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APC - Understanding Delta Conversion Part4

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144 views5 pages

APC - Understanding Delta Conversion Part4

hi

Uploaded by

bui van trinh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Application Note #42

Understanding Delta Conversion


OnlineTM "Power Balance" - Part 4
Introduction
This application note is the fourth in a series on delta conversion theory of operation. For complete understanding of the engineering
benefits of this technology we recommend that you read all the series in order and any of the supplemental white papers found on the
APC web site.

Delta Conversion Online™ UPS Power Balance


We have already touched briefly on the Power Balance concept in parts 1 through 3. However let's restate the basic rule for the power
balance point, which also fit's Kirchhoff's first law of currents- "The algebraic sum of currents at any junction of conductors is zero".
This can be put very simply as: "At the power balance point (PBP) there has to be as much current flowing away from the PBP as there
is flowing toward it."

Figure 1: Power Balance at Nominal Input Voltage

Above is the same model we've used in previous discussions, i.e., 40kW system @400VAC. As we now have a good understanding of
how the bi-directional power flow through the inverter and across the DC bus is possible, we are going to use this simplified diagram to
save space. The above diagram is normal operation at 400V input with a 100A load. We are also assuming 5% losses for the system.
This means the delta converter has to import 42kW of power. The load takes 40kW (400V * 100A = 40,000W), and the remaining 2kW
(400V * 5A= 2,000W) flows backwards through the main inverter flyback diodes. The algebraic sum of current and the power at the
PBP is zero. Now lets look at the entire system operation, including the +/- 15% input voltage window. Now it starts to get interesting.

2004 American Power Conversion. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used, reproduced, photocopied, transmitted, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature,
without the written permission of the copyright owner. www.apc.com 1
Power Balance At -15% Input Voltage
To examine what happens, I have deliberately not rounded the current values to the nearest ampere. In this situation the delta
converter has to still maintain the same 42kW of imported power. To do this it has to raise the input current to 123.52941A ( 42000/340
= 123.52941). Now at the PBP Kirchhoff's law still applies. We see the load takes 40kW (100A) the remainder of the current has to
again take the same path as the losses in our previous example. But wait a minute! It appears we have more power going into the PBP
than we have coming in from the Utility Source, i.e., 123.52941 * 400V = 49411.764W. But the real answer is that 100A is our load and
5A is our 2kW of losses. The remaining 18.52941A is control power flowing in the delta conversion power path, i.e. through the
inverters. This power is not being consumed. It's probably easier to understand by looking at the actual power flow shown in Figure 3.

Figure 2: Power Balance at -15% Input Voltage-Current Flow

Figure 3: Power Balance at -15% Input Voltage-Power Flow

2004 American Power Conversion. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used, reproduced, photocopied, transmitted, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature,
without the written permission of the copyright owner. www.apc.com 2
We also can see that now there is transformation in the delta transformer, because there is both voltage and current on the primary and
secondary windings. This transformation is control power it is not consumed. The control power simply flows in the delta conversion
power path, i.e., loop formed by the inverters, DC Bus, delta transformer, pure power path and the PBP, see Figure 4 (green arrows).
In this case the power transformation in the delta transformer is from secondary to primary. Which is exactly the opposite of the classic
power transformation. Why? No one had explored this side of transformer physics before, i.e. a source and load simultaneously
connected to both primary and secondary windings. That's the stuff that Patent's are made of!

Figure 4: Power Balance at -15% Input Voltage-Control Power


Power Balance at +15% Input Voltage
If you thought the above example was interesting, lets look at the opposite condition, i.e., +15% voltage at the input. Now the delta
inverter has to lower the input current, i.e., to maintain the power balance. The most interesting aspect is what happens in the delta
transformer, pure power path and delta conversion power path.

Figure 5: Power Balance at +15% Input Voltage-Power Flow

2004 American Power Conversion. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used, reproduced, photocopied, transmitted, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature,
without the written permission of the copyright owner. www.apc.com 3
The power flow in the delta conversion power path has reversed and we now have power flowing to the PBP in the two parallel paths
formed by the pure power path and the delta conversion power path. The utility voltage controls the power flow reversal. As we have
seen previously, at nominal input voltage there was zero power in the transformer and only losses flowing in the inverters. At minus
voltage there was reverse power flow in the transformer, i.e., secondary to primary. Now with positive voltage the power flow in the
transformer is primary to secondary. All the delta inverter has to do is maintain the power balance, i.e., power imported by maintaining
the DC bus at float voltage. Again we have satisfied Kirchhoff's law of current at the PBP, see Figure 6.

Figure 6: Power Balance a +15% Input Voltage-Current Flow

2004 American Power Conversion. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used, reproduced, photocopied, transmitted, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature,
without the written permission of the copyright owner. www.apc.com 4
Figure 7: Power Balance Delta Inverter-Main Inverter Synchronization

Because the delta inverter current and the main inverter output voltage are precisely synchronized to the input voltage waveform, the
power flowing in both the pure power path and the delta conversion power path arrives at the PBP at the same instant in time. The load
only sees 100% power at the PBP, and the load doesn't care how it got there. This concludes Part #4.

2004 American Power Conversion. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be used, reproduced, photocopied, transmitted, or stored in any retrieval system of any nature,
without the written permission of the copyright owner. www.apc.com 5

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