Evaluation Report

Clean Drinking Water

Project-Tharparker

Research, Monitoring & Evaluation Department-Human Appeal Pakistan

Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. 2
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 3
Brief introduction of project Area:............................................................................................................ 4
Purpose of study: ...................................................................................................................................... 4
Methodology:............................................................................................................................................ 5
Village Wise sample size ........................................................................................................................... 5
Findings: ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
Safe water source around the house: ....................................................................................................... 7
Distance to water source: ......................................................................................................................... 7
Time saving: .............................................................................................................................................. 8
Health Impact:........................................................................................................................................... 9
Causality due to diarrhea: ....................................................................................................................... 10
Process evaluation .................................................................................................................................. 11
Satisfaction with the quality of work ...................................................................................................... 11
Condition:................................................................................................................................................ 12
Economic Impact:........................................................................................................................................ 13
Economic Benefits................................................................................................................................... 13
Saving of Health expenditures: ............................................................................................................... 13
Utilization of Time saved. ....................................................................................................................... 14
Social impact of the project: ....................................................................................................................... 15
General perception of community: ........................................................................................................ 15
Benefits perceived by the community: ................................................................................................... 16
Utility of the project ................................................................................................................................ 16
Environmental Impact: ........................................................................................................................... 17
Transparency and Accountability................................................................................................................ 17
Recommendations: ..................................................................................................................................... 18
 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Provision of clean drinking water has been a top priority of the development actors including
Human Appeal International for which, the organization has implemented number of projects in
various areas of Pakistan including district Tharparker which is the most vulnerable district . In
seven villages of tehsil Islamkot district Tharparker Human Appeal International installed
submersible solar pumps, dig bores and construct water tanks to provide safe drinking water.
Before the implementation of the project Human Appeal conducted a baseline survey to capture
the pre- conditions and after the implementation end line survey was conducted to analyze the
impacts of the project. Through primary and secondary research in selected villages, the study
helps to highlight socio-economic and environmental impact of the project on the life of
communities at the grass roots. A total of 143 beneficiary households were selected
proportionately for household survey.
Before the implementation of project human appeal conducted a baseline survey, which shows
that 97% beneficiaries had no access to clean drinking water and they were using unsafe source
of water for drinking and cooking. The end line surveys shows that 100% beneficiaries have now
access to clean drinking water around their houses.
Before the execution of project 40% of the people were fetching water from ½ km, 45% people
from a distance of 1 km and 15% from more than 1 km. But after completion of this project the
figures started coming down and now a majority i.e 75% people fetch water from less than 100
Meters, 7% from 300 Meters and 18% from a distance of 500 MetersDiarrhea is the major water
born disease in the targeted area.
Most of the respondents were using contaminated water. In the baseline survey 16% respondents
reported diarrhea in their household but after provision of clean drinking water the ratio of
diarrhea prevalence decrease to 2%.
In the baseline survey 16% respondents mentioned that the household members including
children were died during the last 6 months and in the end line no one died due to diarrhea after
the provision of clean drinking water in the village.
The results of focused group discussions and structured interviews depict that almost 35%
beneficiaries are strongly satisfied with the quality of construction work and other supplies
provided to them and 48% are satisfied. Almost 17% were not satisfied about the quality of
construction and services provided through the project.

Drinking water in Tharparker is also one of the causes of tooth discoloration. Excess of fluoride
in water make it happened but there are various other reasons like tooth cleaning and use of
tobacco etc. almost every person in the targeted are have the same conditions as above and it
may have the cause of various deadly mouth diseases in future. The water testing is under
progress and which would clarify the level of fluoride in the water through the said project. Due
to excess of fluoride and other chemicals in the ground water a majority of people indulged in
bone diseases when they crossed the forty years of age.

Safe drinking water availability has posed positive impacts on the environment. Not only the
hygienic condition of streets and houses had improved but the people also put extra efforts to
ensure personal hygiene. More water has become available for increased vegetation contributing
to improved environment. However, there is a need to focus on and address the negative impacts
such as lack of proper sewerage systems in the area causing smell and posing risk to water borne
diseases.

Generally, the project condition is good and people at the grass root have been facilitated. The
projects ensured availability of clean drinking water putting positive impacts on the socio
economic and environmental condition of the communities. The study concluded with number of
recommendations based on the feedback received from the community which will further
strengthen the future intervention of the project.

Introduction
Safe and clean water is one of the basic needs of human being which is not accessible by major
areas around the world, nowadays it became a global issue for the entire world particularly for
developing countries. World population is growing day by day comparatively fresh water is not
enough to meet the demand of growing population. Serious threats of water shortage were
addressed in different developing countries; according to WHO&UNICEF 768 million people
11% of global population still use unsafe drinking water sources1. Inadequate access to safe
water coupled with poor hygiene practices, kills and sickens thousands of children every day,
and leads to impoverishment and diminished opportunities. Water is the basic necessity of life
but it is the dilemma of our society that a major chunk of country's population is running down
from clean drinking water and the reports of WHO, revealed that the water supplied to the
citizens of many parts of the country is contaminated and not fit for human consumption.
According to United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), 20 to 40 % beds are occupied in the
hospitals of Pakistan by patients suffering from water related diseases2. Unfortunately, most of
the water sources are contaminated and there is no proper mechanism exits whereby poor people
could get clean water.
Human appeal international implemented a project of submersible water well system to provide
clean and safe drinking water in seven villages of tehsil Islamkot district Tharparker, which is

1
WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP), released
in early 2013,

2
UNICEF
one of the most vulnerable areas with respect water availability, access and quality. The baseline
survey was conducted at the start of the project and at the project completion to assess the
change and impact, end line survey conducted. This report includes the combine results of
baseline and end line to see the impact of these projects.

Brief introduction of project Area:

Thar Desert region covers vast area of
Pakistan and India stretching from Cholistan
to Nagarparker in Pakistan and Haryana to
Rajasthan in India. Tharparker which is the
part of Pakistan have four Tulukas,
Nagarparker, Diplo, Chachro and Mithi.
Population of this area, as estimated by the
1998 census, is 955,812 people. But it is
interesting to note that during the last 15 years there has been an exponential growth with the
increase in population around 10 folds than the 1998 estimate. New villages (or commonly
known as Goths) have sprouted near big establishments such as Umarkot and Mithi and other
areas as well. Tharparkar District is one of twenty three districts of Sindh province in Pakistan.
Its headquarters is at Mithi. It has the lowest Human Development Index of all districts in Sindh
and comprises of a total area of 19,638 sq km.

Purpose of study:
Human appeal international implemented a project of submersible water well system to provide
clean and safe drinking water in seven villages of tehsil Islamkot district Tharparker, which is
one of the most vulnerable areas with respect water availability, access and quality. The baseline
survey was conducted at the start of the project and at the project completion to assess the
change and impact, end line survey conducted. This report includes the combine results of
baseline and end line to see the impact of these projects.
Methodology:
Same methodology is used for both baseline and end
line survey. Structures questioner and focused group
discussion methods were used to collect the data.
The baseline questioner with some additions was
used and discussion conducted with different interest
groups to capture the realistic data. Monitoring and
evaluation team along with external enumerators
collected the data from 15% beneficiaries from five
sites/ villages. The end line survey was conducted in
the 1st week of June. The survey took a period of one
week.

Village Wise sample size

Name of village Number of households Sample households

Surhbwasaiputta 300 43

Dharam 1 150 25

Dharam 2 150 25

Libbo 217 30

Mehari 189 20
Literature Review:
Tharparkar area, spread over 22,000 square kilometers, is the area of chronic poverty, with about
1.2 million inhabitants. Of these, 95 percent live in the village of about 2,000. Water scarcity is a
major problem in the region, and groundwater is almost the only source of water for the local
population. Groundwater that people here use is salty, it contains a high content of various salts
and metals, which pose a threat to human and animal health.

According to different studies, the total domestic water requirement of Tharparkar is 0.25 per
cent of the total rainfall that the district received. It means that if we store the abovementioned
amount, then Tharparkar can meet its domestic needs, which includes water for drinking,
cooking, bathing, washing clothes, etc. There is a great need to promote technologies / native /
local practices and the promotion of solar energy, wind energy, and community management
systems on the basis of gravity to address water problems instead of spending huge sums in very
ambitious plans. (Mukesh Raja April 15th, 2013)

A high fluoride intake causes dental and skeletal diseases, thyroid and kidney problems. It also
leads to permanent chronic bone and joint deformations, (Reported by the UN information unit).

Applied Education & Renewable Energy (Aware) found over 80 per cent of groundwater in the
district unfit for human consumption, (DUHS, PCSIR and NGO Association for water)
Findings:

Water source around the house:

Before the implementation of project human appeal conducted a baseline survey, which shows
that 97% beneficiaries had no access to clean drinking water and they were using unclean source
of water for drinking and cooking. The end line surveys shows that 100% beneficiaries have now
access to clean drinking water around their houses.

Access to drinking water source

100%

80%

60% Yes
No
40%

20%

0%
Baseline Endline

Distance to water source:

Distance from water source(%of people)

80%
70%
60%
50%
%age

40% Endline
30% Baseline
20%
10%
0%
100 Meters 300 meters 500 meters 1000meter >1000meters

Before the execution of project 40% of the people were fetching water from ½ km, 45% people
from a distance of 1 km and 15% from more than 1 km. But after completion of this project the
figures started coming down and now a majority i.e 75% people fetch water from less than 100
Meters, 7% from 300 Meters and 18% from a distance of 500 Meters. No one needs to travel a
distance more than 500 meters. In the targeted area mostly this is the responsibility of women to
fetch water for the use of whole household who are already overburdened by rest of domestic
work. The nearby water source installed by
Human Appeal reduced the workload of these

Who collects water

Female
child
Male
14%
chile
2%
Adult
men
2%
Adult
women
82%

women. Following graph shows that who mostly

collect water from the source.

As per the graph 82% adult women are

responsible for collecting water from source. As
we found from the focused group discussion that
mostly all the work inside the house like cooking,
wood collection and even a in the major portion
of house construction. So these deprived and oppressed women are the major beneficiaries of
this project, who are now saving a portion of time and spend on different social activities. In the
next graph we will analyze the expected free time after the project implementation and its
utilization.

Time saving:
Before the implementation of the project women spent a major portion of their time for
collecting water from source. Due to overweight water containers the pregnant women were
facing complications in pregnancy. Fetching water from long distance from water source in hot
weather was very spiteful for these women. On the other hand as per the baseline 48% of
respondents were spending 2 hours of their daily time for water collection and now these women
spent the saved time with their children and other social activities
 A major change seen in this
Time spent for water collection
variable before execution of the
80
project 19% respondents had near
70
about water source and after
60
installation of the submersible
50
pumps 68% of respondent’s
40 Baseline beneficiaries are spending only
30
Endline 30minutes of their daily time for
20
water collection. As per the
10
baseline data almost 25%
0
30 Min one hour Two hour Three respondents were spending at least
hours one hour for water collection and
now this ratio decrease to 12%.
Same like the 48% of project beneficiaries were spending at least two hours for collecting water
before the project, now decreased down to 16%.

Health Impact:

Diarrhea is the major water born

Diarrhea disease in the targeted area. Most of
18%
the respondents were using
16%
14% contaminated water. In the baseline
12% survey 16% respondents reported
10%
diarrhea in their household but after
8%
6% provision of clean drinking water
4%
the ratio of diarrhea prevalence
2%
0% decrease to 2%. This variable shows
Baseline Endline the immediate effect of the project,
which in one way decrease the health expenditure of the beneficiaries and on the other side it
increase the school attendance ration among children. A major portion of the population in the
targeted are prefer to treat the diseases within the household by using traditional methods
because they don’t have resources and power to purchase medical treatment.

The following graph shows that after the implementation of project the expenditure on health
decreased and the amount saved from the health budget is now spent on food and education.
 Health Expenditures
80

70

60

50

40 Baseline
%

Endline
30

20

10

0
<1000 1100-2000 2100-3000 3100-4000 >4100

Causality due to diarrhea:

Due to lack of awareness regarding diagnosis and treatment of diarrhea and a long distance from
hospitals in the targeted villages the diarrhea was one of the causes of deaths. In the baseline
survey 16% respondents mentioned that the household members including children were died
during the last 6 months and in the end line no one died due to diarrhea after the provision of
clean drinking water in the village.

High Ratio of fluoride in water

Drinking water in Tharparker is also one of the causes of tooth discoloration. Excess of fluoride
in water make it happened but there are various other reasons like tooth cleaning and use of
tobacco etc. almost every person in the targeted are have the same conditions as above and it
may have the cause of various deadly mouth diseases in future. The water testing is under
progress and which would clarify the level of fluoride in the water through the said project. Due
to excess of fluoride and other chemicals in the ground water a majority of people indulged in
bone diseases when they crossed the forty years of age.

Process evaluation
Human Appeal believes on the value of community participation at all level. This section of the
report includes the process flow of selection of villages, construction of water tank and delivery
of services. As per the group discussions and structured interviews to almost 100% beneficiaries
told that their village was selected after need assessment by the human appeal team and the
project site was selected by the village elders. The projected was completed and operational from
60 to 90 days after starting the work on site.

Satisfaction with the quality of work

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Strongly satisfied Dissatisfied strongly
satisfied dissatisfied

The results of focused group discussions and

structured interviews depict that almost 35%
beneficiaries are strongly satisfied with the
quality of construction work and other supplies
provided to them and 48% are satisfied. Almost
17% were not satisfied about the quality of construction and services provided through the
project.
Condition: Traditional methods of pulling water from well:
Our evaluation team visited the sites almost three months after the project become operational.
Following graphs shows the current conditions of water tanks, plate form, solar panel, pumps etc.
Majority of beneficiaries told that the water system is functioning well and they are meeting their
water requirements from these sources and in some sites there are little bit problems with water
tanks and solar systems, which was further addressed by the contractor on the complaint of
communities.

100
90
80
70
% benefeceries

60
Perfect
50
a little bit dipleted
40
extremely depleted
30
20
10
0
Condition of Condition of condition of condition of
solar panel plate form water tank moter
Economic Impact:
Among all the objectives of this project economic impact was one of them. This project helped
the inhabitants of Tharparker to reduced health problems and the expenditures to cure the
diseases are now reduced up to maximum level which in turn they can utilize on food and
education. In this section we see that how the community uses the resources like saved time and
money. Before this project they used to fetch water from far away which was time consuming as
well they were fetching water from insecure water resources which was most likely to increase
health related risks and hard work was required but now it takes a very less amount of time to
collect water and utilize the saved time in other economic activities.

Economic Benefits
Our team conducted focused group discussion and structured interviews in the targeted
communities and they were asked about the economic benefits of water supply scheme the
results are following.

60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Less diseases Saving on health spending No change

Saving of Health expenditures:

The above result reveals that the community saved money due to less disease in the community
after the provision of clean drinking water.
 70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Yes No

Utilization of Time saved.

According to community responses on a Question about utilizing saved time, despite having no
industry no agriculture but still they utilize their saved time. Almost 70% of the community
remains engage in economic activities. What are those economic activities? We will see in next
result.

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
livestock others

As from the above graph we can see that community is enhancing their income by remaining
engage in different economic activities like earning Daily wages, kitchen gardening and a small
level of farming as well. According to discussion large portion of the community responded that
after the completion of solar pump project they are increasing their livestock now the reason
being before this project women of the community had to go far a distance to fetch water from
wells which was neither sufficient for household use nor for livestock. But now water is easily
available for household use and for livestock as well.

Social impact of the project:

The provision of clean drinking water at the doorstep of the communities has reduced the
prevalence of diseases. 50% of the target beneficiaries endorsed that due to the availability of
clean drinking water, the prevalence of water borne diseases have reduced. Since mostly women
and children were responsible for bringing water from outside and they were on high risk of
security. They were prone to snake/ insect and other animal bites. So on the basis of above risks
to what extent the community is convenient after the provision of water within the village
territory are as follows.

General perception of community:

Not convenient Almost a majority

10%
of respondents
said that they are
convenient quite comfortable
23%
after the provision
Very convenient
of clean drinking
67%
water within the
household and due
to this they got
mental satisfaction
and eternal
happiness. 67% respondents were very convenient, 23 convenient and other 10% were not
convenient because the water source was not much near their houses.
Benefits perceived by the community:
There have been various positive impacts on
the life of people with the implementation of
More clean drinking water projects. 50% of the
hygienic
living
target population saved time that the
24% previously spent in bringing the water from
saved
time other vicinities. 26% of the women and
Women 50%
and children feel more security due to the water
children sources within their immediate vicinities and
secure
26% door steps. 24% of the population
demonstrated improved living conditions due
to better hygiene.

Utility of the project

23% beneficiary community uses water for their own drinking purposes while the 49%
population also additionally uses this water for feeding their livestock as well. 20% population
also uses this water for washing clothes while 6% have improved their living conditions by
adopting hygienic practices of taking bath regularly. 2% of the beneficiary community have also
moved a step ahead and used this water for kitchen gardening activities.
60%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

0%
Drinking human Drinking human & Washing cloth Bathing Kitchen gardening
livestock
Environmental Impact:
District Tharparker is one of the most vulnerable to environmental impacts. From the last five
years they are facing a severe shortage of rain to grow the crops, but unfortunately due to the
impacts of climate change the rain is limited to 100MM which and for growing food crops at
least 400 mm is required year.

Human appeal international

introduced environmental
complaint submersible solar water
supplies to the communities. The
targeted communities were facing
severe shortage of food from the
last three years but after the
implementation of the project some
of the beneficiaries started to grow
vegetables and crops for their
household use. Which in one side
decreasing the emission of green gasses and on the other side increasing access to hygienic food?

Transparency and Accountability

The project of solar pump has been carried out through a proper channel. The channel includes
community mobilization, need assessment process and formation of water user association and
then the project sites was selected by the members of water user associations.

According to community Human Appeal International visited at different stages of time to all
sites of project during and after completion of project. Country Director, Program Managers and
Monitoring and Evaluation team kept on visiting to monitor the performance of all the solar
pumps and get feedback from the community.

The community is very grateful to Human Appeal International for giving such remarkable water
source. According to research water is the major problem in Tharparker which affects the
community badly; Human Appeal International took the problem in account, started work on it
and successfully accomplished the objectives. Human Appeal International has been very
transparent and accountable for all the activities of the project before and after completion.

According to community human appeal team shared with them the funding source and total
budget of the project as well before any change in project they were consulted.
Recommendations:
 On the basis of above findings, still there is a dire need of clean and safe water most of
the communities living there. So it is highly recommended that more submersible solar
clean water systems should be installed.
 To reduce the excess fluoride and other chemicals from the drinking water, water
filtration system should be the part of each project after testing the water to save the
people from various deadly tooth and boon diseases.
 As the poverty of Tharparker is at its peak people having no industry or agriculture to
improve their livelihoods and release from the poverty trap. They land is very productive
and virgin; agriculture of Tharparker cannot only reduce the poverty of its people but also
play a crucial role in the GDP of Pakistan. Solar tube wells need to be installed at
agriculture fields for providing water to crops so that people’s economic situation can be
improved.
 In some of the targeted villages although water is being provided to communities but still
they are facing water shortage because the capacity of tank is not sufficient to meet the
needs of population. So any further project should be designed to keep in mind the need
of whole community within a village and catchments.
 Almost all the households in rural Tharparker do not have toilets, which contribute to
increase the health related risks. Along with the provision of safe water there is a dire
need to train and motivate communities about the utilization of toilets as well provision
of toilets to these communities would be a major contribution in development.
 It has been seen that almost 50% water tanks have the capacity of water storage more
than the needs of people and livestock. It is recommended that community should be
trained in kitchen gardening and they should be educated about the utilization of
additional water for kitchen gardening
 It is highly recommended that in any further project in the targeted area the capacity of
the water tank should be exceeded more than the drinking needs of the community and
livestock. The additional amount of water should be utilized for common kitchen gardens
to ensure the food security of population.
Sustainability:
One of the major concerns of the project is to ensure the sustainability of the project. It is found
in filed that in case of even a little bit problems in solar system the community have to contact
with vendor or human appeal office to resolve the issue. This issue could be addressed through
enhancing the technical skills of at least one responsible person from one community. From
every targeted community one person should be trained about the utilization, repair and
maintenance of the solar system to ensure the sustainability of the project.