Chapter 1
Relations and
Functions
• Mathematics XII
• Exercise 1.2
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Exercise 1.2
Question 1:
1
Show that the function f: 𝐑 ∗ → 𝐑 ∗ defined by 𝑓(𝑥) = is one-one and onto,
𝑥
where 𝐑 ∗ is the set of all non-zero real numbers. Is the result true, if the domain
𝐑 ∗ is replaced by N with co-domain being same as 𝐑 ∗ ?
Answer 1:
1
It is given that f: R * → R * is defined by f(x) =
x
For one – one:
Let x, y ∈ R * such that f(x) = f(y)
1 1
⇒ =
x y
⇒x = y
∴ f is one – one.
For onto:
1
It is clear that for y ∈ R * , there exists x = ∈ R * [as y ≠ 0] such that
y
1
f(x) = =y
1
(y)
∴ f is onto.
Thus, the given function f is one – one and onto.
1
Now, consider function g: N → R * defined by g(x) =
x
We have,
1 1
𝑔(𝑥1 ) = 𝑔(𝑥2 ) ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑥1 = 𝑥2
𝑥1 𝑥2
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∴ g is one – one.
Further, it is clear that g is not onto as for 1.2 ∈ R * there does not exit any x in N
1
such that g(x) = .
1.2
Hence, function g is one-one but not onto.
Question 2:
Check the injectivity and surjectivity of the following functions:
(i) f: N → N given by f(x) = x2
(ii) f: Z → Z given by f(x) = x2
(iii) f: R → R given by f(x) = x2
(iv) f: N → N given by f(x) = x3
(v) f: Z → Z given by f(x) = x3
Answer 2:
(i) f: N → N is given by f(x) = x2
It is seen that for x, y ∈ N, f(x) = f(y) ⇒ x2 = y2 ⇒ x = y.
∴ f is injective.
Now, 2 ∈ N. But, there does not exist any x in N such that f(x) = x2 = 2.
∴ f is not surjective.
Hence, function f is injective but not surjective.
(ii) f: Z → Z is given by f(x) = x2
It is seen that f(−1) = f(1) = 1, but −1 ≠ 1.
∴ f is not injective.
Now, −2 ∈ Z. But, there does not exist any element x ∈ Z such that
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f(x) = −2 or x2 = −2.
∴ f is not surjective.
Hence, function f is neither injective nor surjective.
(iii) f: R → R is given by f(x) = x2
It is seen that f(−1) = f(1) = 1, but −1 ≠ 1.
∴ f is not injective.
Now, −2 ∈ R. But, there does not exist any element x ∈ R such that
f(x) = −2 or x2 = −2.
∴ f is not surjective.
Hence, function f is neither injective nor surjective.
(iv) f: N → N given by f(x) = x3
It is seen that for x, y ∈ N, f(x) = f(y) ⇒ x3 = y3 ⇒ x = y.
∴ f is injective.
Now, 2 ∈ N. But, there does not exist any element x ∈ N such that
f(x) = 2 or x3 = 2.
∴ f is not surjective
Hence, function f is injective but not surjective.
(v) f: Z → Z is given by f(x) = x3
It is seen that for x, y ∈ Z, f(x) = f(y) ⇒ x3 = y3 ⇒ x = y.
∴ f is injective.
Now, 2 ∈ Z. But, there does not exist any element x ∈ Z such that
f(x) = 2 or x3 = 2.
∴ f is not surjective.
Hence, function f is injective but not surjective.
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Question 3:
Prove that the Greatest Integer Function f: R → R given by f(x) = [x], is neither
one – one nor onto, where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Answer 3:
f: R → R is given by, f(x) = [x]
It is seen that f(1.2) = [1.2] = 1, f(1.9) = [1.9] = 1.
∴ f(1.2) = f(1.9), but 1.2 ≠ 1.9.
∴ f is not one – one.
Now, consider 0.7 ∈ R.
It is known that f(x) = [x] is always an integer. Thus, there does not exist any
element x ∈ R such that f(x) = 0.7.
∴ f is not onto.
Hence, the greatest integer function is neither one – one nor onto.
Question 4:
Show that the Modulus Function f: R → R given by 𝑓(𝑥) = |𝑥|, is neither one –
one nor onto, where |𝑥| is x, if x is positive or 0 and |𝑥| is − x, if x is negative.
Answer 4:
x, if x ≥ 0
f: R → R is given by f(x) = |x| = {
-x, if x < 0
It is clear that f(-1) = |-1| = 1 and f(1) = |1| = 1
∴ f(−1) = f(1), but −1 ≠ 1.
∴ f is not one – one.
Now, consider −1 ∈ R.
It is known that f(x) = |𝑥| is always non-negative. Thus, there does not exist any
element x in domain R such that f(x) = |𝑥| = −1.
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∴ f is not onto.
Hence, the modulus function is neither one-one nor onto.
Question 5:
1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 > 0
Show that the Signum Function f: R → R, given by 𝑓(𝑥) = { 0, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 = 0
−1, 𝑖𝑓 𝑥 < 0
is neither one-one nor onto.
Answer 5:
1, if x > 0
f: R → R is given by f(x) = { 0, if x = 0
-1, if x < 0
It is seen that f(1) = f(2) = 1, but 1 ≠ 2.
∴ f is not one – one.
Now, as f(x) takes only 3 values (1, 0, or −1) for the element −2 in co-domain
R, there does not exist any x in domain R such that f(x) = −2.
∴ f is not onto.
Hence, the Signum function is neither one – one nor onto.
Question 6:
Let A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7} and let f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} be a function
from A to B. Show that f is one – one.
Answer 6:
It is given that A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {4, 5, 6, 7}.
f: A → B is defined as f = {(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)}.
∴ f (1) = 4, f (2) = 5, f (3) = 6
It is seen that the images of distinct elements of A under f are distinct.
Hence, function f is one – one.
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Question 7:
In each of the following cases, state whether the function is one – one, onto or
bijective.
Justify your answer.
(i) f: R → R defined by f(x) = 3 − 4x
(ii) f: R → R defined by f(x) = 1 + x2
Answer 7:
(i) f: R → R is defined as f(x) = 3 − 4x.
Let x1 , x2 ∈ R such that f(x1 ) = f(x2 )
⇒ 3-4x1 = 3-4x2
⇒ -4x1 = -4x2
⇒ x1 = x2
∴ f is one – one.
3-y
For any real number (y) in R, there exists in R such that
4
3-y 3-y
f( ) = 3-4 ( ) = y
4 4
∴ f is onto.
Hence, f is bijective.
(ii) f: R → R is defined as f(x) = 1 + x2
Let x1 , x2 ∈ R such that f(x1 ) = f(x2 )
⇒ 1+ x12 = 1 + x22
⇒ x12 = x22
⇒ x1 = ± x2
∴ f(x1 ) = f(x2 ) does not imply that x1 = x2
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For example f(1) = f(-1) = 2
∴ f is not one – one.
Consider an element −2 in co-domain R.
It is seen that f(x) = 1 + x2 is positive for all x ∈ R.
Thus, there does not exist any x in domain R such that f(x) = −2.
∴ f is not onto.
Hence, f is neither one – one nor onto.
Question 8:
Let A and B be sets. Show that f: A × B → B × A such that (a, b) = (b, a) is
bijective function.
Answer 8:
f: A × B → B × A is defined as f(a, b) = (b, a).
Let (a1 , b1 ), (a2 , b2 ) ∈ A × B such that f(a1 , b1 ) = f(a2 , b2 )
⇒ (b1 , a1 ) = (b2 , a2 )
⇒ b1 = b2 and a1 = a2
⇒ (a1 , b1 ) = (a2 , b2 )
∴ f is one – one.
Now, let (b, a) ∈ B × A be any element.
Then, there exists (a, b) ∈ A × B such that f(a, b) = (b, a). [By definition of f ]
∴ f is onto.
Hence, f is bijective.
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Question 9:
n+1
, if n is odd
Let f: N → N be defined by f(n) = { n2 for all n ∈ N
, if n is even
2
State whether the function f is bijective. Justify your answer.
Answer 9:
n+1
, if n is odd
f: N → N is defined as f(n) = { n2 for all n ∈ N
, if n is even
2
It can be observed that:
1+1 2
f(1) = = 1 and f(2) = = 1 [By definition of f(n)]
2 2
f(1) = f(2), where 1 ≠ 2
∴ f is not one-one.
Consider a natural number (n) in co-domain N.
Case I: n is odd
∴ n = 2r + 1 for some r ∈ N. Then, there exists 4r + 1∈ N such that
4r + 1 + 1
f(4r + 1) = = 2r + 1
2
Case II: n is even
∴ n = 2r for some r ∈ N. Then, there exists 4r ∈ N such that
4r
f(4r) = = 2r.
2
∴ f is onto.
Hence, f is not a bijective function.
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Question 10:
Let A = R − {3} and B = R − {1}. Consider the function f: A → B defined by
𝑥−2
(𝑥) = ( ) . Is f one-one and onto? Justify your answer.
𝑥−3
Answer 10:
x-2
A = R − {3}, B = R − {1} and f: A → B defined by f(x) = ( )
x-3
Let x, y ∈ A such that f(x) = f(y)
x-2 y-2
⇒ =
x-3 y-3
⇒ (x – 2)(y – 3) = (y – 2)(x – 3)
⇒ xy – 3x – 2y + 6 = xy – 2x – 3y + 6
⇒ – 3x – 2y = – 2x – 3y ⇒ x = y
∴ f is one-one.
Let y ∈ B = R − {1}. Then, y ≠ 1.
The function f is onto if there exists x ∈ A such that f(x) = y.
Now, f(x) = y
x-2
⇒ =y
x-3
⇒ x – 2 = xy – 3y ⇒ x(1 – y) = – 3y + 2
2-3y
⇒x= ∈A [y ≠ 1]
1-y
2-3y
Thus, for any y ∈ B, there exists ∈ A such that
1-y
2-3y
2-3y ( 1-y ) -2 2-3y-2 + 2y -y
f( )= = = =y
1-y 2-3y 2-3y-3 + 3y -1
( 1-y ) -3
∴ f is onto.
Hence, function f is one – one and onto.
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Question 11:
Let f: R → R be defined as f(x) = x4. Choose the correct answer.
(A) f is one-one onto (B) f is many-one onto
(C) f is one-one but not onto (D) f is neither one-one nor onto
Answer 11:
f: R → R is defined as f(x) = x4.
Let x, y ∈ R such that f(x) = f(y).
⇒ x4 = y4
⇒x=±y
∴ f(x) = f(y) does not imply that x = y.
For example f(1) = f(–1) = 1
∴ f is not one-one.
Consider an element 2 in co-domain R. It is clear that there does not exist any x
in domain R such that f(x) = 2.
∴ f is not onto.
Hence, function f is neither one – one nor onto.
The correct answer is D.
Question 12:
Let f: R → R be defined as f(x) = 3x. Choose the correct answer.
(A) f is one – one onto (B) f is many – one onto
(C) f is one – one but not onto (D) f is neither one – one nor onto
Answer 12:
f: R → R is defined as f(x) = 3x.
Let x, y ∈ R such that f(x) = f(y).
10
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⇒ 3x = 3y
⇒x=y
∴f is one-one.
y y
Also, for any real number (y) in co-domain R, there exists in R such that f ( ) =
3 3
y
3( ) = y
3
∴ f is onto.
Hence, function f is one – one and onto.
The correct answer is A.
11
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