Questions:

[1] What are the advantages of multistage amplifier?

Ans: Different stages in the cascade can look after different functions.

For example, the first stage is used to provide very high input impedance so that it will not load the
source. The last stage may be designed to provide power gain (current gain) as usually low impedances
like speakers are connected there.

The middle stage may be required to give large voltage gain.

So, each subsection has its own distinct role to play. Together, the cascaded stage gives a unified
appearance of : High input impredance, Low output impedance, high voltage gain amplifier. These 3
qualities are the dream of a circuit designer.

[2] What will happen if we increase input voltage in two stage RC coupled amplifier used in your
practical to 10 mV?
[4] What are the different coupling methods? What is the advantage and disadvantage of direct
coupling?

Ans: To connect analogue circuits together there are three basic methods, Direct Coupling,
Capacitive Coupling and transformer coupling. All have different properties and can be used in any
linear or non-linear circuit.

Direct Coupling
With direct coupling, or DC coupling, two components are
connected directly to each other. In the diagram, the collector of Q1
is wired direct to the base of Q2. The bias level of Q1 is calculated
first, and this will also be the bias for the base of Q2. The advantages
are, minimum parts and a good low frequency response, down to dc.

There are some advantages of direct coupledamplifier which are given

below,
o The direct coupled amplifier has a excellent frequency response.
o The circuit cost is low because the absence of expensive coupling components.
o The circuit is very simple because it uses a minimum number of resistors.
o It can amplify very low frequency signals down to zero frequency.
There are some disadvantages of direct coupled amplifier which are given below,
o The direct coupled amplifier cannot amplify high frequency signals.
o Its output is not drifting less.
o The output changes with the time and change in supply voltage.
o It has poor temperature stability, due to this its operating point shifts.
o At low frequencies capacitor fail and act like a short circuit.

Capacitive Coupling
With capacitive coupling, two stages are connected using a coupling
capacitor,Cc in the diagram. Using this method, the bias levels on
the first stage, F1 are isolated from the next stage. Here resistor Rb
would be used to bias this stage. The capacitor Cc and Rb and the
input impedance at Q1 form a high pass filter, allowing AC current
to pass, but blocking DC.
 Transformer Coupling
Here, the two stages are isolated with a transformer. Bias for the
second stage is via a biasing network. The advantage of this method,
is that the turns ratio of the transformer can be used to provide gain,
and also a frequency selective response can be obtained. This
technique is used widely in RF applications.

Questions:
[1] What will be emitter voltage and current in the given circuit diagram in absence of input AC
signal?
[2] What is the equation of current gain in CC amplifier? What is the current gain of CC amplifier
used in laboratory?
Questions:
[1] What are the applications of transistor as a switch?
Ans:
When used as an AC signal amplifier, the transistors Base biasing voltage is applied in such a way that it always operates within its
“active” region, that is the linear part of the output characteristics curves are used.
However, both the NPN & PNP type bipolar transistors can be made to operate as “ON/OFF” type solid state switch by
biasing the transistors Base terminal differently to that for a signal amplifier.
Solid state switches are one of the main applications for the use of transistor to switch a DC output “ON” or “OFF”. Some
output devices, such as LED’s only require a few milliamps at logic level DC voltages and can therefore be driven directly
by the output of a logic gate. However, high power devices such as motors, solenoids or lamps, often require more power
than that supplied by an ordinary logic gate so transistor switches are used.
If the circuit uses the Bipolar Transistor as a Switch, then the biasing of the transistor, either NPN or PNP is arranged to
operate the transistor at both sides of the “ I-V ” characteristics curves we have seen previously.
The areas of operation for a transistor switch are known as the Saturation Region and the Cut-off Region. This means
then that we can ignore the operating Q-point biasing and voltage divider circuitry required for amplification, and use the
transistor as a switch by driving it back and forth between its “fully-OFF” (cut-off) and “fully-ON” (saturation) regions as
shown below.

[2] What should be ratio of collector resistance to base resistance while designing transistor switch?
What is hard saturation?
Ans :
hard saturation

operating a transistor at the upper end of the load line with a base current that is
one-tenth of the collector current. The reason for the overkill is to make sure the
transistor remains saturated under all operating conditions, temperature conditions,
transistor replacement, etc.

[3] Draw output waveform when following waveform is applied at the base circuit.
[1] What will be emitter current in the given circuit diagram in absence of input AC signal?

[2] Draw DC load line of CE amplifier circuit. Show Q point on it.

Ans:
 [3] Can we connect loud speaker instead of emitter resistance?
Ans:

 R5: What happens here is that the top of resistor R5 follows the voltage applied to the base of Q2. It is simply that voltage, minus 0.7V. As the voltage at the base swings, the
voltage at the top of resistor R5 goes through the same swing. This voltage is applied to the speaker through C3.
 C3: Another blocking capacitor. It prevents DC from flowing into the speaker, which would damage the speaker and also cause a lot more bias current to flow through Q2,
since the speaker's impedance is a lot lower than that of R5.
 The Q2 stage is needed because, even though it does not amplify voltage, it amplifies power. It does that because it is able to
deliver more current than Q1. Q1 has load resistor R3, which gives it a rather high output impedance. If the speaker were connected
to the Q1 stage output, hardly any sound would come out of it because the Q1 stage cannot maintain its voltage into just an 8 ohm
load. Q2 has no collector resistor, and so the output impedance is low. Current flucutations flow freely from the power supply,
through the transistor's collector and across C3 to the speaker.

 The Q1 stage is needed because a current driving stage like the one built around Q2 doesn't have any voltage gain. The Q2 stage
alone could take the voltage from the microphone and put it across the speaker. Now it would be better than connecting the
microphone directly to the speaker, because the microphone would be isolated from driving the low impedance of the speaker. But,
in spite of that, would simply not be loud enough. Getting a reasonably loud sound out of the speaker requires a much higher
voltage level.

 The jobs of amplifying voltage, and then amplifying the current which enables that voltage to be put across a low-impedance load
such as a speaker, are best implemented separately.

[4] What is bandwidth? What is the approximate bandwidth of CE amplifier that you have used during
your practical?
[5] What is the effect on gain of amplifier if value of Rc increases?
Ans:
Voltage gain is basically Av=−gmRC
[6] What are the different biasing methods?
Ans: The following discussion treats five common biasing circuits used with class-A bipolar
transistor amplifiers:
 Fixed bias.
 Collector-to-base bias.
 Fixed bias with emitter resistor.
 Voltage divider bias or potential divider.
Emitter bias.

[7] What happens if emitter bypass capacitor is removed from the circuit?
Ans: The connected emitter resistor will now carry ac signal too. That means negative feed back is
introduced of Current series type, increasing the Bandwidth of the circuit.

The voltage gain of the circuit will sharply come down.

Questions:
[1] What is the input and output impedance of CC configuration compared to CE and CB
configuration?
Ans: In this configuration we use collector terminal ascommon for both input and output signals.
Thisconfiguration is also known as emitter followerconfiguration because the emitter voltage
follows the base voltage

[2] Justify: It is better to use common-collector amplifier between common emitter amplifier and loadspeaker.

:
[3] Compare voltage gain and current gain of CC amplifier with CB and CE amplifier.
Ans: Same answer as 2.

[4] What is emitter follower?

Ans: Common Collector. Same as 1.
Questions:
[1] What is early effect? Have you observed early effect in your experiment?
Ans: On increasing the reverse biased collector voltage,the base width decreases since the collector
depletion region penetrates more into the base region.This phenomenon is called as Early
effect,named after its discoverer.

[2] Compare common base and common emitter configuration

Ans:
Common Emitter
The positive and negative terminals of the input AC signal are connected to the base and the emitter
respectively. While the AC ouput is taken from the potential difference between the collector and the
emitter (after coupling using a capacitor).

This configuration produces a negative gain of some amount, which depends on the resistors, the signal's
resistance, the resistance of Vout (the RL) and the frequency response.
 It has moderate input and output impedances, whose values depend on, once again, the resistors used.
 It's most commonly used in the middle stages of an audio amplification system, responsible for the bulk of
the gain

Common Base:

The positive and negative terminals of the input signal are connected to the emitter and the base
respectively. The output signal is taken from the potential difference between the collector and the base

1. This configuration has a positive gain of some amount, which also depends on the circuit
parameters (the resistors' values etc)
It has a low input impedance and high output impedance. This means it cannot transfer the input's AC
voltage to the output well. That's one reason why audio systems don't use the common base configuration.
In fact it's rarely used except in radio circuits.
[3] Justify the statement: Common base amplifier is used as buffer

Ans:

Common base will not work as buffer as its input impedance is too low. And also there is no current gain.