ANNA UNIVERSITY

JAYA ENGINEERING COLLEGE

THIRUNINRAVUR-602024
(An ISO 9001:2000 Certified Institution)
Email: [email protected]
Website: www.jec.ac.in

PRACTICAL RECORD
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

GE6674 - COMMUNICATION SKILL LABORATORY

NAME:…………………. REG. NO:…………………

YEAR:............................ SEM:…………………....
 CARRIER LAB

EX.NO DATE NAME OF THE PAGE NO SIGN

EXPERIMENT
LETTER WRITING

a) Application for General Manager

1 b) Application for Design Engineer.

REPORT WRITING

a) Industrial Visit
2 b) Business Letter
c) Compliant Letter
d) Proposal Letter

INTERVIEW SKILLS

a) Frequently Asked Questions

b) Developing Interview Skills
3 c) Interview Behaviour
d) Body Language

4 General Presentation

5 Technical Presentation

6 Group Discussion
 LANGUAGE LAB

EX.NO DATE NAME OF THE PAGE.NO SIGN

EXPERIMENT

Fill in the blanks with

1 appropriate words

2 Jumbled Sentence

3 Reading Comprehension

4 Spotting Errors
Letter writing
Expt no: 1.a) Application for the post of General Manager
Date:

QUESTION:
Assume a suitable name and address, Wipro Private ltd, mount road, Chennai, requires General
Engineer. The Incumbents should have minimum five years experience. Write an application for
the job with suitable Resume.
 LETTER:

From
Sandhya.V,
NO.:174,8th Street,
Sharmanagar, Vyasarpadi,
Chennai 600039.
To
The Manager,
Wipro Private ltd,
Chennai-600020.
Dear Sir/Madam,
Your advertisement for a General Manager in Times of India” dated 12 th Aug 2014 has
caught my attention. My three years experience as a graphics designer in Pent soft Technology
has provided me the experience in graphics designing, multimedia, animation and
implementation.
Working in a sound environment at pent soft technology has sharpened my cross cultural
and professional interaction skills. With excellent communication skills and ability to discuss
graphic related issues and make recommendations to the management, I have been able to prove
myself as a successful graphics designer and would like to put my professional and academic
experience to work for you. The details of my education, training and experience are outlined in
the enclosed resume you can reach me at [email protected].

Thanking you,

Yours sincerely,
Enclosure: Resume
(Sandhya.V)
 RESUME

Sandhya.V, Email: sandhiya0599 @gmail.com

No: 174, 8th Street, Sharmanagar, Contact: +919940617005

Vyasarpadi,

Chennai-600039.

CAREER OBJECTIVE:

To be associated with a firm, this provides career development opportunities and contributes in
its progress through my knowledge and skill.

ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION:

Course Institution Board/ Year % Marks/

University Of Passing CGPA

B.E Jaya Engineering College Anna 2020 75.6%

University
Higher Sec. Don Bosco Matriculation State Board 2016 80.66%
Higher Secondary School.

SSLCDon Bosco Matriculation State Board 2014 84.66%

School.
COMPUTER PROFICIENY:

 Microsoft Office,
 C, C++, JAVA.

CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITES:

 Actively participated in National Level Technical Symposium.

 Ist place in One-on-one Technical debate.
 First Place in Technical Quiz.
 Actively Participated in International Conferences.
PROFESSIONAL SKILLS:
 Have been an active participant and taken initiative in conducting various seminars and
presentations on curriculum based case studies and Managerial topics.

 Good in Analytical and Logical Reasoning with efficient Communication, Presentation

and Leadership skills

 Transparent, Flexible and a co-operative team player

 Organizing ability and commitment and dedication to work

PERSONAL PROFILE:

Name : Sandhya V

Father’s Name : Vijayakumar V

Mother’s Name : Beena V

Nationality : Indian

Date of Birth : 31st February 1999

Language Known : English, Hindi, Tamil, Malayalam.

Hobbies : Playing ping-pong, Chess, Reading books.

DECLARATION:

I do hereby confirm that the information given in this form is true to the best of my knowledge
and belief.

Place: Chennai yours sincerely,

(Sandhya)

Expt no: 1.b) Application for the post of Design Engineer

Date:
QUESTION:

Write an application for the post of Design Engineer in a company, provide your resume.

LETTER :

From
Sandhya V,
NO.:174,8th Street,
Sharmanagar, Vyasarpadi,
Chennai 600039.
To
The Manager,
Wipro Private Ltd,
Chengalpet Dt.
Dear Sir/Madam,
Your advertisement for software professional in “The Hindu” dated 12th Sep 2013 caught my
attention. My twelve years experience as Designer field in TCS has provided me the experience
in graphics designing, multimedia, animation and implementation.
Working in a sound environment at TCS has sharpened my cross cultural and professional
interaction skills. With excellent communication skills and ability to discus graphic related
issues and make recommendations to the management, I have been able to prove myself as a
successful graphics designer and would like to put my professional and academic experience to
work for you. The details of my education, training and experience are outlined in the enclosed
resume you can reach me at [email protected].

Thanking you,

Yours sincerely,
Enclosure: Resume (Sandhya)

RESUME
Sandhya V, Email:[email protected]

No: 174, 8th Street, Sharmanagar, Contact: +919940617005

Vyasarpadi,

Chennai-600039.

CAREER OBJECTIVE:

To be associated with a firm, this provides career development opportunities and contributes in
its progress through my knowledge and skill.

ACADEMIC QUALIFICATION:

Course Institution Board/ Year % Marks/

University Of Passing CGPA

B.E Jaya Engineering College Anna 2020 75.6%

University
Higher Sec. Don Bosco Matriculation State Board 2016 80.66%
Higher Secondary School.

SSLCDon Bosco Matriculation State Board 2014 84.66%

School.
COMPUTER PROFICIENY:

 Microsoft Office,
 C, C++, JAVA.

CO-CURRICULAR ACTIVITES:

 Actively participated in National Level Technical Symposium.

 Ist place in One-on-one Technical debate.
 First Place in Technical Quiz.
 Actively Participated in International Conferences.

PROFESSIONAL SKILLS:
  Have been an active participant and taken initiative in conducting various seminars and
presentations on curriculum based case studies and Managerial topics.

 Good in Analytical and Logical Reasoning with efficient Communication, Presentation

and Leadership skills

 Transparent, Flexible and a co-operative team player

 Organizing ability and commitment and dedication to work

PERSONAL PROFILE:

Name : Sandhya V

Father’s Name : Vijayakumar V

Mother’s Name : Beena V

Nationality : Indian

Date of Birth : 31st February 1999

Language Known : English, Hindi, Tamil, Malayalam.

Hobbies : Playing ping-pong, Chess, Reading books.

DECLARATION:

I do hereby confirm that the information given in this form is true to the best of my knowledge
and belief.

Place: Chennai yours sincerely,

(Sandhya)
 Report writing

Expt no: 2 Report Writing

Date:
INDUSTRIAL VISIT TO INFOSTECH:

Synopsis:

I’m 3rd year engineering student of Jaya engineering college. I visited Infostech
Technologies, Pondicherry on 23.8.2014 along with my friends. The visit was very useful in
exposing me to the knowledge about the Network Maintenance and Management. I have given
details of the company, its processes and revenues in the report that follows. This visit was
really informative and I am looking forward to many visits in the near future.

Company Details

Today, Infostech is a popularly known name in India. A name synonymous with computers,
manufactured my Infostech Private ltd. Since its inception in 1972, Infostech has been
providing millions of its customers with quality and performance that is second to none,
crossing the landmark cumulative Network Maintenance and Management in December 2007

This international dealing and network spans the globe with the partners on all strategic
locations all over the world. It now has over 5, 00,000 employees all over the world. It offers a
quiet environment for its employees to work

Infostech Private ltd, with its corporate office at Chennai, is the first Indian software
company have been certificated with ISO certification under international standards and has the
ISI mark on all of quality on all batteries. With a strong distribution network of 338 offices
throughout of the world, Infostech technologies reach globally with 1780 distributions and other
dealers. It has the market share of 28% and provides consistent quality and value for money for
all its customers to achieve the leadership in the coming years.

Manufacturing details:
 The company’s principal activities are to Network Maintenance and Management. It
fabricates various Technologies along with the leading company of Intel. It manufactures parts
separately and combines it as whole organization. The company provides a wide range of
products including the small part of authorized workstations in the firm.

The projects are cost effective and good quality. They are reliable and are leading in the
current market. Their goods have flooded the markets and are increasingly popular in the
current market trends. Known for quality, Infostech aims at good production and customer
satisfaction at the other end.

Quality accessories tests, area taken for every 10% of the sample of the orders that are
produced to the delivered to the customer. Any dissatisfaction of the computer’s performance to
the company is retained for checking and the errors are rectified. Infostech has been a leading
techno producer in the field of the Networking. starting with Web analysis, cyber techno in the
name of ‘eco-gen has been produced in the high quality to match leading Network companies.

After the performance test taken on the outgoing products to be delivered, a high degree of
satisfaction normally is considered on the manufactured items. Goods are supplied to the
dealers all over the world.

We gathered a general idea of how Networks are maintenance and their spare at Infostech
Technologies, Pondicherry.

BUISNESS LETTER:
April 9, 2019
Mr.D K Paul
Personnel Manager
Wipro Private Limited
621, Ahuja Chambers, Nariman Point
Mumbai-400 021

Dear Mr. Paul,

It is with great pleasure that I accept your offer of an ‘Executive Trainee’ position at the
production division of your company. I assure you that I will put all my skills and experience to
work for APL.
As desired, I can join you by the end of December, 2014. I am grateful to you for giving
me this opportunity to work with you. I look forward to meeting you in December.

Yours sincerely,
Abishek

COMPLAINT LETTER
April 9, 2019
To
The General Manager,
Dhanbad Telecom District,
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd,
Dhanbad.

Dear Sir,
I would like to point out a billing error in my May and July telephone bills.
According to the May bill (see copy attached), I had to pay an arrear of Rs.4391/- for January
and March bills. As these bills were already paid in April 2014, I pointed out the error to the
Accounts officer (TR), Dhanbad, and he assured me that the error would be corrected.
However, in my September bill (copy attached), the same arrear has appeared again.
Moreover, my telephone number 2203821 has been disconnected because your computer claims
that I have not paid the telephone bills for more than three months.
Please correct this error and instruct the concerned department to reconnect my
telephone without any reconnection charge. I have enclosed the receipts for all the bills paid by
me since April 2014. I appreciate your cooperation in this matter.

14, Luby Circular Road Sincerely,

Dhanbad Abishek.

PROPOSALS LETTER
Parts of a Formal proposal
A formal proposal may include some or all the following parts:
 1. Tile page
2. Table of contents
3. List of figures
4. Abstract or summary
5. Methodology
6. Introduction
7. Statement of problem
8. Proposed plan and schedule
9. Advantages\Disadvantages
10.Recommendations
11.Conclusions
12.Appendices

Title Page:
The title page of a proposal contains the title of the proposals, the name of the person or
organisation to whom the proposal is being submitted, the
name of the proposal writer, and the date.
A proposal on
Submitted to
Submitted by
Date

Table of Contents:
This section provides the reader an overall view of the proposals by listing the main
headings and the sub-headings in the proposal, with their page numbers.
Abstract 1
1.Background 2
2.Introduction 2
3.Statement of problem 3
5.Proposal plan and schedule 5
6.Recommendations 7
7.Conclusions 8
Appendices 10
 List of figures:
This section includes a list of tables, graph, figures, and charts used in the proposal, with
their page numbers.
Figure 1 ……………………….. 1
Figure 2 ……………………….. 2
Figure 3 ……………….............. 5
Figure 4 ……………………….. 8
Figure 5 ……………………….. 9
Figure 6 ……………………….. 9

Abstract of Summary:
An abstract or a summary is a condensed version of the proposal as it summaries and
highlights its major points. However, an abstract is more specialized and technical than an
executive summary.

Methodology:
The section on methodology summarizes the proposed methods of data collection and the
procedure for investigating the situation/problem.
Introduction:
This section introduces readers to the proposal. It gives the background, states the purpose,
and discusses the scope. It may also try to persuade readers by highlighting the major
advantages and justifying the proposed course of action.

Statement of the problem:

This section contains an objective description of the problem or situation that the proposal
intends to address. As it links the proposed course of action to the needs of the reader and
the requirements of the situation, it gives credibility to the proposal and makes it convincing
and acceptable.
Proposed plan and schedule:
This section presents a schedule of activities highlighting the main course of action.
Advantages/Disadvantages:
This section reinforces that the proposal has more advantages than disadvantages by making
realistic comparisons. It links benefits to the needs of the situation.
Recommendations/Proposed solutions:
This is the main section of a proposal as it discusses the plan to solve the problem. It is the
most persuasive section of a proposal .it is usually the longest section of a proposal, and is
logically structured into small manageable sub-sections with suitable headings.
Conclusions:
This section presents the final summary of the proposal and focuses on main points, and the
key benefits and advantages. It influences readers with a final appeal.
Appendices:
Secondary materials are put as appendices in a proposal. This maintains continuity of
logical progression and avoids distractions.
 Interview skill

Expt no: 3 Interview Skills

Date:
A.FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS:
1. Why should we hire you?
My goal is to see myself as a top performing employee in a well-established
organization, so if you hire me, then definitely I will be an asset to your company and also
my qualification suits for this job and apart from this I have very good technical skills,
leadership qualities, good communication skills and you can mould me in any environment
you can.

2. How do you handle stress or pressure?

I do my best work under pressure or in a stressful environment. Pressure and stress
are part of the working world. I thrive under pressure. I bend, work harder, but I don’t
break.

3. What is your greatest strength?

My strength is self confidence, I will never give up until my work is completed and also
I am hard working, easily adaptable, can learn new things faster, self-confident.

4. What is your greatest weakness?

My weakness is that I can`t tolerate inefficiency at my work place. Because am not
satisfied until my work is done properly.

5. What is the difference between hard work and smart work?

Hard Work: It can be defined as that work where you strengthen up your project by making
it totally invulnerable, at the cost of much time.

Smart Work: It is that work which is done on the basis of prevailing conditions. E.g. when
you have time you may go for a length and tedious path, but in case of lack of time, you
have to find some shortcut to fulfill your task, omitting the weak portions of your work.

6. What are your goals?

 My short term goal is to get selected in reputed company like your and enhance my
skills and my long term goal is to see your organization at the peak level where I will one of
the person responsible for it which will create much profit to the company and me also.

7. Where do you see yourself 5 years from now?

I would like to be in a highly responsible position in your company with some
knowledge gained during the work experience. Also I aspire to become an inspiring
professional where my team and our company are happy to have me as a valuable asset
where everyone in the company would recognized me for my achievement in work and
where my company would not loose me in any case.

8. Are you a team player and do you work well with others?
I enjoy motivating people by praising them for their achievements and I accept
others` opinions if even if they differ from mine and I enjoy other people company and I
enjoy discussions with others. I think that team work increases efficiency at work.

9. What five adjectives describe you the best?

Honest, flexible, ambitious, hardworking, determined.

10. How do you measure success?

If my work has helped the company to meet a goal or grow, then that to me is success
and also maintaining an excellent working relationship with co-workers and clients is also a
success to me.
B.DEVELOPING INTERVIEW SKILLS:
Before going for any interview we need to make some advance preparation so that we
can make a better impression on an employee and have confidence as we outline why we are
the right person for the job.

The Basics:
 Preparing for the interview
 At the interview
 After the Interview

Preparing for the Interview

 Find out about the position and the organization. Use this information to think about how
your skills and background would be suitable for the job. Practice talking about your
work experience: What you did, what you were responsible for and what you
accomplished in each.
 Think about what questions you expect to be asked and how you would answer them
 To give a great interview, you need to know the answers to three critical question:

1. Why do I want this job?

Employers aren’t just looking for bodies to fill in vacant positions. They want people
who can bring something new and valuable to their business. One way to prove to an
interviewer that you’ve we got what it takes is to show that you know what his/her
organization does. Find out as much as you can. Where do you see yourself fitting-in?
When you really know the answer to “why do I want this job?” you’ll be able to answer
some important interview question such as:
 How did you become interested in this field?
 Why did you submit your application to our company/organization?
 What are your general careers?
 What do you see yourself doing in five years?
2. What do I have to offer?
Employers want to know why they should hire you. To find out they ask a variety of
question to help them figure out who you are and what you can do for them. To get
prepared;

1.Review your experiences at work, at school and in volunteer activities;

2.Keep a mental list of your accomplishment;
3.Think about challenges you have faced and how you have dealt with them;
4.Remember times that you have been a problem-solver;
5. Consider mistakes that you’ve made as learning experiences.

3. What else do I need to know?

One of the final questions you’ll be asked in an interview is: “Is there anything
you would like to know about the organization or the job?” Answering “No” sends the
wrong signals, that you’re not really interested in the organization, don’t know what’s
important to you in an employee/employer relationship, or lack confidence and
assertiveness. Here are some questions you should be prepared to ask

About the job:

 Do you have a training program? Could you please describe it?

 What are my opportunities for advancement?
 What is the salary range for this position?

About the person you would be working for:

 Who would I report to directly?

 How long has he/she been with the company?
 What is their background?

At the Interview:
 Arrive a few minutes early.
 Be polite to everyone you meet.
  Make a good impression with a smile, a firm handshake, good eye contact, in a
friendly, enthusiastic, confident manner.
 Listen carefully. Be certain you’ve heard and understood each question. Asking for
clarification is acceptable.
 Take your time to give a good, concise answer to the question that was asked.
 Refer to your past work experience and education, especially your
accomplishments, for example of your abilities and how you could add value to the
organization.
 Ask questions about the organization and its direction, training opportunities, and
challenges the organization faces etc.
 As a last question, ask when they anticipate decision will be made and how they
will inform the candidates.
 Don’t linger. Say thank you, restate your interest in working with them, and leave.

After the interview

 Write down some notes on the questions asked and where you thought you did well
or poorly. This will help you prepare for future interviews.
 Send a “thank you” letter to the interviewer(s) thanking them for their time and
reminding them that you are still interested in the job. Do this within a day or two
of the interview and be sure that you spell the interested in the job. Do this within a
day or two of the interview and be sure that you spell the interviewer’s name
correctly!
 Follow –up by contacting the organization if you have heard anything from them
by the date that they agreed to contact you.
 If you don’t get the job, consider calling the interviewer for some feedback about
the interview: Did I seem adequately prepared? Was there something that I did not
demonstrate? How could I do better in a future interview?
 Don’t get discouraged! Interviews are about both parties finding the right fit for the
job. Doing better interviews is something that can be developed through
preparation and practice.

INTERVIEW BEHAVIOUR

Job interviews can be nerve-racking. You have one shot to convince a potential employer that
they should hire you instead of dozens (and maybe hundreds) of other qualified candidates. In
this tough job market, a man has to be on top of his game during interviews if he wants a
chance to land the job.
A few months ago, I interviewed for a job I had been hoping to get since I was a student in law
school. I got through the first round of interviews fine. It was the kind of straightforward and
traditional interview that most of us have probably experienced. I was asked questions about my
strengths, my weaknesses, and why I wanted to work for this particular company. Basically,
they were the kind of questions you can prepare for and have some go-to answers you can use
with confidence.

I got the call-back and scheduled an interview with a company executive. Before I flew out to
my interview, a friend of mine who knew this person tipped me off on the executive’s interview
style. The executive liked to use behavioral interviewing to weed out candidates for positions.
I had never heard of this interview style before, so I set out to research as much as I could about
it, aiming to be as prepared as possible.

Here’s what I learned on the way to landing the job.

What Is Behavioral Interviewing?

Behavioral interviewing is a relatively new method of job screening. In the 1970s, industrial
psychologists found that traditional job interviewing was a pretty crappy way of predicting
whether a candidate would succeed at a job. And when you look at traditional job interview
questions, it’s easy to see why. In a traditional job interview an employer might ask questions
like:

 “What are your strengths?” Typical banal answer: “I’m a team player who’s passionate
about engaging with people to realize the mission statement of the organization.”
 “What are your weaknesses?” Typical banal answer: “Oh, I guess my biggest weakness is
that I’m just so darn hard working. I never know when to quit. Oh, and I’m really hard on
myself. I’m a perfectionist.” Basically, the candidate makes a lame effort to turn a
“weakness” into strength.
 “What’s your passion?” Typical banal answer: “I’m passionate about whatever the
company I’m interviewing for does for business. I hear you guys make fertilizer. Did I
tell you about my dog poop collection in my backyard? It’s amazing!”

 “How would you handle a co-worker who is bothering you?” Typical banal answer: “The
truth is I would probably leave passive-aggressive notes on his desk, but you don’t want
to hear that, so I’ll just tell you what you want to hear. I would seek to understand and
then to be understood. I would kill them with kindness. And if worse comes to worse, I’d
take the problem to HR.”
 Or simply: “Tell me about yourself.” Typical banal answer: “Here’s my 2 minute elevator
pitch that makes me look really awesome but in no way reveals to you whether I really
have the skills to excel at this job.”
These types of questions are pretty easy to answer. You just have to give the interviewer a vague
reply filled with the right buzz words. These answers don’t reveal if the candidate really has the
skill set needed to succeed in the job because they don’t require a candidate to give specific
examples from their past when they demonstrated said skills. What these types of questions
usually reveal is that a job candidate is good at telling a boss what they want to hear.

BODY LANGUAGE PICTURE:

 General Presentation

Expt no: 4 Women in India

Date:

Women empowerment:
 Women are the spring of Life. It is the age of discovery and dreams. Women
constitute about 34 percentage of the total population of India. Women of every country are a
valuable human resource. The responsibility for change, progress and innovation lies on their
shoulders. Women can make or mar society. Women population in the world is large today. The
entire world is eyeing India as a source of technical manpower. If Indian Women make up their
mind and work in close unity with working class people, they can hold the political power in
their hands. Women have the power to make our country from developing nation to a developed
nation.

Women against the world:

The role of Women is of most importance in today’s time. They can play a vital role in
elimination of terrorism. Young participation is important because Women are the country’s
power. Women recognize problems and can solve them. Women are strong forces in social
movements. They educate children about their rights. They help other young people attain a
higher level of Intellectual ability and to become qualified adults. A National Women Policy
was framed in the Seventh five year Plan and a plan of action formulated in 1992. The National
Women Policy seeks to provide the Women with new opportunities to participate in nation
building.

Unemployment rates among Women 15 to 24 years of age are among the most frequently cited
indicators of the difficulty the young face in making a transition from schooling to full-time
employment and becoming productive citizens and providers for their families. The ILO (2004)
reports that Women unemployment has risen rapidly over the past decade to reach 88 million
worldwide, representing 47 percentage of the 186 million persons out of work worldwide in
2003. The rates are typically higher the younger the job seeker, reflecting the difficulties the
young face in making the transition to work.

This pattern is common in both advanced and developing countries with the rates of
unemployment gradually declining and stabilizing as young adulthood is reached around 25
years of age. The movement from schooling into the workforce for Womens brings with it a
new set of actors and challenges for skills development and sustained employment.

Rather than focusing on the provision of entry-level skills to obtain employment, attention
turns to other objectives: (i) upgrading workforce skills for the employed, (ii) meeting the skill
needs of the unemployed, (iii) empowering others with skills for occupational change, and
(iv)responding to the skill needs of the disadvantaged with “second- chance” options for
developing qualifications. The needs of older workers facing the forces of change are merged
with those of young workers. Employers, who are already engaged in apprenticeship and
structured work experience for Womens, play a large role in the provision and financing of
training to meet these objectives. They are joined by public and private formal education
institutions and technical ministries (labor, industry, agriculture, etc.) and for-profit and not-for-
profit trainers that diversify programs and modes of skills delivery to meet these diverse needs.

Problems
Unfortunately no one is bothered to dream any vision. Another problem is its
indifferent attitude towards things, situation and politics .The new cool formula of “let the
things be “is proving fatal to India’s development .Lack of unity and spirit is the major setback .
It’s time the Women, the students have to realize their power, their role, their duties and their
responsibility and stand up for their rights.

Conclusion
India can become a developed nation only if everyone contributes to the best of his or her
capacity and ability. It’s time the Women, the students have to realize their power, their role,
their duties and their responsibility and stand up for their rights. Now it’s time that instead of
brain drain we should act like magnets and attract world to India.
 Technical Presentation

Expt no: 5 Presentation on Nanotechnology- Aids.

Date:

1. Introduction
Nanotechnology entails the synthesis and manipulation of materials or systems where at least
one dimension is in the nanometer range i.e., in the order of billionths (10−9) of a meter [1–7].
Particles in this size range have unique physicochemical properties, which are distinct from
those of bulk materials
(the macroscopic or microscopic scale) or single atoms or molecules (the atomic scale)
[2,4,5,7,8]. When nanosized particles come into contact with biological systems, the nature of
the interaction is critically influenced by these physicochemical properties. Furthermore, many
biological phenomena, such as immune recognition and passage across biological barriers, are
governed by size considerations. Drugs fabricated at the appropriate nanoscale dimensions may
therefore have certain physicochemical and biological properties that in turn confer
pharmacological advantages when compared to conventional agents. Research in
nanotechnology may translate into benefits for HIV infected patients (Table 1), particularly if
the challenges associated with HIV and its treatment
are addressed.

2. HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment: Challenges and Opportunities

HIV most often enters the body via mucosal surfaces and is transported by dendritic cells to
lymphoid organs, where it is then delivered to activated CD4+ T cells [9,10]. Productive
infection of CD4+T cells leads to viremia and dissemination of the virus to other sites in the
body. Untreated HIV
infection is usually associated with high plasma viral loads and progressive decline in CD4+ T
cells. Antiretroviral drugs inhibit HIV replication, and treatment with Highly Active
Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), with a regimen consisting of at least three drugs, from at least
two classes of antiretroviral agents, will suppress plasma viral load to undetectable levels, and
lead to recovery of CD4+ T cell
counts [10,11]. However, even optimal treatment with HAART is not able to eradicate HIV.
. The reservoir consists of:
 A large number of extracellular virions, trapped on the surface of follicular dendritic cells
within
lymphoid tissue [9,10,12], and thus protected from antiretroviral drugs [12].
 A pool of latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells [12]. HIV persists even in the presence of
HAART
because it is not replicating; virus can nevertheless be rescued upon activation of the cell [13].

490 has minimal cytopathic effects on them [12,14,15]. Therefore, macrophages are a persistent
reservoir of HIV, even in the presence of HAART.
 Tissues, such as the brain [12], where penetration of antiretroviral drugs is suboptimal, thus
allowing continuous, low level replication within cells of the macrophage lineage found at these
sites [15].

491
Table 1. Examples of how the physical properties of nanoparticles have biological
consequences that may benefit HIV therapy [1,2,19,20]. Physical Property Biological
Implications Potential Benefit for HIV Therapy Particle size Particle size affects
bioavailability and circulation time [2]. Particles <5–10 nm are removed by renal clearance [21]
while those >200 nm are sequestered by the spleen [21]. Particles up to 70 nm can penetrate
capillaries [2] while nanocomplexes between 35–120 nm localize in lymph nodes [22,23].

493
Reservoirs are important because they are a source of drug resistant virus (due to ongoing, low
level replication in the presence of HAART) and because they make HIV eradication and cure
difficult (viral rebound inevitably occurs once HAART is stopped) [16–18]. It is therefore
essential to explore
novel methods to eradicate viral reservoirs. Several sections in this review include synopses of
research where the aim is to use nanotechnology to maximize delivery of antiretroviral agents to
viral
reservoirs:
 Targeting anatomical reservoirs
o reticuloendothelial system (Section 8);
o brain (Section 9);
 Targeting cellular reservoirs
o by optimizing the intracellular concentration of antiretroviral drugs into macrophages

495
including phagocytosis, which removes nanoparticles from the circulation and results in their
accumulation in the reticuloendothelial system [89,90].
 Cellular barriers: Inability to traverse the cell membrane [87].
 Extracellular barriers: e.g., inability to penetrate mucin and extracellular matrix [87].
 Intracellular barriers: Entrapment within endosomes, ejection of nanopharaceuticals from
thetarget cell by efflux pumps [88].
Optimization of the physicochemical properties of a nanoparticle: Size and charge have an
important influence on the stability, biodistribution and efficacy of a nanoparticle , Depending
on its size, a particle may or may not, for example, traverse the endothelial barrier or be
sequestered by the spleen, trapped within lymphatic tissues or cleared by the kidney. The size of
a nanoparticle also determines the mechanism by which it enters the cell, and where in the cell
it localizes.

496
system [53–56,99]. Ligand-receptor binding is a method of targeting in which the
nanopharmaceutical is tagged with a ligand (such as a peptide, carbohydrate, antibody or
antibody fragment), which binds specifically to receptors found on target cells, into which they
are internalized. Cells not bearing such
receptors are bypassed [54]. These receptors are expressed on the target cells either because the
cells are HIV- infected or because such receptors are specifically associated with cell types that
are found in
reservoir sites. Cells of the reticuloendothelial system, for example, bear HLA-DR determinant
of MHC-II [100] and carbohydrate (lectin) receptors [53–55,101,102], which may be targeted
by anti-HLA-DR monoclonal antibodies and galactose and mannose, respectively.

Nanopharmaceutical Definition
Bucky Ball (Buckminsterfullerene) A series of carbon atoms arranged in a closed cage structure
that resembles a nanosized soccer ball [109]. Dendrimer Synthetic, nanosized structure made up
of multiple branched monomeric units radiating from a central core [110,111]. Liposome
Vesicular nanosized structures made up of one or more phospholipid bilayer membranes
surrounding an aqueous core [112].
Micelle Nanosized structure consisting of a shell and a core (made up of a
water-soluble and hydrophobic polymer, respectively) [113,114].

5. Nanocrystals
Approximately forty percent of drugs in the drug discovery pipeline that show promising
activity are poorly soluble in water [29,30]. Poor solubility leads to erratic bioavailability and
suboptimal dosing [29,30] which, in many cases, limits the clinical usefulness and further
development of newly discovered agents. The solubility issue of such drugs may be addressed
by nanosizing, whereby the
drug is reformulated and maintained as nanometer sized crystals (known as nanocrystals),
which are then suspended in a liquid (usually water) to form nanosuspensions [31,32].

Conclusion:

Nanotechnology and the strength it encompasses are great and revolutionary.

 Group Discussion

Expt no: 6 Group Discussion

Date:
 GROUP-1: Is Village life better or city life better?

CANDIDATE 1:

My idea was that city is a better place to live because it provides us with good education
when compared to that of villages.

CANDIDATE 2:

His view was that village is better place to live as it gives us fresh air with good
surroundings of environment and live a peaceful life which we cannot expect in the city as it is
always crowded unlike villages.

CANDIDATE 3:

His idea was that one can avail good medical facilities such as multi specialist hospitals and
best medical treatment only in city and not in villages.

CANDIDATE 4:

His argument was that the purity of water is 100% in villages but not so in the city.

CANDIDATE 5:

His idea was that one can find better employment opportunities in cities than in villages.

CANDIDATE 6:

His view was that one can enjoy the bath in rivers which is good for health, whereas it is
impossible to find a river in a city.
CONCLUSION:

CANDIDATE 7:

He concluded by saying that all the basic, essential requirements for living are widely
available in city when compared to villages, So, due to all these reasons, city is the best place
for living.
 Language Lab

Expt no: 1 Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words

Date:
 1. FILL IN THE BLANKS WITH APPROPRIATE WORDS
The Budget of 1993-1994 has set the stage for a greater______________________

Of resources into the sector. Apart from________________ ____________________

Monsoons, one reason why this the sector remained ___________ in recent years is the trend of
falling _______________ in agriculture .At the time when shortage of _________________
land means that growth has to come through increase in the path of investment
is____________________ to raising farm production. During the eighties, while
public__________________ had fallen in real term private investment had a stagnant. Since the
Agriculture is a state subject, the fall in public investment reflects the ability of the state
government to find more resources.

OPTIONS

1. Inflow
2. Farm
3. Errant
4. Sluggish
5. Investment
6. Productivity
7. Mainly
8. Investments
9. Crucial
10.Remained
11.Dwindling
12.Cultivatable

Expt no: 2 Jumbled Sentences

Date:

1. Engineering is the use of scientific principles to achieve a planned

Results.
 2. The distinction between the science, engineering and technology
are not always clear.

3. Generally, science is the reasoned investigation or study of

Nature aimed at discovering, enduring relationships among
Elements of the world.

4. In the sense, scientist and engineers may both be considered technologist, but scientist
less so.

5. This knowledge then may be used by the engineers to create

Aircraft, such as semiconductors, computers and other forms of
advanced technology.

6. However, technology involves the uses and applications of

Knowledge both formally and informally to achieve some practical
results.

7. It generally employs formal technique i.e., some set of established

Rules of procedure such as the scientific method

Expt no: 3 Reading Comprehension

Date:

Modern economists do not differentiate between renewable and non-renewable materials. As

it’s a method to measure everything by means of money price .Thus talking various alternatives,
like coal, oil, and wood or water power. The only difference between them recognized by
modern economist is relative cost per equivalent unit. The cheapest is automatically the one to
prepare as to do otherwise would be irrational and uneconomic. From a Buddhist point of view,
of course this will not do. The essential difference between non-renewable fuels like coal and
oil and tree and renewable fuels like wood and water power on the other cannot be simply out
locked. Non-renewable resources must be used only when there is indispensible and only with
the greatest care and highest concern for conservation. To use extravagantly is an act of violence
and while complete non-violence may not be possible of this earth, it is the duty of man to aim
for the ideal for non-violence in all he does.

Questions:
1. Which of the following statements may be assumed to be false from the information in
the passage?
a. The writer fined the attitude of modern economist towards natural resources to be
UN economic.
b. Buddhist economists are indifferent to the cost of fuels.
c. To use oil on non-essential is contrary to the Buddhist economic philosophy.
d. To fall a tree is an the act of violence not permitted by Buddhist economist.

Of the above statements

1. a and b are false

2. a, b and d are false
3. b and d are false
4. a, b, c and d are false

2. The Buddhist economist’s attitude implies that fuels like coal and oil must be used
only if

a. There is plentiful supply

b. wood and water power can be dispensed with
c. The relative cost of each is lower than that of wood and water
d. There is no alternative fuel available

3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate pair of phrases:

The passage suggests that while a modern economist considers it
Uneconomic to use form of fuel, a Buddhist considers
 Uneconomic to use form of fuel

a. Cheap; renewable
b. An irrational; an essential
c. An expensive; a non-renewable
d. A rational; an unessential

4. According to the passage , Buddhist economists are not in favour of

a. Measuring everything in terms of money

b. Using non-renewable sources
c. Economic development
d. Applying non-violence to every sphere of life

5. In the passage the author is trying to

a. Differentiate between renewable and non-renewable materials

b. Show that the modern economist are concerned only with the costs
c. Underlining the need for conserving natural resources
d. Differentiate between two economic philosophies

Expt no: 4 Spot the Errors

Date:

1. a) The cluster of grapes were plucked by the child.

b) The cluster of grapes was plucked by the child.

2. a) There will be increase emphasis on heavy industry planning.

b) There will be an increase emphasis on heavy industry planning.

3. a) six miles are a long distance.

b) six miles is a long distance.

4. a) The lawyer told his client that he would represent him only if he pays up his fees.

b) The lawyer told his client that he would represent him only if he paid up his fees.

5. a) The jury are arguing among themselves.

b) The jury is arguing among themselves.

6. a) A large log of wood was floating in the river.

b) A large log of wood was swimming in the river.

7. a) BRAZIL is the larger country in South America.

b) BRAZIL is the largest country in South America.

8. a) They have purchased many items of furniture for their new bungalow.

b) They have purchased many items of furniture’s for their new bungalow.

9. a) His wife and mother were standing beside me.

b) His wife and his mother were standing beside me.

10. a) He is senior than me in service.

b) He is senior to me in service.
11. a) He leave the house few minutes ago.

b) He left the house few minutes ago.

12. a) How long you live there before coming here?

b) How long you live reside there before coming here?

13. a) We bought very old six handmade wine glasses.

b) We bought six very old handmade wine glasses.

14. a) It is difficult to study where it is noisy.

b) It is difficult to study when it is noisy.

15. a) Harsha arrive from Tokyo.

b) Harsha arrived from Tokyo.

16. a) I have never be to Australia.

b) I have never been to Australia.

17. a) Turn left by the crossroads when you reach it.

b) Turn left at the crossroads when you reach it.

18. a) She will being here soon.

b) She will be here soon.

19. a) He has been working here for sometimes.

b) He has been working here for some time.

20. a) When I got the camera first, it worked perfectly.

b) When I first got the camera, it worked perfectly.

COMMUNCATION SKILLS LAB FOR 3 YEARS:

TOEFL TEST FOR TECHNICAL STUDENTS.

FOR THE ENGINEERING ASPIRANTS AND FOR THE ENQUIRERS FOR HIGHER
EDUCATION IN ABROAD WILL AVAIL TOEFL EDUCATION:

Internet-based Test
Since its introduction in late 2005, the TOEFL iBT format has progressively replaced
both the computer-based tests (CBT) and paper-based tests (PBT), although paper-based
testing is still used in select areas. The TOEFL iBT test has been introduced in phases,
with the United States, Canada, France, Germany, and Italy in 2005 and the rest of the
 world in 2006, with test centers added regularly. The CBT was discontinued in September
2006 and these scores are no longer valid.

Although initially, the demand for test seats was higher than availability, and candidates
had to wait for months, it is now possible to take the test within one to four weeks in most
countries.[4] The four-hour test consists of four sections, each measuring one of the basic
language skills (while some tasks require integrating multiple skills) and all tasks focus
on language used in an academic, higher-education environment. Note-taking is allowed
during the TOEFL iBT test. The test cannot be taken more than once a week.

1. Reading
The Reading section consists of 4–6 passages, each approximately 700 words in length
and questions about the passages. The passages are on academic topics; they are the kind
of material that might be found in an undergraduate university textbook. Passages require
understanding of rhetorical functions such as cause-effect, compare-contrast and
argumentation. Students answer questions about main ideas, details, inferences, essential
information, sentence insertion, vocabulary, rhetorical purpose and overall ideas. New
types of questions in the TOEFL IBT test
require filling out tables or completing summaries. Prior knowledge of the subject under
discussion is not necessary to come to the correct answer.

2. Listening

The Listening section consists of six passages 3–5 minutes in length and questions
about the passages. These passages include two student conversations and four
academic lectures or discussions. A conversation involves two speakers, a student and
either a professor or a campus service provider. A lecture is a self-contained portion
of an academic lecture, which may involve student participation and does not assume
specialized background knowledge in the subject area. Each conversation and lecture
stimulus is heard only once. Test-takers may take notes while they listen and they
may refer to their notes when they answer the questions. Each conversation is
associated with five questions and each lecture with six. The questions are meant to
measure the ability to understand main ideas, important details, implications,
relationships between ideas, organization of information, speaker purpose and
speaker attitude.
 3. Speaking
The Speaking section consists of six tasks: two independent tasks and four integrated
tasks. In the two independent tasks, test-takers answer opinion questions on familiar
topics. They are evaluated on their ability to speak spontaneously and convey their
ideas clearly and coherently. In two of the integrated tasks, test-takers read a short
passage, listen to an academic course lecture or a conversation about campus life and
answer a question by combining appropriate information from the text and the talk.
In the two remaining integrated tasks, test-takers listen to an academic course lecture
or a conversation about campus life and then respond to a question about what they
heard. In the integrated tasks, test-takers are evaluated on their ability to
appropriately synthesize and effectively convey information from the reading and
listening material. Test-takers may take notes as they read and listen and may use
their notes to help prepare their responses. Test-takers are given a short preparation
time before they have to begin speaking. The responses are digitally recorded, sent
to ETS’s Online Scoring Network (OSN) and evaluated by three to six raters.
4. Writing

The Writing section measures a test taker's ability to write in an academic setting and
consists of two tasks: one integrated task and one independent task. In the integrated
task, test-takers read a passage on an academic topic and then listen to a speaker
discuss the same topic. The test-taker will then write a summary about the important
points in the listening passage and explain how these relate to the key points of the
reading passage. In the independent task, the test-taker must write an essay that
states, explains, and supports their opinion on an issue, supporting their opinions or
choices, rather than simply listing personal preferences or choices. Responses are
sent to the ETS OSN and evaluated by four raters.

Task Description Approx. time

Reading 3–5 passages, each containing 12–14 60–100 minutes
questions
Listening 6–9 passages, each containing 5–6 questions 60–90 minutes
Break 10 minutes
Speaking 6 tasks 20 minutes
Writing 2 tasks 50 minutes