WKF karate competition has two disciplines: sparring (kumite) and forms (kata). Both
competition areas are flat and devoid of hazards. Competitors may enter either as
individuals or as part of a team.

Kumite competition area

- The competition area is an 8m square with an additional 2m on all sides as a
safety area.
A line half a metre long must be drawn 2m from the centre of the competition area
for positioning the Referee.
- Two parallel lines each one metre long and at right angles to the Referee’s
line, are drawn at a distance of 1.5m from the centre of the competition area
for positioning the competitors.
- Each judge is seated at the corners on the mat in the safety area.
- The Match Supervisor is seated just outside the safety area, behind, and to
the left or right of the Referee.
- The score supervisor is seated at the official score table, between the
scorekeeper and the timekeeper.

Kata
- The competition area for Kumite is used for Kata.
- The Chief Judge sits in the centre position facing the contestants and the
other four Judges are seated at the corners of the competition area.
Shooting
- The International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF) is recognised by the
International Olympic Committee as the sole controlling body of International
Amateur Shooting Sports at international and worldwide levels of competition.
- The ISSF controls the technical regulations in all the target shooting
disciplines including pistol, rifle, running target and shotgun.
- The Olympic program of the shooting consists of 15 different events over
three disciplines. These are rifles, pistols and shotguns. Other events not on
the Olympic program are running target events and additional rifle and
shotgun events.
-
Range standards for 300m, 50m, 25m, 10m rifle and pistol ranges
- Outdoor ranges are constructed so that the sun is behind the shooter as much
as possible during the day. There must be no shadows on the targets.
- Ranges have a line of targets and firing line. The firing line is parallel to the
line of targets.

Recommended features to be included in the design and construction of the range:

• If possible, the range is surrounded by walls for safety reasons.
• Transverse baffle systems to be provided between the firing line and line of targets
to prevent accidental exit of unaimed shots.
• 50m and 25m are outdoors where possible, but can be indoors
if required by legal or climatic conditions.
• 300m ranges are at a minimum 290m open to the sky.
• 50m ranges are at a minimum 45m open to the sky.
• 25m ranges are at a minimum 12.5m open to the sky.

There must be sufficient space behind the firing points for the office and jury to
perform their duties. A space must also be provided for spectators, separate to the
athletes and officials, located at least 5m behind the firing line. Each range is
equipped with a large time clock at either end and clearly seen by athletes and
officials.
Target frames or mechanisms are marked with numbers (starting from the left)
corresponding to their firing point number. The numbers are alternating and in
contrasting colours (required for 300m target numbers) and are clearly visible
throughout the competition. On 25m targets, each group of five targets are lettered,
starting with the A group on the left. They are also individually numbered using
numbers 11-20 for the targets in groups A and B, numbers 21-30 for groups C and
D, etc.

Wind flags
Rectangular wind flags, which indicate air movements on the range, are placed at
distances from the firing lines. The colour of the wind flags contrast with the
background. Dual colour or striped wind flags are recommended.

Shooting distances
Shooting distances are measured from the firing line to the target face. Below is a
table of shooting distances and allowable variations.

Target centre locations

Target centre locations are measured to the centre of the ten ring. All target centres
within a group of targets or range have the same height (± 1cm).
Below is the recommended heights when measured from the firing point floor.

Firing point standards for rifle and pistol ranges

The firing point is stable, rigid and constructed so that it does not vibrate or move.
From the firing line to approximately 1.20m rearward, the firing point is level in all
directions. The remainder of the firing point is level or slopes to the rear with a few
centimetres drop.

Range standards for running target ranges

- The range is arranged so that the target runs horizontally in both directions
across an open area at a constant speed. This area is called the opening. The
movement of the target across the opening is called a run.
- The protective walls on both sides of the opening are high enough so that no
part of the target is visible until it reaches the opening. The edges are marked
with a colour different from the target.
- Ranges are constructed to prevent any person from being exposed to danger
during shooting.
- The shooting station is arranged so that the athlete is visible to spectators. It
can be protected from the weather as long as the athlete is still visible to the
spectators.
- The 50m running target depicts a running wild boar with scoring rings printed
on the shoulder. The animal is printed on a rectangular shaped target paper.
 Targets are printed in one colour only and show the animal running in left and
right directions. Trimming the frame to the shape of the animal is not
permitted.

General standards for trap ranges

Trap pit
- The trap pit is constructed so that the upper surface of the roof is on the same
elevation as the surface of the shooting stations. Interior measurements of the
trap pit are approximately 20m from end to end, 2m from front to rear and 2m
to 2.1m from the floor to the under side of the roof.
- These dimensions will allow freedom of movement for working personnel and
sufficient storage space for targets.

General standards for shotgun ranges

- Ranges in the northern hemisphere are laid out so shooting is toward a north
to north easterly direction. Ranges in the southern hemisphere are laid out so
shooting is toward a south to south easterly direction. These arrangements
place the sun to the back of the athlete and on the target as much as
possible.
- Where possible shotgun ranges are constructed with a level shot fall zone that
is free of obstacles. This permits the mechanical salvage and the recovery of
lead pellets. Net systems mayalso be installed to capture lead pellets.

General standards for skeet ranges

 - A skeet field consists of two houses (high house and low house) and eight
shooting stations. Stations
- 1 through 7 are arranged on a segment of a circle with a 19.2m radius and a
base chord of 36.8m. This is 5.5m from the centre point of the circle which is
marked by a stake.
• The centre of the circle also marks the base of the target crossing point.
• Station 1 is located at the left end of the base chord.
• Station 7 at the right end when standing anywhere on the segment of the
circle and facing the centre stake.
• Stations 2 through 6 are located on the segment of the circle at points
equidistant from each other.
• Station 8 is located at the centre of the base chord.
• Shooting stations 1 through 7 are 0.9m square.
• Shooting station 8 is rectangular, 0.9m wide by 1.85m long, with its long sides
parallel to the base chord.
• The markers for shooting stations 1 through 7 are on the centreof the side
nearest the target crossing point. The marker for shooting station 8 is on the
centre point of the base chord.
• All eight shooting stations are on the same level.

General and administrative facilities

The following facilities are provided on or near shooting ranges:
• Athletes’ areas where athletes may relax, change clothes etc.
• Changerooms near the finals and qualification ranges.
• Meeting rooms for use by officials, committees and juries.
• Rooms for offices, target scoring, production of results and storage of targets and
related material.
• A main scoreboard for posting official results and notices and smaller scoreboards
on each range for posting preliminary results.
• An area for secure arms storage.
• An arms and equipment control area, with changerooms.
• A gunsmith’s shop with suitable work benches and vices.
• Adequate toilet facilities.
• Wireless Internet and email communication services.
• Internet services for operations.

Softball
Softball has two main disciplines, fastpitch and slowpitch. Fastpitch is played in local,
state, national and international competitions. Slowpitch, which is also played
competitively, is very popular as a recreational or social sport.

The playing field

The playing field is divided into fair territory and foul territory. Fair territory is further
divided into the infield and the outfield and territory beyond the outfield fence.

Infield
The infield is a square called a diamond. There is a base at each corner: first base,
second base, third base and home plate. The pitching distance is measured from the
rear point of the home plate to the front edge of the pitchers plate.

Outfield
The outfield is a grassed area beyond the infield and extends the entire width of the
field and to the outfield fence. The table below outlines the distances relevant to the
competition.

Playing field layout and dimensions

Below is a table outlining the international standard distances. They are measured
from the rear point of home plate to the first base and the front edge of the pitchers
plate.

Backstop
- The backstop is the area behind the home plate.
Bases
 - At one corner of the diamond is the home plate with bases at each of the
remaining corners. The bases are numbered counter clockwise as 1st base,
2nd base and 3rd base and securely fastened to the ground.
Each base is a 38.1cm square and made of a white material. First base is a double
base—76.2cm x 38.1cm.

Home plate
- Home plate is a five-sided piece of white rubber located between the two
batter’s boxes and the catcher’s box.
Batters and catcher’s box
- The batter’s boxes are the rectangular areas beside home plate and the
catcher’s box is behind home plate

Coaches box
- A coaches box is located in foul territory outside both baselines.
Foul lines
- The two foul lines meet at a right angle at home plate. These lines and the
fence running between the baselines defines the limits of the field.
Pitching circle
- The pitching circle surrounds the pitching rubber.
Pitching rubber
- The pitching rubber is located at the centre of the diamond. It is 61cm wide
and 15.3cm deep.
Squash
- A squash court is a rectangular box with four vertical walls of varying height.
These walls are known as the front wall, side walls and back wall. The front
wall line, side wall line, back wall line and upper 50mm of the tin are shaped
to deflect any ball that strikes them.
- The court has a level floor and a clear height above the court area.
- The length, width and diagonal of the court are measured at a height of 10cm
above the floor.
- Squash courts are also used for racquetball

Single squash court

Dimensions
The dimensions of a single squash court are:

Floor
- The floor is a hard smooth surface with limited spring. It has a matt finish and
is generally a natural wood colour.
Front wall
- The three horizontal markings on the front wall are the front wall line, the
service line and the upper 50mm of the tin. All edges of the tin are rounded
and the tin makes a distinctive noise when struck by the ball.
Back wall
- The back wall line is the only horizontal court marking on the back wall.
Side walls
- The side wall line is angled between the front wall line and the back wall line.
Floor markings
 - There is a short line, half court line and two service boxes marked on the
floor.
- The short line is parallel to the front and back walls of the court and is 4.26m.
- The half court line is parallel to and equidistant from the side walls. It runs
from the back wall to the short line.
- There are two service boxes, one on each side of the court behind the short
line. Each service box is bounded on three sides by lines and on the fourth
side by one of the walls.
Door
- The door to the court is located in the middle of the back wall and opens into
the court. The door is no more than 900mm wide and 2130mm high.

Double squash court

Dimensions
- The dimensions of a double squash court is the same as a single squash
court except for the width of court which is 7.62m or 8.42m depending on the
standard of competition. The diagonal is increased to 12.375m.

Hardball doubles court

Dimensions
The dimensions of a hardball doubles court are:

Swimming
 - The Federation Internationale de Natation (FINA) is the world governing body
for aquatic sports such as swimming, diving, waterpolo, synchronised and
open water swimming.
- FINA rules are used to manage state, national and international events such
as the World Championships and the Olympics. The FINA Facilities Rules
provide the best possible environment for competitive use and training.

Competition pools
Dimensions
- Standard pools are either 25m or 50m long.
Depth
- For pools with starting blocks, the minimum depth is 1.35m, extending to at
least 6.0m. A minimum depth of 1.0 metre is required for pools without
starting blocks.
Walls
- The end walls are at right angles to the swimming course and surface of the
water. They are made of a solid material, with a non–slip surface extending
0.8m below the water surface, to allow competitors to touch and push off in
turning without hazard.
- Rest ledges along the pool walls are permitted. They are located at least 1.2m
below the water surface, and are up to 0.15m wide. Both internal and external
ledges are acceptable, however internal ledges are preferred.
- Gutters are placed on all four walls of the pool. If end wall gutters are
installed, they must allow for attachment of touch panels to the required 0.3
metre above the water surface. They are covered with a suitable grill or
screen.
Water temperature
- The water temperature is between 250 and 28° celsuis. During competition
the water is kept at a constant level, with very little movement. Inflow and
outflow is allowed as long as no appreciable current or turbulence is created.
Lanes
 - According to FINA rules World Championships require 8 lanes and Olympic
Games require 10 lanes. The lanes are a minimum of 2.5m wide, with two
spaces of at least 2.5m wide outside of the first and last lanes.
Lane ropes
- In an 8 lane pool, lane ropes extend the full length of the course and are
secured at each end wall to anchor brackets recessed into the end walls. The
anchors are positioned so that the floats at each end wall of the pool are on
the surface of the water. Each lane rope consists of floats placed end to end.
The floats have a minimum diameter of 0.10m- 0.15 metre.
In a swimming pool the colour of the lane ropes is as follows:
• Two green ropes for lanes 1 and 8.
• Four blue ropes for lanes 2, 3, 6 and 7.
• Three yellow ropes for lanes 4 and 5.
The floats that extend for a distance of 5m from each end of the pool are red. At the
15m mark from each end wall of the pool the floats are distinct. In 50 metre pools the
floats are distinct at 25m.
There is only one firmly stretched lane rope between each lane.
Starting platforms
- Starting platforms are from 0.5m- 0.75m high above the water surface. The
surface area is at least 1.5m square and covered with a non-slip material. The
maximum slope is 10 degrees. The platforms are firm and are without a
springing effect.
Lane markings
- The lane markings on the floor of the pool are a dark colour and marked in the
centre of each lane.
- The width of the marking is 0.2m- 0.3m for all pools. The length for 50m pools
is 46m and 21m for 25m pools.
- Each lane line ends 2m fromthe end wall of the pool with a distinctive cross
line 1m long and of the same width as the lane line. Target lines are marked
on the end walls or on the touch panels in the centre of each lane and are the
same width as the lane lines.
Leisure pools
 - A number of pool facilities include leisure water features that are designed for
recreational swimmers, lap swimming and specific areas for toddlers and
children. These may include:
• Varying water depths, with extensive shallow or beach areas.
• Wave pools and surfing pools.
• Water slides and flumes.
• Fast flowing river rides & rapids.
• Water jets and water cannons.
• Water features eg rain showers.
• Spa facilities, including varying temperatures.

Table tennis
The table
- The upper surface of the table, known as the playing surface, is 2.74m long
and 1.525m wide and is horizontal 76cm above the floor.
- The playing surface does not include the vertical sides of the tabletop.
- The playing surface yields a uniform bounce of about 23cm when a standard
ball is dropped on to it from a height of 30cm.
- The playing surface is a matte surface and dark coloured. There is a white
side line, 2cm wide, along each 2.74m edge and a white end line, 2cm wide,
along each 1.525m edge.
- The playing surface is divided into two equal courts by a vertical net parallel to
the end lines. For doubles, each court is divided into two equal half courts by
a white centre line, 3mm wide, running parallel with the side lines. The centre
line forms part of each right half court.
The net assembly
- The net assembly includes the net, its suspension and the supporting posts,
including the clamps attaching them to the table.
- The net is suspended by a cord attached at each end to an upright post
15.25cm high. The outside limits of the post are 15.25cm outside the side line.
- The top of the net is 15.25cm above the playing surface. The bottom of the
net, along its whole length, is as close as possible to the playing surface. The
ends of the net are attached to the supporting posts from top to bottom.

Taekwondo
Competition area
- The contest area is a flat, non- slip mat. The contest area can be installed on
a platform 0.6m-1m high from the base.
- The colour scheme of the mat’s surface must avoid giving a harsh reflection,
or tiring the contestant’s or spectator’s eyesight. The colour scheme is also
appropriately matched to the contestant’s equipment, uniform and the surface
of the contest area.
There are two shapes used on competition. In both shapes the contest area and
safety area are different colours.

Square shape
- This competition area includes the contest area and safety area. The contest
area is a 8m x 8m square and a safety area of 2m to 4m. The total size of the
competition area which includes the contest area and safety area is 10m x
10m to a maximum of 12m x 12m.
Octagonal shape
 - The competition area is a minimum of 10m x 10m to a maximum of 12m x
12m. At the centre of the competition area is an octagonal shaped contest
area. The contest area measures 8m in diameter and each side of the
octagon is 3.3m long. Between the outer line of the competition area and
boundary line of the contest area is the safety area.
Lines and positions
- The outer line of the contest area is the boundary line and the outer lines of
the competition area are called the outer lines.
- The front outer line adjacent to the Recorder’s Desk Outer Line 1 and
clockwise from outer line 1, the other lines are called outer lines 2, 3 and 4.
The boundary line adjacent to outer line 1 is called boundary line 1 and
clockwise from boundary line 1, the other lines are boundary lines 2, 3 and 4.
- In the octagonal shape contest area the boundary line adjacent to outer line 1
is called boundary line 1 and clockwise from boundary line 1, the other lines
are boundary lines 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8.
- At the start of the match the contestants are at two opposing points, 1m from
the centre point of the contest area parallel to outer line 1. The referee is
positioned at 1.5m from the centre of the contest area toward outer line 3.
- The position of the 1st judge is 0.5m from the corner of the outer lines 1 and
2. The position of the 2nd judge is 0.5m outward from the centre of outer line
3. The position of the 3rd judge is 0.5 from the corner of the outer lines 1 and
4. The recorder and instant video replay jury (IVR) are located 2m from outer
line 1.
- The coaches are positioned at a point 1m or more from the centre point of the
outer line of each contestant’s side.
- The inspection desk is near the entrance of the competition area for the inspection of the contestants’ protective equipment.
Tennis
- The dimensions of a singles and doubles tennis courts are defined
in the Rules of Tennis by the International Tennis Federation (ITF). For practical
purposes the vast majority of tennis courts are built to doubles dimensions, which
allows for both singles and doubles.

The court
- The court is 23.77m long and for singles matches, 8.23m wide. For doubles
matches the court is 10.97m wide.
- The court is divided into two equal areas by a net suspended by a cord or
metal cable attached to two net posts. The net is 1.07m high and is fully
extended to that it fills the space between the two nets posts. The net is
0.914m high at the centre, where is held down tightly by a white strap. A white
band covers the cord or metal cable and the top of the net.
- For doubles matches the centre of the net posts are 0.914m outside the
doubles court on each side.
- For singles matches the centres of the net posts are 0.914m outside the
singles court on each side.
Playing area
- The overall playing area including run-off depends on the type of event. A
guide to minimum court area requirements (single courts) is outlined in the
table below.
 - With indoor courts the recommended height measured at the net from the
court surface to the ceiling is 9.14m.
Line markings
- The lines at the end of the court are baselines and the lines at the sides of the
court are side lines. The baseline is up to 10cm wide.
- Service lines are two lines between the singles side lines, 6.40m from each
side of the net, parallel with the net.
- On each side of the net the area between the service line and the net are
divided into two equal parts called the service courts. The line dividing the
service courts is the centre service line and is drawn parallel with the singles
side lines and half way between them. The centre service line is 5cm wide.
- All other lines on the court are between 2.5cm and 5cm wide.
- All court measurements are made to the outside of the lines and are all the
same colour, contrasting with the colour of the surface.

Weightlifting
- For the sport of weightlifting the field of play relates to the area of competition
which contains:
• Competition platform and stage
• Technical Officials’ and Competition Management tables
• Warm-up area.

Platform
 - Two types of platforms are authorised for use by the IWF— Competition and
training/warmup platforms. Both types of platforms must meet the authorised
specifications.
-
Competition platform
- The platform is a 4m square and made of wood, plastic or any solid material
and covered with a non- slip material.
- The height of the platform is between 50mm and 150mm.
- If the floor surrounding the platform is the same or similar colour, the top edge
of the platform must have a different coloured 150mm line.
- A clear one metre area surrounding the platform is compulsory. This area
must be flat and free from any obstacles.
- If the platform is above ground level, a restraining bar at least the width of the
platform must be fixed to the stage, at least one metre in front of the platform.

Warm‐up platform
- The warm-up platform is 3m wide and 2.5-3m long.

Technical officials’ and competition management tables

- The jury table is situated 10m from the centre of the platform, between the
centre and the side referee’s tables and located on the side of the athlete’s
point of entry.

Referees Tables
• The centre referee is located 4m from the middle of the competition platform.
• The side referees are seated on the same line as and parallel with the centre
referee, 3m-4m from the centre referee.
• Reserve referees are in a designated area on the field of play.
- The doctor on duty is located near the athletes point of entry to competition
platform.
- Competition and management tables are placed on the side of the athletes
point of entry to the competition platform.
- Loaders and decontamination attendants have a designated area on the
opposite side of the athletes’ point of entry to the competition platform.
Warm‐up area
- Athletes are provided with a warm- up area located in close proximity to the
competition platform/stage relative to the venue layout.

Wrestling
- The international ruling body for wrestling is Federation Internationale Des
Luttes Associees (FILA).
-
The mat
- A new FILA approved mat has a 9m diameter and a 1.5m border and is
mandatory in Olympic Games, Championships and Cups. For all other
international competitions mats must be approved/sanctioned but not
necessarily new.
- For Olympic Games and World Championships, warm up and training mats
must also be new and approved by FILA.
- A red band, one metre wide, forms an integral part of the wrestling area. It is
drawn along the circumference on the inside of the 9m circle. This is known
as the red zone.
- The central circle in the middle of the mat is one metre in diameter. The inside
part of the mat inside the red circle is the central wrestling area. It is 7m in
diameter. The protection area is 1.5m wide.
- Surrounding the central circle is a band 10cm wide. For Greco Roman
wrestling an 8cm wide line splits the circle into two parts. Two perpendicular
lines, 40cm from each other, are called inside hand line and inside line. The
colour of the lines are red.
- The diagonally opposite corners of the mat are marked in the wrestler’s
colours, red and blue.
- The covering and free space around the mat is 2m. The colour of the
protection area is different than the mat.
- For all Olympic Games, World and Continental Championships, the mat is
installed on a platform not higher than 1.1m or lower than 0.50m.