CLASS C AMPLIFIERS

Class C amplifiers are biased so that conduction occurs for much less than 180 o. Class
C amplifiers are more efficient than either class A or push-pull class B and class AB,
which means that more output power can be obtained from class C operation. Because
the out put waveform is severely distorted, class C amplifiers are normally limited to
applications as tuned amplifiers at radio frequencies (RF) as you will see in this
section.

After completing this section, you should be able to

 Discuss and analyse the operation of class C amplifiers

 Explain class C operation
 Discuss class C power dissipation
 Describe tuned operation
 Calculate maximum output power
 Determine efficiency
 Explain damper bias in a class C
amplifier

Basic Class C Operation

The basic concept of class C operation is illustrated in Figure 1. A common-emitter

class C amplifier with a resistive load is shown in Figure 2(a). It is biased below cut--

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off with the negative VBB supply. The ac source voltage has a peak value that is
slightly greater than VBB + VBE so that the base voltage exceeds the barrier potential of
the base-emitter junction for a short time near the positive peak of each cycle as
illustrated in Figure 2(b). During this short interval, the transistor is turned on. When
the entire ac load line is used, as shown in Figure 2(c), the ideal maximum collector
current is approximately IC(sat) and the ideal minimum collector voltage is
approximately VCE(sat).

Power Dissipation

The power dissipation of the transistor in a class C amplifier is low because it is on

for only a small percentage of the input cycle. Figure 3(a) shows the collector current
pulses. The time between the pulses is the period (T) of the ac-input voltage. To avoid
complex mathematics, we will use ideal pulse approximations for the collector current
and the collector voltage during the on time of the transistor, as shown in Figure 3(b).
Using this simplification, the maximum current amplitude is IC(sat) and the minimum
voltage amplitude is VCE(sat) during the time the transistor is on, if the output swings
over the entire load line. The power dissipation during the on time is, therefore,

PD(on)  VCE (sat) I C(sat)

The transistor is on for a short time, tON, and off for the rest of the input cycle. There-
fore, assuming the entire load line is used, the power dissipation averaged over the
entire cycle is

t ON t
PD(avg)  ( )PD(ON)  ( ON ) VCE(sat) I C(sat)
T T

EXAMPLE 1 A class C amplifier is driven by a 200 kHz signal. The transistor is on

for 1 s, and the amplifier is operating over 100 percent of its load line. If IC(sat) = 100
mA and VCE(sat) = 0.2 V, what is the average power dissipation?

Solution The period is

1
T  5s
200kHz

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Therefore,

t ON t
PD(avg)  ( )PD(ON)  ( ON ) VCE(sat) I C(sat)  (0.2)(0.2V )(100mA)  4 mW
T T

Related Exercise If the frequency is reduced from 200 kHz to 150 kHz, what is the
average power dissipation?

Tuned Operation

Because the collector voltage (output) is not a replica of the input, the resistively
loaded class C amplifier alone is of no value in linear applications. It is therefore
necessary to use a class C amplifier with a parallel resonant circuit (tank), as shown in
Figure 3(a). The resonant frequency of the tank circuit is determined by the formula fr
1
=
2 LC

The short pulse of collector current on each cycle of the input initiates and sustains
the oscillation of the tank circuit so that an output sinusoidal voltage is produced, as
illustrated in Figure 3(b).

Figure 3

The current pulse charges the capacitor to approximately +V CC, as shown in Figure 3
(a). After the pulse, the capacitor quickly discharges, thus charging the inductor. Then,
after the capacitor completely discharges, the inductor's magnetic field collapses and
then quickly recharges C to near VCC in a direction opposite to the previous charge.
This completes one half-cycle of the oscillation, as shown in parts (b) and (c) of
Figure 4. Next, the capacitor discharges again, increasing the inductor's magnetic
field. The inductor then quickly recharges the capacitor back to a positive peak
slightly less than the previous one, due to energy loss in the winding resistance. This
completes one full cycle, as shown in parts (d) and (e) of Figure . The peak-to-peak
output voltage is therefore approximately equal to 2VCC.

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The amplitude of each successive cycle of the oscillation will be less than that of the
previous cycle because of energy loss in the resistance of the tank circuit, as shown in
Figure 6 (a), and the oscillation will eventually die out. However, the regular recur-
rences of the collector current pulse re-energise the resonant circuit and sustain the
oscillations at constant amplitude.

When the tank circuit is tuned to the frequency of the input signal (fundamental), re-
energising occurs on each cycle of the tank voltage Vr, as shown in Figure 6(b). When
the tank circuit is tuned to the second harmonic of the input signal, re-energising
occurs on alternate cycles as shown in Figure 6 (c). In this case, a class C amplifier
operates as a frequency multiplier (x2). By tuning the resonant tank circuit to higher
harmonics, further frequency multiplication factors are achieved.

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Maximum Output Power

Since the voltage developed across the tank circuit has a peak-to-peak value of
approximately 2Vcc, the maximum output power can be expressed as

V 2 rms  0.707VCC   0.5VCC 

2 2

Pout   = Pout 
Rc RC RC

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RC is the equivalent parallel resistance of the collector tank circuit and represents the
parallel combination of the coil resistance and the load resistance. It usually has a low
value. The total power that must be supplied to the amplifier is

PT  Pout  PD (avg )

Therefore, the efficiency is

Pout

Pout  PD (avg )

When POUT  PO(avg), the class C efficiency closely approaches 1 (100 percent).

EXAMPLE 11Suppose the class C amplifier described in Example 10 has a VCC equal
to 24 V, and the RC is 100 . Determine the efficiency.

Solution From Example 10. PO(avg)= 4 mW.

0.5V 2 CC 0.5(24 V) 2
Pout  
Rv RC
Pout 2.88
Therefore     0.999
Pout  PD ( avg ) 2.88  4 x 10 -3

or  x 0.999  99%

Related Exercise What happens to the efficiency of the amplifier if RC is increased?

Clamper Bias for a Class C Amplifier

Figure 7 shows a class C amplifier with a base bias clamping circuit. The base-emitter
junction functions as a diode. When the input signal goes positive, capacitor C is
charged to the peak value with the polarity shown in Figure 8(a). This action produces

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an average voltage at the base of approximately -V P This places the transistor in cut-
off except at the positive peaks, when the transistor conducts for a short interval. For
good clamping action, the R1C1 time constant of the clamping circuit must be much
greater than the period of the input signal. Parts (b) through (f) of Figure 38 illustrate
the bias clamping action in more detail. During the time up to the positive peak of the
input (t0 to t1), the capacitor charges to - 0.7 V through the base-emitter diode, as
shown in part (b). During the time from t] to t 2, as shown in part (c), the capacitor
discharges very little because of the large RC time constant. The capacitor, therefore,
maintains an charge slightly less than VP - 0.7 V.

Since the dc value of the input signal is zero (positive side of C 1), the dc voltage at the
base (negative side of C1) is slightly more positive than -(VP - 0.7 V), as indicated
Figure 38(d). As shown in Figure 38(e), the capacitor couples the ac input through to

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the base so that the voltage at the transistor's base is the ac signal riding on a dc level
slightly more positive than -(VP - 0.7 V). Near the positive peaks of the voltage, the
base voltage goes slightly above 0.7 V and causes the transistor to conduct for a short
time, as shown in Figure 38(f).

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