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E U Ir Du C I e E U: Transient Process For RLC Circuit

For a RLC circuit, when the voltage source changes suddenly: 1. For an RC circuit, the voltage across the capacitor increases or decreases exponentially, with a time constant determined by RC. 2. For an RLC series circuit, the voltage across the capacitor oscillates exponentially with time, with a frequency and time constant determined by the circuit components. 3. By measuring the amplitude of oscillations over time, the time constant and natural frequency can be determined experimentally and compared to theoretical calculations. Increasing resistance eliminates oscillations.

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45 views5 pages

E U Ir Du C I e E U: Transient Process For RLC Circuit

For a RLC circuit, when the voltage source changes suddenly: 1. For an RC circuit, the voltage across the capacitor increases or decreases exponentially, with a time constant determined by RC. 2. For an RLC series circuit, the voltage across the capacitor oscillates exponentially with time, with a frequency and time constant determined by the circuit components. 3. By measuring the amplitude of oscillations over time, the time constant and natural frequency can be determined experimentally and compared to theoretical calculations. Increasing resistance eliminates oscillations.

Uploaded by

Witha
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Transient Process for RLC Circuit

Purpose
1. Observe the transient process for RLC circuit
2. Study the transient characteristics for RLC circuit

Theory
For a circuit contained a resistor R, a capacitor C and an inductor L, when the voltage of
source changes suddenly from 0 to E volts the voltage or current of the circuit can’t
respond it immediately. It performs a transient process.
1. A simple RC circuit
As shown in Figure 1, a simple RC circuit is supplied by a source voltage u(t)
which is a square signal jumped from 0 to E or vice verse. The circuit equation is
described as:
iR + u = E
c
(1)
where uc is the voltage across the capacitor, and i is the AC current passing
through the capacitor and equals to
du
i=c c
( 2)
dt
The solution of Equation (1) is:
t
−
u = E (1 − e )
c
RC
(3)

Figure 1 A simple RC circuit and its source voltage

Figure 2 The voltage changed on the capacitor


It tells us that uc increases exponentially when charging and decreases
exponentially when discharging as shown in Figure 2.

2. A series RLC circuit


Figure 3 is a RLC circuit described by the following equation:
du 2
du 1
L +R + u =0
c c
(3)
dt dt c
2 c

The solution of Equation (3) is:


t
−
u = Ee cos ωt
c
τ
( 4)
where τ is a time constant determined by
2L
τ= (5)
R

Figure 3 A RLC circuit

Figure 4 The transient voltage uc across capacitor for a RLC circuit

In Equation (4), ω is the natural resonant frequency determined by:


1 R 2

ω= − (5)
LC 4 L 2
Figure 4 shows the transient respond of the series RLC circuit on the capacitor.
Figure 5 is a typical waveform observed from the oscilloscope. We can determine τ
and ω based on the waveform using the following method. As shown in Figure 5,
when t=tn the amplitude of oscillation un can be expressed as:
tn
−
u = Ee τ cos ωt
n n
(6)
Assuming that the period of oscillation is T, when t=tn+NT the amplitude of
oscillation un+NT then becomes:

t n + NT
−
u n + NT
= Ee τ
cos ω (t + NT )n
(7)
where
ω (t + NT ) = ωt + 2πN
n n
(8)
Therefore, Equation (7) becomes then
t n + NT
−
u n + NT
= Ee τ
cos ωt n
(9)
Taking the ratio of Equation (9) and (6), we find that:
u −
NT

=e
n+ N τ
(10)
u n

Then the time constant τ can be easily determined as:


− NT
τ= (11)
u
ln( ) n+ N

u n

Figure 5 Determining τ and ω from the a waveform


Apparatus
1. Oscilloscope with two channels
2. Square signal generator
3. Inductor
4. Capacitor
5. Resistor box

Procedure
1. A simple RC circuit
a. Observe charging and discharging for a RC circuit
Construct the apparatus according to Figure 1
Use square signal generator with f=100Hz as u(t) (If f is too high, what
will happen?)
Take C=0.1µF, and R=300Ω, 1KΩ and 3KΩ respectively
Set input as DC for oscilloscope
Use oscilloscope to observe both uc and uR by two channels shown in
Figure 6
Sketch uc~t and uR~t for three different resistances
b. Determine the time constants τ, and compare the experiment values with
theoretical ones

Figure 6 Measuring uc and uR


2. A series RLC circuit
a. Study the transient process for the RLC circuit
Construct the apparatus according to Figure 3
Use square signal generator with f=100Hz as u(t) (If f is too high or
too low, what will happen?)
Take C=4700pF, L=0.6 or 0.3 H and R=R0+RL+RM. RM-the internal
resistance of generator (usually 50Ω ), RL-the impedance of the
inductor, R0-the resistance of the box. Make sure R2 <4L/C, otherwise,
see what will happen
Sketch the oscillation waveform
Calculate τ and ω by using Equation (11) when setting R0=0
Calculate RL if R0=0 and RM=50Ω by using Equation (5)
b. Increase the resistance until no oscillation can been seen

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