Biology Knowledge Map

2019-2020

Chemistry of Life
1. Biology is the study of life
2. Metabolism is the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism builds and breaks
down materials
3. Homeostasis is a relatively constant condition that organisms maintain
4. Atoms are the most basic units of matter
5. Electrons are negatively charged particles that surround the nucleus of an atom
6. Elements are pure substances that consist entirely of one type of atom
7. Nucleus (atom) is the center of an atom. It contains the protons and neutrons
8. Ionic bonds are chemical bonds that are formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another.
9. Covalent bonds are chemical bonds form when atoms share electrons
10. Molecules are the smallest units of a compound that display the properties of a compound. Ex: water
11. Hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom. They are how water
molecules attach to one another.
12. Cohesion is the attraction of molecules of the same substance. Ex: water molecules attracted to other
water molecules
13. Adhesion is the attraction between different types of molecules. Ex: water molecules attracted to paper
towels
14. Monomers are small chemical units that makes up a polymer. It is a building block.
15. Polymers are molecules made of many monomers. They make up macromolecules.
16. Carbohydrates are molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are the major source of
energy for the body. Examples: glucose, glycogen, cellulose.
17. Lipids are high-energy hydrophobic molecules that made mostly of carbon and hydrogen. Ex: fats, oils,
waxes.
18. Nucleotides are the building blocks of nucleic acids DNA and RNA. They are made of a nitrogenous
base, a sugar, and a phosphate group.
19. Nucleic acids are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous. Ex:
DNA and ATP
20. Proteins are molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen that are needed for growth,
repair, energy, and structure. Ex: hemoglobin, collagen, keratin
21. Amino acids are the building blocks of protein
22. Polypeptides are polymers of protein
23. ATP is the energy molecule used by cells

Nature of Science
24. Theory is an idea based off of experimental evidence that explains natural phenomena
25. Hypothesis is a proposed explanation to phenomena based on limited evidence
26. Control group is an experimental group that is exposed to all conditions of the experiment except for
one independent variable
27. Independent variables are factors in an experiment that are deliberately changed
28. Dependent variables are variables that are observed and that change in response to the independent
variable
29. Claims, evidence, reasoning is a structure for writing scientific conclusions
30. Evidence is the basis for decision making
Ecology
31. Biosphere is the part of earth where life exists. It includes land, water, and air.
32. Ecology is the study of ecosystems
33. Species is a group of organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
34. Population is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same area
35. Community is groups of different populations that live in the same area
36. Ecosystem all organisms that live in a place together with their nonliving environment
37. Atmosphere is a thin layer of gasses that surround the earth
38. Autotrophs are organisms that are able to capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to
produce their own food
39. Primary producers produce energy-rich compounds like sugar that are later used by other organisms.
Ex: plants
40. Heterotrophs are organisms that get energy by consuming other organisms
41. Consumers are organisms that get energy by consuming other organisms
42. Detritus is decaying bits of plant and animal matter
43. Food chain is a series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten
44. Food webs are complex networks of interactions formed by the feeding relationships of different
organisms. They are composed of many food chains
45. Trophic levels are the steps of a food web or energy pyramid
46. ecological pyramid,
47. Biomass is the total amount of living tissue in a trophic level. Tends to decrease as trophic level
increases.
48. Nitrogen fixation is a process where bacteria convert atmospheric nitrogen into a form of nitrogen that
plants can use
49. Limiting nutrient are essential nutrients that limits productivity in an ecosystem. Ex: nitrogen
50. Population density is the number of individuals per unit area. Ex: 5 ferns per square meter
51. population distribution is the way individuals are spaced across their range or habitat
52. Immigration is when organisms enter a population
53. Emigration is when organisms leave a population
54. Exponential growth is a pattern of fast growth where individuals reproduce at a constant rate
55. Logistic growth is a pattern of growth where a population's growth slows as it approaches carrying
capacity
56. Carrying capacity is the largest number of individuals that an environment can support
57. Limiting factors cause a population's growth to slow down. Ex: food, water, space
58. Density-dependent limiting factor are dependent on a population’s density. Ex: food
59. Density-independent limiting factors do not depend on population density. Ex: weather
60. Keystone species have strong effects of the structure of a community. Ex: salmon
61. Ecological succession is a series of gradual changes that occur in an area after a disturbance
62. Biodiversity is the total variety of organisms on earth
63. Ecosystem diversity total variety of organisms in an ecosystem
64. Species diversity number of different species that make up an area
65. Genetic diversity all the different forms of genes in a species
66. Biological magnification is when harmful pollutants concentrate in higher trophic levels

Human Impact
67. Weather is the day-to-day conditions of the atmosphere. Ex: temperature and precipitation
68. Climate average year-to-year conditions of temperature and precipitation over a long period of time
69. Greenhouse effect is the process that uses greenhouse gasses (carbon dioxide, water, methane) to
trap heat in Earth's atmosphere
 70. Ecosystem services provide benefits to humans. Ex: bees pollinating plants
71. Ecological footprint the amount of ecosystem needed to provide the resources needed by humans and
to absorb wastes that a population generates
72. anthrome,
73. Climate change is the measurable long-term changes of average temperature, precipitation, winds,
and frequency of extreme weather such as floods, storms, and heat waves.
74. Global warming is the increase of earth’s temperature.
75. Invasive species are non-native species that can cause environmental harm, economic harm, or harm
to human health.
76. Ozone layer is the layer of the atmosphere that protects earth from the sun
77. Sustainable development is when we use resources in ways that preserve ecosystem services
78. Renewable resource can be produced or replaced by a healthy ecosystem
79. Nonrenewable resources cannot be replenished by an ecosystem in a reasonable amount of time

Cells
80. Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack a nucleus and cellular organelles
81. Eukaryote organism whose cells contain a nucleus
82. Mitochondria convert chemical energy stored in food into ATP
83. Nucleus contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA)
84. Nucleolus makes ribosomes
85. Nuclear membrane pores in the nucleus that control what goes in and out
86. Lysosomes break down cellular waste
87. Ribosomes make proteins
88. Vacuole store water, salts, and other nutrients
89. Cell walls are a rigid protective layers that surround plant and bacterial cells
90. Chloroplasts perform photosynthesis
91. Cytoplasm is all all cellular contents outside the nucleus
92. Cell membrane is a thin flexible barrier that surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves
the cell
93. Phospholipids make up the cell membrane and have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
94. Osmosis is the movement of water from high concentration to low concentration
95. Diffusion movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
96. Turgor pressure prevents plants from wilting
97. Rough endoplasmic reticulum modifies proteins and moves stuff around the cell
98. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum makes lipids and breaks down drugs and alcohol
99. Golgi apparatus sorts, modifies, and packages proteins
100. Flagella are cellular tails that assist in movement
101. Cilia aid in cell movement
102. Cytoskeleton network of protein fibers that give cell structure and move organelles around the
cells=

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

103. Photosynthesis is a process that converts energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in
carbohydrates
104. Chemosynthesis is a process that uses chemical energy to make carbohydrates
105. Cellular respiration is a process that breaks down carbohydrates to make ATP
106. Reactants are the elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction
107. Products are elements or molecules produced during a chemical reaction
108. Glucose is a simple sugar that is an important energy source for many organisms
DNA Replication and Cell Division (Mitosis and Meiosis)
109. Sexual reproduction is when 2 from 2 parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism
110. Asexual reproduction is when a parent makes offspring that are genetically identical
111. DNA is genetic material that offspring inherit from their parents
112. Differentiation is when cells become specialized in structure and function. Ex: stem cells

Genetics
113. Genetic code sum of all of an organism's genes
114. Punnett squares are tools used to predict the genotype and phenotype combinations of a genetic cross
115. Mutations are changes to a cell’s genetic material
116. Mutagens are chemical or physical things in the environment that can cause mutation. Ex: UV radiation
and chemicals in tobacco products
Evolution
117. Evolve means to change over time
118. Evolution how organisms have changed over time
119. Artificial selection is the selective breeding of plants and animals to promote the occurrence of
desirable traits. Ex: dog breeding
120. Adaptations are heritable characteristics that increase an individual's ability to survive and reproduce
121. Fitness describes how well an individual can survive and reproduce
122. Natural selection is the process where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive
and produce more offspring. AKA survival of the fittest.
123. Homologous structures are similar in different species of common ancestors
124. Vestigial structures are inherited from ancestors but has lost much of its original function
125. Analogous structures have the same function, like flight, but have a different structure.
126. Gene pools are all the genes in a population at one time
127. Allele frequency is how often an allele occurs in a population
128. Bottleneck effect is the change in allele frequency following a dramatic reduction in the size of a
population
129. Speciation is the formation of a new species
130. Reproductive isolation is the separation of a species of population so that they can no longer interbreed
and eventually evolve into separate species
131. Behavioral isolation is a form of reproductive isolation in which two populations develop differences in
courtship rituals or other behaviors that prevent them from breeding
132. Geographical isolation is a form of reproductive isolation in which two populations are separated by
geographic barriers such as rivers, mountains or bodies of water, leading to the formation of two
separate subspecies
133. Temporal isolation is a form of reproductive isolation in which two or more species reproduce at
different times. Ex: reproducing at night versus in the day
134. Geologic time scale is a timeline used to represent Earth’s history
135. Gradualism is the evolution of species by gradual accumulation of small genetic changes over long
periods of time
136. Punctuated equilibrium the pattern of evolution in which long, stable, periods are interrupted by periods
of rapid change
137. Coevolution is when two species evolve in response to changes in each other over time
138. Endosymbiotic theory proposes that eukaryotic cells formed from a symbiotic relationship among
several different prokaryotic cells