Jimma University Community School Chemistry Work Sheet for Grade 12

A. Chemical Equilibrium

1. Consider the following gas-phase reaction, at equilibrium, under conditions where the value of the equilibrium
constant, K, is equal to 8:

N2O2(g) 2N02(g)

Which of the following diagrams represents a snapshot of a very small portion of this system at equilibrium?

2. Given the following reaction and equilibrium constant, which statement is correct for this reaction at equilibrium?
CO CO + 1/2O2
2

A. The forward rate will be the same as the reverse rate.

B. The forward rate will be larger than the reverse rate.
C. The forward rate will be smaller than the reverse rate.
D. The concentration of CO2 must be much smaller than the concentrations of both CO and O2.

3. Given the equilibrium constants for the first two reactions below at 1000oC, what is the equilibrium constant for
the third reaction at the same temperature? (Assume that all species are in the gas phase.)

CO2 CO + 1/2O2, Kc1 = 9.1 x 10-12 (1)

H2O H2 + 1/2O2, Kc2 = 7.1 x 10-12 (2)

CO2 + H2 CO + H2O, Kc3 =? (3)

4. If the following reaction were at equilibrium in a closed vessel at a controlled temperature, what would be the
effect of adding more H2 to the reaction vessel and permitting the reaction to approach equilibrium again?

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 CO + H2O CO2 + H2

A. The concentrations of CO, H2O, and H2 would all increase.

B. The concentrations of CO, H2O, and H2 would all decrease.
C. The concentrations of CO and H2O would increase and the concentration of CO2 would decrease.
D. The concentrations of CO and H2O would decrease and the concentration of CO2 would increase.

5. At 200oC, nitrogen oxide reacts with oxygen to form nitrogen dioxide as follows: 2NO + O2
2NO2, Kc = 3 x 106

In a mixture of the three species at equilibrium, we can accurately predict that:

A. The concentrations of both NO and O2 will be much larger than the concentration of NO2.
B. The concentrations of both NO and O2 will be much smaller than the concentration of NO2.
C. The concentrations of either NO or O2 (and possibly both) will be much smaller than the concentration of
NO2.
D. The concentration of O2 will be exactly one half the concentration of NO.
E. The concentration of O2 will be exactly twice the concentration of NO.

6. If the following reaction were at equilibrium in a closed vessel at a controlled temperature, what would be the
effect of adding more CO2 to the reaction vessel and permitting the reaction to approach equilibrium again?

CO + H2O CO2 + H2

A. The concentrations of CO, H2O, and H2 would all increase.

B. The concentrations of CO, H2O, and H2 would all decrease.
C. The concentrations of CO and H2O would decrease and the concentration of H2 would increase.
D. The concentrations of CO and H2O would increase and the concentration of H2 would decrease.

7. At 300oC sulfur trioxide decomposes into sulfur dioxide and oxygen as follows:

2 SO3 2 SO2 + O2, Kc = 1.6 x 10-10

In a mixture of the three species at equilibrium, we can accurately predict that:

A. The concentrations of both SO2 and O2 will be much larger than the concentration of SO3.
B. The concentrations of either SO2 or O2 (and possibly both) will be much smaller than the concentration of
SO3.
C. The concentration of O2 will be exactly one half the concentration of SO3.
D. The concentration of O2 will be exactly twice the concentration of SO3.

8. Consider the following gas-phase reaction, N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) 2 NH3 (g), Kc = 0.040 @ 650oC. If the
concentrations of N2 (g), H2 (g) and NH3 (g) at a particular moment in time are 0.25 M, 0.10 M and 0.15 M,
respectively, we can accurately predict:

A. That the reaction is at equilibrium.

B. That the reaction is not at equilibrium, and must proceed to the left to reach equilibrium.
C. That the reaction is not at equilibrium, and must proceed to the right to reach equilibrium.
D. That the value of Kc will be different when the reaction reaches equilibrium.
E. Nothing.

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 9. The equilibrium constant for the following gas-phase reaction is equal to 5.8 x 10-5 at 25oC,

N2O4 (g) 2 NO2 (g) what is the value of Kc at 25oC for the reaction:

4 NO2 (g) 2 N2O4 (g)

10. Consider the following gas-phase reaction at equilibrium, Cl2 (g) + 3 F2 (g) <=> 2 ClF3 (g)

If the concentration of F2 (g) is suddenly doubled at constant pressure and volume, which of the following best
describes what will happen?

A. The concentrations of both F2 (g) and ClF3 (g) will increase; Cl2 (g) will decrease.
B. The concentrations of both F2 (g) and Cl2 (g) will decrease; ClF3 (g) will increase.
C. The concentration of ClF3 (g) will decrease; Cl2 (g) and F2 (g) will both increase.
D. The concentrations of all three species will be unaffected.
E. It is impossible to tell without the value of the equilibrium constant

11. Given the equilibrium constant for the following reaction at 500 K,

2 NO (g) + O2 (g) 2 NO2 (g), Kc = 6.2 x 105

Calculate the equilibrium constant for the following reaction at the same temperature

NO (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) NO2 (g).

12. Given the equilibrium constant for the following reaction at 500 K, 2 NO (g) + O2 (g) 2 NO2 (g),
Kc = 6.2 x 105. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction expressed as partial pressures. (NOTE: R =
0.0821 L atm mol-1 K-1)
13. Given the following reaction, equilibrium constant, and molar concentrations of the three species,
2 NO (g) (0.0513M) + O2 (g)( 0.112M) 2 NO2 (g)( 0.000212M), Kc = 6.2 x 105
we can accurately predict:

A. That the reaction is at equilibrium.

B. That the reaction is not at equilibrium and must proceed left to right to reach equilibrium.
C. That the reaction is not at equilibrium and must proceed right to left to reach equilibrium.
D. That the reaction is not at equilibrium but insufficient information is given to predict the direction it must go
to reach equilibrium.
E. Nothing regarding the equilibrium condition for the reaction from the information given.

14. Given the following reaction and equilibrium constant: CO (g) + 1/2 O2 (g) CO2 (g), Kc = 1.1 x
1011. Select the correct response from below.

A. The net driving force for the reaction will always be left to right because the equilibrium constant is very
large.
B. The rate of the forward reaction will always be greater than the rate of the reverse reaction because the
equilibrium constant is so large.
C. For a reaction mixture containing equilibrium concentrations of the three components, the forward and
reverse rates will both go to zero.

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 D. All responses above are correct.
E. All responses above are incorrect

15. Assuming that the following reaction is at equilibrium:2 SO3 (g) + Cl2 (g) 2 SO2Cl2 (g) + O2 (g)

Select the correct response below.

A. Addition of Cl2 to the reaction mixture would cause the concentrations of SO2Cl2 and O2 to increase.
B. Addition of O2 to the reaction mixture would cause both the SO2Cl2 and the SO3 concentrations to
increase.
C. Increasing the pressure of the system would cause the reaction to shift from left to right.
D. All responses above are correct.
E. No response above is correct.

16. At 1000 C, the equilibrium constant for the reaction of carbon monoxide and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide is
very large (Kc = 1.2 x 1022). When the reaction is at equilibrium the:
A. Concentration of carbon dioxide will be much larger than one or both reactants.
B. Concentration of carbon dioxide will be much smaller than concentrations of both reactants.
C. Concentration of carbon monoxide will be much larger than the concentration of carbon dioxide.
D. Concentrations of both reactants must be much smaller than the concentration of carbon dioxide.
E. None of the above responses is correct
17. Given the following reactions and associated equilibrium constants, select the correct expression for the third
equilibrium constant in terms of the first two.

(1) 2 CO (g) + O2 (g) 2CO2(g) Kc1

(2) H2 (g) + 1/2O2 (g) H2O (g) Kc2
(3) CO (g) + H2O (g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g) Kc3

A. Kc3 = Kc1 x Kc2 D. Kc3 = Kc1 / Kc2

B. Kc3 = (Kc1)1/2 / Kc2 E. Kc3 = Kc1 x (Kc2)1/2
C. Kc3 = (Kc1)1/2 x (Kc2)1/2

18. The equilibrium constant for the following reaction is Kc = 1.5 x 104.
CO (g) + Cl2(g) COCl2(g)

Given a reaction vessel containing 0.050 M COCl2, 0.0010 M CO and 0.0001 M Cl2, we can accurately predict
that the reaction:

A. Is at equilibrium.
B. Must shift from right to left to reach equilibrium.
C. Must shift left to right to reach equilibrium.
D. Is not at equilibrium but insufficient information is given to predict which direction the reaction must go
to reach equilibrium.

19. Laughing gas, N2O, can be prepared (ha, ha!) from H2 and NO:

H2 (g) + 2 NO (g) N2O (g) + H2O (g), Kc = 1.4 x 1052 @ 25 C

If the reaction mixture (ha, ha!) contains 0.05 M H2 (g), 0.02 M NO (g), 5.4 M N2O (g) and 8.7 M H2O (g) at
some particular moment in time, then we can (ha, ha!) accurately predict that:

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 A. The reaction is very close to equilibrium.
B. The reaction is very far from equilibrium.
C. The reaction is at equilibrium.
D. Both the H2 (g) and NO (g) concentrations must increase significantly to reach equilibrium.
E. There will be no N2O (g) at equilibrium.

20. Consider the following reaction and equilibrium constant, CO (g) + H2O (g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g),
Kc1 = 0.72 @ 800oC. Which of the following is the correct expression for the equilibrium constant at 800oC for: 2
CO2 (g) + 2 H2 (g) 2 CO (g) + 2 H2O (g), Kc2 =??

A. Kc2 = 0.72
B. Kc2 = (0.72)2
C. Kc2 = 1/0.72
D. Kc2 = (1/0.72)2
E. Kc2 = (1/0.72)1/2

Use the following information to answer the next 5 questions, assuming the same temperature for all questions.

3 H2 (g) + N2 (g) 2 NH3 (g), Kc = 60

21. If the reaction above were at equilibrium, then addition of some nitrogen would cause:

A. Both the H2 and NH3 concentrations to increase.

B. Both the H2 and NH3 concentrations to decrease.
C. The H2 concentration to increase and the NH3 concentration to decrease.
D. The H2 concentration to decrease and the NH3 concentration to increase.

22. The equilibrium constant expressed as partial pressure would be:

A. Kp = 60(RT) C. Kp = 60(RT)-1 E. Kp = 60(RT)-2

B. Kp = (RT)-1/60 D. Kp = (RT)-2/60

23. If the reaction quotient for the above reaction were Qc = 73, then we can accurately predict that the following
concentration changes must take place for the reaction to reach equilibrium.

A. H2, N2 increase; NH3 decrease

B. H2, N2 decrease; NH3 increase
C. H2, NH3 decrease; N2 increase
D. all concentrations increase
E. all concentrations decrease

24. Based on information given above, what is the equilibrium constant for the reaction:

3/2 H2 (g) + 1/2 N2 (g) NH3 (g)

A. Kc = 60 B. Kc = (60)2 C. Kc = 1/6 D. Kc = (1/60)2 E. Kc = (60)1/2

25. If a reaction mixture contains 0.15 M hydrogen, 1.1 M N2 and 0.472 M ammonia, then we can accurately predict
that:
A. The reaction is very close to equilibrium.
B. The reaction is very far from equilibrium.
C. The ammonia concentration must more than double to reach equilibrium.
D. Both H2 and N2 concentrations must increase significantly to reach equilibrium.

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 26. Consider the following exothermic gas-phase reaction, at equilibrium, 4 HCl (g) + O2 (g) <=> 2 Cl2 (g) + 2 H2O
(g). If the concentration of HCl (g) were suddenly increased, describe what would happen to:
a. The concentration of O2 (g).
b. The concentration of Cl2 (g).
c. The concentration of H2O (g).
d. The value of the equilibrium constant, Kc.

27. At 1800 K, molecular oxygen dissociates slightly to give small amounts of atomic oxygen as follows: O2 (g)
2 O (g) Kc = 1.7 x 10-8 .What is the value of the equilibrium constant, Kc', for the reaction, 1/2 O (g) <==>
1/4 O2 (g) at 1800 K?

28. What is the correct equilibrium constant expression for the reaction: 2 NOCl(g) 2 NO(g) + Cl2(g)

A. Kc = [NO][Cl2]/[NOCl]
B. Kc = ([NO] + [NO] + [Cl2])/([NOCl] + [NOCl])
C. Kc = [NO]2[Cl2]/[NOCl]2
D. Kc = ([NOCl] + [NOCl])/([NO] + [NO] + [Cl2])
E. Kc = [NOCl]2/[NO]2[Cl2]

29. The correct value for the equilibrium constant, Kp, for the reaction: 2 NO2(g) 2 NO(g) + O2 Kc =
7.4 x 10-16 Which of the following would be true?

A. Kp = Kc = 7.4 x 10-16
B. Kp = 1/Kc = 1.4 x 1015
C. Kp = Kc(RT) = 1.8 x 10-14
D. Kp = Kc(RT)-1 = 3.0 x 10-17
E. none of the above

29. Assume that the reaction quotient, Qc, for the following reaction at 25 C is 1.0 x 10-8:

2 NO2(g) 2 NO(g) + O2(g) Kc = 7.4 x 10-16 (at 25oC)

From this we can conclude:

A. The reaction is at equilibrium.

B. Without any reaction taking place, equilibrium could be reached by adding enough NO or O2 to the
system.
C. The reaction must proceed from left to right to reach equilibrium.
D. The reaction must proceed from right to left to reach equilibrium.
E. The reaction can never reach equilibrium.

30. Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) chemical equilibrium? Circle all of the correct answers.

A. A state in which the concentrations of the reactants and products are always equal.
B. A state in which the concentrations of all the reactants and products remain constant with time.
C. A state in which the rates of the forward and reverse reactions are not equal.
D. A state in which all chemical reactions no longer occur.
E. A state that is affected by changes in concentration, temperature or pressure.

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 33. Consider the following exothermic gas-phase reaction, 4 HCl (g) + O2 (g) 2 Cl2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

H = -113 kJ. Assuming that the system is initially at equilibrium, describe what will happen to the number of moles of
HCl (g) in a container of fixed volume if:

A. O2 (g) is added to the system.

B. Cl2 (g) is added to the system.
C. Some of the H2O (g) is removed from the system.
D. The temperature is increased.
E. The pressure is increased.

34. At 450 K, phosphorus pentachloride (PCl5) decomposes to produce phosphorus trichloride (PCl3) and chlorine
(Cl2): PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g), K = 1.3 x 10-3 @ 450 K

At a particular moment in time, the following concentrations are determined:

[PCl5] = 0.80 M; [PCl3] = 0.0064 M; [Cl2]= 0.55 M

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. The reaction is not at equilibrium; the concentration of PCl5 will increase as the reaction proceeds toward
equilibrium.
B. The reaction is not at equilibrium; the concentration of PCl5 will decrease as the reaction proceeds toward
equilibrium.
C. The reaction is not at equilibrium; the concentration of PCl5 will not change as the reaction proceeds
toward equilibrium.
D. The reaction is at equilibrium.
E. There is insufficient information provided to answer the question.

35. Which of the following statements best describes how a system that initially contains 0.90 M SO2 (g), 0.20 M
O2 (g), and 0.10 M SO3 (g) will approach equilibrium?

A. The reaction must proceed from left to right to reach equilibrium.

B. The reaction must proceed from right to left to reach equilibrium.
C. The reaction is at equilibrium for the conditions given.
D. Insufficient information is given to make a valid prediction.

36. If the reaction quotient for a reaction is larger than the equilibrium constant (i.e., Qc > Kc) then the reaction:

A. will always proceed to equilibrium very rapidly.

B. must shift from right to left to reach equilibrium.
C. must shift from left to right to reach equilibrium.
D. is at equilibrium.
E. will shift in an unpredictable direction.

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 B. Chemical Kinetics

1. Consider the following reaction in aqueous solution,

5Br-(aq) + BrO3-(aq) + 6H+(aq) 3Br2(aq) + 3H2O(l)

If the rate of appearance of Br2 at a particular moment during the reaction is 0.025 M s-1, what is the rate of
disappearance (in M s-1) of Br- at that moment?

2. Consider the following reaction at 25oC, (CH3)3COH(l) + HCl(aq) (CH3)3CCl(l) + H2O(l)

The experimentally determined rate law for this reaction indicates that the reaction is first-order in (CH3)3COH
and that the reaction is first-order overall. Which of the following would produce an increase in the rate of this
reaction?

A. increasing the concentration of (CH3)3COH

B. increasing the concentration of HCl
C. decreasing the concentration of HCl
D. decreasing the concentration of (CH3)3CCl
E. It is impossible to tell.

3. A certain first-order reaction has a rate constant, k, equal to 2.1 x 10-5 s-1 at 355 K. If the activation energy for this
reaction is 135 kJ/mol, calculate the value of the rate constant (in s-1) at 550 K.
4. Which of the following influences the rate of a chemical reaction performed in solution?

a. temperature
b. activation energy
c. presence of a catalyst
d. concentrations of reactants
e. All of the above influence the rate.

5. Laughing gas, N2O, can be prepared from H2 and NO: H2(g) + 2 NO(g) N2O(g) + H2O(g)

A study of initial concentration versus initial rate at a certain temperature yields the following data for this
reaction

[H2], M [NO], M initial rate, M s-1

0.1000 0.5000 2.560 x 10-6
0.2000 0.3000 1.843 x 10-6
0.1000 0.3000 9.216 x 10-7
0.2000 0.6000 7.373 x 10-6

Which of the following is the correct rate law for this reaction (ha, ha!)?

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 A. Rate = k[H2][NO]2
B. Rate = k[H2][NO]
C. Rate = k[NO]2
D. Rate = k[H2]2
E. Rate = k

6. Iodine-131, a radioactive isotope of iodine, is used medicinally as a radiotracer for the diagnosis and treatment of
illnesses associated with the thyroid gland. The half-life of iodine-131 is 7.0 x 105 seconds. If a patient is given
0.45 g of iodine-131, calculate how long it would take (in seconds) for 90.0% of the iodine-131 to decay
7. The complex ion, [Cr(NH3)5Cl]2+, reacts with OH- ion in aqueous solution,

[Cr(NH3)5Cl]2+(aq) + OH-(aq) --> [Cr(NH3)5(OH)]2+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

The following data were obtained for this reaction at 25oC,

time, min [Cr(NH3)5Cl]2+, M

0 1.00
6 0.657
12 0.432
18 0.284
24 0.186
30 0.122
36 0.0805

The order of the reaction with respect to the [Cr(NH3)5Cl]2+ ion is:

A. zero order
B. first order
C. second order
D. third order
E. fourth order

8. A student determined the value of the rate constant, k, for a chemical reaction at several different temperatures.
Which of the following graphs of the student's data would give a straight line?

A. k versus T
B. k versus (1/T)
C. ln k versus (1/T)
D. ln k versus T
E. ln k versus Ea

9. In the experiment, "How Can Spectrophotometric Methods Be Used to Determine the Order of a Chemical
Reaction", it is necessary to remove invalid data points towards the end of the reaction. Which of the following
statements best explains why this is necessary?

A. The Spectronic 20 becomes unstable towards the end of the reaction.

B. Towards the end of the reaction, the temperature of the solution is significantly different than the initial
temperature of the solution.

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 C. Towards the end of the reaction, the concentrations of the reactants are so high that it is difficult to
measure them accurately.
D. Towards the end of the reaction, the concentrations of the products are sufficiently high that the reverse
reaction competes with the forward reaction.
E. None of these.

The next two questions are about this reaction:

2N2O5 (g) 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

10. The rate law for the above reaction is:

A. rate = k [N2O5]2
B. rate = [N2O5]2
C. rate = k [N2O5]2 / [NO2]4 [O2]1
D. rate = k [N2O5]x
E. rate = [N2O5]x

11. If the instantaneous rate of appearance of NO2 (g) is 0.0400 M/s at some moment in time, what is the rate of
disappearance of N2O5 (g) in M/s ?
12. The rate laws for certain enzyme-activated reactions in your body have a specific rate constant k, with units of
M/s. What is the overall order of these reactions?
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 E. Cannot be determined

The next two questions are about this reaction:

2NO(g) + Cl2(g) 2NOCl(g)

13. The rate law for the above reaction has been determined to be rate = k[NO][Cl2].

What is the overall order of the reaction?

A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 3 E. Cannot be determined
14. A mechanism involving the following steps has been proposed for the above reaction:

(1) NO(g) + Cl2(g) --> NOCl2(g)

(2) NOCl2(g) + NO(g) --> 2NOCl(g)

Which of the above two steps is the rate-limiting step (RLS)

A. Step (1)
B. Step (2)
C. Both Steps (1) & (2)
D. Either Steps (1) or (2)

15. Consider the following reaction in aqueous solution,

I- (aq) + OCl- (aq) -> IO- (aq) + Cl- (aq)

and the following initial concentration and initial rate data for this reaction:

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 [I-], M [OCl-], M initial rate, M s-1
0.1000 0.0500 3.05 x 10-4
0.2000 0.0500 6.10 x 10-4
0.3000 0.0100 1.83 x 10-4
0.3000 0.0200 3.66 x 10-4

Which of the following is the correct rate law for this reaction?

A. Rate = k[I-]
B. Rate = k[OCl-]
C. Rate = k[I-]2
D. Rate = k[I-][OCl-]
E. Rate = k[I-]2[OCl-]

16. Which of the following statements best describes how the "Method of Initial Rates" is used to measure the initial
rate of an equilibrium reaction?

A. The rate of the reaction is measured when the reaction is very close to equilibrium.
B. The rate of the reaction is measured immediately after the reaction is started.
C. The rate of the reaction is measured when the reaction is about one-half complete.
D. The rate of the reaction is measured after five half-lives.
E. The rate of an equilibrium reaction cannot be measured using this method

17. Which of the following are the correct units for the rate constant, k, for a zero-order reaction?

A. M s-1 B. M-1 s-1 C. M-2 s-1 D. M-3 s-1 E. M

18. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. The existence of certain intermediates in a reaction mechanism can sometimes be proven because
intermediates can sometimes be trapped and identified.
B. Intermediates in a reaction mechanism cannot be isolated because they do not have finite lifetimes.
C. Reaction mechanisms cannot have any more than one intermediate.
D. Intermediates in a reaction mechanism appear in the overall, balanced equation for the reaction.
E. None of the above statements is TRUE.

19. Which of the following statements best describes how a catalyst works?

A. A catalyst changes the potential energies of the reactants and products.

B. A catalyst decreases the temperature of the reaction which leads to a faster rate.
C. A catalyst lowers the activation energy for the reaction by providing a different reaction mechanism.
D. A catalyst destroys some of the reactants, which lowers the concentration of the reactants.
E. A catalyst raises the activation energy for the reaction which produces a faster rate.

20. In terms of the "Collision Theory of Chemical Kinetics", the rate of a chemical reaction is proportional to:

A. The change in free energy per second.

B. The change in temperature per second.
C. The number of collisions per second.
D. The number of product molecules.
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 E. None of the above.

21. Nitrogen monoxide, NO, reacts with hydrogen, H2, according to the following equation:

2 NO (g) + 2 H2 (g) N2 (g) + 2 H2O (g)

If the mechanism for this reaction were,

2NO(g) + H2(g) -> N2(g) + H2O2(g) slow

H2O2(g) + H2(g) -> 2H2O(g) fast

which of the following rate laws would we expect to obtain experimentally?

a. Rate = k[H2O2][H2]
b. Rate = k[NO]2[H2]
c. Rate = k[NO]2[H2]2
d. Rate = k[NO][H2]
e. Rate = k[N2][H2O2]
22. Radioactive phosphorus is used in the study of biochemical reaction mechanisms. The isotope phosphorus-33
decays by first-order kinetics with a half-life of 14.3 days. If a chemist initially has a 7.5 M solution of pure
phosphorus-33, calculate the concentration (in M) of phosphorus-33 in the solution after 2.4 days.
23. Hydrogen iodide, HI, decomposes in the gas phase to produce hydrogen, H2, and iodine, I2:

2 HI (g) H2 (g) + I2 (g)

The value of the rate constant, k, for this reaction was measured at several different temperatures and the data are
shown below:

temperature, K k, M-1 s-1

555 6.23 x 10-7
575 2.42 x 10-6
645 1.44 x 10-4
700 2.01 x 10-3

Calculate the value of the activation energy (in kJ/mol) for this reaction.

24. Listed below are some statements that pertain to chemical kinetics. For each statement, first decide whether the
statement is true or false. If the statement is false, briefly explain why the statement is false. If the statement
is true, you do not need to provide any additional explanation.

A. Rate laws for chemical reactions can be determined from the stoichiometry of the overall balanced
equation.
B. The rate of a chemical reaction that occurs in solution depends on the concentration, the temperature and
the viscosity of the solvent.
C. The "Method of Initial Rates" cannot be used for equilibrium reactions.
D. Experimentally, transition states can sometimes be trapped or isolated whereas intermediates cannot be
either trapped or is

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 25. Consider the following reaction,

2 ClO2 (aq) + 2 OH- (aq) ClO3- (aq) + ClO2- (aq) + H2O (l)

Write an expression that describes the relationship between the rates of disappearance of ClO2 and OH- and the
rates of appearance of ClO3-, ClO2- and H2O.

26. A Chemistry 116 student was charged with the task of determining the activation energy, Ea, for a particular first-
order reaction. The student measured the value of the rate constant for this reaction at several temperatures and
obtained the following data:

k, s-1 T, K
-4
3.94 x 10 384
1.17 x 10-3 397
-2
5.26 x 10 447
-1
4.63 x 10 481

27. Nitrogen monoxide, NO, reacts with ozone, O3, to produce nitrogen dioxide, NO2, and oxygen, O2:

NO (g) + O3 (g) NO2 (g) + O2 (g)

The experimentally determined rate law for this reaction is: Rate = k[O3]. Consider the following proposed
mechanism for this reaction:

Step 1: O3 (g) O2 (g) + O (g) fast

Step 2: NO (g) + O (g) NO2 (g) slow

This proposed mechanism is NOT an acceptable possibility for this reaction. Briefly explain why this mechanism
is not acceptable. ALSO, identify the rate-determining step and any intermediates in this proposed mechanism.

28. Using the information in the previous question, and your knowledge about reaction mechanisms, write an
acceptable mechanism for the reaction described in the previous question.
29. Consider the gas-phase decomposition of hydrogen iodide, HI, to produce hydrogen, H2, and iodine, I2,

2 HI (g) H2 (g) + I2 (g)

and the following data which were obtained at a temperature of 282oC:

time, h [HI] 1/[HI] ln [HI]

0 0.900 1.111 -0.105
200 0.733 1.364 -0.311
400 0.618 1.618 -0.481
600 0.534 1.873 -0.627

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

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 A. The decomposition of HI is a first-order process.
B. The decomposition of HI is a zero-order process.
C. A plot of ln [HI] versus time is linear with a slope of -k.
D. A plot of 1/[HI] versus time is linear with a slope of +k.
E. The half-life for this reaction is 180 hours.

30. For a certain reaction that follows second-order kinetics, A + B C+D+E

the value of the rate constant, k, was measured at several different temperatures and the data are shown below:

temperature, oC k, M-1 s-1

100 6.264
150 45.464
200 217.008
250 768.232

Calculate the value of the activation energy, Ea, for this reaction.

13.9 kJ B. 27.4 kJ C. 52.0 kJ D. 97.8 kJ E.143 kJ

31. Chlorine, Cl2, reacts with hydrogen sulfide, H2S, in aqueous solution to produce solid sulfur and hydrogen
chloride, HCl: Cl2 (aq) + H2S (aq) S (s) + 2 HCl (aq). The rate law for this reaction is found to be: Rate =
k[Cl2][H2S]. Which of the following is an acceptable possibility for the mechanism of this reaction?

(A) Cl2 Cl+ + Cl- slow

Cl- + H2S HCl + HS- fast
Cl+ + HS- HCl + S fast

(B) Cl2 + H2S HCl + Cl+ + HS- slow

Cl+ + HS- HCl + S fast

(C) Cl2 Cl + Cl fast

Cl + H2S HCl + HS fast
HS + Cl HCl + S slow

(D) All of these mechanisms are acceptable possibilities.

(E) None of these mechanisms are acceptable possibilities.

32. In aqueous solution, the permanganate ion, MnO4-, reacts with nitrous acid, HNO2, as follows: 2 MnO4- (aq) + 5
HNO2 (aq) + H+ (aq) 2 Mn2+ (aq) + 5 NO3- (aq) + 3 H2O (l)

Calculate the rate (in M s-1) at which the HNO2 concentration is decreasing if the MnO4- is decreasing at a rate of
0.024 M s-1.

33. Gaseous N2O5 decomposes according to the following equation: N2O5(g) 2 NO2(g) + 1/2 O2(g)

The experimental rate law is - [N2O5]/ t = k[N2O5]. At a certain temperature the rate constant is k = 5.0 x 10-
4
/second. In how many seconds will the concentration of N2O5 decrease to one-tenth of its initial value?

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