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Section Sheet no./rev.
Retainning Walls 1
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
ABO 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019
RETAINING WALL ANALYSIS (BS 8002:1994)
TEDDS calculation version 1.2.01.06
3000 800 3000
8000
9800
800
1000
3000 800 3000
6800
Wall details
Retaining wall type; Unpropped cantilever
Height of retaining wall stem; hstem = 8000 mm
Thickness of wall stem; twall = 800 mm
Length of toe; ltoe = 3000 mm
Length of heel; lheel = 3000 mm
Overall length of base; lbase = ltoe + lheel + twall = 6800 mm
Thickness of base; tbase = 800 mm
Depth of downstand; dds = 1000 mm
Position of downstand; lds = 3000 mm
Thickness of downstand; tds = 800 mm
Height of retaining wall; hwall = hstem + tbase + dds = 9800 mm
Depth of cover in front of wall; dcover = 0 mm
Depth of unplanned excavation; dexc = 0 mm
Height of ground water behind wall; hwater = 0 mm
Height of saturated fill above base; hsat = max(hwater - tbase - dds, 0 mm) = 0 mm
Density of wall construction; wall = 24.0 kN/m 3
Density of base construction; base = 24.0 kN/m 3
Angle of rear face of wall; = 90.0 deg
Angle of soil surface behind wall; = 0.0 deg
Effective height at virtual back of wall; heff = hwall + lheel tan() = 9800 mm
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Section Sheet no./rev.
Retainning Walls 2
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
ABO 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019
Retained material details
Mobilisation factor; M = 1.5
Moist density of retained material; m = 10.0 kN/m 3
Saturated density of retained material; s = 10.0 kN/m 3
Design shear strength; ' = 24.2 deg
Angle of wall friction; = 0.0 deg
Base material details
Moist density; mb = 19.0 kN/m 3
Design shear strength; 'b = 25.0 deg
Design base friction; b = 19.3 deg
Allowable bearing pressure; Pbearing = 180 kN/m 2
Using Rankine theory
Active pressure coefficient for retained material; Ka = (cos() - [(cos())2 - (cos('))2]) / (cos() + [(cos())2 - (cos('))2])
Ka = 0.419
Passive pressure coefficient for base material; Kp = (1 + [1 - (cos('b))2]) / (1 - [1 - (cos('b))2]) = 2.464
At-rest pressure
At-rest pressure for retained material; K0 = 1 – sin(’) = 0.590
Loading details
Surcharge load on plan; Surcharge = 0.0 kN/m 2
Applied vertical dead load on wall; W dead = 0.0 kN/m
Applied vertical live load on wall; W live = 0.0 kN/m
Position of applied vertical load on wall; lload = 0 mm
Applied horizontal dead load on wall; Fdead = 0.0 kN/m
Applied horizontal live load on wall; Flive = 0.0 kN/m
Height of applied horizontal load on wall; hload = 0 mm
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Flat Storage
Section Sheet no./rev.
Retainning Walls 3
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
ABO 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019
84.3 41.0
83.8 76.0
Loads shown in kN/m, pressures shown in kN/m2
Vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; wwall = hstem twall wall = 153.6 kN/m
Wall base; wbase = lbase tbase base = 130.6 kN/m
Wall downstand; wds = dds tds base = 19.2 kN/m
Moist backfill to top of wall; wm_w = lheel (hstem - hsat) m = 240 kN/m
Total vertical load; W total = wwall + wbase + wds + wm_w = 543.4 kN/m
Horizontal forces on wall
Moist backfill above water table; Fm_a = 0.5 Ka m (heff - hwater)2 = 201 kN/m
Total horizontal load; Ftotal = Fm_a = 201 kN/m
Calculate stability against sliding
Passive resistance of soil in front of wall; Fp = 0.5 Kp (dcover + tbase + dds - dexc)2 mb = 75.8 kN/m
Resistance to sliding; Fres = Fp + (W total) tan(b) = 266.1 kN/m
PASS - Resistance force is greater than sliding force
Overturning moments
Moist backfill above water table; Mm_a = Fm_a (heff + 2 hwater - 3 dds) / 3 = 455.5 kNm/m
Soil in front of wall; Mp_o = Fp [2 dds - tbase - dcover + dexc] / 3 = 30.3 kNm/m
Total overturning moment; Mot = Mm_a + Mp_o = 485.9 kNm/m
Restoring moments
Wall stem; Mwall = wwall (ltoe + twall / 2) = 522.2 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase = wbase lbase / 2 = 443.9 kNm/m
Wall downstand; Mds = wds (lds + tds / 2) = 65.3 kNm/m
Moist backfill; Mm_r = (wm_w (lbase - lheel / 2) + wm_s (lbase - lheel / 3)) = 1272 kNm/m
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Section Sheet no./rev.
Retainning Walls 4
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
ABO 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019
Total restoring moment; Mrest = Mwall + Mbase + Mds + Mm_r = 2303.4 kNm/m
Check stability against overturning
Total overturning moment; Mot = 485.9 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; Mrest = 2303.4 kNm/m
PASS - Restoring moment is greater than overturning moment
Check bearing pressure
Total moment for bearing; Mtotal = Mrest - Mot = 1817.6 kNm/m
Total vertical reaction; R = W total = 543.4 kN/m
Distance to reaction; xbar = Mtotal / R = 3345 mm
Eccentricity of reaction; e = abs((lbase / 2) - xbar) = 55 mm
Reaction acts within middle third of base
Bearing pressure at toe; ptoe = (R / lbase) + (6 R e / lbase2) = 83.8 kN/m 2
Bearing pressure at heel; pheel = (R / lbase) - (6 R e / lbase2) = 76 kN/m 2
PASS - Maximum bearing pressure is less than allowable bearing pressure
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Section Sheet no./rev.
Retainning Walls 5
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
ABO 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019
RETAINING WALL DESIGN (BS 8002:1994)
TEDDS calculation version 1.2.01.06
Ultimate limit state load factors
Dead load factor; f_d = 1.4
Live load factor; f_l = 1.6
Earth and water pressure factor; f_e = 1.4
Factored vertical forces on wall
Wall stem; wwall_f = f_d hstem twall wall = 215 kN/m
Wall base; wbase_f = f_d lbase tbase base = 182.8 kN/m
Wall downstand; wds_f = f_d dds tds base = 26.9 kN/m
Moist backfill to top of wall; wm_w_f = f_d lheel (hstem - hsat) m = 336 kN/m
Total vertical load; W total_f = wwall_f + wbase_f + wds_f + wm_w_f = 760.7 kN/m
Factored horizontal active forces on wall
Moist backfill above water table; Fm_a_f = f_e 0.5 Ka m (heff - hwater)2 = 281.4 kN/m
Total horizontal load; Ftotal_f = Fm_a_f = 281.4 kN/m
Passive resistance of soil in front of wall; Fp_f = f_e 0.5 Kp (dcover + tbase + dds - dexc)2 mb = 106.2 kN/m
Factored overturning moments
Moist backfill above water table; Mm_a_f = Fm_a_f (heff + 2 hwater - 3 dds) / 3 = 637.8 kNm/m
Soil in front of wall; Mp_o_f = Fp_f [2 dds - tbase - dcover + dexc] / 3 = 42.5 kNm/m
Total overturning moment; Mot_f = Mm_a_f + Mp_o_f = 680.2 kNm/m
Restoring moments
Wall stem; Mwall_f = wwall_f (ltoe + twall / 2) = 731.1 kNm/m
Wall base; Mbase_f = wbase_f lbase / 2 = 621.5 kNm/m
Wall downstand; Mds_f = wds_f (lds + tds / 2) = 91.4 kNm/m
Moist backfill; Mm_r_f = (wm_w_f (lbase - lheel / 2) + wm_s_f (lbase - lheel / 3)) = 1780.8 kNm/m
Total restoring moment; Mrest_f = Mwall_f + Mbase_f + Mds_f + Mm_r_f = 3224.8 kNm/m
Factored bearing pressure
Total moment for bearing; Mtotal_f = Mrest_f - Mot_f = 2544.6 kNm/m
Total vertical reaction; Rf = W total_f = 760.7 kN/m
Distance to reaction; xbar_f = Mtotal_f / Rf = 3345 mm
Eccentricity of reaction; ef = abs((lbase / 2) - xbar_f) = 55 mm
Reaction acts within middle third of base
Bearing pressure at toe; ptoe_f = (Rf / lbase) + (6 Rf ef / lbase2) = 117.3 kN/m 2
Bearing pressure at heel; pheel_f = (Rf / lbase) - (6 Rf ef / lbase2) = 106.4 kN/m 2
Rate of change of base reaction; rate = (ptoe_f - pheel_f) / lbase = 1.60 kN/m 2/m
Bearing pressure at stem / toe; pstem_toe_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate ltoe), 0 kN/m 2) = 112.5 kN/m 2
Bearing pressure at mid stem; pstem_mid_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate (ltoe + twall / 2)), 0 kN/m 2) = 111.9 kN/m 2
Bearing pressure at stem / heel; pstem_heel_f = max(ptoe_f - (rate (ltoe + twall)), 0 kN/m 2) = 111.2 kN/m 2
Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall toe (BS 8002:1994)
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Section Sheet no./rev.
Retainning Walls 6
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
ABO 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019
Material properties
Characteristic strength of concrete; fcu = 25 N/mm 2
Characteristic strength of reinforcement; fy = 460 N/mm 2
Base details
Minimum area of reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in toe; ctoe = 40 mm
Calculate shear for toe design
Shear from bearing pressure; Vtoe_bear = (ptoe_f + pstem_toe_f) ltoe / 2 = 344.7 kN/m
Shear from weight of base; Vtoe_wt_base = f_d base ltoe tbase = 80.6 kN/m
Total shear for toe design; Vtoe = Vtoe_bear - Vtoe_wt_base = 264.1 kN/m
Calculate moment for toe design
Moment from bearing pressure; Mtoe_bear = (2 ptoe_f + pstem_mid_f) (ltoe + twall / 2)2 / 6 = 667.5 kNm/m
Moment from weight of base; Mtoe_wt_base = (f_d base tbase (ltoe + twall / 2)2 / 2) = 155.4 kNm/m
Total moment for toe design; Mtoe = Mtoe_bear - Mtoe_wt_base = 512.1 kNm/m
752
800
100
Check toe in bending
Width of toe; b = 1000 mm/m
Depth of reinforcement; dtoe = tbase – ctoe – (toe / 2) = 752.0 mm
Constant; Ktoe = Mtoe / (b dtoe2 fcu) = 0.036
Compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; ztoe = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Ktoe, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95) dtoe
ztoe = 714 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_toe_des = Mtoe / (0.87 fy ztoe) = 1791 mm 2/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_toe_min = k b tbase = 1040 mm 2/m
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Retainning Walls 7
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ABO 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_toe_req = Max(As_toe_des, As_toe_min) = 1791 mm 2/m
Reinforcement provided; 16 mm dia.bars @ 100 mm centres
Area of reinforcement provided; As_toe_prov = 2011 mm 2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall toe is adequate
Check shear resistance at toe
Design shear stress; vtoe = Vtoe / (b dtoe) = 0.351 N/mm 2
Allowable shear stress; vadm = min(0.8 (fcu / 1 N/mm 2), 5) 1 N/mm 2 = 4.000 N/mm 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 – Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; vc_toe = 0.407 N/mm 2
vtoe < vc_toe - No shear reinforcement required
Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall heel (BS 8002:1994)
Material properties
Characteristic strength of concrete; fcu = 25 N/mm 2
Characteristic strength of reinforcement; fy = 460 N/mm 2
Base details
Minimum area of reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in heel; cheel = 40 mm
Calculate shear for heel design
Shear from bearing pressure; Vheel_bear = (pheel_f + pstem_heel_f) lheel / 2 = 326.5 kN/m
Shear from weight of base; Vheel_wt_base = f_d base lheel tbase = 80.6 kN/m
Shear from weight of downstand; Vheel_wt_ds = f_d base dds tds = 26.9 kN/m
Shear from weight of moist backfill; Vheel_wt_m = wm_w_f = 336 kN/m
Total shear for heel design; Vheel = - Vheel_bear + Vheel_wt_base + Vheel_wt_ds + Vheel_wt_m = 117 kN/m
Calculate moment for heel design
Moment from bearing pressure; Mheel_bear = (2 pheel_f + pstem_mid_f) (lheel + twall / 2)2 / 6 = 625.7 kNm/m
Moment from weight of base; Mheel_wt_base = (f_d base tbase (lheel + twall / 2)2 / 2) = 155.4 kNm/m
Moment from weight of moist backfill; Mheel_wt_m = wm_w_f (lheel + twall) / 2 = 638.4 kNm/m
Total moment for heel design; Mheel = - Mheel_bear + Mheel_wt_base + Mheel_wt_m = 168.1 kNm/m
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Flat Storage
Section Sheet no./rev.
Retainning Walls 8
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
ABO 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019
150
800
752
Check heel in bending
Width of heel; b = 1000 mm/m
Depth of reinforcement; dheel = tbase – cheel – (heel / 2) = 752.0 mm
Constant; Kheel = Mheel / (b dheel2 fcu) = 0.012
Compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; zheel = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Kheel, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95) dheel
zheel = 714 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_heel_des = Mheel / (0.87 fy zheel) = 588 mm 2/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_heel_min = k b tbase = 1040 mm 2/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_heel_req = Max(As_heel_des, As_heel_min) = 1040 mm 2/m
Reinforcement provided; 16 mm dia.bars @ 150 mm centres
Area of reinforcement provided; As_heel_prov = 1340 mm 2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall heel is adequate
Check shear resistance at heel
Design shear stress; vheel = Vheel / (b dheel) = 0.156 N/mm 2
Allowable shear stress; vadm = min(0.8 (fcu / 1 N/mm 2), 5) 1 N/mm 2 = 4.000 N/mm 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 – Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; vc_heel = 0.356 N/mm 2
vheel < vc_heel - No shear reinforcement required
Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall downstand (BS 8002:1994)
Material properties
Characteristic strength of concrete; fcu = 25 N/mm 2
Characteristic strength of reinforcement; fy = 460 N/mm 2
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Flat Storage
Section Sheet no./rev.
Retainning Walls 9
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
ABO 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019
Base details
Minimum area of reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in downstand; cds = 40 mm
Calculate shear for downstand design
Total shear for downstand design
Vdown = f_e Kp cos(b) m dds (dcover + tbase + dds / 2) = 42.3 kN/m
Calculate moment for downstand design
Total moment for downstand design
Mdown = f_e Kp cos(b) m dds [(dcover + tbase) (tbase + dds) + dds (tbase / 2 + 2 dds / 3)] / 2 = 40.8 kNm/m
752
800
150
Check downstand in bending
Width of downstand; b = 1000 mm/m
Depth of reinforcement; ddown = tds – cds – (down / 2) = 752.0 mm
Constant; Kdown = Mdown / (b ddown2 fcu) = 0.003
Compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; zdown = Min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Kdown, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95) ddown
zdown = 714 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_down_des = Mdown / (0.87 fy zdown) = 143 mm 2/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_down_min = k b tds = 1040 mm 2/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_down_req = Max(As_down_des, As_down_min) = 1040 mm 2/m
Reinforcement provided; 16 mm dia.bars @ 150 mm centres
Area of reinforcement provided; As_down_prov = 1340 mm 2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall downstand is adequate
Check shear resistance at downstand
Design shear stress; vdown = Vdown / (b ddown) = 0.056 N/mm 2
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Flat Storage
Section Sheet no./rev.
Retainning Walls 10
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
ABO 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019
Allowable shear stress; vadm = min(0.8 (fcu / 1 N/mm 2), 5) 1 N/mm 2 = 4.000 N/mm 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 – Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; vc_down = 0.356 N/mm 2
vdown < vc_down - No shear reinforcement required
Design of reinforced concrete retaining wall stem (BS 8002:1994)
Material properties
Characteristic strength of concrete; fcu = 25 N/mm 2
Characteristic strength of reinforcement; fy = 460 N/mm 2
Wall details
Minimum area of reinforcement; k = 0.13 %
Cover to reinforcement in stem; cstem = 30 mm
Cover to reinforcement in wall; cwall = 30 mm
Factored horizontal active forces on stem
Moist backfill above water table; Fs_m_a_f = 0.5 f_e Ka m (heff - tbase - dds - hsat)2 = 187.5 kN/m
Calculate shear for stem design
Shear at base of stem; Vstem = Fs_m_a_f = 187.5 kN/m
Calculate moment for stem design
Moist backfill above water table; Ms_m_a = Fs_m_a_f (2 hsat + heff - dds + tbase / 2) / 3 = 575 kNm/m
Total moment for stem design; Mstem = Ms_m_a = 575 kNm/m
760
800
100
Check wall stem in bending
Width of wall stem; b = 1000 mm/m
Depth of reinforcement; dstem = twall – cstem – (stem / 2) = 760.0 mm
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Section Sheet no./rev.
Retainning Walls 11
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
ABO 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019
Constant; Kstem = Mstem / (b dstem2 fcu) = 0.040
Compression reinforcement is not required
Lever arm; zstem = min(0.5 + (0.25 - (min(Kstem, 0.225) / 0.9)),0.95) dstem
zstem = 722 mm
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_stem_des = Mstem / (0.87 fy zstem) = 1990 mm 2/m
Minimum area of tension reinforcement; As_stem_min = k b twall = 1040 mm 2/m
Area of tension reinforcement required; As_stem_req = Max(As_stem_des, As_stem_min) = 1990 mm 2/m
Reinforcement provided; 20 mm dia.bars @ 100 mm centres
Area of reinforcement provided; As_stem_prov = 3142 mm 2/m
PASS - Reinforcement provided at the retaining wall stem is adequate
Check shear resistance at wall stem
Design shear stress; vstem = Vstem / (b dstem) = 0.247 N/mm 2
Allowable shear stress; vadm = min(0.8 (fcu / 1 N/mm 2), 5) 1 N/mm 2 = 4.000 N/mm 2
PASS - Design shear stress is less than maximum shear stress
From BS8110:Part 1:1997 – Table 3.8
Design concrete shear stress; vc_stem = 0.471 N/mm 2
vstem < vc_stem - No shear reinforcement required
Check retaining wall deflection
Basic span/effective depth ratio; ratiobas = 7
Design service stress; fs = 2 fy As_stem_req / (3 As_stem_prov) = 194.2 N/mm 2
Modification factor; factortens = min(0.55 + (477 N/mm 2 - fs)/(120 (0.9 N/mm 2 + (Mstem/(b dstem2)))),2) = 1.79
Maximum span/effective depth ratio; ratiomax = ratiobas factortens = 12.55
Actual span/effective depth ratio; ratioact = hstem / dstem = 10.53
PASS - Span to depth ratio is acceptable
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Flat Storage
Section Sheet no./rev.
Retainning Walls 12
Calc. by Date Chk'd by Date App'd by Date
ABO 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019 ESAM 9/3/2019
Indicative retaining wall reinforcement diagram
Stem reinforcement
Toe reinforcement Heel reinforcement
Downstand reinforcement
Toe bars - 16 mm dia.@ 100 mm centres - (2011 mm 2/m)
Heel bars - 16 mm dia.@ 150 mm centres - (1340 mm 2/m)
Downstand bars - 16 mm dia.@ 150 mm centres - (1340 mm 2/m)
Stem bars - 20 mm dia.@ 100 mm centres - (3142 mm 2/m)
