CHAPTER 19 Direct and Indirect Speech You have learnt so far that there are ewo ways of relating what a person has said. I can be recorded in direct or indirect speech. In direct speech, the actual words of a speaker are repeated. These words are placed between inverted commas at the beginning and at the end. Example: Qasim said, ‘I have lost my umbrella.” In indirect speech, we give the substance or meaning of a person's speech without necessarily using the speaker's exact words. Example: Qasim said (chat) he had lost his umbrella. There are no commas i ‘answer, ‘explain’, ‘mentior lirect speech. In reporting the speech we use verbs such as ‘announce’, ‘promise’, ‘reply’, ‘say’, ‘suggest’, ‘ell, ‘war’, etc. You have already learnt the important rules that govern the changes which are required to change direct speech into indirect speech. Different rules are applied when we convert statements, questions, and commands into indirect speech. Read the summary of rules given below for the conversion of speech. General Rules General rules apply to all kinds of sentences, These rules involve: change of tense change of pronouns/adjectives change of expression of time/place CHANGE oF TeNSE | When the reporting verb is in the present or future tense, the tense of the verb in reported speech remains unchanged. ™ When the reporting verb is in the past, the tense of the verb in the reported speech is changed into the corresponding past tense, In this manner, (i) simple present becomes simple past present continuous becomes past continuous (iii) presene perfect becomes past perfect exson a(iv) present perfect continuous becomes past perfect continuous (v) simple past becomes past perfect (vi) past continuous becomes past perfect continuous (vi) past perfect does not change (vii) past perfect continuous does not change (ix) ‘shall, ‘will’, and ‘can’ become ‘should’, ‘would’, and ‘could” Note: However, when the reported speech relates to some universal truth, the rense of the reported verb does not change even though the reporting verb is in the past tense, Example: He said the Sun rises in the East. Conversion of Different Types of Sentences from Direct to Indirect Speech CONVERSION OF ASSERTIVE SENTENCES ® The verb ‘said’ is changed to ‘told’ when an object follows it. 1 The verb ‘said’ is not changed to ‘told’ when an object does not follow ® The comma and the inverted commas are omitted and replaced by the conjunction ‘that.” © The verb ‘said’ may be replaced by other verbs like: reply, answer, inform, war, state, mention, explain, ete. Examples: The teacher said, ‘Arif, you are weak in English.’ (direct) “The teacher told Arif that he was weak in English. (indirect) “The villager said, ‘Donte go there after dark.’ (direct) “The villager warned us not to go there after dark. (indirect) CONVERSION OF INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES TO INDIRECT SPEECH © The reporting verb is generally changed to verbs like ‘ask, ‘inquire’, ‘demand’, etc. The inverted commas and question mark are omitted. ™ The structure of the reported speech is changed from interrogative form to assertive form. ® When the questions begin with interrogative words such as ‘who’, ‘whose’, ‘whom’, ‘what, ‘which’, ‘when’, ‘why’, ‘where’, ‘how’, etc. no conjunction is used after the reporting verb. We use the conjunctions ‘whether’ ot “if” to introduce the reporced speech if the question begins with auxiliary verbs such as ‘is’, ‘am, ‘ae’, was’, were’, ‘do’, “does, ‘did’, ‘has’, ‘have’, ‘had’, ‘will’, ‘can’, ‘may’, etc. Examples: He said to me, ‘Have you got anything in your bag?” (direct) ® exon He said, ‘Is there anyone in the house?” (direct) He asked if there was anyone in the house. (indirect)CONVERSION OF IMPERATIVE SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SreECH = The reporting verb is usually changed to another verb such as Command: order, tell, command, etc, Request: ask, request, plead, beg, etc. Advise: suggest, urge, forbid, warn, advise, ere, ™ The verb of the reported speech is changed into an infinitive. ™ We do not use a conjunction to introduce the reported speech. Examples; I said to the cook, ‘Go to the market and buy some vegetables.” I told the cook co go to the market and buy some vegetables. He said ro me, “Please lend me some money today.” He requested me co lend him some money that day. Exercises A. Change the following sentences into indirect speech. 1, He said, ‘I am learning French these days’. Newton said, ‘We are standing on the Earth because of the gravitational pull.” He asked me, ‘Are you nor feeling well today?” Qusim said to Sadia, ‘I have composed a new tune.” She said to him, ‘When do you want me to finish this work?” ‘The officer told the soldiers, ‘How many of you have served in the war?" ‘The students said to their teacher, ‘Please allow us to watch the cricket match’. My mother said to me, ‘Please buy a loaf of bread on your way home.’ ‘The driver asked the passerby, ‘Do you know the way to the marker?” 10, Father said, ‘Ie is time we began planning our holidays’. CONVERSION OF EXCLAMATORY SENTENCES INTO INDIRECT SPEECH ‘When we convert an exclamatory sentence from direct to indirect we make the following changes: The exclamatory sentences are changed into assertive sentences. SPN AYaYL | We change the reporting verb into ‘exclaimed with joy/sorrow/delight/anger/fear/surprise applause’, etc, ® The conjunction ‘that’ is used to introduce the reported speech. ® All interjections and exclamations are left out. Their sense is conveyed by means of adverbs or adverbial clauses. ™ The sentences which are incomplete or express sudden feelings are changed into full weiss oxroRD =‘Here are some words of interjections with their meanings. ‘Hurrah’, ‘Ha’, ‘Good’, ‘Marvellous’, ‘Splendid’, ‘Bravo’, ete. express joy, pleasure, or admiration. ‘Alas’ expresses grief or pain. “What and ‘Oh’ express surprise. ‘Pooh’ and ‘Ugh’, express contempt or disgust. “Thank goodness’ and ‘Well done’ are interjection phrases. Examples: He said, “What a beautiful vase!” He exclaimed with admiration that it was a beautiful vase. He said, ‘Alas, how foolish I have been!" He exclaimed with regret that he had been very foolish. Conversion oF Wisti/Desine iNTO INDIRECT SPEECH ‘When a sentence expressing a wish or a desire, i.e, an optative sentence, is changed into indirect speech, we make the following changes: = The exclamatory sentence is changed into an assertive sentence. We change the reporting verb into words like: wish, pray, bless, curse, ete. in order to convey the meaning of the complete expression. '® The conjunction ‘that’ is used as it is done in a statement. Examples: She said, ‘May you prosper, my son.” She wished thar her son might prosper. Naila said to Sana, ‘Many happy returns of the day.’ Naila wished Sana many happy returns of the day. B. ne the following sentences into indirect speech. ‘We said, ‘Long live our motherland!” Everybody said, “How well she sings!” She said, ‘Alas, there is nobody to support me!” ‘The players said, ‘Hurrah! Our team has won!” The priest said, ‘May God grant peace to the departed soul!” 6. He said, ‘Oh, for a glass of water!" ConvERSION OF Mixen Tyre OF SENTENCES Direct speech in a passage may consist of (statement + question; question + command; (iii) command + statement. veer All three types may also be used together. When such a passage is changed from direct to indirect speech we make the following changes: ® We do not change the order of ideas or the language of the original passage. ao oxrorp© Each of the different kinds of sentences is changed according to the rules for that sentence. = The reporting verb is changed according to the rule for that sentence, but itis not necessary to introduce every sentence with the words ‘he/she said.’ Examples: ‘Are you free today? Let's go shopping now. The marker will be crowded tomorrow,’ she said, ‘The above passage consists of the following sentences: 1 sentence) 2. ‘Let’ go shopping now.’ (imperative sentence) 3. “The market will be crowded tomorrow.’ {assertive sentence) We will change each sentence according to its rule: She asked me if I was free that day and suggested we go shopping at that time, as the market would be crowded the next day. C. Change the following connected sentences into indirect speech. 1, She said, ‘Please don't drive so fast, I feel sick at such a speed.” I said to my friend, ‘Youd better wear a coat. It is very cold outside.” ‘The monitor said co the class, “The teacher is coming. Please be quiet and do your work.’ I said to my friend, ‘I don't know the way, Do you?" She said to her husband, ‘Where has all chis money come from? How did you get it? To whom does it belong?’ 6. I said to my mother, ‘Are you going shopping? Don‘ take a bus. Take a taxi. It is Eid tomorrow and the buses will be overcrowded.” 7. The teacher said to the pupils, ‘Tomorrow we shall go on a picnic.’ ‘Hurrah! What fun!” said the pupils. ‘Where would you like to go?’ said the teacher. 8. The farmer said to his sons, ‘I am dying. Do not quarrel after my death. United you will stand but divided you will fal.’ 9. The git said to her mother, ‘I'm getting chilled to the bone. What can Freddie be doing all this time? He's been gone twenty minutes.” 10, Ann said co Peter, ‘Let's go for a movie this Friday.’ ‘Fine,’ said Peter. ‘Which one would you like to see?” 11. ‘Oh no!” cried Sadia, ‘I've lost my favourite pen.’ ‘Don't worry,’ said her friend. ‘I'll help you look for it. 12. ‘The wife said to her husband, ‘You are always watching television, Why don't you help litle Tommy with his homework?” 13. ‘Doctor’ said Teena, ‘I am running a temperature. My body aches and I have lost my appetite, What's wrong with me?” 14, The doctor said to Teena, ‘You have a viral infection. You must stay in bed, avoid exertion, and take plenty of fluids. yeep: OXFORDCHAPTER 20 Active and Passive Voice You have learnt so far that voice in a sentence relates to its verb. A cransitive verb can be either in the active or the passive voice. Active Voice ‘When the subject of the verb is the doer of the action, the verb is said to be in the active voice. Example: ‘The earthquake flattened the village. ‘This sentence is about the earthquake—the subject. The earthquake is also the doer of the action here, Therefore, this sentence is in the active voice. Passive Voice When the subject of the verb is acted upon, the verb is said co be in the passive voice. Example: The village was flattened by the earthquake. This sentence is about the village. The earthquake, which flactened the place of the object in this sentence. Therefore, the verb of this sentence is said to be in the passive voice. ‘We must remember that voice change is related to the change in the structure of a sentence, There is no change in the meaning of the sentence. ‘This is called a transformation in the sentence. Transformation of Active Voice into Passive Voice When we want to convert an active sentence to passive, we apply the following rules: = The object of the verb in the active voice becomes the subject in the passive. The form of the verb is changed in accordance with ies tense. It becomes: be + past participle of the verb. = The subject of the active voice is expressed as: by + agent in the passive. ao oxzorp :‘This structure is used when we want to say who has done the action. Read the following table to recall the changes in tense when converting active into passive voice. Voice Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continous Present Tense Active | Farmers grow Farmers are Farmers have Farmers have wheat. growing wheat. grown wheat, been growing wheat. Passive | Wheat is grown | Wheat is being | Wheat has been | No passive by farmers. grown by farmers. | grown by farmers. Past Tense Active Farmers grew Farmers were Farmers had Farmers had been wheat. growing wheat. | grown wheat. growing wheat. Passive | Wheat was grown | Wheat was being | Wheat had been | No passive by farmers. grown by farmers. | grown by farmers. Future Tense Active Farmers will grow | Farmers will be Farmers will have | Farmers will have wheat. growing wheat, | grown wheat. been growing wheat. Passive | Wheat will be | No passive Wheat will have | No passive grown by farmers. been grown by farmers. Exercises A. Change the following sentences into the passive voice. He waters the plants every day. The thief stole the jewels. The teacher is demonstrating an experiment. The hail stones have damaged the cat. Sayema is taking the photographs. Bilal sells fruit and vegetables in the market. ayeaene7. Saad had given a letter of apology. 8. The inspector will have inspected our school by tomorrow. B. Change the following sentences into the active voice. Fortunately not much damage was done by the fire. The protestors were being stopped by the police. She has been given a notice by the principal. The house was decorated by Asma. His officers are displeased by his conduct. The exhibition will have been visited by a hundred people by Saturday. Several people have been bitten by this dog. We were woken by the alarm. PN AY eee More About the Passive Voice You have learnt, so far, the change of voice made in the structure of a statement where the transitive verb has only one object, When a transitive verb has two objects, there are wo possible ways of converting it into the passive voice. In such a sentence, either of the two objects may be made the ‘subject in the passive, while the other object remains unchanged. The latter object, which does not change, is called the retained object. Example: He gave us some money. (active) In this sentence, ‘some money’ is the direct object and ‘us’ is the indirect object. When this is converted in the passive, either of the two objects can be made the subject. (Some money was given to us. (passive) Here ‘some money’ is the subject and ‘us’ is the retained object. (ii) We were given some money. (passive) | Here ‘we’ is the subject and ‘some money’ is the retained object. The indirect object becomes the subject of the passive verb. This form is usually preferred. ‘Some special sentences structures in the passive are given. 1, For + the retained object Example: She sent me a gift. (active voice) Making the direct object ‘a gift’ as the subject and using ‘for’ with the retained object, is generally the passive voice of such a sentence. A gif was sent for me. (passive voice) Some other objects that may take ‘for’ with the retained object are buy, bring, leave, make, gets etc. a oxtonnTo + the retained object We use the structure: to + the retained object of the passive voice, when the indirect object is a recipient. Example: He gave her some flowers. (active) Flowers were given to her. (passive) Passive with object complement When a verb is followed by an object complement, the object in the active voice is made the subject in the passive. The complement remains the same. Example: They named her Dolly. (active) She was named Dolly. (passive) Passive with verb + object preposition In some sentence constructions in the passive voice, another appropriate preposition is used instead of ‘by’. Examples: His effort pleased the teacher. (active) “The teacher was pleased with his effort. (passive) Rabia married Taha. (active) “Taha was married to Rabia. (passive) ‘We know the facts. (active) ‘The facts are known to us. (passive) ‘The news alarmed us, (active) We were alarmed at the news. (passive) Passive with the infinitive When there is a bare infinitive (an infinitive without ‘to’) in the active voice, it becomes a full infinitive (infinitive with ‘to!) in the passive voice. Examples: We made him complete the work. (active) He was made to complete the work. (passive) ‘We saw a deer cross the road, (active) ‘A deer was seen to cross the road. (passive) Change the voice in the following from active to passive. 1. The minister gave the refugees a cheque for Rs.10,000. I know his weak points. My father bought me a watch. Your case interests me. “They selected me as leader of our group. Mrs Rehan teaches us English, aya eyCHANGE OF VOICE IN INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES ‘When we change voice in an interrogative sentence, the structure of the question remains the same. In the passive voice also the verb precedes the subject. We apply the same rules of changing the tenses of the differenc verbs as in other sentences. Examples: Statement: They can't lif this box. (active) This box can't be lifted. (passive) Interrogative: Can they lift this box? (active) Can this box be lifted? (passive) Other Rules for the Passive Voice of the Interrogative Structures 1. Te Yes/No Qursnions ® The auxiliary verbs ‘do’, ‘did’, and ‘does’ in an interrogative sentence with the verb in the active voice, change into ‘is, ‘was’, ‘are’, or ‘were’ in the passive structure, Examples: Do they watch the news every evening? (active) Is the news watched every evening? (passive) Did Komal paint this picture? (active) Was this picture painted by Komal? (passive) ‘The auxiliary verbs like ‘have’ and ‘has’ in che interrogative sentences in the active voice change to ‘have been + the past participle of the verb’. Modals like ‘can’, ‘must’, ‘should’, ‘need’, ete. do not undergo any changes in the active or the passive voice. Examples: Have you packed your bags? (active) Have your bags been packed? (passive) Had he cleaned the house before you reached? (active) Had the house been cleaned (by him) before you reached? (passive) Can we solve this problem? (active) Can this problem be solved by us? (passive) 2. Passive oF QUESTIONS STARTING WITH WHO/WiHtat/WHich ® When the questions starting with ‘who’, ‘what’, and ‘which’ are changed from active to passive voice, the question word is retained at the beginning. Examples: Who did this mischief? (active) Who was this mischief done by? (passive) What do they require for this job? (active) What is required (by them) for this job? (passive) Which route has the police blocked? (active) Which route has been blocked by the police? (passive) D> oxroapThe other question words like ‘where’, ‘when’, and ‘why’ are transformed in a similar way. Examples: When did you do this? (active) When was this done by you? (passive) Why did you do this? (active) Why was this done by you? (passive) D. Change the following interrogative sentences into passive voice. Which room did they reserve for the minister? Can they write this in English? Who do the police want? Has he informed his family? Is Mrs Islam hosting the party? Where did they find the purse? ‘Who teaches you Urdu? ‘When will they build the bridge? PN AWRY Ee Conversion of Imperative Sentences into the Passive Voice You have already learnt that an imperative sentence may be a request, a command, of a suggestion, ‘The conversion of these sentences into the passive structure is governed by specific rules. 1. Orper/Commanp When a sentence expressing an order or a command is changed from active to passive voice, we make the following changes: ® The passive structure begins with ‘let’. The imperative verb changes into: be + participle, Examples: Do not insult the poor. (active) Let the poor not be insulted. (passive) Close all the windows, (active) Let all the windows be closed. (passive) 2. Apvice/Succestions ‘To change the sentences expressing advice or suggestions, we make the following changes: ™ The object of the imperative sentence is changed into the subject in the passive structure. = The verb expressing the advice or suggestion becomes: should/must + be + past participle. Examples: Eat meals at regular times, (active) Meals should be eaten at regular times. (passive) Call the doctor. (active) ‘The doctor must be called. (passive) QxroR a3. Requests BEGINNING wir PLeast/KiNDLY In an imperative sentence where the verb has two objects, we know that any one of the two objects can be made into the subject in the passive structure. ™ Sometimes the phrase ‘you are requested to’ is placed before the imperative verb, = In the negative sentences, the structure becomes 'you are requested not to" + verb, ® For sentences asking permission, the words please/kindly are placed between ‘may’ and ‘be’. Examples: Please send us che cheque as soon as possible. (active) The cheque may kindly be sent to us as soon as possible. (passive) Please remain seated. Do not get up. (active) You are requested to remain seated and not to get up. (passive) Kindly grant me a week’s leave. (active) There are three possible ways of changing this sentence into passive: (a) Aweek’s leave may kindly be granted to me. (b) I may kindly be granted a week’s leave. (©) You are requested to grant me a week's leave. Note: In the sentence (a), the word ‘kindly’ is placed between ‘may’ and ‘be’ (it is wrong to say: Leave may be kindly granted) 4, IwoiRecr Commanps/Requests ™ When a command or a request in indirect speech is changed into the passive voice, we change the object following the reporting verb into the subject. © The infinitive in the indirect request remains unchanged. Examples: She requested me to attend the meeting. (active) Here the reporting verb is, ‘requested! and the object that follows it is ‘me’. The passive of this sentence will, therefore, have ‘me’ as the subject. The infinitive ‘to attend’ will remain unchanged. I was requested to attend the meeting by her. (passive) E. Change the following imperative sentences into passive. Please close the windows. Stop bullying the weak. Please help this Please change this sentence. Turn off the music. lind man. Kindly excuse him this time, Obey your parents. You must exercise daily. a a PN AY AYNa ee Some More Special Passive Structures Ir + passive verb + clause We can use the structure, ‘it + passive verb + clause’ with verbs of reporsing. This scructure is used when we do not know or do not need to know who the speaker is. It is generally used in newspaper reports, Examples: It is said that there was a conspiracy against the ruler. Ic was thought/reported/believed that the company had run into heavy losses. There is/are + subject + transitive infinitive In a structure where a noun of a pronoun is placed after ‘there is/are’ in he active voice, the same becomes the subject in the passive voice. Thus ‘to + infinitive’ becomes ‘be + past participle. Example: There is a loc of work to do. (active) A lot of work is to be done. (passive) Passive of complex sentences When a complex sentence is changed from active to passive voice, both clauses must be changed. Examples: They know that the engineers built the bridge. (active) Ic is known that the bridge was built by the engineers. (passive) They held up the flag and drew their swords. (active) The flag was held up and swords drawn. (passive) They believe there will be a war soon. (active) Ic is believed that there will be a war soon. (passive) Passive of compound sentences When a compound sentence is changed from active t0 passive voice, all the verbs are changed to the passive voice. In the passive structure of a compound sentence, sometimes only the first object is made into the subject and rest are left out if not required. Example: They caught the fish and cooked it. (active) The fish was caught and cooked. (passive) When Do We Use the Passive? Passive voice is used both in speech and writing, but it is more commonly used in formal writing. It is used in (writing formal notices or making announcements Examples: Candidates are required to report ten minutes before the commencement of the examination. Windows should be opened in the case of a gas leak. OXFORD(ii) writing newspaper reports Examples: An inquiry commission has been set up and charges are being framed. (iii) writing headlines and advertisements Examples: ‘40 killed in train accident.” ‘Computer prices slashed.” (iv) writing scientific reports and experiments Examples: The liquid is heated to boiling point. Sulphur and oxygen are mixed to obtain sulphur oxide. E Change the following into passive voice. They consider him a freedom fighter. He asked me to make tea. Do not shout at the children. Do not spoil the picture. Please give me another chance. You must help the needy. avaene G. Correct the errors in the following sentences. 1. The bell is being ring now. 2. Those nice glasses got break. 3. There is a report to written. 4. The winner was give a prize, 5. She was ask sing a song. 6. By who was the burglars caught? 7. A book was send to me. 8. Chocolates was given for her. 9. Ann was married with Peter. } 10. A rabbit was seen cross the path. 11. Have your seats booked? 12. Who was the cup broken? 13, The poor be not humiliated. 14. This picture has painted by Abeera. 15. Leave may kindly granted. DQ oon