DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

IIEST, SHIBPUR
HOWRAH-711103

FORWARDING

I hereby forward my project report “ ” submitted by

Arpan Majumder (Roll No. - )
Kanad Barua (Roll No. - )
Sanjay Baskey (Roll No. - )
under my guidance and supervision in partial fulfillment of the requirements “
(B.Tech-M.Tech) Dual Degree of engineering ” in Mechanical Engineering in the
Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIEST, SHIBPUR.
Dated:
……………………………….
(Dr. SISIR KUMAR GUHA)
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIEST, SHIBPUR
Howrah-711103, West Bengal

COUNTERSIGNED BY

…………………………………….
(Dr. BIJAN KUMAR MANDAL)
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIEST, SHIBPUR
Howrah-711103, West Bengal
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We hereby convey our sincere respect thanks and deep gratitude to our respected
project guide Dr. Sisir Kumar Guha, Professor of the Mechanical Engineering
Department of IIEST (Shibpur), Howrah-711103 for his precise technical
guidance. The preliminary Project would never had attended competition but his
untiring perseverance, constant encouragement and all encompassing, which is
underlined in this procedure as well as in the relevant steps formulated by us.

We would like to put our record, our acknowledgement for all those who came
forward with helpful suggestions during the course of our project.

Dated

IIEST, Shibpur

Howrah-711103

..................................................

Arpan Majumder

Exam Roll No.-

..................................................

Kanad Barua

Exam Roll No.-

..................................................

Sanjay Baskey

Exam Roll No.-

 Title

A Mini Project Report

Submitted In Partial Fulfillment for the Requirements of
(B.TECH-M.TECH) DUAL DEGREE OF ENGINEERING
(Mechanical)
By

ARPAN MAJUMDER
EXAMINATION ROLL NO.
YEAR 2014-2019

KANAD BARUA
EXAMINATION ROLL NO.
YEAR 2014-2019

SANJAY BASKEY
EXAMINATION ROLL NO.
YEAR 2014-2019

Under the guidance of

Prof. Sisir Kumar Guha
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIEST, SHIBPUR
HOWRAH-711103, WEST BENGAL
OCTOBER-2015
 CONTENTS

1. Definition of Viscosity

2. Factors affecting Viscosity

3. Measurement of Viscosity

<< More Theories >>

Effect of Temperature on Viscosity

Effect of Pressure on Viscosity

What is Viscosity?

The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to gradual deformation by shear

stress or tensile stress.

Viscosity is a property arising from collisions between neighbouring particles in a

fluid that are moving at different velocities. When the fluid is forced through a tube,
the particles which comprise the fluid generally move more quickly near the tube's axis
and more slowly near its walls: therefore some stress, (such as a pressure difference
between the two ends of the tube), is needed to overcome the friction between particle
layers to keep the fluid moving. For the same velocity pattern, the stress required is
proportional to the fluid's viscosity.
A fluid that has no resistance to shear stress is known as an ideal or in viscid fluid.

Factors affecting Viscosity

The various factors affecting viscosity are:

 Temperature

Viscosity strongly depends on its temperature. The relationship between temperature

and viscosity is inversely proportional for all liquids. The higher the temperature
is, the lower a substance's viscosity is. Consequently, decreasing temperature
causes an increase in viscosity. A change in temperature always affects the
viscosity – it depends on the substance just how much it is influenced by
a temperature change.

For some liquids, a decrease of 1°C already causes a 10 % increase in viscosity.

Liquids and gases react oppositely to changes in temperature.

In liquids, when the temperature increases (energy added), the particles move faster
and begin to move away from each other. Because the particles are moving around
more, they can flow more; their viscosity is lower.

In gases, the particles are far apart so when energy is added the particles move faster
and collide with each other more often causing an increase in viscosity.
 Pressure
In most cases, a fluid's viscosity increases with increasing pressure. Compared to the
temperature influence, liquids are influenced very little by the applied pressure. The
reason is that liquids (other than gases) are almost non-compressible at low or medium
pressures. For most liquids, a considerable change in pressure from 0.1 to 30 MPa
causes about the same change in viscosity as a temperature change of about 1 K (1°C).
Even for the enormous pressure difference of 0.1 to 200 MPa the viscosity increase
for most low-molecular liquids amounts to a factor 3 to 7 only. However, for mineral
oils with high viscosity this factor can be up to 20000. For synthetic oils, this pressure
change can even result in a viscosity increase by a factor of up to 8 million. For example,
lubricants in cogwheels or gears can be submitted to pressures of 1 GPa and higher. For
better understanding, refer to the conversion equation for pressure units:
1 bar = 0.1 MPa = 105 Pa = 105 N/m2
For most liquids, viscosity increases with increasing pressure because the amount of
free volume in the internal structure decreases due to compression. Consequently, the
molecules can move less freely and the internal friction forces increase. The result is an
increased flow resistance.

 <<<<<Shear rate>>>>>

 Concentration
Concentration is the amount of substance that is dissolved in a specific volume.
An increase in concentration will usually result in an increase in viscosity.

 Attractive Force
Particles of the same substance have an attractive force on one another.
Some substances have a strong attraction while some substances have a weaker
attraction.
Measurement of Viscosity
 Dynamic (or Absolute) Viscosity

The dynamic viscosity(η) of a fluid is a measure of the resistance it offers to relative

shearing motion.

=
×
ℎ

=
( )
ℎ
is measured in Pa-s

 Kinematic Viscosity

It is defined as the ratio of absolute viscosity to the density of fluid.

is measured in m2/s ρ= density of fluid

 EFFET OF TEMPERATURE ON VISCOSITY
There are various Models which are used to find out the Kinematic Viscosity of a particular
fluid at a particular Temperature.
MODEL EQUATION OBSERVATIONS
-AT
Reynolds η=B·e Accurate only for a limited
Temperature range
Slotte η=A/(B+T)C Reasonable; useful in numerical
analysis
Sun log η=A+B/T+C·T+D·T2 A system of four equations and
four unknowns are to be solved
Eyring η=A·eB/T Gives good correlation
Walther log log(η+C) Forms the Basis of ASTM
viscosity- Temperature chart
Vogel η=A·eB/(T-C) Highly accurate, very useful in
engineering

To study the Effect of Temperature on Kinematic Viscosity we choose a particular fluid

(a Lubricant) MOBIL SAE 40
The values of the different constants for MOBIL SAE 40 have been found from an Article:
A new focus on the Walther equation for Lubricant Viscosity
Determination
F.Sánchez-Rubio1, F.Chinas-Castillo, F.Ruiz Aquino1 and J.Lara Romero2
1
Instituto Technologico de Oxaca, Mechanical Engineering Department, Oaxaca, Mexico
2
Facaultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Michoacana San Nicholas de Hidalgo, Michoacan Mexico
LUBRICATION SCIENCE
Lubrication Science 2006; 18: 95-107
Published Online in Wiley InterScience
(www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/Is.9

From the Given Data PLOTS of different models have been drawn and compared in GRAPH-1

GRAPH-2 shows the rate of change of Viscosity with Temperature of the above MODELS and
hence they are the graphs of the Derivatives of the functions plotted in GRAPH-1

From the Graph some Conclusions are drawn on the

VARIATION OF VISCOSITY WITH TEMPERATURE & MOST ACCEPTABLE MODEL
From discussing the Effect of Temperature on Viscosity of Fluids we give an insight into the
Effect of Temperature on Lubricants which are mostly liquid in nature and suggest the best
model that can be used to predict the Kinematic Viscosity of any Lubricant at a given
Temperature
 CONCLUSION

All the graphs have been drawn between the lower and upper limit of working
temperature in specially our country India. But they are valid for cold climate
also as while a machine runs its temperature at contact parts are high (greater
than 00 C) due heat generated due to friction.

From the GRAPH it is seen that the Slope of Vogel model is smoothest. As it is
the smoothest curve it can be assumed that it is highly correlated to the
experimental curve that can be obtained by performing a precise experiment. Thus it
can be concluded that Vogel Model is best model for viscosity determination at working
temperatures.

VOGEL MODEL is BEST MODEL for viscosity determination at

WORKING TEMPERATURES
 EFFET OF PRESSURE ON VISCOSITY
There are two models which are used to find out the Kinematic Viscosity of a
particular fluid at a particular Pressure.
MODEL EQUATION OBSERVATIONS
αp
Barus η=η0·e
Roelands

To study the Effect of Pressure on Kinematic Viscosity we choose a particular fluid

(a Lubricant) HEAVY MACHINE OIL
Having η0= 153 cSt at 300C
α= 20.5*10-9 m2/N

The values of the different constants for HEAVY MACHINE OIL have been found from an
Article:
Table adapted from page 21 engineering Tribology Second Edition
www.tribology-abc.com

From the Given Data PLOTS of different models have been drawn and compared in
GRAPH-1

GRAPH-2 shows the rate of change of Viscosity with Temperature of the above MODELS and
hence they are the graphs of the Derivatives of the functions plotted in GRAPH-1

From the Graph some Conclusions are drawn on the

VARIATION OF VISCOSITY WITH PRESSURE & MOST ACCEPTABLE MODEL
From discussing the Effect of Pressur we on Viscosity of Fluids we give an insight into the Effect
of Pressure on Lubricants which are mostly liquid in nature and suggest the best model that can
be used to predict the Kinematic Viscosity of any Lubricant at a given Temperature