AP Physics Name ________________________

Fall Semester Practice Multiple Choice Exam Period _____

Briefly show/explain the correct answer in the space.
1. A car starting from rest accelerates uniformly at a rate of 5 8. How long is the projectile in the air (assume the projectile
m/s2. What is the car's speed after it has traveled 250 m? lands at the same elevation that it was fired)?
(A) 20 m/s (B) 30 m/s (C) 40 m/s (D) 50 m/s (A) 22 s (B) 38 s (C) 43 s (D) 51 s

2. A ball is thrown straight downward with a speed of 0.5 m/s. 9. What is the horizontal component of the initial velocity?
What is the speed of the ball 0.70 s after it is released? (A) 125 m/s (B) 217 m/s (C) 250 m/s (D) 500 m/s
(A) 0.50 m/s (B) 10 m/s (C) 7.5 m/s (D) 15 m/s

10. How far did the projectile travel horizontally before it struck
3. A 1-kg ball is dropped from the roof of a building 80 m tall. the ground?
What is the approximate time of fall? (A) 5400 m (B) 7200 m (C) 9300 m (D) 11000 m
(A) 2.8 s (B) 4.0 s (C) 2.0 s (D) 8.0 s

11. A 60-kg physics student would weigh 1560 N on the

4. A car rounds a horizontal curve of constant radius at a surface of planet X. What is the magnitude of the
constant speed. Which diagram best represents the acceleration due to gravity on the surface of planet X?
directions of the car's velocity, v, and acceleration, a? (A) 0.038 m/s2 (B) 9.8 m/s2
(A) (B) (C) (D) (C) 6.1 m/s2 (D) 26 m/s2

12. A 20-N force due north and a 20-N force due east act on
an object. What is the magnitude and direction of the
resultant force?
(A) 20 N, northeast (B) 28 N, northeast
5. A stationary cart accelerates with a constant nonzero (C) 20 N, southwest (D) 28 N, southwest
acceleration along a straight line. Which graph best
represents the relationship between the distance the cart
travels and time of travel?
(A) (B) (C) (D) 13. A 400-N girl standing on a dock exerts a force of 100 N on
a 10,000-N sailboat as she pushes it away from the dock.
How much force does the sailboat exert on the girl?
(A) 25 N (B) 400 N (C) 100 N (D) 10,000 N

14. A skier on waxed skis (k = 0.05) is pulled at constant

6. The graph represents the relationship between speed and speed across level snow by a horizontal force of 40 N.
time for an object moving along a straight line. What is the normal force exerted on the skier?
(A) 700 N (B) 750 N (C) 800 N (D) 850 N

15. What is the magnitude of the force needed to keep a 60-N

rubber block moving across level, dry asphalt ( = 0.67) in
a straight line at a constant speed of 2 m/s?
(A) 40 N (B) 51 N (C) 60 N (D) 120 N

What is the distance traveled during the first 4 s?

(A) 5 m (B) 20 m (C) 40 m (D) 80 m
16. Two 30-N forces act on an object at the same time. In
which diagram would the resultant force have the largest
magnitude?
Questions 7-10 A projectile is fired from the ground with an (A) (B) (C) (D)
initial velocity of 250 m/s at an angle of 60o above horizontal.
7. What is the vertical component of the initial velocity?
(A) 125 m/s (B) 217 m/s
(C) 250 m/s (D) 500 m/s
17. A vertical spring 0.10 m long is elongated to a length of 22. Which graph best represents the relationship between
0.12 m when a 1-kg mass is attached to the bottom of the energy and mass when matter is converted into energy?
spring. The spring constant of this spring is (A) (B) (C) (D)
(A) 10 N/m (B) 100 N/m
(C) 120 N/m (D) 500 N/m

18. The diagram shows a 4.0-kg object accelerating at 10 m/s2

on a rough horizontal surface.
Acceleration = 10 m/s2 23. In the diagram, a block of mass M initially at rest on a
frictionless horizontal surface is struck by a bullet of mass
m moving with horizontal velocity v.

What is the magnitude of the frictional force, Ff, acting on

the object? What is the velocity of the bullet-block system after the
(A) 5 N (B) 10 N (C) 20 N (D) 40 N bullet embeds itself in the block?
(A) (M + v)m/M (B) (m + v)m/M
(C) (m + M)v/M (D) mv/(m + M)

19. The diagram represents two satellites of equal mass, A

and B, in circular orbits around a planet.
24. A 0.15-kg baseball moving at 20 m/s is stopped by a
catcher in 0.010 second. The average force stopping the
ball is
(A) 0.03 N (B) 3 N (C) 30 N (D) 300 N

25. A spring with a spring constant of 80 N/m is displaced 0.3

m from its equilibrium position. The potential energy stored
Compared to the magnitude of the gravitational force of in the spring is
attraction between satellite A and the planet, the (A) 3.6 J (B) 12 J (C) 7.2 J (D) 24 J
magnitude of the gravitational force of attraction between
satellite B and the planet is
(A) half as great (B) twice as great
(C) one-fourth as great (D) four times as great 26. A truck weighing 30,000 N is driven up a hill that is
800 m above the starting point in 480 s. What is the
minimum power required?
(A) 5.0 x 104 W (B) 1.2 x 1010 W
20. Which vector diagram best represents a cart slowing down (C) 1.0 x 105 W (D) 2.3 x 1010 W
as it travels to the right on a horizontal surface?
(A) (B) (C) (D)
27. A 40-N block is released from rest on an incline 8 m above
the horizontal.

21. The diagram shows a 5.0-kg bucket of water being swung If 50 J of work is done by friction as the block slides down
in a horizontal circle of 0.70-m radius at a constant speed the incline, the maximum kinetic energy of the block at the
of 2.0 m/s. bottom of the incline is
(A) 50 J (B) 270 J (C) 320 J (D) 3100 J

28. Increasing the amplitude of a sound wave produces a

sound with
The magnitude of the centripetal force on the bucket of (A) lower speed (B) higher pitch
water is approximately (C) shorter wavelength (D) greater loudness
(A) 5.7 N (B) 29 N (C) 14 N (D) 200 N
29. A child applies a constant 20-N force along the handle of a 32. What is the gravitational potential energy of the object
wagon which makes a 25° angle with the horizontal. when it is 2.25 m above the surface of earth?
(A) 50 J (B) 55 J (C) 60 J (D) 65 J

33. What is the mass of the object?

(A) 1.5 kg (B) 2.0 kg (C) 2.5 kg (D) 3.0 kg
How much work does the child do in moving the wagon a
horizontal distance of 4 m?
(A) 5 J (B) 34 J (C) 73 J (D) 80 J Questions 34-36 A ball is thrown straight up by a student at rest
on the surface of earth. A graph of the position y as a function
of time t, in seconds is shown. Air resistance is negligible.
30. The graph represents the relationship between wavelength
and frequency of waves created by two students shaking
the ends of a loose spring.

34. At which times is the speed of the ball the least?

(A) 1 s (B) 2 s (C) 3 s (D) none listed

35. Which of the following best describes the acceleration of

the ball?
(A) It is downward and constant from 0 to 6 s
(B) It is upward and constant from 0 to 3 s, then
downward and constant
(C) It is downward and decreases in magnitude from 0 to
3 s. then increases.
What is the speed of the waves generated in the spring.
(D) It is upward and decreases in magnitude from 0 to 3 s,
(A) 2 m/s (B) 5 m/s (C) 7 m/s (D) 10 m/s
then increases

31. A police car approaching a stationary pedestrian at a

36. What is the initial speed of the ball?
speed of 30 m/s sounds its siren, which has a frequency of
(A) 30 m/s (B) 45 m/s (C) 60 m/s (D) 90 m/s
1000 Hz. What frequency does the pedestrian hear?
(Velocity of sound is 330 m/s.)
(A) 30 Hz (B) 100 Hz (C) 909 Hz (D) 1090 Hz
37. Two boxes of different masses in an orbiting space station
appear to float at rest—one above the other—with respect
to the station. An astronaut applies the same force to both
Questions 32-33 The graph represents the relationship
boxes. Can the boxes have the same acceleration with
between vertical height and gravitational potential energy for an
respect to the space station?
object near Earth's surface. (use g = 9.8 m/s2)
(A) No, because the boxes are moving in orbits of
different radius.
(B) No, because the box of greater mass requires more
force to reach the same acceleration.
(C) Yes, because both boxes appear weightless.
(D) Yes, because both boxes are accelerating toward
Earth at the same rate.

38. An object is dropped from rest from a certain height. Air

resistance is negligible. After falling a distance, d, the
object's kinetic energy is proportional to which of the
following?
(A) 1/d (B) d (C) d (D) d2
39. An object is projected vertically upward from ground level. 45. A spherical planet has mass and radius that are greater
It rises to a maximum height, H. If air resistance is than that of earth. The weight of an object on that planet
negligible, which of the following must be true for the object compared with its weight on earth is which of the
when it is at a height ½H? following?
(A) Its speed is half of its initial speed. (A) larger (B) the same (C) smaller
(B) Its kinetic energy is hall of its initial kinetic energy (D) Cannot be determined without knowing mass and radius.
(C) Its potential energy is half of its initial potential energy.
(D) Its total mechanical energy is half of its initial value.

Questions 46-47 Two blocks of wood, each of mass 2 kg, are

suspended from the ceiling by strings of negligible mass.
40. An object of mass, M, travels along a horizontal air track at
a constant speed, v, and collides elastically with an object
of identical mass that is initially at rest on the track. Which
of the following is true for the two objects after the impact?
(A) The total momentum is Mv and the total kinetic energy
is ½Mv2. 46. What is the tension in the upper string?
(B) The total momentum is Mv and the total kinetic energy (A) 10 N (B) 20 N (C) 40 N (D) 50 N
is less than ½Mv2.
(C) The total momentum is less than Mv and the total
kinetic energy is ½Mv2.
(D) The momentum of each object is ½Mv. 47. What is the force exerted on the upper block by the lower
string?
(A) 10 N upward (B) 10 N downward
(C) 20 N upward (D) 20 N downward
41. A 2 kg object initially moving with a constant velocity is
subjected to a force of magnitude, F, in the direction of
motion. A graph of F as a function of time, t, is shown.
48. On a day when the speed of sound is 340 m/s, a ship
sounds its whistle. The echo of the sound from the shore
is heard at the ship 6 s later. How far is the ship from the
shore?
(A) 56.7 m (B) 113 m (C) 1020 m (D) 2040 m

What is the increase in the velocity of the object during the

time the force is applied?
(A) 2.0 m/s (B) 3.0 m/s (C) 4.0 m/s (D) 6.0 m/s Questions 49-50 The figure shows a transverse wave traveling
to the right at a particular instant of time. The period of the
wave is 0.2 s.

226 222
42. 88Ra decays into 86Rn plus a
(A) proton (B) neutron
(C) helium nucleus (42He) (D) deuteron (21H)

43. An object of mass, m, hanging from a spring of spring

constant, k, has the same period as a simple pendulum. 49. What is the amplitude of the wave?
What is the length of the simple pendulum? (A) 4 cm (B) 5 cm (C) 8 cm (D) 10 cm
(A) mk/g (B) mg/k (C) kg/m (D) k/mg

50. What is the speed of the wave?

44. A particle, P, moves around the circle of radius, R, under (A) 4 cm/s (B) 25 cm/s (C) 50 cm/s (D) 100 cm/s
the influence of a radial force of magnitude, F.

51. In any physically correct equation, the units of any two

quantities must be the same whenever these quantities are
(A) added or multiplied only
(B) subtracted or divided only
(C) multiplied or divided only
What is the work done by the radial force as the particle (D) added or subtracted only
moves from position 1 to position 2 halfway around the
circle?
(A) zero (B) RF (C) RF (D) 2RF
52. A boy of mass, m, and a girl of mass, 2m, are initially at 58. A standing wave pattern is created on a guitar string as a
rest at the center of a frozen pond. They push each other person tunes the guitar by changing the tension in the
so that she slides to the left at speed, v, across the string. Which of the following properties of the waves on
frictionless ice surface and he slides to the right. the string will change as a result of adjusting only the
tension in the string?
I. Speed of the traveling wave that creates the
pattern
II. Frequency of the standing wave
III. Wavelength of the standing wave
(A) I only (B) II only
(C) I and II only (D) I, II and III
What is the total work done by the two children?
(A) zero (B) mv (C) mv2 (D) 3mv2
59. Correct statements about the binding energy of a stable
nuclide include which of the following?
53. The gravitational force is the only force between a pair of I. It is the energy needed to separate the nuclide
particles X and Y, with masses mX and mY = 2mX. If particle into its individual protons and neutrons.
X accelerates at 2.2 m/s2, what is the acceleration of II. It is the energy liberated when the nuclide is
particle Y? formed from protons and neutrons.
(A) .55 m/s2 (B) 1.1 m/s2 (C) 2.2 m/s2 (D) 4.4 m/s2 III. It is the energy equivalent of the loss of mass
when the nuclide is formed from protons and
neutrons.
(A) I only (B) III only
54. An object initially at rest is subjected to a constant net (C) I and II only (D) I, II, and III
force. Measurements are taken of its velocity, v, at different
distances, d, from the starting position. A graph of which of
the following should exhibit a straight-line relationship?
(A) d2 versus v (B) d2 versus v 60. The figure shows a cart of mass, M, accelerating to the right
(C) d versus v (D) d versus v2 with a block of mass, m, held to the front surface only by
friction. The coefficient of friction between the surfaces is .

55. A disk slides to the right on a horizontal, frictionless air

table and collides with another disk that was initially
stationary. The figures below show a top view of the initial
path, I, of the sliding disk and a hypothetical path, H, for
each disk after the collision. Which figure shows an
impossible situation?
(A) (B)
What is the minimum acceleration, a, of the cart such that
the block will not fall?
(A) g (B) g/
(C) (D) (C) gm/((M + m)) (D) gM/(M + m)

61. A platform of mass 2 kg is supported by a spring of

negligible mass. The platform oscillates with a period of
56. A meter stick of negligible mass is placed on a fulcrum at 3 s when the platform is pushed down and released.
the 0.60 m mark, with a 2.0 kg mass hung at the 0 m mark 2 kg
and a 1.0 kg mass hung at the 1.0 m mark. The meter stick
is released from rest in a horizontal position. Immediately
after release, the magnitude of the net torque on the meter
stick about the fulcrum is most nearly
(A) 4 m•N (B) 12 m•N (C) 8 m•N (D) 16 m•N What must be the mass of a block that when placed on the
platform doubles the period of oscillation to 6 s?
(A) 1 kg (B) 4 kg (C) 6 kg (D) 8 kg

57. A car of mass 900 kg is traveling at 20 m/s when the

brakes are applied. The car then comes to a complete stop
in 5 s. What is the average power that the brakes produce 62. The acceleration of a satellite of mass, m, in a circular orbit
in stopping the car? of radius, R, around a planet of mass, M, is equal to which
(A) 1800 W (B) 3600 W (C) 7200 W (D) 36,000 W of the following?
(A) GM/R2 (B) Gm/R2 (C) GmM/R2 (D) GmM/R
63. A tuning fork is used to create standing waves on a guitar 71. Which color of light has the shortest wavelength?
string. A resonance is heard when the string is a certain (A) blue (B) red (C) green (D) violet
length. The next resonance is heard when the string is
shortened by 0.05 m. If the speed of sound is 340 m/s, the
frequency of the tuning fork is
(A) 1700 Hz (B) 2260 Hz 72. What is the best explanation for the apparent bending of a
(C) 3400 Hz (D) 6800 Hz straight glass rod when is placed in a beaker of water?
(A) The water is warmer than the air.
(B) Light travels faster in water than in air.
(C) Light is reflected at the air-water interface.
Questions 64-65 Two pucks are moving on a frictionless air (D) Light is refracted as it crosses the air-water.
table. The 1.5 kg puck is moving east at 2.0 m/s. The 4.0 kg
puck is moving north at 1.0 m/s.

Questions 73-76 The diagram represents a ray of light in air

(n = 1) incident on flint glass (n = 1.5).

64. What is the magnitude of the total momentum of the two-

puck system?
(A) 1.0 kg•m/s (B) 3.5 kg•m/s
(C) 5.0 kg•m/s (D) 7.0 kg•m/s

65. What is the total kinetic energy of the two-puck system? 73. Which of the following is true about the refracted light ray?
(A) 5.0 J (B) 7.0 J (C) 10 J (D) 11 J (A) Ray bends toward normal and frequency is less
66. All photons in a vacuum have the same (B) Ray bends toward normal and frequency is unchanged
(A) speed (B) energy (C) Ray bends away from normal and frequency is less
(C) wavelength (D) frequency (D) Ray bends away from normal and frequency is unchanged

67. A ringing bell is located in a chamber. When the air is 74. Which of the following is true about the reflected light ray?
removed from the chamber, why can the bell be seen (A) The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence
vibrating but not be heard? and the ray undergoes a phase shift.
(A) Light waves can travel through a vacuum, but sound (B) The angle of reflection equals the angle of incidence
waves cannot. and the ray does not undergo a phase shift.
(B) Sound waves have greater amplitude than light (C) The angle of reflection is greater than the angle of
waves. incidence and the ray undergoes a phase shift.
(C) Light waves travel slower than sound waves. (D) The angle of reflection is less than the angle of
(D) Sound waves have higher frequencies than light incidence and the ray undergoes a phase shift.
waves.

75. Which is the correct formula for calculating the angle of

Questions 68-69 A radio wave has a wavelength of 6 x 10-7 m in
refraction, R?
a vacuum.
(A) sin35 = (1.5)sinR (B) (1.5)sin35 = sinR
68. What is the frequency of the radio wave?
(A) 3 x 108 s-1 (B) 180 s-1 (C) sin55 = (1.5)sinR (D) (1.5)sin55 = sinR
(C) 5 x 1014 s-1 (D) 2 x 10-15 s-1

76. The speed of a photon of light traveling through the flint

69. What is the energy of a photon of the radio wave? glass.
(A) 4.0 x 10-40 J (B) 3.3 x 10-19 J (A) 1.5 x 108 m/s (B) 2.0 x 108 m/s
8
10
(C) 5.4 x 10 J (D) 5.0 x 1014 J (C) 3.0 x 10 m/s (D) 4.5 x 108 m/s

Questions 70-71 The spectrum of visible light emitted by an 77. Which of the following statements are true for both sound
element is composed of blue, green, red, and violet lines waves and electromagnetic waves?
70. What characteristic determines the color of light? I. They can undergo refraction
(A) amplitude (B) phase II. They can undergo diffraction.
(C) frequency (D) velocity III. They can produce a two-slit interference pattern.
IV. They can produce standing waves.
(A) I, II (B) III, IV (C) I, II, III (D) I, II, III, IV
78. A beam of white light is separated into separate colors Questions 82-83 An object, O, is located at point, P, to the left
when it passes through a glass prism. of a converging lens. F1 and F2 are the focal points of the lens.

82. If the focal length of the lens is 0.40 m and point, P, is 0.30
Red light is refracted through a smaller angle than violet m to the left of the lens, where is the image of the object
light because red light has a located?
(A) slower speed in glass than violet light (A) 1.2 m to the left of the lens
(B) faster speed in glass than violet light (B) 0.17 m to the left of the lens
(C) slower speed in the incident beam than violet light (C) 0.17 m to the right of the lens
(D) faster speed in the incident beam than violet light (D) 1.2 m to the right of the lens

79. If one of the two slits in a Young's double-slit demonstration 83. Which of the following characterizes the image when the
of the interference of light is covered with a thin filter that object is in the position shown?
transmits only half the light intensity, which of the following (A) Real, inverted, and smaller than the object
occurs? (B) Real, inverted, and larger than the object
(A) The bright lines and the dark lines are all darker. (C) Virtual, upright, and larger than the object
(B) The bright lines and the dark lines are all brighter. (D) Virtual, upright, and smaller than the object
(C) The dark lines are brighter and the bright lines are
darker.
(D) The bright lines are brighter and the dark lines are
darker. 84. The work function for a metal is . What is the threshold
frequency of incident light required for the emission of
photoelectrons from a cathode made of that metal?
(A) /h (B) h/ (C) h (D) /hc
80. A ray of light in glass that is incident on an interface with ice
is partially reflected and partially refracted. The index of
refraction, n, for each of the two media is given in the figure.
85. A ray of light in air is incident on a 30°-60°-90° prism,
perpendicular to face ab. The ray enters the prism and
strikes face ac at the critical angle.

How do the angle of reflection and the angle of refraction

compare with the angle of incidence, ?
Angle of Reflection Angle of Refraction
(A) Same Larger What is the index of refraction of the prism?
(B) Same Smaller (A) ½ (B) 3/2 (C) 2/33 (D) 2
(C) Smaller Same
(D) Smaller Smaller

86. In an x-ray tube, electrons striking a target are brought to

rest, causing x-rays to be emitted. In a particular x-ray
81. Two monochromatic light beams, one red and one green, tube, the maximum frequency of the emitted continuum
have the same power. How does the energy of each x-ray spectrum is fo. If the electron energy is doubled, the
photon and the number of photons per second in the red maximum frequency is
beam compare with those of the green beam? (A) fo/2 (B) 2fo (C) fo/2 (D) 2fo
Energy of Photon Number of Photons
(A) Greater for red Less for red
(B) Greater for red Greater for red
(C) Less for red Less for red
(D) Less for red Greater for red
 Answers 49 A Amplitude is distance between midpoint and extreme = 4 cm.
#  Explanation 50 C v = /T = 10 cm/0.2 s = 50 cm/s
1 D vt2 = vo2 + 2ad = 0 + 2(5 m/s2)(250 m) = 2500 m2/s2  vt = 50 m/s The units for both sides of an equation must be equal  the units
52 D
2 C vt = vo + at = (-0.5 m/s) + (-10 m/s2)(0.70 s) = -7.5 m/s for each term in an equation must be the same.
3 B d = vot + ½at2  -80 m = 0 + ½(-10 m/s2)t2  t = 4 s p = pgirl  mbvb = mgvg  vb = 2mv/m = 2v
51 D boy
Velocity is along the perimeter of the circle and acceleration is W = Kg + Kb = ½(2m)v2 + ½(m)(2v)2 = 3 mv2
4 B The force of gravity is the same for both particles (Newton's third
toward the center of the circle.
d = vot + ½at2. Assuming an acceleration of 2, then d = t2. When 53 B law): FX = FY  mXaX = mYaY
5 A t = 0, 1 and 2, then d = 0, 1 and 4, which makes a graph that aY = mXaX/mY = (mX)(2.2 m/s2)/2mX = 1.1 m/s2
curves upward. Since the force is constant, then acceleration is constant.
54 D 2
d = vavt, where vav = ½(vo + vt) = ½(0 m/s + 20 m/s) = 10 m/s v = vo2 + 2ad = 0 + 2ad  v2  d
6 C Since momentum is conserved in the x and y directions, there
d = (10 m/s)(4 s) = 40 m
7 B vy = vsin = (250 m/s)sin60o = 217 m 55 C must be some +y momentum to cancel the –y momentum, which
8 C vt = vo + at  -217 m/s = 217 m/s + (-10 m/s2)t  t = 43 s isn't true for (C)
9 A vx = vcos = (250 m/s)cos60o = 125 m/s  = rF, but since the masses are on opposite sides of the
10 A dx = vxt = (125 m/s)(43 s) = 5375 m 56 C fulcrum, then the torques are subtracted.
11 D Fg = mg  1560 N = (60 kg)a  a = 26 m/s2 (0.60 m)(20 N) – (0.4 m)(10 N) = 8 m•N
12 B Ftot = (Fx2 + Fy2)½ = ((20 N)2 + (20 N)2)½ = 28 N (northeast) 57 D P = W/t = K/t = mv2/2t = (900 kg)(20 m/s)2/(2)(5 s) = 36000 W
13 C The forces are equal because of Newton's third law. Speed is affected by tension (vw = (Ft/(m/L))½) and frequency
14 C F = Ff = Fn  40 N = (0.05)Fn  Fn = 800 N 58 C depends on velocity (v = f). Wavelength depends on the string
length (n = 2L/n).
Because the velocity is constant, the force equals Ff
15 A Binding energy is the energy needed to separate a nuclide into
F = Ff = Fn = (0.67)(60 N) = 40 N
59 D protons and neutrons, and visa versa. It is also the energy
16 A More that forces go in the same direction, the greater their sum.
equivalent of the loss in mass.
17 D Fs = kx  10 N = k(0.02 m)  k = 500 N/m
In order for the block to stay put, then Ff = Fg.
18 B F – Ff = ma  50 N – Ff = (4.0 kg)(10 m/s2) = 40 N  Ff = 10 N 60 B
Fn = mg (where Fn = ma)  ma = mg  a = g/
19 C Fg = GMm/r2: When R is doubled, gravity is (½)2 = ¼ as much.
T = 2(m/k)½  T2 = (42/k)m
Since the cart is slowing down, the force of friction, Ff, must be 61 D
20 B In order to double T, the mass is multiplied by 22: 4(2 kg) = 8 kg
greater than the applied force, F, and is directed to the left.
62 A Fc = Fg  mac = GMm/r2  a = GM/R2
21 B Fc = mv2/r = (5.0 kg)(2.0 m/s)2/0.70 m = 29 N
The resonance frequencies are the harmonics, where nodal
E = mc2. The graph of E vs. m would be a straight line with slope 63 C points are ½ apart = 0.05 m  = 0.1 m.
22 A 2
c (y = mx + b). f = v/ = 340 m/s/0.1 m = 3400 Hz
Momentum for inelastic collision: mAvA + mBvB = (mA + mB)v' px = (1.5 kg)(2.0 m/s) = 3 kg•m/s
23 D
mv + 0 = (m + M)v'  v' = mv/(m + M) 64 C py = (4.0 kg)(1.0 m/s) = 4 kg•m/s
24 D J = Ft = mv  F(0.010 s) = (0.15 kg)(-20 m/s)  F = -300 N ptotal = (px2 + py2)½ = (32 + 42)½ = 5 kg•m/s
25 A Us = ½kx2 = ½(80 N/m)(0.3 m)2 = 3.6 J 65 A Ktotal = K1 + K2 = ½(1.5 kg)(2.0 m/s2)2 + ½(4.0 kg)(1.0 m/s2) = 5 J
P = W/t = Ug/t = mgh/t 66 a Photons travel at the speed of light, c, in a vacuum.
26 A
P = (30,000 N)(800 m)/(480 s) = 50,000 W (5.0 x 104 W) The ringing bell can't be heard because it is a mechanical wave,
27 B K = Ug – Wf = mgh – Wf = (40 N)(8.0 m) – 50 J = 270 J 67 a which requires a medium. Light is an electro-magnetic wave,
Amplitude is related to loudness. (Pitch is related to frequency, which can travel through a vacuum.
28 D
but we don't have a perception of speed or wavelength.) 68 c c = f  3 x 108 m/s = f(6 x 10-7 m)  f = 5 x 1014 s-1
29 C W = F||d = (20 N)(cos25o)(4 m) = 73 J 69 b E = hf = (6.63 x 10-34 J•s)(5 x 1014 s-1) = 3.3 x 10-19 J
v = f (picking any point on the graph such as  = 2.0 m 70 c Our eyes perceive energy (frequency) of light as color.
30 B
and f = 2.5 s-1): v = (2.5 s-1)(2.0 m) = 5 m/s The shortest wavelength would have the highest frequency (c =
f/f = v/vw f/1000 Hz = (30 m/s)/(330 m/s)  f = 90 Hz 71 d f) and the greatest energy (E = hf). The colors from low energy
31 D
f' increases by 90 Hz because the source is approaching. to high: red-orange-yellow-green-blue-violet.
Going up from 2.25 m on the x-axis until you intersect the line, The different index of refraction, n, for air and water results in the
32 B
and then going across to the y-axis you get 55 J. 72 d bending of light due to differences in light speed. (water has a
33 C Ug = mgh  55 J = m(9.8 m/s2)(2.25 m)  m = 2.5 kg higher index  slower speed)
34 C The ball's velocity is zero when it reaches its highest point (3 s). The refracted ray is slower in glass compared to air  it bends
35 A The acceleration gravity, which is constant and downward. 73 b
toward normal. The frequency is the same in all medium.
36 A vt = vo + at  0 m/s = vo + (-10 m/s2)(3 s)  vo = 30 m/s The angle of reflection is always equal to the angle of incidence.
F = ma  the box with the greater mass would require a greater 74 a Phase shift occurs when light reflects off of a surface with a
37 B force. (The r and ac are irrelevant because the acceleration is higher index of refraction.
relative to the space station.) n sini = nRsinR (where angles are measured from normal)
38 C K = Ug = mgh  K  d 75 c i
(1.0)sin55 = (1.5)sinR
Total energy is constant where Ko = UH half of the initial K is 76 b v = c/n = (3 x 108 m/s)/1.5 = 2 x 108 m/s
39 B
used to reach ½H. I – IV are characteristics of any wave (mechanical or
Because masses are equal (like two billiard balls), all the velocity 77 a
40 A electromagnetic).
is transferred to the stationary ball ptot = Mv and Ktot = ½Mv2. The index of refraction, n  f. Red light has a lower frequency 
J = Ft = mv. F x t is area under the graph 78 b
it has a greater speed: v = c/n.
41 B Area = ½(2 N)(1 s) + (2 N)(2 s) + ½(2 N)(1 s) = 6 N•s Since one of the slits is partially covered, then the bright bands
6 N•s = (2 kg)v  v = 3 m/s 79 c aren't as bright (less combined light) and the dark bands are not
The mass number (top) and charge number (bottom) are as dark (incomplete cancellation).
42 C
conserved during a nuclear reaction. 22688Ra  22286Rn + 42He The angle of reflection is always the same. The angle of
43 B Tp = Ts  2(L/g)½ = 2(m/k)½  L/g = m/k  L = mg/k 80 a
refraction is larger because nR < ni (nisini = nRsinR)
The direction of motion (tangential) is at right angles to the radial Red light has a lower frequency than green light  less energy
44 A
force  no work is done (W = F||d). 81 d per photon. Since the power is the same, there would have to be
Weight = Fg = GMm/r2. Increasing M would increase Fg, but more red photons per second.
45 D increasing R would decrease Fg, you would have to know their 1/do + 1/di = 1/f
exact values to know the overall effect. 82 a
1/0.30 m + 1/di = 1/0.40 m  di = -1.2 m (to left)
The upper string supports all of the weight. -di is virtual and upright.
46 C 83 c
Fg = mg = (4 kg)(10 m/s2) = 40 N di > do, the image is larger (M = hi/ho = -di/do).
The lower string pulls down on the upper block with a force equal 84 a Work function is an energy quantity: E = hf  = hf and f = /h
47 D to the force of gravity on the lower block.  = 60o, sinC = nR/ni
Fg = mg = (2 kg)(10 m/s2) = 20 N downward 85 c i
sin60o = ½3 = 1/ni  ni = 2/3 = 2/33
The time it takes the sound to go from shore to ship is half the 86 b E = hf  E  f. If E is doubled, then f = 2fo.
48 C
total time (3 s). d = vt = (340 m/s)(3 s) = 1020 m