ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN FROM ALOE (​ALOE VERA) ​IN FABRICATING AN

IMPROVISED AB FIRE EXTINGUISHER

A Research Study Presented to

the Faculty of the Integrated School – High School Department
University of Negros Occidental Recoletos

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for
Practical Research 2 – Grade 12

Kyla Canincia

Aira Klaire Celis

Andrea Klaire Celis

Rosheil Lyla Escobar

Arielle Rose Palao

Ms. Joy Borcelas

October 9, 2018
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

ABSTRACT

Fire is essential to us; we use it almost every day in our daily activities. Fire may be small in the

beginning, but when it keeps on feeding on substances that are highly flammable, it can go out of control

and can devour houses, buildings, forests, infrastructures, and lives. It has been one of the major problems

in the Philippines due to unattended small fires.

Therefore, the researchers decided to make an improvised AB fire extinguisher for small fires using

the alternative saponin from Aloe Aloe vera.

This study tackles how effective is the alternative saponin from Aloe vera in extinguishing fires and

if there a significant difference among the alternative saponin, sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid, and

water in the time consumed in extinguishing the fire of different set-ups: wood, paper, plastic, and liquid

gas.

Thus, the researchers concluded that the extraction of saponin from Aloe (Aloe vera) could

generate an improvised AB fire extinguisher. Aloe vera leaves as an alternative saponin were effective

prior to extinguish fires of different set-ups. Data gathered from this study was treated statistically with

the Mean as a descriptive tool, Duncan’s Multiple Range, and One-way ANOVA.
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We, the researchers, were very satisfied and happy for these people who have partaken in the

success of this research study. Our group would like to thank these people for having profound

participation in this project. Thus, this study will not be possible without the help of these individuals:

Ms. Joy Borcelas for guiding and looking after us throughout this research study. Ms. Rosemarie

Nepangue for assisting us while using the BioChemistry laboratory for our experiment. Mr. Joemar Flores

for helping us in our statistical data analysis. The Biochemistry Laboratory of the University of Negros

Occidental - Recoletos for allowing us to conduct our study with ease and assurance.

Our family and friends for giving us the everlasting strength, guidance, and support all throughout

the process.

Lastly to God Almighty for empowering us and giving us knowledge and wisdom to finish all our

work.
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION1

a. Statement of the problem2

b. Hypothesis3

c. Theoretical Background and Review of Related Literature 4

d. Scope and Limitations 6

e. Definition of Terms 6

Chapter 2. METHODOLOGY

a. Research Design6

b. Variables6

c. Measures6

d. Procedures6

e. Ethical Consideration6

f. Data Analysis6

g. Statistical Treatment6

Chapter 3. RESULTS, DISCUSSIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

a. Results and Discussions6

b. Implications6

Chapter 4. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

a. Conclusions6

b. Recommendations6

References​6

Appendices

a. Appendix A6

b. Appendix B6

Curriculum Vitae​6
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

This can be considered as a useful companion when used wisely and gently, and it can be a

destructive foe when left unused with contact to flammable things, fire. Fire is essential to us; we

use it almost every day in our daily activities. Fire may be small in the beginning, but when it

keeps on feeding on substances that are highly flammable or can be burned easily, it can go out

of control and can devour houses, buildings, forests, infrastructures, and lives. It has been one of

the major problems in the Philippines due to burned candles left unused, short circuits in wirings,

and burned light-weight materials.

Based on the result of the study of the Center of Fire Statistics of the International

Association of Fire and Rescue Services, because of fire incidents the number of deaths was

recorded from 70 000 to 80 000, and the number of injured people ranges from 500 000 to 800

000 at the start of the 21st century. According to the reports of the Bureau of Fire Protection, in

Manila alone, approximately 40% or 271 out of 686 fires happened. These certain incidents
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

caused a lot of casualties to people and establishments affected by it. One of the main causes of

fire incidents are those small fires that are unattended because of the lack of fire extinguishers

that resulted to its growth that brought a high level of destruction to its surroundings. Many

consumers nowadays complain about the high cost of the fire extinguishers due to the reason of

some chemicals use synthesis substance to substitute some chemicals in the fire extinguisher to

lessen its price. As the cost of the fire extinguisher decreases, its effectiveness and quality

degrade.

There are a lot of former deficiencies concerning the generation of fire extinguisher for

putting out fires on mentioned solutions to certain studies. One of which is the health risk factor.

According to the report of Spillman Technologies Inc (2015), many fire safety professionals

simply skip over the topic concerning about using extinguishers as they don’t understand the

conditions, or worse, think they do and give out incorrect information.

Although most understand how the dry chemical extinguishes fire, one safety professional

stated that since extinguishers work by preventing the chemical reaction and not by removing

oxygen, there are no health risks.

Therefore, the researchers decided to make an alternative saponin from Aloe (Aloe vera) to

generate an improvised AB fire extinguisher. Since AFFF fire extinguisher could cause harmful

effects to the environment, foam from alternative saponin could

Statement of the Problem

​The main objective of the study utilizes the extraction of Saponin from the aloe (Aloe vera) in

the fabrication of AB fire extinguisher.

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Specific Research Questions

1. How effective is the ​Aloe vera​ as an alternative saponin in extinguishing the fire of

different set-ups?

2. Is there a significant difference between the alternative saponin and the time consumed

in extinguishing fires of different set-ups?

3. Is there a significant difference among the alternative saponin, sodium bicarbonate and

acetic acid, and water in the time consumed in extinguishing the fire of different

set-ups?

Research Hypotheses

The researchers were able to articulate these following research hypotheses:

​ ill
1. The researchers theorized that the extraction of saponin from the Aloe (​Aloe vera) w

be ineffective as per fabrication of the improvised AB fire extinguisher.

2. There is no significant difference between the alternative saponin to the amount of time

in extinguishing the fire.

3. There is no significant difference between the application of alternative saponin and the

time consumed in extinguishing fires of different set-ups specifically: wood, paper,

plastic, and liquid gas.

4. There is no significant difference among the alternative saponin, sodium bicarbonate

and acetic acid, and water in the time consumed in extinguishing fire of different

set-ups.
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Theoretical Background and Review of related Literature

Fire Cases in the Philippines

The Bureau of Fire Protection records various fire incident in the Philippines. So far in

2018, from January 1 to February 28, there have been 1,758 fire cases, which have injured 108

people and damaged over P1 billion in property. Also, 14,000 fire incidents happened nationwide

in 2017 which destroyed P7.8 billion in capital (ABS-CBN News, 2018).

For 2010-2015, an estimate of 73,731 fire incident happened that damages over billions

of property and according to CNN Philippines, the BFP found some of the top causes of fire

where electrical connections, open flame due to torches, and lighted cigarette butts (CNN

Philippines Staff, 2016).

Types of Fire

According to Marsden Fire Safety (2017), there are six (6) types of fire in general. First is

the Class A fire which involves the solid materials specifically, the woods, papers, plastics, or

textiles. Next is the Class B fire which includes the flammable liquids. Example of these is

petrol, diesel, gasoline, or oils. Class C fire which involves gases. The Class D fire involves

metals. Class E for the electrical apparatus. And lastly, the Class F fire which includes the

cooking oils.

Most Abundant Fire Type Cases in the Philippines

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

A fire has destroyed thousands of livelihoods and lives. The most common causes of fire

are Electrical, Incendiarism (Arson), Open flames, Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), Fireworks,

Spontaneous Ignition, Static electricity, Smoking.

According to the BFP, Faulty Electrical Wiring is a misnomer. This problem is when the

wires are torn or old, overuse of electricity, wires or circuit becomes overloaded with too many

appliances. Incendiarism (Arson) is an illegal burning of property, using certain chemicals,

bombs, etc., and starting to cause a fire. Open Flames are unattended burning candles or

kerosene lamps that are placed near flammable areas and leaving open stove causes fire at home.

Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) are flammable that when not turned off it can cause ignition.

According to the "Most Common Causes of Fire" - BFP CARAGA (n.d.), ethyl mercaptan, an

odorizing agent, was introduced to Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) so that leaks can be detected

easily. Fireworks produce hazardous materials that citizens should know the fire safety

precaution to avoid fire. Spontaneous ignition is the effect of a chemical reaction within the

substance. Static electricity may develop enough energy that can leap as a spark to a less energy

charge (Bureau of Fire Protection Caraga Region XIII, n.d).

Types of Fire Extinguisher

Fire extinguishers are described to put off against small fires which commonly occur in

homes, automobiles, on boats, etc. Many extinguishers commonly available for home use are

more or less effective when used according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Schmidt, n,d.).

There are 8 types of fire extinguisher. The water and foam, carbon dioxide, dry chemical, wet

chemical, clean agent, dry powder, water mist, and cartridge-operated dry chemical extinguisher.
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

The water and foam fire extinguisher has H2O and foam component. The H2O

removes the heat of a fire while the foam removes its oxygen. The carbon dioxide fire

extinguisher also removes the heat because carbon dioxide replaces the fire’s oxygen and, as the

gas, is contained under pressure it creates a cold discharge when release.

The dry fire extinguisher removes the chemical reaction of fire. This extinguisher is the

most used of all fire extinguishers because of its versatility across multiple classes. The wet

chemical extinguisher removes the heat of a fire, and it creates a barrier between oxygen and fuel

so the fire cannot be ignited again.

The wet chemical fire extinguisher is sprayed as a mist, cools the fire’s heat and creating

a blanket effect over the fuel. The clean agent extinguisher also called as Halogenated

extinguishers. This extinguisher includes halon agents and new, less ozone depleting halocarbon

agents. These chemicals are used to extinguish a fire by interrupting its chemical reaction.

The dry powder fire extinguisher works similarly to the dry chemical extinguisher. The

powder separates the fuel from oxygen, but this extinguisher is only used to fight combustible

metal fires. The water mist fire extinguisher only takes away the heat of a fire. The

cartridge-operated dry chemical fire extinguisher interrupts the chemical reaction of the fire. It

also creates a barrier between the oxygen and the fuel. Like the dry chemical extinguishers, it

works well on a variety of fire types. (ePACT, 2017).

AB Fire Extinguisher

Class A fire extinguisher is defined as solid combustible materials that are not metals or

anything else that leaves ash. Monoammonium phosphate is the primary chemical used to get rid
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

of these fires (Brkelectronics.com, n.d.). According to Brendan McSheffrey (2010),

Monoammonium phosphate leaves a sticky residue after use.

Class B fire extinguisher is defined as a liquid state that is on fire. The classification includes

flammable gases and generally involve materials that Boil or Bubble. The monoammonium

phosphate and sodium bicarbonate are the two commonly used chemicals that can help in

fighting these types of fires because mono-ammonium phosphate can also effectively smother

the fire, while sodium bicarbonate induces a chemical reaction which extinguishes the fire,

(Brkelectronics.com, n.d.).

Uses of AB Fire Extinguisher

The uses of Class A is the cause of a fire involving flammable solids such as wood,

paper, cloth, rubber, and many plastics. The type of fire extinguisher labeled for Class A fires is

the Air Pressurized Water (APW) because it contains water which people commonly used to

suppress a fire, the components of this are two-thirds of the container filled with water and

pressurized air in the extinguisher. In class A the fire is extinguished by cooling the surface of

the fuel to remove the heating element of the fire, (Uregina.ca, n.d.)

The Class B fire extinguisher uses the causes of fire involving flammable liquids

including gasoline, petroleum greases, tars, oils, oil-based paints, solvents, alcohols and also

flammable gases such as propane and butane but this type of fire does not include fires involving

cooking oils and grease. The kind of fire extinguisher that is labeled for Class B is CO2 carbon

dioxide fire extinguishers and dry chemical extinguishers. The components of this type is a non -

flammable gas under extreme pressure because they are filled with Carbon Dioxide (CO2), and
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

the BC Dry Chemical Fire extinguishers are filled with sodium bicarbonate or potassium

bicarbonate. In this type according to the source, the fire extinguished when a CO2 extinguisher

puts out fires by displacing oxygen, and it has such high pressure that pieces of dry ice will shoot

from the horn which has a cooling effect on the fire.

AFFF Fire Extinguisher

Aqueous Film Forming Foam or what we call AFFF fire extinguisher includes mixtures

of different chemical substances which will be sufficient for the two common types of fire, the

class A, and B. According to the Australian Government, the chemical elements include

perfluoroalkyl such as PFOA and PFOS, surfactants, solvents, foam stabilizers and corrosion

inhibitors. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are used in various industrial

and consumer products because of their unique chemical properties just like the ability to repel

both water and oil that can prevent ignition.

The first successful aqueous film-forming foam system using fluorochemical surfactants

was developed by the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory in the mid-1960s, as described in U.S.

Pat. No. 3,258,423 (Tuve et al.). These foams manifest abundant development in extinguishing

hydrocarbon fires since they functioned usefully even after the air- containing liquid bubbles had

collapsed. These foams released a thin aqueous film which spread on the fuel surface and was

impermeable to fuel vapors, thereby it prevents reignition of fuel according to ,Stern (n.d.).

Saponin
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Saponin usually occurs in plants with various mostly poisonous glucosides such as

soapwort and soapbark. It is described and known by its unique quality to produce a soapy lather.

(Merriam-Webster Dictionary, n.d) Also, Saponins are naturally occurring diverse

phytochemicals or chemical found in plants that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom.

(Güçlü-Ustündag and Mazza, 2007) Due to its unique chemical structure that can make foam

when mixed with water, just like detergent, it can also bind up with water as well as fats and oils.

(Group, 2016).

Uses of Saponin

Saponin is usually naturally occurring in plant-food like vegetables, herbs, ginseng,

soybeans, peas, and yucca. They are phytochemicals that possess detergent-like qualities that

when mixed with water, it lather. (Kannall, E., n.d) Yucca schidigera and Quillaja Saponaria are

extracted mainly to use for commercial saponins. To produce a stable foam in some beverages,

such as beer, it usually uses saponins from Yucca and Quillaja. Also due to the detergent

qualities of saponins, it leads to their use in shampoos, facial cleansers and cosmetic creams

(Phytochemicals, n.d).

Sodium bicarbonate

Sodium bicarbonate or also called “baking soda” has a chemical formula of NaHCO3. It

is a white alkaline salt that commonly used in baking powders and fire extinguishers (Merriam

Webster Dictionary Online, n.d.). The Sodium Bicarbonate is a monosodium salt of carbonic

acid with alkalinizing and electrolyte replacement properties. Upon dissociation, it forms sodium
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

and bicarbonate ions. The formation of ion increases plasma bicarbonate and buffers excess

hydrogen ion concentration (PubChem, n.d).

Uses of Sodium Bicarbonate

Sodium Bicarbonate has many uses. Sodium bicarbonate is a very effective cleaning

agent because it is non-toxic. It is also used in cooking and baking as a leavening agent. It can be

used as personal hygiene and it is commonly used in mouthwashes due to its anti-caries and

abrasive properties (Ivanovic, Jossip, 2014). It is used to kill pests and can be used to control

fungal growth. In medical bases, it can be used as an antacid. Also, it is used as a component of a

fire extinguisher and for the neutralization of acid and bases (“Sodium Carbonate”, 2017).

Sodium Bicarbonate in Fire Extinguisher

Alkali metal salts, particularly the potassium salt, of gluconic acid or its stereoisomers are

found in dry chemical fire extinguishers. Also, with a small amount of flowing agent and

hydrophobic agent or in combination with other dry chemical extinguisher powders, such as

sodium bicarbonate, ammonium phosphate, and ammonium sulfates. These gluconates are stable

and non-hygroscopic. They also have a high flame extinguishing effect (Gottschall, n.d.). It is

finely ground sodium bicarbonate with small amounts of additives to improve its flow properties.

In 1943, it was found that by the use of more finely powdered material improves the

effectiveness of the fire extinguishers. Firefighters believed that sodium bicarbonate would be

decomposed when heated and liberated enough carbon dioxide to put out the fire. This belief has
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

been the basis upon which the dry-powder method of extinguishment was developed (McCamy,

Shuob, Lee, n.d).

Acetic Acid and its Uses

Vinegar is biologically fermented acid (CH​3​COOH) and water (H​2​O). It is composed of

about 5% acetic acid. Acetic Acid is produced by the fermentation of ethanol. Vinegar has its

strength (PH level) measured by acidity. According to Alleman, there are ten types of vinegar

and these are white vinegar, apple cider vinegar, wine vinegar, balsamic vinegar, rice vinegar,

malt vinegar, cane vinegar, beer vinegar, and raisin vinegar. In relation to the study, cane vinegar

is the best option for formulating fire extinguisher.

Acetic acid and Sodium bicarbonate

According to Wonder Polis Organization (2014), many acids react with carbonates to

produce carbon dioxide, water, and an ionic compound. Mixing sodium bicarbonate with acetic

acid creates two separate reactions. First is acid-base reaction. ​Hydrogen ions in the vinegar react

with the sodium and bicarbonate ions in the baking soda. Decomposition reaction is the second

reaction.

The carbonic acid is very unstable and decomposes spontaneously into water and carbon

dioxide, into gas forming foam.

Aloe vera and its Uses

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

The Aloe vera has been known and used for centuries. It has health, beauty, medicinal

and skin care properties. Aloe vera derives from the Arabic word “Allah” that means “shining

bitter substance,” and “vera” in Latin means “true.” 2000 years ago, the Greek scientists

regarded Aloe vera as the panacea. Egyptians called the Aloe “the plant of immortality.” The

botanical name of Aloe vera is Aloe barbadensis miller. This plant belongs to the Asphodelaceae

(Liliaceae) family. It is a shrubby or arborescent, perennial, xerophytic, succulent, pea- green

color plant. Usually, Aloe Vera grows mainly in regions such as Africa, Asia, Europe, and

America (Laws of Nature Cosmetics, 2018). It has a triangular shape, fleshy leaves with

saw-toothed edges, yellow tubular flowers and fruits that contain many seeds. Its leaves are

composed of three layers. First is the clear inner gel. It contains 99% water, and the rest is made

of glucomannans, amino acids, lipids, sterols, and vitamins. Second is the middle layer of latex

which is the bitter yellow sap. It contains anthraquinones and glycosides. Lastly is the rind. It is

the thick layer of 15–20 cells which has the protective function. It also synthesizes carbohydrates

and proteins. Inside the rind are vascular bundles responsible for the transportation of substances

such as the water which is the xylem and the starch which is the phloem (Surjushe, Vasani,&

Saple, 2008).

Aloe vera has many uses especially when it comes to dermatology. The gel of aloe vera has

been used in modern clinical use. There are reports of successful treatment of X-ray and radium

burns, which led to further experimental studies using laboratory animals in the following

decades (Grindlay, Reynolds, n.d). There are many foods that use Aloe vera. It has been used as

a resource for functional food such as yogurt or for the preparation of health drinks, including tea

(Christaki, Florou-Paneri, 2010).

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Extraction of Saponin from Aloe vera Leaf

Four thermal methods were performed by Xu and Chang (2009) in extracting saponin

from aloe vera leaf. They extracted 0.5 g of Aloe sample and deffated the sample with 10 mL of

petroleum ether by shaking for executive 4 hours. The residues then were extracted by 10mL of

80% aqueous methanol for 4 hours. They measured it for 0.3mL with 8% of vanillin solution

(ethanol) and 0.3mL of sulfuric acid were vortexed for about 5-10 seconds (Sersc.org, 2018).

Ultrasound-assisted Extraction

This extraction of ultrasound creates cavitation bubbles in the sample solvent to alter the

natural quantities of the plant cell wall when the bubbles collapse at rare fraction resulting to a

greater removal yield of compounds that are bioactive (Journalrepository.org, 2018).

Analysis of the saponin solution

According to Sersc.org (2018), the quantitative analysis for the Aloe vera leaf regarding

the initial sugar content would have the value of 0.2%, a pH level of 4.8pH, and has the

temperature of 21.3 degrees Celsius.

Aloe and Saponin

According to Choi (2016) Aloe are chemically composed with saponins, aluin, ligin,

vitamins, and minerals. Approximately 3% of the Aloe vera gel where saponin glycosides are

formed (admin, 2018). Thus, the saponin has the ability to form foam due to the combination of

the water-soluble component and the nonpolar sapogenin content

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Validity of the Solution

A simple method is used in the measuring of the amount of saponins, spectrophotometry

is one of which. ​Also, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) has been used in the separation,

determination, and purification of the saponins in plant extracts (admin, 2018).

Saponin in AB Fire extinguisher

Saponin is used as a stabilizer in an AB Fire Extinguisher (Dunn,1975). When the saponin is

applied, it forms a layer of foam over the burning material which smoothers the flame (Wilhelm,

n.d). The saponin improves the heat resistance of the foam formulation when it applies to the

fire. It can also eliminate to use the non-ionic hydrocarbon surfactant. It can replace the part of

hydrocarbon surfactant. Saponin serves as synergists to the surfactants used in foam

formulations. (Meyer,2000)

Scope and Limitations of the Study

This study generally aims to determine the effectiveness of Aloe vera as an alternative

saponin in the generation of AB fire extinguisher. In which this study obtains an ample amount

of Aloe vera. Thus, the gathering of Aloe leaves was only limited around the residential area of

one of the researchers.

The gathering of raw materials will be collected just around the Libertad, Hernaez St.,

Bacolod City and the conduction of the experiment would be executed at the Chemical

Laboratory of the University of Negros Occidental-Recoletos.

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

The estimated time span of the experimentation from the collection and drying of the

banana peelings, to the extraction of the potassium bicarbonate, up to the application of the

product would range from 15-30 days.

Moreover, limitations that were expected in the data gathering procedures were statistical

procedures in gathering the data. This study was only limited to the extraction of saponin from

the aloe vera as an alternative agent in fabricating AB fire extinguisher.

Significance of the Study

The generation of AB fire extinguisher from the saponin of Aloe ​(Aloe vera) will be of

beneficial to the resident owners, professionals, and future researchers.

Resident Owners. ​The improvised fire extinguisher has a significant benefit on them

regarding cost-effectiveness, for it is budget-friendly, handy and convenient.

Professionals. ​Professionals at the field of fire elimination industry. This could benefit

the professionals for they could seek an alternative and much cheaper way of producing fire

extinguisher.

Future Researchers​. The future researchers will be benefited by enhancing the study

and use it also serve as a guide in their study.

Definition of Terms

Aloe Vera
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

According to Merriam Webster Dictionary, an aloe (Aloe barbadensis synonym

A. vera) whose leaves furnish a gelatinous emollient extract used especially in cosmetics

and skin creams; also: such an extract or a preparation composed primarily of such an

extract. Operationally, Aloe (Aloe Vera) leaves were sliced and laid on the skin to relieve

itch, burns, insect bites, and skin irritations (Ombrello, 2004)

Baking soda

Conceptually, baking soda means a white crystalline powder or NaHCO3 also

called "sodium bicarbonate", sodium hydrogen carbonate, or bicarbonate of soda. Sodium

bicarbonate is also called as an acid salt from the combination of acid which is carbonic

and base which is sodium hydroxide. Thus, reacts with other chemicals as a mild alkali

(Encyclopedia, 2018). Operationally, it is used to make more carbon dioxide together

with vinegar to kill the fire quickly.

Carbon Dioxide

According to Air Products (2009), conceptually Carbon Dioxide is a gas that is

heavier, and it doesn’t burn. Carbon dioxide mixes with water causing the gas to disperse

in water to form carbonic acid, and it can be easily liquefied, handled, solidified, and

stored. Operationally, Carbon dioxide prevents oxygen from fueling the fire, and it does

not leave any residue after extinguishing the fire.

Fermentation

Conceptually, it refers to the metabolic process by which organic molecules are

converted into acids, gases, or alcohol in the absence of oxygen or any electron transport
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

chain (Biology Dictionary, 2014). Operationally, it is a process that consumes sugar in

the absence of oxygen.

Fire extinguisher

According to the Oxford Dictionary, conceptually fire extinguisher is a portable or

wheeled apparatus for putting out small fires by ejecting extinguishing chemicals such as

a jet of water, foam, gas, or other material. Operationally, the fire extinguisher is used as

a medium to generate foamy substance.

Saponin

According to Cornell (2009), Saponins are glycosides with a distinctive foaming

characteristic that forms an emulsion and used as detergents. The ability of saponin to

foam was caused by the combination of the nonpolar sapogenin and the water-soluble

side chain. Operationally, Saponin has a unique chemical quality that can make a stable

foam of carbon dioxide that comes out from the fire extinguisher.

Saponification

According to Helmenstine (2017) conceptually, Saponification is a process in

which triglycerides are reacted with sodium or potassium hydroxide to generate glycerol

and fatty acid salt, called “soap.” Operationally, the researches use saponification for the

chemical to test its effectiveness.

Vinegar

Conceptually, a sour liquid obtained by fermentation of dilute alcoholic liquids

and used as a condiment or preservative (Merriam Dictionary, (2018). Operationally, it is

used to make more carbon dioxide together with baking soda.

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

CHAPTER 2

METHODOLOGY

Materials

The researchers gathered the raw materials just around the Bacolod City. They collected

the ​aloe vera ​leaves from the residential area of one of the researchers. Afterwards, they

gathered: 4 reagent bottles, 1 kg of paper, 1 kg of wood, 1 kg of plastic, 1L liquid gas, 1L pure

ethanol, a 60-cc syringe, a steel scrub and 100 g of sodium bicarbonate (baking soda). The

researchers borrowed the laboratory apparatus in the Biochemistry Lab of the University of

Negros Occidental-Recoletos specifically: One 50 mL beaker, one 150 mL beaker, 500 mL

acetic acid, mortar and pestle, and one 150 mL graduated cylinder.

Procedures

The researchers gathered the materials at their respective places. The ​aloe vera leaves

were gathered, washed with distilled water, and weighed. The researchers then sliced the 2 kg of

aloe vera leaves into thin pieces and dried in the drying oven for 72 hours at 45 ºC (Saniasiaya,

Salim, Mohamad, & Harun, 2017). Afterwards, they immediately collected the dried ​aloe vera,​

​ ere weighed.
and ground into fine powder using mortar and pestle. The powdered ​aloe vera w

About ​42​.08 g were collected from drying and then placed into a 150 mL beaker.

For the extraction of saponin, initially, the researchers took an accurately weighed 20 g of

aloe vera p​ owder, placed into a filter paper, and then into the Soxhlet apparatus. The apparatus

was connected to a reflux condenser, adding 160 mL of 70% aqueous ethanol fixed in a

thermostat boiling-water bath and set the temperature at 90 ºC for 120 min (Wang et al., 2017).
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

The process was done once again and 20 g of ​aloe vera powder were processed. Afterwards, the

solution was evaporated using a rotary evaporator at the temperature of 30 ºC (Saniasiaya, Salim,

Mohamad, & Harun, 2017).

The researchers tested the presence of saponin by shaking 5mL of distilled water mixed

with 5 drops of alternative saponin for 5 mins until a formation of stable foam is formed

(Raphael, 2012). Afterwards, the researchers waited for 20 mins thus, that indicated the presence

of saponins.

The application of the alternative saponin from ​aloe vera were applied to four different

types of materials specifically: wood, paper, plastic, and liquid gas, to three (3) replicates which

different concentration of alternative saponin. Also, the researchers compared the results of

alternative saponin to the results of water, and sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid applied to the

specific amount of burned materials.

For the application of the solution, the researchers combined both 3mL of alternative

saponin and 60mL water, shook for 5 mins. After the foam stabilizes, they transferred the foam

to a 60-cc syringe containing a steel scrub. The researchers extinguished this to a 100 g burning

paper and recorded the time of extinguishing using seconds. They repeated this process three (3)

times to obtain three replicates. Afterwards, another 100 g of wood are being burned and

extinguished using another solution of the alternative saponin but with the same amount as

before. This process was done three (3) times with 100g of wood for each replicate. The

researchers also used another solution of alternative saponin of the same amount to extinguish

burning plastic. The process was also done three (3) times each with 100g. Lastly, they applied
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

another solution of saponin with the same amount to extinguish 100 mL of liquid gas and

repeated three (3) times to attain three replicates.

For the application of water, the researchers filled the 500mL plastic bottle with distilled

water and recorded the time using seconds. They tested the effectivity of water by applying

500mL distilled water to the burning 100g wood, thus, they repeated these three times. They also

applied directly 500mL distilled water to the burning paper of 100g and repeated the process

three (3) times. For the 100g of burning plastic, again, the researchers extinguished it using

500mL distilled water. This process was repeated three times. And lastly, they extinguished the

burning 100mL liquid gas using 500mL, recorded the data, and repeated three (3) times.

For the sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid, initially, the researchers mixed 30 mL

distilled water, 30mL of 5% acetic acid, and 20g of sodium bicarbonate in a plastic bottle. The

researchers then extinguished this solution to a 100mL burning liquid gas, this process was

repeated three (3) times. The researchers also burned 100g of wood and extinguished the fire

using the same amount of sodium bicarbonate, 5% acetic acid, and water and repeated three

times. They also did the same procedure for the burning 100g paper with the same amount and

formula of the solution. Lastly, the 100g of burning plastic were also extinguished using the

same amount of sodium bicarbonate, water, and acetic acid mentioned before. This process was

again repeated for three replicates.

Ethical Consideration

The researchers herewith abide by the code of ethics that relate towards considered

environmental standards. The study follows through the proper disposal of the researchers
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

towards utilized variables in the study. Limitations towards selected subjects will only be under

that scope and will not go beyond further. Usage of Saponin from Aloe vera extractions will

strictly be research-purposive.

Data Gathering

The control group design used in this study was the Static Group design. The time of

extinguishing the fire was measured in seconds. Using the results of three (3) replicates from

four (4) different types of material, the mean of each treatment was gathered and compared.

Statistical Tool

Data gathered from this study was treated statistically with the mean as a descriptive tool

and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at 0.05 level of significance as the statistical tool.

Duncan’s Multiple Range Test or DMRT contains a post hoc test that quantifies the differences

between pairs of measured means (Stephanie, 2018). The researchers used

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Chapter 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS

Results and Discussion

Table 1.
Sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid.
Types of Materials M F df p
Paper 12.27ab 6.824 3 0.013
(0.43) 8
Wood 10.79a
(0.39)
Plastic 11.20a
(0.38)
Liquid Gas 13.46b
(1.42)
Note: the difference in the means is significant when p​<​0.05, means that shares a letter was not significantly different

Analysis of Variance or ANOVA was used to determine the significant difference of time

in Sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid in extinguishing the fires of different types of materials.

There was a significant difference between groups as determined by one-way ANOVA [F (3, 8)

= 6.824, p = 0.013]. Pos Hoc test (Duncan) revealed that the mean of liquid gas (13.46) was

significantly higher than the mean of wood (10.79).

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

In Table 1, it states that in the mixture of sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid: wood and

plastic don’t have a significant difference between each other since they belong to the same

group. While the paper doesn’t have any significant difference among wood, plastic, and liquid

gas since paper belongs either to the wood, plastic, and liquid gas. Lastly, liquid gas has a

significant difference between wood and plastic.

Table 2.
Distilled water.
Types of Materials M F df p
Paper 26.13b 4.296 3 0.044
(3.01) 8
Wood 22.29a
(0.68)
Plastic 22.28a
(0.89)
Liquid Gas 26.30b
(2.01)
Note: the difference in the means is significant when p​<​0.05, means that shares a letter was not significantly different

One-way ANOVA was used to determine the significant difference in distilled water in

extinguishing the fires of different types of materials. There was a significant difference between

the groupings of distilled water as determined by one-way ANOVA [F (3, 8) = 4.296, p = 0.044].

Pos Hoc test (Duncan) revealed that the mean of liquid gas (26.30) was significantly higher than

the mean of plastic (22.28).

Table 2 exhibits that there is no significant difference between paper and liquid gas since

they belong to the same group. While the paper has a significant difference between the groups

of wood and plastic. Moreover, there is a significant difference between the groups of plastic and

liquid gas.
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Table 3.
Alternative Saponin.
Types of Materials M F df p
Paper 8.25a 12.881 3 0.002
(0.59) 8
Wood 13.71b
(2.06)
Plastic 9.48a
(1.05)
Liquid Gas 8.55a
(0.52)
Note: the difference in the means is significant when p ​< ​0.05, means that shares a letter was not significantly different

Analysis of Variance or ANOVA was used to determine the significant difference in the

alternative saponin the time of extinguishing fires of different types of materials. There was

significant difference the groups of alternative saponin as determined by one-way ANOVA [F (3,

8) = 12.881, p = 0.002]. Pos Hoc test (Duncan) revealed that the mean of wood (13.71) was

significantly higher than the mean of paper (8.25).

Implications

Based on the gathered data, the researchers discovered the study as a safer

alternative than commercial fire extinguishers due to its chemical component. The study focuses

on eco-friendly measures through the avoidance of the Purple K; a common chemical present in

commercialized AB fire extinguishers. Cost-efficient and easily accessible materials were used

here, with applying a budget-friendly aspect for the mass. The researchers were able to test how

effective ​Aloe Vera a​ s an alternative Saponin in extinguishing fire of different set-ups with the
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

use of Mean of Variance. After that, the researchers were able to identify the relationship

between amount of alternative saponin to the amount of time in extinguishing the fire.

Through the data gathered, the researchers were able to distinguish the difference among

the alternative saponin, sodium bicarbonate, and acetic acid, and water in the tine consumed in

extinguishing fire in different set-ups. The overall statistical treatment are One Way Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA), Mean of Variance and Duncan were performed. Data gathered from this

study was treated statistically with the mean as descriptive tool and Duncan’s Multiple Range

Test (DMRT) at 0.05 level of significance as the statistical tool. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test

or DMRT contains a post hoc test that quantifies the differences between pairs of measured

means (Stephanie, 2018).

Chapter 4

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

The researchers concluded that the extraction of saponin from Aloe ​(Aloe vera) could

generate an improvised AB fire extinguisher. Aloe vera leaves as an alternative saponin were

effective prior to extinguish fires of different set-ups.

There is a significant difference between the alternative saponin and the time consumed

in extinguishing fires. Using the One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the statistical

difference among the alternative saponin, sodium bicarbonate, and acetic acid, and water in the

time consumed in extinguishing fires of different set-ups were determined. Specifically, in the

mixture of sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid, the mean of liquid gas (13.46) was significantly
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

higher than the mean of wood (10.79) shown in Table 1. For the application of distilled water, it

reveals that the mean of liquid gas (26.30) was significantly higher than the mean of plastic

(22.28). In the tables 3, it shows that the mean of wood (13.71) was significantly higher than the

mean of paper (8.25) in the application of alternative saponin.

Moreover, there is a significant variation or difference between the alternative saponin

and the time consumed in extinguishing fires of different set-ups: wood, paper, plastic, and liquid

gas. The time of extraction was determined depending on the materials used and variables

applied.

Recommendations

Nowadays, fire incidents are very rampant in our society. Many people lost their homes,

stuff, and even their loved ones due to this incident. The researchers discovered that this problem

could be reduced by creating a portable extinguisher that the materials are easy to find,

budget-friendly, and eco-friendly. We, the researchers would give some recommendations to the

people who would benefit in this study.

First, the researchers recommend that the resident owners should try to make this fire

extinguisher for it is easy to create and not hazardous. It was also agreed that this fire

extinguisher does not have any harmful effect on the environment. Next, to the business owners,

the researchers suggest that they should try to manufacture and gain profit from the portable AB

fire extinguishers for it can cause high demands due to its low price and it is nontoxic. For the

government, they should promote advocacy that would help the people to have more knowledge
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

and safety in making and using the fire extinguishers. Lastly, to the future researchers, they

would be able to investigate in expand this study to become reliable and more effective.

REFERENCES

ABS-CBN News. (2018, March 01). In the Know: The top 3 causes of fire in PH. Retrieved from
https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/03/01/18/in-the-know-the-top-3-causes-of-fire-in-ph
admin, V. (2018). ​Aloe Saponins – Amb Bioactives.​ [online] Bioactives.amb-
wellness.com. Available at: ​http://bioactives.amb-wellness.com/2017/03/10/aloe-​saponins/
[Accessed 23 Jul. 2018].
Alleton, C.(1967, October). Fire Extinguishing Powders. Societed​ Etudes Chimiques
Pour llndustrie et IAgriculture.​ 3(23). pp. 13-12.
Group, E. (2016). What are Saponins. Retrieved from
https://www.globalhealingcenter.com/natural-health/what-are-saponins/
Güçlü-Ustündag, O. and Mazza,G. (2007). Saponins: Properties, Applications and
processing. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr.;47:231-58
Journalrepository.org. (2018). [online] Available at:
http://www.journalrepository.org/media/journals/ARRB_32/2014/Sep/Moghimipour532014ARR
B11674_1.pdf [Accessed 23 Jul. 2018].
Kannall, E. (n.d) “What are the benefits of of Saponins?”. Healthy Eating | SF Gate.
Retrieved from ​http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/health-benefits-saponins-9131.html
Kurniawan, F. (2018, January 09). Monitoring Online Arcing Seri Tegangan Rendah Berbasis
Web dengan Analisa Impedansi Saluran. Retrieved October 5, 2018, from
http://repository.its.ac.id/49665/
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Merriam-Webster Dictionary, (n.d) Saponin Definition. Retrieved from

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/saponin
Oleszek W, Bialy Z. Chromatographic determination of plant saponins—an
update (2002–2005). J Chromatogr A. 2006;1112:78–91.
Pytochemicals. (n.d). Facts about Saponins. Retrieved from
www.pytochemicals.info/phytochemicals/saponins.php
Sersc.org. (2018). [online] Available at:
http://www.sersc.org/journals/IJBSBT/vol8_no3/11.pdf [Accessed 22 Jul. 2018].
Sharma V, Paliwal R. Isolation and characterization of saponin from
Moringaoleifera (Moringaeceae) pods. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2013;5(1):179-
183.
Smith, S. (2015, December). Global Fire Extinguisher Market 2015-2019. ​The Business
Saniasiaya, J., Salim, R., Mohamad, I., & Harun, A. (2017, January). Antifungal Effect of
Malaysian Aloe vera Leaf Extract on Selected Fungal Species of Pathogenic Otomycosis
Species in In Vitro Culture Medium. Retrieved September 21, 2018, from
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5187399/ Journals. 27(8). pp. 219-230.
Tuve, R. and Jablonski, E. (1966, September). Method of extinguishing liquid hydrocarbon
fires. ​ IFI CLAIMS Patent Services. 2​ (17) . pp.78-90.
Uematsu Y, Hirata K, Saito K. Spectrophotometric determination of saponin in Yucca
extract used as food additive. J AOAC Int. 2000;83(6):1451-1454.

APPENDIX A

Table 4. One-way ANOVA

Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.

Between Groups 12.828 3 4.276 6.824 .013

Sodium Within Groups 5.013 8 .627

Total 17.841 11

Between Groups 46.260 3 15.420 4.296 .044

Water Within Groups 28.717 8 3.590

Total 74.977 11

Between Groups 57.668 3 19.223 12.881 .002

Saponin
Within Groups 11.939 8 1.492
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Total 69.607 11

Duncan​a

Table 5. Sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid

Types of N Subset for alpha = 0.05

Materials 1 2
Wood 3 10.7933
Plastic 3 11.1967
Paper 3 12.2700 12.2700
Liquid Gas 3 13.4567
Sig. .060 .104
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.

Duncan​a

Table 6. Distilled Water

Types of N Subset for alpha = 0.05

Materials 1 2
Plastic 3 22.2800
Wood 3 22.2933
Paper 3 26.1267

Liquid Gas 3 26.2967

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Sig. .993 .915

Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.

Duncan​a

Table 7. Alternative Saponin

Types of N Subset for alpha = 0.05

Materials 1 2
Paper 3 8.2467
Liquid Gas 3 8.5533
Plastic 3 9.4833
Wood 3 13.7133
Sig. .268 1.000
Means for groups in homogeneous subsets are displayed.
a. Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 3.000.

APPENDIX B

Figure 1. Gathering of ​Aloe vera ​leaves (2kg)

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Figure 2. Cutting the ​Alove vera l​ eaves into thin pieces

Figure 3. Oven drying for 3 days at 45​’​C

Figure 4. Dried ​Aloe vera ​leaves

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Figure 5. Grounded the dried leaves

Figure 6. Total weigh=101.21g (150mL beaker 60g)

Figure 7. Proportioned weigh (21.08g)

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Figure 8. Used the soxhlet apparatus for 120 min at 90​’​C

Figure 9. Rotary evaporator at 30​’​C

Figure 10. Tested for the remaining alcohol

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Figure 11. Tested the presence of saponin

Figure 12. Alternative container for the saponin

Figure 13. Mixture of 60mL water and 3mL alternative saponin

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Figure 14. Burning plastic

Figure 15. Extinguishing the burning plastic using 500mL water

Figure 16. Extinguishing plastics using sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Figure 17. Extinguishing plastics using the alternative saponin

Figure 18. 100g of burning wood

Figure 19. Smothering fire on wood using sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Figure 20. Extinguishing the burning wood using distilled water

Figure 21. Liquid gas

Figure 22. Smothering fire of liquid gas using water

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Figure 23. Extinguishing the burning gas using saponin

Figure 24. 100g of burning paper

Figure 25. Putting out fire of burning paper using water

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Figure 26. Extinguishing fire from burning paper

using sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid

Figure 27. Extinguishing fire of burning papers using

alternative saponin

Appendix B:​ Curriculum Vitae of Researchers

Aira Klaire B. Celis

Barangay Alijis, RPHS DC1, Bacolod City

Contact Number: 09491143491
Email address: ​[email protected]
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Personal Information

Date of Birth: ​April 23, 2000

Place of Birth: ​Bacolod City, Negros Occidental

Age: Female
Sex: 168 cm
Height: 52 kilos
Weight: Single
Civil Status: Roman Catholic
Religion: Filipino
Nationality:
Madee B. Celis
Mother’s Name: July 27, 1962
Mother’s Birthday: 56
Mother’s Age:
Alexander G. Celis
Father’s Name: May 10, 1960
Father’s Birthday: 58
Father’s Age:

18

Personal Information

Secondary Education
University of Negros Occidental – Recoletos
Senior High School
2017-Present

Negros Occidental High School

Junior High School
2013 -2017

Primary Education Education and Training Center School II

Elementary School
2007 - 201

Andrea Klaire B. Celis

ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Barangay Alijis, RPHS DC1, Bacolod City

Contact Number: 09993433266
Email address: ​[email protected]

Personal Information

Date of Birth: ​April 23, 2000

Place of Birth: ​Bacolod City, Negros Occidental

Age: 18
Sex: Female
Height: 165 cm
Weight: 48 kilos
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Nationality: Filipino

Mother’s Name: Madee B. Celis

Mother’s Birthday: July 27, 1962
Mother’s Age: 56

Father’s Name: Alexander G. Celis

Father’s Birthday: May 10, 1960
Father’s Age: 58

Personal Information

Secondary Education
University of Negros Occidental – Recoletos
Senior High School
2017 – present

Negros Occidental High School

Junior High School
2013 -2017

Education and Training Center School II

Primary Education Elementary School
2007 - 2013
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Rosheil Lyla R. Escobar

Cityville, Brgy. Estefania, Fortune Towne, Bacolod City

Contact Number: 09198085980
Email address: ​[email protected]

Personal Information

Date of Birth: ​February 8, 2000

Place of Birth: ​Bacolod City, Negros Occidental

Age: 18
Sex: Female
Height: 149 cm
Weight: 50 kilos
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Nationality: Filipino

Mother’s Name: Sheila R. Escobar

Mother’s Birthday: June 23, 1971
Mother’s Age: 47

Father’s Name: Roly A. Escobar

Father’s Birthday: April 22, 1968
Father’s Age: 50

Personal Information

Secondary Education
University of Negros Occidental – Recoletos
Senior High School

Primary Education
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

2017 – present
St. Scholastica’s Academy - Bacolod
Elementary School
Negros Occidental High School 2007 - 201
Junior High School
2013 -2017

Arielle Rose Palao

Prk. Kabulakan 1 Brgy. Singcang-Airport, Bacolod City

Contact Number: 09283461233
Email address: [email protected]
Personal Information

Date of Birth: ​April 4, 2001

Place of Birth: ​Bacolod City, Negros Occidental

Age: 17
Sex: Female
Height: 152 cm
Weight: 46 kilos
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Roman Catholic
Nationality: Filipino

Mother’s Name: Jeam Rose Palao

Mother’s Birthday: August 16, 1982
Mother’s Age: 36

Father’s Name: Ariel Palao

Father’s Birthday: June 1, 1975
Father’s Age: 43

Personal Information

Secondary Education
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

University of Negros Occidental – Recoletos

Senior High School
2017 – present

Negros Occidental High School

Junior High School
2013 -2017

Primary Education Education and Training Center School I

Elementary School
2007 - 2013

Kyla Jieyn Canincia

Prk. Greenfield, Brgy. Tangub, Bacolod City

Contact Number: 09486711746
Email address: [email protected]
Personal Information

Date of Birth: ​November 1, 2000

Place of Birth: ​Bacolod City, Negros Occidental

Age: 17
Sex: Female
Height: 157.48 cm
Weight: 52 kilos
Civil Status: Single
Religion: Baptist
Nationality: Filipino

Mother’s Name: Emily F. Canincia

Mother’s Birthday: September 7, 1978
Mother’s Age: 40

Father’s Name: Edwin B. Canincia

Father’s Birthday: April 17, 1969
Father’s Age: 49
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN

Personal Information

Secondary Education
University of Negros Occidental – Recoletos
Senior High School

Luisa Medel National High School

Junior High School
2013 -2017

Andres Bonifacio Elementary School-I

Primary Education Elementary School
2010 - 2013

2017- Present

Rodolfo A. Medel Elementary School

Elementary School
2006 - 2013
ALTERNATIVE SAPONIN