-d Java: we can use java command to run a single “.class file”. ‘Syntax: java [options] classfileargi0] _ara{1). version -ea/-esa/-da/-dsa D -¢p/-classpath Glasspath: Class path describes the location where the required “.class files” are available. We can set the class path in the following 3 ways. 1) 2 3) Permanently by using environment variable “classpath”. This class path will be preserved after system restart also. Temporary for a particular command prompt level by using “set” command. Example: set classpath=%classpath%;D:'\durga_classes;,; Once if you close the command prompt automatically this class path will be lost. We can set the class path for a particular command level by using "-cp” (or) “-class path”. This class path is applicable only for that command execution, After executing ‘the command this classpath will be lost. Among the 3 ways of setting the class path the most common way is setting class path at command level by using “-cp”. Example 1: class Rain { public static void main(String args{}){ 433, DURGA SOFT 433Core java NAGOOR BABU ‘System.out.printin("Raining of jobs these days"); ) Analysis: D:\lava>javac Rain, java (valid) ining of jobs these days. :\>java Rain (invatid) Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDeffoundError: Rain D:\>java -cp D:\java Rain (valid) Raining of jobs these days. D:\>java Rain (invalid) \pjava -cp d:\java Rain (valid) Raining of jobs these days Example 2; & B: [public class Fresher lass ItCompany Kt lpublic void methodOne(}{ {System.out.printin("i want jot limmediatel i " bic static void main(String args{I}{ ser fonew Fresher(); methodOne(); sm.out.printin(“don't worry you will et soon. Analysis: ‘C:\pjavac Fresher. java (valid) D:\>javac ItCompany java (invalid) ‘compile time error: Company java:4: cannot find symbol symbol : dass Fresher location: class itCompany Fresher f=new Freaher(); D:\pjavac -¢p c:ItCompany.java{valid) D:\>java ItCompany Runtime error:NoClassDefFoundError: Fresher D:\>java -cp c: ItCompany Runtime error:NoClassDeffoundError: ItCompany D:\>java -ep .¢: Company (valid) i want job immediately don't worry you will get soo E:\>java -cp DssC: Company (valid) 434 DURGA SOFT 434Core java NAGOOR BABU Example 3: package packi.pack2; Package packs. pack4 fimport pack3. pack Saif, oublic class Kareena import packt.pack2 Kareena; ktass Bhaskar{ publi void methodOne(}{ public class Saif{ [public static void mainiString| |system.out.prntin("hellosoif.can | public void methodTwo(X larastIM 1u please set hellotune"}; Kareena k=new Kareena(); saits=new Saif); kmethodOne(); j.methodtwo System.out.pritin(*#ot possible asi am in} [system.out.printin(*kareena kcani helo vou": Ht Analysis: :\>javac 4 . Kareena java (valid) Di\pjavac-d. Saif java (invalid) ——> compile time error Saif javass: symbol : lass Kareena location: cass pack3.packs Saif Kareena knew Kareena(); Di\pjavac-ep c+ Saif.java (valid) E\pjavac Bhaskar java (invalid) ——> compile ime error Bhaskar java:4: cannot find symbol symbol: class Saif location: lass Bhaskar Saif sonew Safi); piavac -cp d: Bhaskar.java (valid) E:\pjava Bhaskar (invalid) > Runtime error iNoclassDefFoundError: pack3/pack8/Salf E.\pjava ep d: Bhaskar (invalid) > Runtime error \NoClassDefFoundError: Bhaskar \pjava pd: Bhaskar (invalid) —SRuntime error NoClassDefFoundérror:packi/pack2/Kareena E\pjava

jar -cvf bhaskar jar Beer.class Test.class X.class D:\Enum>jar -cvf bhaskar-jar *.class a jar file: D:\Enum>jar -xvf bhaskar.jar D:\Enum>jar -tvf bhaskar jar 436 DURGA SOFT 436Core java NAGOOR BABU Example 5: public class BhaskarColorFulCale{ public static int addlint x int y){ return x*y; } public static int multipiylint xint yl{ return 2%x*y; i Analysis: \pjavac BhaskarColorFulCalc.java jar -cvf bhaskar jar BhaskarColorFulCale.class Example 6: lass Client{ public static void main(String args{IM System.out.printin(BhaskarColorFulCalc.add(10,20)); System.out.printin(BhaskarColorFulCalc.multiply(10,20)); » Analysis: D:\Enum>javac Client.java (invalid) D:\Enum>javac -cp c: Client.java (invalid) D:\Enum>javac -ep c:\bhaskar jar Client,java (valid) D:\Enum>java -cp :e:\bhaskar.jar Client (valid) ‘Note: Whenever we are placing jar file in the classpath compulsory we have to specify the name of the jar file also and just location is not enough. System properties: * For every system some persistence information is available in the form of system properties. These may include name of the os, java version, vendor of jvm etc. ‘* We can get system properties by using getProperties() method of system class. The following program displays all the system properties. Example 7: import java.util"; class Test{ public static void main(String argsfIM //Proper J here getPropertes() method returns the Properties object. Properties p=System.getPropertiest}; pulist(System.out); u a class in util package. 437 DURGA SOFT 437Core java NAGOOR BABU } How to set system property from the command promot; © We can set system property from the command prompt by using -D option. Command; D:\Enum>java -Dbhaskar=sejp Test propertyname propertyvalue ‘What is the difference between path and classpath? Path: We can use “path variable” to specify the location where required binary executables are available. * If we are not setting path then “java” and “Javac” commands won't work. Glasspath: We can use “classpath variable” to describe location where required ciass files are available. © If we are not setting classpath then our program won't compile and run. ‘What is the difference between JDK, JRE and JVM? DK (iava development kit): To develop and run java applications the required environment is JDK. JRE (java runtime environment): To run java appiication the required environment is JRE. JVM (java virtual machine): To execute java application the required virtual machine is VM. Diagram: 1K > IDK=JRE*Development Tools. > JRE=JVMeLibraries. > JRE is the part of JOK. > Jvmis the part of JRE. t client side JRE is required and at developers side JDK is required. rtcut way to place a jar fil ‘* If we are placing jar file in the following location then it is not required to set classpath explicitly. Not 438 DURGA SOFT 438Core java NAGOOR BABU Diagram: 439) DURGA SOFT 439Core java NAGOOR BABU ENUM © We can use enum to define a group of named constants. Example 1: enum Month { JAN, FEB/MAR,DEC; } Example 2: enum Beer { KF,KO,RC,FO; } ‘© Enum concept introduced in 1.5 versions. ‘When compared with old languages enum java’s enum is more powerful. © By using enum we can define our own data types which are also come enumerated data ‘+ Internally enum’s are implemented by using class concept. Every enum constant is reference variable to that enum type object. ‘* Every enum constant is implicitly public static final always. enum Beer final class Beer extends java.lang.Enum{ { public static final Beer KF=new Beer(); KF,KO; public static final Beer KO=new Beer(); } i Diagram: Decl : Example 4: enum Beer { KF,KO,RC,FO;//here semicolon is optional. iY class Test { public static void main(String args{]}{ 440 DURGA SOFT 440Core java NAGOOR BABU Beer bi=Beer.KF; System.out.printin(b4); } } Output: D:\Enum>java Test KF Note: Every enum constant internally static hence we can access by using “enum name”. Enum vs switch statement: ‘© Until 1.4 versions the allowed types for the switch statement are byte, short, char int. But from 1.5 version onwards in addition to this the corresponding wrapper classes and enum type also allowed. That is from 1.5 version onwards we can use enum type as argument to switch statement. byte Bye une) short short ) int Integer 1 char > character Tav + um Example: enum Beer it KF,KO,RC,FO; } class Test{ public static void main(String argstI){ Beer bi=Beer.RC; switch(b1{ case KF: System.out printin( "itis childrens brand"); break; case KO: System.out.println("it is too lite"); break; case RC: aa DURGA SOFT aaCore java NAGOOR BABU ‘System.out.printin("it is too hot"); break; case FO: System.out.printIn("buy one get one"); break; default: System.out printin(“other brands are not good"); } D:\Enum>java Test Itis too hot * If we are passing enum type as argument to switch statement then every case label should be a valid enum constant otherwise we will get compile time error. Example: enum Beer { KF,KO,RCFO; , class Test{ public static void main(String args{]){ Beer b1=Beer.RC; switch(b1){ case KF: case RC: case KALYANI: mn ‘Output: Compile time error. D:\Enum>javac Test.java ‘Test.java:11: unqualified enumeration constant name required case KALYANI: © We can declare enum either outside the class or within the class but not inside a method. If we declare enum outside the class the allowed modifiers are: 1) public 2) default 3) strietfp. ‘© Ifwe declare enum inside a class then the allowed motifiers are: aaa, DURGA SOFT 442Core java NAGOOR BABU 1) public private 2) default + protected 3) strictfp static Exami : a | lass x enum x | cassx | { 0 t public void methodOne({ classy | enumy | enumx 0 0 Q_ putpute : } > eompile time error. (watid) | Yyatiay |) fosNtnumojavac X.java }Xjavar4: enum types must not be local lerum x Enum vs inheritance: ‘* Every enum in java is the direct child class of java.lang.Enum class hence it is not possible to extends any other enum. ‘© Every enum is implicitly final hence we can’t create child enum. ‘© Because of above reasons we can conclude inheritance concept is not applicable for enum’s explicitly. © But enum can implement any no. Of interfaces simultaneously. Exam oe ‘enum X extends Enum | S35*% 0 ° 0 ‘enum Y extends X ‘enum Y extends X 0 (irwal {inwalid) Example: enum X 0 class ¥ extends X 0 ‘output interface x ‘compile time error. 0 DAAEnum>javac Y.iava ‘enum Y implements X Y¥java:3:cannot inherit from finalX | (} class ¥ extends X ey ‘.java:3: enum types are not extensible class ¥ extends X (invalid) Java.lang.Enum: Every enum in java is the direct child class of java.lang.Enum. The power of enum is inheriting from this class only. a3 DURGA SOFT 443Core java NAGOOR BABU ‘© itis abstract class and it is direct child class of “Object class” it implements Serializable and Comparable, values() method: Every enum implicitly contains a static values() method to list all constants of enum. Example: Beer{] b=Beer.values(); ‘ordinal{) method; Within enum the order of constants is important we can specify by its ordinal value. ¢ We can find ordinal value(index value) of enum constant by using ordinal() method. Example: public int ordinal(); Example: enum Beer { KE,KO,RC,FO; } class Test{ public static void main(String args{]){ Beer{] b=Beer.values(); for(Beer b1:b)//this is forEach loop. { System.out.printin(b1+". "+b Lordinal()); Specialty of java enur powerful because in addit When compared with old languages enum java’s enum is more n to constants we can take normal variables, constructors, methods etc which may not possible in old languages. Inside enum we can declare main method and even we can invoke enum directly from the command prompt. Example: ‘enum Fish{ GOLD, APOLO,STAR; public static voi (String args{]){ System.out.printin("enum main() method called"); b DURGA SOFT 444Core java NAGOOR BABU ‘Output: D:\Enum>java Fish enum main() method called ‘+ Inaddition to constants if we are taking any extra members like methods then the list of constants should be in the 1* tine and should ends with semicolon. ‘If we are taking any extra member then enum should contain at least one constant. Any way an empty enumis always valid. Example; enum X{ enum X{ . “ ‘public void methodOne(}{ A,8,C;//here semicolon mandatory. } y abt roan ac } (wali) {invalid) enum enum Jenum x C" c | publicveld methosDrell) | public vod methodone( + twain (vata) [Panay Enum vs constructor: Enum can contain constructor. Every enum constant represents an object of that enum class which is static hence all enum constants will be created at the time of class loading automatically and hence constructor will be executed at the time of enum class loading for every enum constants, Example: enum Beer{ KF,KO,RC,FO; Beer(){ ‘System.out.printin("Constructor called."); } } class Test{ public static void main(String args{]} Beer b=Beer.KF; ‘System,out.printin("hello.' y Output: D:\Enum>java Test Constructor called. Constructor called. Constructor called. 445, DURGA SOFT 445Core java NAGOOR BABU Constructor called. Hello. ‘* We can’t create enum object explicitly and hence we can’t invoke constructor directly. Example: enum Beer{ KF,KO,RC,FO; Beer(){ System.out.printin("constructor called"); } } class Test{ public static void main(String args{]){ Beer b=new Beer(); ‘System.out.printin(b); y Output: Compile time error. D:\Enum>javac Test java enum types may not be instantiated new Beer(); Example: kF==>public static final Beer KF=new Beer(); IKF(100)==>public static final Beer KF=new Beer(100}; enum Beer { KF(100), KO(70),RC(65),Fo(90), KALYANI; int price; price){ this.price=price; } Beer() c this.p! } public int getPrice() { retum price; } 125; a6 DURGA SOFT 448Core java NAGOOR BABU } class Test( public static void main(String argsf)}{ Beer[] b=Beer.values(); for(Beer b1:b) { System.out.printin(b1+" mw '+b1.getPrice()); ‘© Inside enum we can take beth instance and static methods but it is not possible to take abstract methods. Gsel: * Every enum constant represents an object hence whatever the methods we can apply on the normal objects we can apply the same methods on enum constants also. Which of the following expressions are valid? 1) Beer.KF==Beer.RC- 2) Beer.KF.equals(Beer.RC) 3) Beer.KF false —>false invalid —>valid 3) import static pack1.Fish.’ DURGA SOFT 447Core java NAGOOR BABU 4) import static pack1 Fi Baample 3: package pack3; /Tirmport pack. import pack1.*; /fmnport static pack1.Fish.GUPPY; import static pack1.Fish.*; class B { public static void main(String args{]}{ Fish f=Fish.STAR; ‘System.out.printin(GUPPY); } } Case 3: enum Color System.out.printin("Dangerous color"); } 1.GREEN; Public void info() { System.out.printin( "Universal color"); t class Test{ Public static void main(String args{I){ Color{] c=Color.values(); for(Color c1: { cLinfo(); m ‘Output: Universal color Dangerous color Universal color a8, DURGA SOFT 448Core java NAGOOR BABU Regular expression © A Regular Expression is a expression which represents a group of St particular pattern. Example: * We can write a Regular Expression to represent all valid mail ids. * We can write a Regular Expression to represent all valid mobile numbers. applic is according to a re: lar 6 ‘* Toimplement validation logic. * To develop Pattern matching applications. ‘* To develop translators like compilers, interpreters etc. * To develop digital circuits. * To develop communication protocols like TCP/IP, UDP etc. Example: import java.util.regex.*; class RegularExpressionDemo { public static void main(String[} args) { int count=0; Pattern p=Pattern.compile("ab"); Matcher m=p.matcher("abbbabbaba”); while(m.find()) { count++; System.out.printin(m.start()+" “+mend(}+" } ‘System.out.printin("The no of occurences :"+count); ‘The no of occurrences: 3 Pattern class: ‘* APattern object represents “compiled version of Regular Expression” © We can create a Pattern object by using compile() method of Pattern class. 449 DURGA SOFT 449Core java public static Pattern compile(String regex); Example: Pattern p=Pattern.compile("ab"); ‘Note: if we refer API we will get more information about pattern class. Matcher: NAGOOR BABU * A Matcher object can be used to match character sequences against a Regular Expression. We can create a Matcher object by using matcher() method of Pattern class. public Matcher matcher(String target); Matcher m=p.matcher("abbbabbaba"); Important methods of Matcher class: 1) boolean find(); ‘© Itattempts to find next match and returns true if it is available otherwise returns false. 2) int start(); * Returns the start index of the match. 3) int end(); © Returns the offset(equalize) after the last character matched.(or) * Returns the end index of the matched. 4) String group(); © Returns the matched Pattern. Note: Pattern and Matcher classes are available in java.util.regex package. Either ‘a’ or ‘b’ or ‘c’ Except ‘a’ and ‘b’ and ‘c’ ny lower case alphabet symbol ‘ny upper case alphabet symbol wny alphabet symbol —Any digit from 0 to9 Any alphanumeric character Bample: import java.util class RegularExpressionDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { Pattern p=Pattern.compile("x"); Matcher m=p.matcher("alb7@z#"}; while(m.find()) 450, DURGA SOFTCore java NAGOOR BABU System.out.printin(m.start()+" —@ Bad bt Predefined character classes: space character -Any digit from o to 9[o-9] ‘Any word character[a-zA-Z0-9] -Any character including special characters. Example: import java.util.regex."; class RegularExpressionDerno { public static void main(String] args) { Pattern p=Pattern.compile("x"); Matcher m=p.matcher("alb7@z#"); while(m.find()) { System.out.printin(m.start(}+"--—"+m.group()); } } 451 DURGA SOFT 451Core java NAGOOR BABU Quantifiers: + Quantifiers can be used to specify no of characters to match. —Exactly one ‘a! At least one ‘a’ ‘Any no of a's including zero number —At most one ‘a’ import java.util.regex.*; class RegularExpressionDemo { public static void main(Stringf] ares) { Pattern p=Pattern.compile("x"); Matcher m=p.matcher("abaabaaab"); while(m.find()) { ‘System. out. printin(m start()+"--—"+m.group()); } } } Output: xea__ | xeat xza? “o—a |o—a Oa 2——a | 2—aa Pattern class split() metho: * Pattern class contains split() method to split the given string against a regular expression. Example 1: import java.util.regex.*; class RegularExpressionDemo { 452 DURGA SOFTCore java NAGOOR BABU public static void main(String[] args) { Pattern p=Pattern.compile("\\s"); String[] s=p.split("bhaskar software solutions"); for(String s1:s) { ‘System.out.printIn(s1);//bhaskar Hsoftware //solutions } } } Example 2: import java.util.regex.*; class RegularExpressionDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { Pattern p=Pattern.compile("\\."}; (or)L-] String{] s=p.split(" www.dugrajobs.com"); for(String s { System.out.printin(s1);//www //dugrajobs //com } String class split() metho * String class also contains split() method to split the given string against a regular expression. Example: import java.util.regex.*; class RegularExpressionDemo { public static void main(String{] args) { String s="www.durgajobs.com"; 453, DURGA SOFTCore java NAGOOR BABU ‘String|] s1=s.split("\.’ for(String s2:s1) { System.out.printin(s2);//mww /[durgajobs Icom ‘+ String class split() method can take regular expression as argument where as pattern class split() method can take target string as the argument. StringTokenizer: © This class present in java.util package. © Itisa specially designed class to perform string tokenization. Example 1: import java.util; class RegularExpressionDemo { public static void main(Stringf] args) { StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("durga software solutions"); while(st.hasMoreTokens()) { ‘System.out.printin(st.nextToken());//durga, I/software //solutions } } J © The default regular expression for the StringTokenizer is space. Example 2: import java.uti class RegularExpressionDemo { public static void main(String[) args) { 454 DURGA SOFTCore java NAGOOR BABU ‘StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("2,99,988",","), Target Rogular Expression {{StringTokenizer st=new StringTokenizer("1,99,988",","); while(st.hasMoreTokens()) { System.out.printin(st.nextToken());//1 1/99 1/988 } Requirement: Write a regular expression to represent all valid identifiers in yava language. Rules: The allowed characters are: 1) atoz,AtoZ,0t09,- 2) The 1" character should be alphabet symbol only. 3) The length of the identifier should be at least 2. Program: import java.util.regex."; class RegularExpressionDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { Pattern p=Pattern.compile("[a-zA-Z][a-2A-Z0-9-#]+"); (or) Pattern p=Pattern.compile("[a-zA-Z][a-2A-Z0-9-H][a-2A-Z0-9-H]* Matcher m=p.matcher(args[0}); if{m.find()&&mn.group().equals(args{0})) { System.out.printin( "valid identifier"); } else { System.out.printin("invalid identifier"); } } } 455 DURGA SOFTCore java NAGOOR BABU Outputs scip>javac RegularExpressionDemo,java €:\scjp>java RegularExpressionDemo bhaskar Valid identifier :\scjp>java RegularExpressionDemo ?bhaskar Invalid identifier Requirement: Write a regular expression to represent all mobile numbers. Rules: 2) Should contain exactly 10 digits. 2) The 1* digit should be 7 to 9. Program: import java.utilregex.*; class RegularExpressionDemo { public static void main(String[] args) { Pattern p=Pattern.compile("{7-9}{0-9]{0-9]{0-9]10-9]{0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9][0-9 [pattern p=Pattern.compile("[7-9]{0-9](9}"); Matcher m=p.matcher(args{0}); ‘f(m find()&&m.group().equals(args[0])) { System.out printin( "valid number"); System.out.printin("invalid number"); 10 digits mobile: {7-9][0-9][0-9][0-9}[0-9}{0-9}[0-9}[0-9][0-9][0-9] (or) {7-9][0-9{9} ‘Output: E:\scjp>javac RegularExpressionDemo java £:\scjp>java RegularExpressionDemo 9989308279 Valid number E:\scjp>java RegularExpressionDemo 6989308279 456 DURGA SOFTCore java NAGOOR BABU Invalid number 10 digits (or) 11 digits: (0?[7-9}[0-9}{9}) ‘Output: E:\s¢jp>javac RegularExpressionDemo.java cjp>java RegularExpressionDemo 9989308279 Valid number E:\scjp>java RegularExpressionDemo 09989308279 Valid number E:\scjp>java RegularExpressionDemo 919989308279 number (Or) 11. (or) 12 digits: (0191)2{7-9]{0-91{9} (or) (91)2(02(7-9][0-91{9)) £:\scjp>javac RegularExpressionDemo,java E:\scjp>java RegularExpressionDemo 9989308279 Valid number E:\scjp>java RegularExpressionDemo 09989308279 Valid number E:\scjp>java RegularExpressionDemo 919989308279 Valid number E:\scjp>java RegularExpressionDemo 69989308279 Invalid number Requirement: Write a regular expression to represent all Mail Ids. Program: import java.util.regex.*; class RegularExpressionDemo ( public static void main(String[] args) { Pattern p=Pattern.compile("[a-zA-Z}{a-zA-Z0-9-.]* @[a-zA-Z0-9] +([.][a-zA-Z]+)+"); Matcher m=p.matcher(args[0]); if{m find()&&m.group().equals(args{0})) { System.out.printin("*valid mail i else 457 DURGA SOFTCore java NAGOOR BABU } ‘Output: System.out.printin("invalid mail id E:\scjp>iavac RegularExpressionDemo,java E:\scjp>java RegularExpressionDemo [email protected] Valid mail id E:\scjp>java RegularExpressionDemo [email protected] Invalid mail fd :\scip>java RegularExpressionDemo [email protected] Invalid mail id Requirement: Write a program to extract all valid mobile numbers from a file. Diagram: (9988308279 9052142606 9700720065 6998930827 aan 566666666 3333333333, (9989308279) | > |s052142606 12700720065, ‘output.oxt inputot Program: import java.util.regex.*; import java.io.*; class RegularExpressionDemo iz public static void main(String[] args)throws :O€xception { Printwriter out=new PrintWriter("output.txt"); BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new FileReader("input.txt")); Pattern p=Pattern.compile("[7-9][0-91{9}"); String line=br.readtine(); while(linet=null) { Matcher m=p.matcher(line); while(m.find()) { out printin(m.group()); } 458 DURGA SOFTCore java NAGOOR BABU line=br.readLinel); } out-flush(); } Requirement: Write a program to extract all Mail IDS from the File. Note: In the above program replace mobile number regular expre: expression. Requirement: Write a program to display all txt file names present in E:\sc)p folder. Program: import java.util.regex.*; with MAIL ID regular import java.io.*; class RegularExpressionDemo: { public static void main(String[] args)throws IOException { int count=0; Pattern p=Pattern.compile("[a-2A-20-9-$.}+| txt"); File f=new File("E:\\scjp"); String[] s=f.list(); for(String s1:s) { Matcher m=p.matcher(s1); if(m.find()&&m.group().equals(s1)) { count++; System.out.printin(s1); } } System.out printin(count); input.txt output.txt outut.txt 3 459) DURGA SOFT