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A New Family of Soft Switching PWM Non-Isolated DC - DC Converters With Active Auxiliary Edge-Resonant Cell

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93 views6 pages

A New Family of Soft Switching PWM Non-Isolated DC - DC Converters With Active Auxiliary Edge-Resonant Cell

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Hariesh Waran
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© © All Rights Reserved
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The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference

A New Family of Soft Switching PWM


Non-Isolated DC–DC Converters with
Active Auxiliary Edge-Resonant Cell
Tomokazu Mishima Mutsuo Nakaoka
Graduate School of Maritime Science, Graduate School of Engineering,
Kobe University Electric Energy Saving Research Center,
5-1-1, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada, Kobe, Japan. Kyungnam University
Email: [email protected] Masan, Republic of Korea.

Abstract—This paper is concerned with a family of soft switch-


ing Pulse Width Modulation(PWM) DC–DC converter employing a
novel Zero Voltage and Zero Current Switching(ZVZCS) Active
auxiliary Edge-Resonant Cell(AERC). The non-isolated DC–DC
converters introduced here can achieve a high frequency ZVS and
ZCS operations in a main and an auxiliary switch with minimizing
the voltage and current stresses as well as circulating currents. For
demonstrating the effectiveness of the new soft switching cell, the
boost DC-DC converter is evaluated by simulations and
experiments using its 100 kHz laboratory prototype. In addition to
that, the one-switch dual boost DC– DC converter is newly Fig. 1. ZVZCS-PWM boost DC–DC converter with proposed AERC.
demonstrated as the new AERC-applied high voltage step-up
power converter.
´
Index Terms—Boost DC–DC power converter, soft switching (buck, boost, buck-boost, Cuk, SEPIC, and Zeta) are
converter topology, zero voltage and zero current switching originally proposed in this paper. The proposed soft
(ZVZCS), active auxiliary edge resonant Cell (AERC). switching cell achieves ZVZCS commutation for all of
active and non-active power devices effectively under
I. INTRODUCTION
the minimized voltage and current surges.
Nowadays, the soft switching DC–DC converters are gather- The second section of this paper dedicates to the intro-
ing much attention as an essential power interface in a variety duction of the new soft switching cell and explanation of its
of electric power supply systems such as the renewable operation principle by focusing on the boost type of the soft
energy distribution, telecommunications, automobiles. switching DC–DC converter. In the following section, the
For minimization of size and weight, the traditional PWM experimental results are presented in order to verify the soft
converters require the high frequency operation together with switching operations. the extended version of the new soft
the substantial reduction of switching losses. For achieving the switching boost DC–DC converter, named as ”One-Switch
technical goal, a variety of soft switching converter topologies Dual Boost Soft Switching PWM DC–DC Converter”, is
have been proposed in the many literatures, most of which are originally presented. Finally, the feasibility of the new soft
categorized into ZVS, ZCS, and ZVZCS scheme. switching PWM boost DC–DC converter is discussed from
The previously proposed and developed soft switching the view point of a conversion efficiency under constant and
PWM DC–DC converters such as ones introduced in [1]-[6] variable input voltage conditions.
and have attractive features, but some technical issues still
remains to be addressed. In particular, an auxiliary switch is II. CIRCUIT TOPOLOGIES AND OPERATION
subjected to the surge voltage at its turn-off transition, and The circuit diagram of the ZVZCS-PWM boost DC–DC
significant power losses originating in the auxiliary circuit converter with the newly-developed AERC is shown in Fig. 1.
components of the resonant network may appear inevitably. The soft switching network consists of the snubbing capacitor
As an effective and practical solution for overcoming those Cm for the main switch Q1 and the AERC that is comprised
weaknesses in the conventional soft switching PWM DC– DC with the auxiliary switch Q1, resonant inductor Lr, resonant
converters, the advanced active Auxiliary Edge Resonant capacitor Cr, and the auxiliary commutation diodes Dr1 Dr2.
Cell(AERC) are presented, and the family of the soft switching The remarkable features of the ZVZCS-PWM boost
non-isolated PWM DC–DC converters employing the AERC DC– DC converter are described as follow:

978-1-4244-5393-1/10/$26.00 ©2010 IEEE 2804


The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference

t0 t1 t2 t3 t4 t5 t6 t7

Q1
Q2 Mode 1 Mode 0
vQ1
iQ1

vQ2 Mode 2 Mode 7

iQ2

iLr
iCm
Mode 3 Mode 6

iCr
vCr
Mode 4 Mode 5

iDr1
Fig. 3. Operating mode transitions and equivalent circuits during one
iDr2 switching period.
iDo
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 auxiliary switch Q2.
During Mode 1 mentioned above, the circuit stage is
Fig. 2. Relevant voltage and current waveforms of proposed boost given by the following equations:
DC–DC converter during one switching period.
Vo
iLr = iQ2 = Lr (t − t0), (1)
• The main and auxiliary switches are commutated Vo
under ZVS and ZCS modes. iD1 = Id − iLr = Id − Lr (t − t0), (2)
• The auxiliary diodes are naturally turned off under ZCS where the current through the inductor Ld and the
mode, so the reverse recovery current can be minimized. voltage across the output capacitor Co are represented
• The recovery less turn-off operation can be achieved by constant values Id and Vo , respectively.
for the output diode (Do) with the aide of the AERC. • [Mode 2, Lr-Cm edge resonant mode]: The current
The turn-on commutation of the main switch Q1 is through the output diode iDo decays to zero at t = t1,
achieved under the ZVZCS mode, while its turn-off then the Lr-Cm circuit network begins to work.
commutation is attained under the ZVS mode. The turn- During this interval, the current through the resonant
on commutation of the auxiliary switch Q2 is attained by inductor Lr and and the voltage across the snubber
the ZCS mode, while its turn-off commutation is resonant snubber capacitor Co are given by:
completed by the ZVS mode, respectively. Vo
The operating waveforms of the new soft-switching
PWM boost DC–DC converter is illustrated in Fig. 2. The iLr = Z1 sin ω1(t − t1) + Id, (3)
operation modes of the DC–DC converter consists of the vcr = Vo cos ω1(t − t1), (4)
√ �
eight stages as depicted in Fig. 3. The circuit operation where ω1 = 1/ LrCm and Z1 = Lr/Cm .
of each mode is analyzed as follow: • [Mode 3, Main switch Q1 ZVZCS turn-on mode]: The
• [Mode 0, Input voltage boost mode]: The power from the voltage across the main switch Q1 is down to zero at t
input DC power source is delivered into the load R o via = t2, and the antiparallel diode D1 of Q1 is forward-
only Ld and Do, and the input voltage Vin is step up. biased. During the term, the gate of Q1 is triggered, so
• [Mode 1, Auxiliary switch Q2 ZCS turn-on]: The auxil-iary the ZVZCS turn-on operation is attained for Q1.
switch Q2 is turned on at t = t0, then the current through • [Mode 4, Auxiliary Switch Q2 ZVS turn-off mode]: The
the switch iQ2 rises linearly due to the effect of Lr. Thus, gate signal for Q2 is removed at t = t2. Then, the
ZCS turn-on commutation can be achieved for inductor current iLr circulates into the small resonant

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The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference

Q2
(S2)

Dr1 Cm Ld Do
Lr Q1 Ld
Cr (S1/D1)

VIN Lr Cr
Dr1 Dr2
Dr2 VIN Cm Co Ro
Do Q1
Co Ro
Q2
(S1/D1) (S2)

(a) (b)
Q1
(S1/D1)

Do
Cm Lr
Ld Lo
Cr
Q2 Lr
Dr1
(S2) Cr
Cm
Co
VIN Dr1 Dr2 Co
VIN Dr2 Ro Ro
Do
Q1 Q2
Ld (S1/D1) (S2) Cc

(c) (d)

Q1 Lo
(S1/D1)
Ld Do Cm Lr
Cr
Lr

Cm Q2 Dr1 Cr
(S2) Dr2
Do Co
Ro
VIN Dr1 Dr2

Co Ro VIN
Q1 Q2 Lo
(S1/D1) (S2) Cc
Ld
Cc

(e) (f)
´
Fig. 4. Six-type PWM DC–DC converter topologies with prosed AERC: (a)buck, (b)boost, (c)buck-boost, (d)Cuk, (e)SEPIC, and (f)Zeta.

TABLE I
PEAK VOLTAGE VALUE IN ACTIVE MAIN AND AUXILIARY SWITCHES, AUXILIARY DIODES AND LINK CAPACITOR.
Topologies Q1 Q2 Ds1 Ds2 VCc Voltage gain
Buck Vin Vin Vin Vin −−− D
Boost Vo Vo Vo Vo −−− 1/(1 − D)
Buck-Boost Vin + Vo Vin + Vo Vin + Vo Vin + Vo −−− D/(1 − D)
C´uk Vin + Vo Vin + Vo Vin + Vo Vin + Vo Vin + Vo D/(1 − D)
SEPIC Vin + Vo Vin + Vo Vin + Vo Vin + Vo Vin D/(1 − D)
Zeta Vin + Vo Vin + Vo Vin + Vo Vin + Vo Vo D/(1 − D)

network constructed by Lr–Cr. As a result, the • [Mode 6, Steady state power delivering mode]: The in-
resonant capacitor voltage Cr is charged as ductor energy is reset and the current iLr decays to
expressed by eq.6, so the voltage across Q 2 zero at t = t5. Then, the power from the input voltage
gradually rises. Thus, the ZVS turn-off commutation source is delivered to the load via Ld and Do.
is achieved for the auxiliary Switch Q2. • [Mode 7, Main switch Q2 ZVS turn-off mode]: The gate
signal for Q2 is removed at t = t6, and the current through
iLr = ILr max cos ω2(t − t3), (5) Ld flows into the resonant capacitor Cm, and the voltage
vcr = Z2 ILr max sin ω2(t − t1), (6) across the main switch vQ1 builds up linearly. Thus, the
√ �
where ω2 = 1/ LrCr , Z2 = Lr/Cr . ZVS turn-off operation for Q2 is achieved.
• [Mode 5, Auxiliary diodes conduction mode]: The capaci- The similar type of the proposed boost PWM DC–DC
tor voltage vCr is equal to Vo at t = t4, and the auxiliary converter has been discussed in [7] for discontinuous mode
diode Dr2 is forward biased. Accordingly, the residual (DCM) operations. However, the proposed boost PWM DC–
energy in Lr is transferred to the load via Dr1 and Dr2. DC converter is also quite effective for continuous mode

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The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference

operations as depicted above.


III. CIRCUIT TOPOLOGIES OF SIX SOFT SWITCHING PWM
NON-ISOLATED DC–DC CONVERTERS
The family of the PWM DC–DC converters (buck, boost,
´

buck-boost, Cuk, SEPIC, and Zeta) adopting the new AERC is


depicted in Fig. 4. It can be expected that all power devices
including the auxiliary diodes (Dr1 Dr 2) operate under soft
commutating modes with high switching frequency. Fig. 5. One-switch dual boost DC–DC PWM converter with proposed AERC.

The gate signal patters for the extended circuit topologies


are unified with that of Fig. 2. Thus, the duty cycle D in each
PWM DC–DC converter depends on the on-term of the main
switch Q1.
Voltage stresses of each active switch and auxiliary
diode in the AERCs are summarized in TABLE I.
IV. EXTENDED DUAL BOOST SOFT SWITCHING PWM DC–DC
CONVERTER

Due to the high efficiency attained by the soft switching cell,


the extended soft switching boost DC–DC converter shown in Fig. 6. Simplified equivalent circuits of front-end switched capacitor of
Fig. 5 can be originally proposed for making a higher voltage one-switch dual boost DC–DC converter: (a)Q1–ON, (b)Q2–OFF.
boost ratio. The newly-proposed circuit topology additionally
employs the DCL Ld2, the smoothing capacitor Cd together with
the auxiliary diodes Da1 Da2. The additional DCL Ld2 can be VI. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATIONS
magnetically coupled with the primary DCL L d2 for realizing the
The performance and feasibility of the proposed boost
compact size and high efficiency.
DC– DC converter are investigated by experiments using
As indicated in Fig. 6, the steady state value of the interme-
laboratory prototypes. The exterior appearance of the
diate DC bus voltage Vd can be expressed by Vd = 1/(1−D),
experimental pro-totype is provided in Fig. 11. The circuit
where D represents the duty cycle of the main switch Q 1. As a parameters of the prototype are indicated in TABLE II.
result, the voltage gain of the ”one-switch dual boost soft The measured switching voltage waveform of the main
switching DC–DC converter with AERC” is expressed by:
switch Q1 with its gate signal and the auxiliary switch Q2 are
Vo 1 shown in Fig. 12 (a) and (b), respectively. From those wave-
= , (7)
2 forms, achievement of soft commutations can be confirmed.
Vin (1 − D)
Furthermore, the much larger voltage gain can be expected
The actual conversion efficiencies are indicated in Fig. 13
by means of magnetically coupling Ld1 and Ld2. In this case,
under several DC input voltage settings. The maximum effi-
we can obtain:
Vo = 1 + aD , (8)
2
Vin (1 − D)
where a denotes the winding ration of Ld1 and Ld2 that is
ideally equal to Ld2/Ld1.
Fig. 7 depicts the comparison on the voltage gain Vo/Vin
between the single boost circuit scheme (Fig. 1) and the
dual boost ones (Fig. 5) in case of using the coupled or
non-coupled inductors for Ld1 and Ld2. In addition, the
voltage gain profiles with respect to the winding ratio of the
coupled inductors are shown in Fig. 8.

V. SIMULATION ANALYSIS
The switching operations of the proposed soft-switching
PWM boost DC–DC converter are investigated by a computer
simulation. The observed switching waveforms are shown in
Figs. 9 and 10 with consideration for load power conditions. It
can be confirmed from the simulations results that the ZVZCS
commutations as described above can be achieved for all of Fig. 7. Comparison of voltage gain vs. duty cycle characteristics.
the power devices in the new boost DC–DC converter.

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The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference

i(Q1) i(Q2)
V (Q1) V(Q2)

Current
Voltage[V]

nt [A]
Curre

Voltage[V]

[A]
(a) Main swicth Q1 (b) Auxilairy switch Q2

V(Lr) i(Cr) V(Cr)


i(Lr )

Voltage[V]
Voltage[V]

Current[A]
Current[A]
(c) Resonant inductor Lr (d) Resonant capacitor Cr

Fig. 9. Simulated waveforms under light load condition: Vin = 100 V,


Fig. 8. Voltage gain vs. duty cycle characteristics for one-switch dual Vo = 150 V., Io = 1.5 A, and D = 0.3, time 5 μ/div.
boost DC–DC converter with coupled inductors.

TABLE II i(Q1) i(Q2)


SPECIFICATION OF LABORATORY PROTOTYPE DC–DC CONVERTER.
V(Q1)

Voltage[V]

Current [A]
Current[A
Parameter & symbol value & unit
Voltage [V]

V(Q2)

DC input voltage Vin 100 V–200 V

]
DC output voltage V o 110 V– 330 V
Output power (maximum) Po 660 W
Switching frequency fs 100 kHz
(a) Main swicth Q1 (b) Auxilairy switch Q2
Resonant inductor Lr 3 μH
Snubber capacitor Cr 100 nF
V(Lr) V(Cr)
Snubber capacitor Cr 50 nF i(Cr)
Input smoothing capacitor Ld 500 μH i(Lr)

Curr
Current [A]

[A]
Voltage[V]

ent
Output smoothing capacitor Co 1000 μF
Voltage
[V]

·Q1, Q2: Power MOSEFT Discrete, FK18SM)


·Dr1, Dr2: KCF16A60
·Do: SDP06S60
(c) Resonant inductor Lr (d) Resonant capacitor Cr

ciencies 97.2 % is recoded with VIN = 150 V, Io = 2.7 A.It Fig. 10. Simulated waveforms under heavy load condition: Vin = 100 V,
can be known from the result that the high efficiency power Vo = 150 V, Io = 5 A, and D = 0.3, time 5 μ/div..
conversion can be expected even for input voltage
fluctuations. The efficiency drop in the light load area
originates from the power losses at the auxiliary power power systems. By investigating the relevant soft switching
devices and components, which has the deep effect on boost PWM DC–DC converter on its switching operations
the efficiency in the low output power settings. and conversion efficiencies by means of simulations and
The actual efficiencies are provided in Fig. 14 with respect to
experi-ments using the laboratory prototype, the practical
the variation of the duty cycle. It can be known from the result
feasibility of the soft switching cell has been described and
that a better conversion efficiency can be ensured under the
discussed. In addition, the family of the soft switching PWM
small duty cycle. This is owing to the conduction losses of the
non-isolated DC–DC converters employing the AERC have
circuit components, which is dominant in the total power losses
been originally demonstrated herein as well as the
under the heavy load conditions.
extended one-switch dual boost converter.
Achievement of much high efficiency can be expected
The experimental evaluation and discussion on the
by improving the power device selection and the core
other five PWM DC–DC converters presented here will
material for the input DCL.
be the future works.
VII. CONCLUSION
The soft switching PWM boost DC–DC converter with new REFERENCES
active edge resonant snubbing cell(AERC) has been presented in
[1] P. Das and G. Moschopoulos,“A Comparative Study of Zero-
this paper, which could be suited for the DC power supply Current-Transition PWM Converters ”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.,
architectures such as renewable energy and automobile electric Vol.54, No.3, pp.1319-1328 ,Jun. 2007.

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The 2010 International Power Electronics Conference

VIN =100 [V]

VIN =150 [V]

VIN =200 [V]

Fig. 13. Measured conversion efficiencies under constant duty cycle (D


= 0.3).

Fig. 11. Laboratory prototype of proposed boost DC–DC converter.

vgs

vds Fig. 14. Measured conversion efficiencies under constant input voltage
(VIN = 100 V.).

(a) pp.861-869, Mar/Apr. 1999.


[5] C. J. Teng and C. L. Chen,“ Novel ZVT-PWM Converters with
Active Snubbers”, IEEE Trans. Power Electron., Vol.13, No.8,
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[6] G. Hua, C. S. Leu, Y. Jiang, and F. C. Lee, “ Novel Zero-Voltage-
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[7] M. Taniguchi, K. Hirachi, Irie“Soft-Switching Circuit for Three-
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vds

(b)
Fig. 12. Measured operation waveforms: (a) main switch switch Q1, (b)
auxiliary switch Q2 (gate signal vgs:10 V/div., drain-source voltage vds-
100 V/div.) .

[2] C. M. wang, ”New Family of Zero-Current-Switching PWM Converter


Using a New Zero-Current-Switching PWM Auxiliary Circuit”, IEEE
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