Shortcut Description

Ctrl+0 Toggles 6pts of spacing before a paragraph.

Ctrl+A Select all contents of the page.

Ctrl+B Bold highlighted selection.

Ctrl+C Copy selected text.

Ctrl+D Open the font preferences window.

Ctrl+E Aligns the line or selected text to the center of the screen.

Ctrl+F Open find box.

Ctrl+I Italic highlighted selection.

Ctrl+J Aligns the selected text or line to justify the screen.

Ctrl+K Insert a hyperlink.

Ctrl+L Aligns the line or selected text to the left of the screen.

Ctrl+M Indent the paragraph.

Ctrl+N Opens new, blank document window.

Ctrl+O Opens the dialog box or page for selecting a file to open.

Ctrl+P Open the print window.

Ctrl+R Aligns the line or selected text to the right of the screen.

Ctrl+S Save the open document. Like Shift+F12.

Alt, F, A Save the document under a different file name.

Ctrl+T Create a hanging indent.

Ctrl+U Underline the selected text.

Ctrl+V Paste.

Ctrl+W Close the currently open document.

Ctrl+X Cut selected text.

Ctrl+Y Redo the last action performed.

Ctrl+Z Undo last action.

Ctrl+Shift+L Quickly create a bullet point.

Ctrl+Shift+F Change the font.

Ctrl+Shift+> Increase selected font +1pts up to 12pt and then increase font +2pts.
Ctrl+] Increase selected font +1pts.

Ctrl+Shift+< Decrease selected font -1pts if 12pt or lower; if above 12, decreases font by +2pt.

Ctrl+[ Decrease selected font -1pts.

Ctrl+/+c Insert a cent sign (¢).

Ctrl+'+<char> Insert a character with an accent (acute) mark, where <char> is the character you

want. For example, if you wanted an accented é you would use Ctrl+'+e as your

shortcut key. To reverse the accent mark, use the opposite accent mark, often found

on the tilde key.

Ctrl+Shift+* View or hide non printing characters.

Ctrl+<left arrow> Moves one word to the left.

Ctrl+<right arrow> Moves one word to the right.

Ctrl+<up arrow> Moves to the beginning of the line or paragraph.

Ctrl+<down arrow> Moves to the end of the paragraph.

Ctrl+Del Deletes word to right of cursor.

Ctrl+Backspace Deletes word to left of cursor.

Ctrl+End Moves the cursor to the end of the document.

Ctrl+Home Moves the cursor to the beginning of the document.

Ctrl+Spacebar Reset highlighted text to the default font.

Ctrl+1 Single-space lines.

Ctrl+2 Double-space lines.

Ctrl+5 1.5-line spacing.

Ctrl+Alt+1 Changes text to heading 1.

Ctrl+Alt+2 Changes text to heading 2.

Ctrl+Alt+3 Changes text to heading 3.

Alt+Ctrl+F2 Open new document.

Ctrl+F1 Open the Task Pane.

Ctrl+F2 Display the print preview.

Ctrl+Shift+> Increases the selected text size by one font size.

Ctrl+Shift+< Decreases the selected text size by one font size.

Ctrl+Shift+F6 Switches to another open Microsoft Word document.

Ctrl+Shift+F12 Prints the document.

F1 Open help.

F4 Repeat the last action performed (Word 2000+).

F5 Open the Find, Replace, and Go To window in Microsoft Word.

F7 Spellcheck and grammar check selected text or document.

F12 Save As.

Shift+F3 Change the text in Microsoft Word from uppercase to lowercase or a capital letter

at the beginning of every word.

Shift+F7 Runs a Thesaurus check on the selected word.

Shift+F12 Save the open document. Like Ctrl+S.

Shift+Enter Create a soft break instead of a new paragraph.

Shift+Insert Paste.

Shift+Alt+D Insert the current date.

Shift+Alt+T Insert the current time.

1. Text Editing/Graphics editing Operations

Ctrl+R Right Align selected text
Ctrl+L Left Align selected text
Ctrl+A Select All
Ctrl+C/Ctrl+Ins Copy text/image
Ctrl+V Paste text/image/text
Ctrl+X Cut text/image
Ctrl+B Bold text
Ctrl+U Underline Text
Ctrl+I Italic text
Remove selected image/Remove one character from right
Del
side
F2 Rename the file
Ctrl+P Print presentation
F5 Slideshow of presentation
Ctrl+E Align Center Selected Phrase
Alt+W Zoom Selected
Ctrl+J Justify Selected Phrase
Ctrl+K Insert Hyperlink
Ctrl+F Find particular text
Ctrl+H Replace particular text
Ctrl+Z Undo changes in presentation
Ctrl+Y Redo operation
Ctrl+Shift+Z Normal/Plain Text
Shift+F3 Change cases(UppseCase/LowerCase)
F7 Spelling Checker
Ctrl+Shift+F Change Font Style
Ctrl+Shift+> Increase font size
Ctrl+Shift+< Decrease font size
Alt+Ctrl+Shift+> Superscript
Alt+Ctrl+Shift+< Subscript
Ctrl+Drag Create a copy of selected text
Ctrl+Bkspace Delete word from left
Ctrl+Del Delete word from right
F8 Turn extend mode on
Esc Turn extend mode off
Alt+H+4 Apply strikethrough formatting
▲ up
2. General Operation
Ctrl+S/F12 Save Document
Ctrl+O Open existing document
Ctrl+N New Document
Ctrl+P Print Document
Alt+F4 Exit
Ctrl+W Close

3. Navigation Operation
Arrow Keys Move operations
End End of line
Home Starting of line
Ctrl+Up Arrow Phrase or paragraph Up
Ctrl+Down Arrow Phrase or paragraph down
Ctrl+End End of text block
Ctrl+Home Beginning of text block
Shift+Tab To next object
Tab To previous object

7. All Function Key Shortcuts

F1 Get Help or visit Microsoft Office Online.
F2 Move text or graphics.
F4 Repeat the last action.
F5 Choose the Go To command (Home tab).
F6 Go to the next pane or frame.
F8 Extend a selection.
F7 Choose the Spelling command (Review tab).
F9 Update the selected fields.
F10 Show KeyTips.
F11 Go to the next field.
F12 Choose the Save As command (Microsoft Office Button ).
Shift+F1 Start context-sensitive Help or reveal formatting.
Shift+F2 Copy text.
Shift+F3 Change the case of letters.
Shift+F4 Repeat a Find or Go To action.
Shift+F5 Move to the last change.
Shift+F6 Go to the previous pane or frame (after pressing F6).
Choose the Thesaurus command (Review tab, Proofing
Shift+F7
group).
Shift+F8 Shrink a selection.
Shift+F9 Switch between a field code and its result.
Shift+F10 Display a shortcut menu.
Shift+F11 Go to the previous field.
Shift+F12 Choose the Save command (Microsoft Office Button ).
Choose the Print Preview command (Microsoft Office
Ctrl+F2
Button ).
Ctrl+F3 Cut to the Spike.
Ctrl+F4 Close the window.
Ctrl+F6 Go to the next window.
Ctrl+F9 Insert an empty field.
Ctrl+F10 Maximize the document window.
Ctrl+F11 Lock a field.
Ctrl+F12 Choose the Open command (Microsoft Office Button ).
Ctrl+Shift+F3 Insert the contents of the Spike.
Ctrl+Shift+F5 Edit a bookmark.
Ctrl+Shift+F6 Go to the previous window.
Update linked information in an Office Word 2007 source
Ctrl+Shift+F7
document.
Ctrl+Shift+f8, and arrow keys Extend a selection or block.
Ctrl+Shift+F9 Unlink a field.
Ctrl+Shift+F11 Unlock a field.
Ctrl+Shift+F12 Choose the Print command (Microsoft Office Button ).
 Alt+F1 Go to the next field.
Alt+F3 Create a new Building Block.
Alt+F4 Exit Office Word 2007.
Alt+F5 Restore the program window size.
Move from an open dialog box back to the document, for
Alt+F6 dialog boxes such as Find and Replace that support this
behavior.
Alt+F7 Find the next misspelling or grammatical error.
Alt+F8 Run a macro.
Alt+F9 Switch between all field codes and their results.
Alt+f10 Maximize the program window.
Alt+F11 Display Microsoft Visual Basic code.
Alt+Shift+F1 Go to the previous field.
Alt+Shift+F2 Choose the Save command (Microsoft Office Button ).
Alt+Shift+F7 Display the Research task pane.
Run GOTOBUTTON or MACROBUTTON from the field
Alt+Shift+F9
that displays the field results.
Alt+Shift+F10 Display a menu or message for a smart tag.
Ctrl+Alt+F1 Display Microsoft System Information.
Ctrl+Alt+F2 Choose the Open command (Microsoft Office Button ).
MS-EXCEL

Shortcut Description

Tab Move to the next cell, to the right of the currently selected cell.

Ctrl+A Select all contents of a worksheet.

Ctrl+B Bold all cells in the highlighted section.

Ctrl+C Copy all cells in the highlighted section.

Ctrl+D Fill down. Fills the cell beneath with the contents of the selected cell. To fill more

than one cell, select the source cell and press Ctrl+Shift+Downto select multiple

cells. Then press Ctrl+D to fill them with the contents of the original cell.

Ctrl+F Search current sheet.

Ctrl+G Go to a certain area.

Ctrl+H Find and replace.

Ctrl+I Puts italics on all cells in the highlighted section.

Ctrl+K Inserts a hyperlink.

Ctrl+L Opens the Create Table dialog box.

Ctrl+N Creates a new workbook.

Ctrl+O Opens a workbook.

Ctrl+P Print the current sheet.

Ctrl+R Fill right. Fills the cell to the right with the contents of the selected cell. To fill

more than one cell, select the source cell and press Ctrl+Shift+Rightto select

multiple cells. Then press Ctrl+R to fill them with the contents of the original cell.

Ctrl+S Saves the open worksheet.

Ctrl+T Open the Create Table dialog box.

Ctrl+U Underlines all cells in the highlighted section.

Ctrl+V Pastes everything copied onto the clipboard.

Ctrl+W Closes the current workbook.

Ctrl+X Cuts all cells in the highlighted section.

Ctrl+Y Repeats the last entry.

Ctrl+Z Undo the last action.

Ctrl+1 Changes the format of the selected cells.

Ctrl+2 Bolds all cells in the highlighted section.

Ctrl+3 Puts italics all cells in the highlighted section.

Ctrl+4 Underlines all cells in highlighted section.

Ctrl+5 Puts a strikethrough all cells in the highlighted section.

Ctrl+6 Shows or hides objects.

Ctrl+7 Shows or hides the toolbar.

Ctrl+8 Toggles the outline symbols.

Ctrl+9 Hides rows.

Ctrl+0 Hides columns.

Ctrl+Shift+: Enters the current time.

Ctrl+; Enters the current date.

Ctrl+` Changes between displaying cell values or formulas in the worksheet.

Ctrl+' Copies a formula from the cell above.

Ctrl+Shift+" Copies value from cell above.

Ctrl+- Deletes the selected column or row.

Ctrl+Shift+= Inserts a new column or row.

Ctrl+Shift+~ Switches between showing Excel formulas or their values in cells.

Ctrl+Shift+@ Applies time formatting.

Ctrl+Shift+! Applies comma formatting.

Ctrl+Shift+$ Applies currency formatting.

Ctrl+Shift+# Applies date formatting.

Ctrl+Shift+% Applies percentage formatting.

Ctrl+Shift+^ Applies exponential formatting.

Ctrl+Shift+* Selects the current region around the active cell.

Ctrl+Shift+& Places border around selected cells.

Ctrl+Shift+_ Removes a border.

Ctrl++ Insert.

Ctrl+- Delete.

Ctrl+Shift+( Unhide rows.

Ctrl+Shift+) Unhide columns.

Ctrl+/ Selects the array containing the active cell.

Ctrl+\ Selects the cells that have a static value or don’t match the formula in the active

cell.

Ctrl+[ Selects all cells referenced by formulas in the highlighted section.

Ctrl+] Selects cells that contain formulas that reference the active cell.

Ctrl+Shift+{ Selects all cells directly or indirectly referenced by formulas in the highlighted

section.

Ctrl+Shift+} Selects cells which contain formulas that directly or indirectly reference the active

cell.

Ctrl+Shift+| (pipe) Selects the cells within a column that don’t match the formula or static value in the

active cell.

Ctrl+Enter Fills the selected cells with the current entry.

Ctrl+Spacebar Selects the entire column.

Ctrl+Shift+Spacebar Selects the entire worksheet.

Ctrl+Home Move to cell A1.

Ctrl+End Move to last cell with text on the worksheet.

Ctrl+Tab Move between Two or more open Excel files.

Ctrl+Shift+Tab Activates the previous workbook.

Ctrl+Shift+A Inserts argument names into a formula.

Ctrl+Shift+F Opens the drop-down menu for fonts.

Ctrl+Shift+O Selects all of the cells that contain comments.

Ctrl+Shift+P Opens the drop-down menu for point size.

Shift+Insert Pastes what is stored on the clipboard.

Shift+Page Up In a single column, highlights all cells above that are selected.

Shift+Page Down In a single column, highlights all cells above that are selected.

Shift+Home Highlights all text to the left of the cursor.

Shift+End Highlights all text to the right of the cursor.

Shift+Up Arrow Extends the highlighted area up one cell.

Shift+Down Arrow Extends the highlighted area down one cell.

Shift+Left Arrow Extends the highlighted area left one character.

Shift +Right Arrow Extends the highlighted area right one character.

Alt+Tab Cycles through applications.

Alt+Spacebar Opens the system menu.

Alt+Backspace Undo.

Alt+Enter While typing text in a cell, pressing Alt+Enter moves to the next line, allowing for

multiple lines of text in one cell.

Alt+= Creates a formula to sum all of the above cells.

Alt+' Allows formatting on a dialog box.

F1 Opens the help menu.

F2 Edits the selected cell.

F3 After a name is created, F3 will paste names.

F4 Repeats last action. For example, if you changed the color of text in another cell,
 pressing F4 will change the text in cell to the same color.

F5 Goes to a specific cell. For example, C6.

F6 Move to the next pane.

F7 Spell check selected text or document.

F8 Enters Extend Mode.

F9 Recalculates every workbook.

F10 Activates the menu bar.

F11 Creates a chart from selected data.

F12 Save As option.

Shift+F1 Opens the "What's This?" window.

Shift+F2 Allows the user to edit a cell comment.

Shift+F3 Opens the Excel formula window.

Shift+F5 Brings up a search box.

Shift+F6 Move to previous pane.

Shift+F8 Add to selection.

Shift+F9 Performs calculate function on active sheet.

Ctrl+F3 Open Excel Name Manager.

Ctrl+F4 Closes current window.

Ctrl+F5 Restores window size.

Ctrl+F6 Next workbook.

Ctrl+Shift+F6 Previous workbook.

Ctrl+F7 Moves the window.

Ctrl+F8 Resizes the window.

Ctrl+F9 Minimize current window.

Ctrl+F10 Maximize currently selected window.

Ctrl+F11 Inserts a macro sheet.

Ctrl+F12 Opens a file.

Ctrl+Shift+F3 Creates names by using those of either row or column labels.

Ctrl+Shift+F6 Moves to the previous worksheet window.

Ctrl+Shift+F12 Prints the current worksheet.

Alt+F1 Inserts a chart.

Alt+F2 Save As option.

Alt+F4 Exits Excel.

Alt+F8 Opens the macro dialog box.

Alt+F11 Opens the Visual Basic editor.

Alt+Shift+F1 Creates a new worksheet.

Alt+Shift+F2 Saves the current worksheet.

Microsoft PowerPoint shortcut keys

Shortcut Description

E In the Slide Show view, erase all pen tool and highlighter tool marks.

Esc In the Slide Show view, exit the slide show and go back to the previously active

view.

<slide number>+Enter While in Slide Show view, jump to entered slide number. For example, if the

slide show is on slide 8 and you want to jump to slide 10, press the number 1

key, then the number 0 key, then the Enter key.

Ctrl+A 1.) In the Normal view, select all contents of the slide.

2.) In the Slide Sorter view, select all slides.

3.) In the Slide Show view, change the pen tool to the normal cursor.

Ctrl+B Bold highlighted text.

Ctrl+C Copy selected text.

Ctrl+D Insert a duplicate of the selected slide. Select the desired slide in the thumbnail

pane on the left side of the PowerPoint program window, then press the Ctrl+D

shortcut keys.

Ctrl+E Align the line or selected text to the center of the slide.

Ctrl+F Open the Find window.

Ctrl+H In the Slide Show view, hide the cursor or any activated tools, like the pen or

highlighter tool.
Ctrl+I 1.) In the Normal view, italicize highlighted text.

2.) In the Slide Show view, change the normal cursor to the highlighter tool.

Click and hold the mouse button to use the highlighter on the screen.

Ctrl+J Align, or distribute, the text evenly across the slide.

Ctrl+K Insert a hyperlink.

Ctrl+L Align the line or selected text to the left side of the slide.

Ctrl+M Insert new, blank slide after the selected slide.

Ctrl+N Open a new, blank slide deck in another PowerPoint program window.

Ctrl+O Open the dialog box or page for selecting a file to open.

Ctrl+P 1.) In the Normal view, open the Print page to view the print preview and print

the slide deck. Like Ctrl+Shift+F12.

2.) In the Slide Show view, change the normal cursor to the pen tool. Click and

hold the mouse button to use the pen tool and draw on the screen.

Ctrl+R Align the line or selected text to the right side of the slide.

Ctrl+S Save the open slide deck. Like Shift+F12.

Ctrl+T Open the Font window, to adjust font size, style, and type. Like Ctrl+Shift+F.

Ctrl+U Underline the selected text.

Ctrl+V Paste. Like Shift+Insert.

Ctrl+W Close the currently open slide deck.

Ctrl+X Cut selected text.

Ctrl+Y Redo the last action performed.

Ctrl+Z Undo the last action performed.

Ctrl+] Increase font size of selected text. Like Ctrl+Shift+>.

Ctrl+Equal sign Change selected text to subscript.

Ctrl+[ Decrease font size of selected text. Like Ctrl+Shift+<.

Ctrl+<left arrow> Moves the cursor one word to the left.

Ctrl+<right arrow> Moves the cursor one word to the right.

Ctrl+<up arrow> Moves the cursor to the beginning of the line or paragraph.

Ctrl+<down arrow> Moves the cursor to the end of the paragraph.

Ctrl+Del Deletes word to the right of cursor.

Ctrl+Backspace Deletes word to the left of cursor.

Ctrl+End Moves the cursor to the end of the slide.

Ctrl+Home Moves the cursor to the beginning of the slide.

Ctrl+Spacebar Reset highlighted text to the default font size and type.

Ctrl+F1 Show or hide the Ribbon.

Ctrl+F2 Open the Print page to view the print preview and print the slide deck. Like

Ctrl+Shift+F12.

Ctrl+Left mouse button In the Slide Show view, activate the laser pointer cursor.

Ctrl+Shift+F Open the Font window, to adjust font size, style, and type. Like Ctrl+T.

Ctrl+Shift+Plus sign Change selected text to superscript.

Ctrl+Shift+> Increases the selected text size by one font size. Like Ctrl+].

Ctrl+Shift+< Decreases the selected text size by one font size. Like Ctrl+[.

Ctrl+Shift+F12 Opens the Print page to view the print preview and print the slide deck. Like

Ctrl+F2.

Ctrl+Shift+Tab Switch between the outline pane and the thumbnail pane.

Alt+Ctrl+F2 Open existing slide deck.

F1 1.) In all views except Reading View and Slide Show, open the Help menu.

2.) In the Slide Show view, display a list of shortcuts for use in a slide show.

F4 Repeat the last action performed.

F5 View the slide show for the entire slide deck.

F7 Spellcheck and grammar check selected text or slide.

F12 Save As.

Shift+F3 Change the selected text to be uppercase or lowercase, or have a capital letter at

the beginning of each word. If no text is selected, only the first word after the

cursor is changed.

Shift+F5 View the slide show starting from the selected slide.

Shift+F7 Runs a Thesaurus check on the selected word.

Shift+F9 Show or hide the grid on the slide.

Shift+F12 Save the open slide deck. Like Ctrl+S.

Shift+Insert Paste. Like Ctrl+V.

Shift+Alt+D Open the Date And Time window to insert the current date, time, or both. Like

Shift+Alt+T.

Shift+Alt+T Open the Date And Time window to insert the current date, time, or both. Like

Shift+Alt+D.

HTML
First developed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1990, HTML is short
for Hypertext Markup Language. HTML is used to create
electronic documents (called pages) that are displayed on
the World Wide Web. Each page contains a series of
connections to other pages called hyperlinks. Every web
page you see on the Internet is written using one version
of HTML code or another.

HTML code ensures the proper formatting of text and

images so that your Internet browser may display them as

they are intended to look. Without HTML, a browser would

not know how to display text as elements or load images

or other elements. HTML also provides a basic structure of

the page, upon which Cascading Style Sheets are overlaid

to change its appearance. One could think of HTML as the

bones (structure) of a web page, and CSS as its skin

(appearance).

E-mail
Short for electronic mail, e-mail or email is information
stored on a computer that is exchanged between two users
over telecommunications. More plainly, e-mail is a
message that may contain text, files, images, or
other attachments sent through a network to a specified
individual or group of individuals.

The first e-mail was sent by Ray Tomlinson in 1971.

Tomlinson sent the e-mail to himself as a test e-mail

message, containing the text "something like

QWERTYUIOP." However, despite sending the e-mail to

himself, the e-mail message was still transmitted

through ARPANET.

By 1996, more electronic mail was being sent than postal

mail.

E-mail address breakdown

[email protected]

 The first portion of all e-mail addresses, the part before

the @ symbol, contains the alias, user, group, or department of

a company. In our above example, support is the Technical

Support department at Computer Hope.

 Next, the @ (at sign) is used as a divider in the e-mail address; it

is required for all SMTP e-mail addresses since the first

message was sent by Ray Tomlinson.

 Finally, computerhope.com is the domain name to which the

user belongs.

Writing an e-mail
When writing an e-mail message, it should look something

like the example window below. As you can see,

several fields are required when sending an e-mail:

 The To field is where you type the e-mail address of the person

who is the recipient of your message.

 The From field should contain your e-mail address.

 If you are replying to a message, the To: and From: fields are

automatically filled out. If it's a new message, you'll need to

specify the recipients in the To: field, either by selecting them

from your contact list, or manually typing the full email

addresses. If you are manually specify more than one recipient

(as in a group e-mail), the addresses should be separated by a

comma and a space, or by pressing the Tab key.

 The Subject should consist of a few words describing the e-

mail's contents. The Subject lets the recipient see what the e-

mail is about, without opening and reading the full e-mail.

This field is optional.

 The CC ("Carbon Copy") field allows you to specify recipients

who are not direct addressees (listed in the "To" field). For

instance, you can address an e-mail to Jeff and CC Linda and

Steven. Although the e-mail is addressed to Jeff, Linda and

Steven will also receive a copy of the message, and their

addresses will be visible to Jeff, and to each other. This field is

optional.

 The BCC ("blind carbon copy") field is similar to CC, except the

recipients are secret. Each BCC recipient will receive the e-

mail, but will not see who else received a copy. The

addressees (anyone listed in the "To" field) remain visible to

all recipients. This field is optional.

 Finally, the Message Body is the location you type your main

message. It often contains your signature at the bottom;

similar to a handwritten letter.

What makes a valid e-mail address?
There are several rules that an e-mail
address must follow to be valid:

 As mentioned earlier, an e-mail must have a username followed

by @(the at sign) which is followed by the domain name with

a domain suffix.

 The username cannot be longer than 64 characters long, and the

domain name cannot be longer than 254 characters.

 There should be only one @ sign in an e-mail address.

 The space and special characters: ( ) , : ; < > \ [ ] are allowed.

Occasionally, a space, backslash, and quotation mark work but

must be preceded with a forward slash. Although valid, some

e-mail providers do not allow these characters.

 The username and e-mail addresses as a whole cannot begin or

end with a period.

 The e-mail must not have two or more consecutive periods.

Microsoft Internet Explorer

Often abbreviated as IE or MSIE, Microsoft Internet Exploreris an Internet browser that
allows users to view web pages on the Internet. Users can also utilize Internet Explorer to
listen to and watch streaming content, access online banking, make purchases over the
Internet, and much more.

What are the versions of Internet Explorer?

The following are the release versions and dates of Internet Explorer.

 Internet Explorer 1 (IE 1) - Released in 1995.

 Internet Explorer 1.5 (IE 1.5) - Released in 1995 for Windows

NT.
  Internet Explorer 2 (IE 2) - Released on November 22, 1995,

for PC and later in 1996 for the Mac.

 Internet Explorer 3 (IE 3) - Released on August 13, 1996, for

PC and Mac.

 Internet Explorer 4 (IE 4) - Released in September 1997 for PC

and Mac.

 Internet Explorer 4.5 (IE 4.5) - Released in 1999 for the Mac

 Internet Explorer 5 (IE 5) - Released in 1999 for the PC and

Mac.

 Internet Explorer 5.5 (IE 5.5) - Released in July 2000.

 Internet Explorer 6 (IE 6) - Released on August 27, 2001.

 Internet Explorer 7 (IE 7) - Released on October 18, 2006.

 Internet Explorer 8 (IE 8) - Released on March 19, 2009.

 Internet Explorer 9 (IE 9) - Released on March 14, 2011.

 Internet Explorer 10 (IE 10) - Released on October 26, 2012.

 Internet Explorer 11 (IE 11) - Released on October 17, 2013.

Spyware
Spyware may refer to any of the following:

1. Spyware or snoopware is a term used to describe

a softwareprogram that is intentionally installed on a
computer by to monitor what other users of the same
computer are doing.

2. Spyware is a term used to describe a program designed to

gather information about a user's activity secretly.

Spyware programs are often used to track users' habits to

target them with advertisements better. Spyware is

usually installed on a user's machine without their

knowledge when a link is followed (intentionally or

 unintentionally) which redirects the user to a malicious

website.

Protecting a computer from spyware

A computer can be infected by spyware by visiting an infected

website, downloading infected software, or installing

infected software. Most antivirus programs can clean

spyware, but it's also a good idea to run an anti-

malware or malware cleaner such as Malwarebytes.

Adware
Alternatively referred to as malware, sneakware,
or spyware, adware is a program installed without a
user's consent or knowledge during the install of another
program. Much like spyware, adware tracks
individuals Internet activities and habits to help
companies advertise more efficiently.

Adware is usually installed on a computer with free

programs because the developers are often paid if they

include it with their program. Like spyware, adware can be

located and removed from a computer using software

utilities available on the Internet.

Anti-spyware
Similar to antivirus programs, anti-spyware programs help to

block and prevent spyware and other malware infections

on computers. Anti-spyware programs monitor incoming

data from e-mail, websites, and downloads of files and

stop spyware programs from getting a foothold in the

computer operating system. They are also frequently

 updated by the developer, to keep it up-to-date and able

to block the most recent spyware programs known to

exist.

Malware
Malware is malicious software designed to change your

settings, delete software, cause errors, watch browsing

habits, or open computer to attacks. It uses deceptive and

unethical tactics to install itself on your computer without

your consent. For instance, you may visit a website and

receive an unrequested download, and mistakenly run this

software on your computer. It may also use vulnerabilities

in your operating system or web browser to install itself

without requiring you to manually run the software.

Internet
Alternatively referred to as the net or web,

the Internet(interconnected network) was initially

developed to aid in the progress of computing technology

by linking academic computer centers. The Internet as we

know it today first started being developed in the late

1960s with the start of ARPANET and transmitted its first

message on Friday, October 29, 1969. In 1993, the

Internet experienced one of its largest growths to date and

today is accessible by people all over the world. The

Internet contains billions of web pages created by people

and companies from around the world, making it a

limitless place to locate information and entertainment.

The Internet also has thousands of services that help make

life more convenient. For example, many financial

 institutions offer online banking that enables a user to

manage and view their account from different locations.

The picture is a representation and map of the Internet

done by The Opte Project.

Internet basics
 The Internet and the WWW are not the same.

 The Internet is explored using a browser and the act of browsing

the Internet is commonly referred to as surfing.

 Users browse websites and web pages by

following hyperlinks that point to an address more commonly

referred to as a URL.

 Finding information on the Internet is achieved by using a search

engine.

 Files, pictures, songs, and video can be shared

by downloading(receiving) and uploading (sending).

 The Internet utilizes the TCP/IP protocol and is accessed using a

computer modem, broadband, 3G, 4G, or network that is

connected through an ISP.

 With broadband, many computers and devices use Wi-Fi to

connect to a router and share an Internet connection.

 The computer you're using to view this web page is considered

a hostand it's connected to our server to view this page.

Incognito mode
Chrome offers a private browsing option called Incognito Mode. This mode allows you to
browse in an isolated sandbox web session. It gives you temporary control over your
 browsing historyand session identity, because when you close the browser, your logins and
history are deleted. However, it does not guarantee anonymity.

Open source
Open source is a term used to describe a program or file that can be freely modified by
anyone. Open source allows users or organizations to adjust the program's functionality to
perform for their specific needs. There are numerous open source licensing agreements a
program or file may follow. Therefore, it is best to refer to the appropriate documentation to
see what the original developer allows and prohibits.

OSI
Short for Open System Interconnection, OSI is a network model developed
by ISO in 1978 where peer-to-peer communications are divided into seven layers. Each layer
performs a specific task or tasks and builds upon the preceding layer until the
communications are complete. Below are the purposes of each of the seven layers.

Physical layer - responsible for the electrical, mechanical, and timing across the link.

2 - Data link layer (also known as the link layer) - responsible for transmitting data across
a link.

3 - Network layer - responsible for routing information through the network and allowing
systems to communicate.

4 - Transport layer - responsible for transferring information between endpoints on the

network and deals with errors, such as lost or duplicate packets.

5 - Session layer - responsible for managing a session between two applications.

6 - Presentation layer - responsible for the data formatting and display, allowing for
compatibility.

7 - Application layer - responsible for user interaction. An example of an OSI application is

the FTAM.

Windows
When referring to an operating system, Windows or win is an

operating environment created by Microsoft that provides

an interface, known as a GUI (graphical user interface), for

computers. Windows eliminates the need to memorize

commands for the command line (MS-DOS) by using

 a mouse to navigate through menus, dialog

boxes, buttons, tabs, and icons. If you are using a PC

(IBM) computer, you are most likely using a version of

Windows. If you are on an Apple computer, you are

using macOS.

Microsoft Windows was first introduced with version 1.0 on

November 10, 1983. Since its release, there have been

over a dozen versions of Windows. The most current

version of Windows for end users is Windows 10.

Why is Microsoft Windows called Windows?

Before the release of Microsoft Windows, Microsoft users

were used to the single task command line operating

system MS-DOS. Because Microsoft names most of its

products with one word, it needed a word that best

described its new GUI operating system. Microsoft chose

"Windows" because of the multiple windows that allow

different tasks and programs to be run at the same time.

Because you cannot trademark a common name like

"Windows" it is officially known as "Microsoft Windows".

The first version of Microsoft Windows was version 1.0,

released in 1985.

MS-DOS
Short for Microsoft Disk Operating System, MS-DOS is

a non-graphical command line operating system derived

from 86-DOS that was created for IBM compatible

computers. MS-DOS originally written by Tim Paterson and

introduced by Microsoft in August 1981and was last

updated in 1994 when MS-DOS 6.22 was released. MS-

DOS allows the user to navigate, open, and otherwise

manipulate files on their computer from a command line

instead of a GUI like Windows.

Motherboard
Alternatively referred to as

the mb, mainboard, mboard, mobo, mobd, backplane

board, base board, main circuit board, planar

board, system board, or a logic board on Apple

computers. The motherboard is a printed circuit

board and foundation of a computer that is the biggest

board in a computer chassis. It allocates power and allows

communication to the CPU, RAM, and all other

computer hardware components.

Motherboard overview
A motherboard provides connectivity between the

hardware components of a computer, like the processor

(CPU), memory (RAM), hard drive, and video card. There

are multiple types of motherboards, designed to fit

different types and sizes of computers.

Each type of motherboard is designed to work with specific

types of processors and memory, so they are not capable

of working with every processor and type of memory.

However, hard drives are mostly universal and will work

with the majority of motherboards, regardless of the type

or brand.

Below is a picture of the ASUS P5AD2-E motherboard with

labels next to each of its major components. Clicking on

the image directs you to a larger and more detailed

version.

NIC
Short for network interface card, the NIC is also

referred to as an Ethernet card and network adapter. A

NIC is a computer expansion card for connecting to

a network .

Power supply
Abbreviated as PS or P/S, a power

supply or PSU (power supply unit) is

a hardware component of a computer that supplies all

other components with power. The power supply converts

a 110-115 or 220-230 volt AC (alternating current) into a

steady low-voltage DC (direct current) usable by the

computer and rated by the number of watts it generates.