EXPERIMENT KIT FOR STUDY OF

SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT

User
Manual
 Table of Contents
1. EXPERIMENT KIT FOR STUDY OF SAMPLE AND HOLD .......................................................................... 4
1.1 Specification .................................................................................................................................. 4
2 IC SPECIFICATION USED IN TRAINER KIT ............................................................................................... 5
2.1 IC DESCRIPTION LM358 ................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 IC DESCRIPTION LM741 ................................................................................................................. 5
3 POWER SECTION ................................................................................................................................... 6
4 SIGNAL GENERATOR SECTION............................................................................................................... 7
4.1 Fault switches................................................................................................................................ 9
5 ACTIVE FILTERS.................................................................................................................................... 10
5.1 Signal construction and reconstruction ...................................................................................... 11
5.1.1 Sampling .............................................................................................................................. 11
5.2 Sample and hold ......................................................................................................................... 12
6 RESET SWITCH ..................................................................................................................................... 13
7 THEORY ............................................................................................................................................... 13
7.1 Sampled Signals Analog signals ................................................................................................... 13
8 ACTIVE FILTER’S................................................................................................................................... 16
8.1 Second Order Low Pass Filter ..................................................................................................... 16
8.2 Fourth Order Low Pass Filter ...................................................................................................... 17
EXPERIMENT 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 19
EXPERIMENT 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 21
EXPERIMENT 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 23
EXPERIMENT 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 24
 LIST OF EXPERIMENT
S.NO EXPERIMENT’S PAGE
NO.
1. Aim: To generate sample signal using sample circuit. 19
2. Aim: To generate sample and hold signal 21
3. Aim: To determine the frequency response of op-amp based 23
second order active Low Pass Filter.
4. Aim: To determine the frequency response of op-amp based 24
fourth order active Low Pass Filter.
 1. EXPERIMENT KIT FOR STUDY OF SAMPLE AND HOLD

Figure1. Signal construction and reconstruction

1.1 Specification
SAMPLE AND HOLD TRAINER KIT containing various basic blocks which provide the multiple functionality
which are discussed below :

 Sampling signal generation block.

 Sample and hold signal generation block.
 For increase and decrease the duty cycle provide two UP and DOWN switch with LED indicator.
 Power supply section which provide two DC voltages +5 Volts and +3.3 Volts.
 Sampling frequency selection block which provide four different frequencies (250Hz, 500 Hz, 1
KHz, 2 KHz, 4 KHz, 8 KHz, 16 KHz, 32 KHz).
 Signal generation block provide two different signals (Sine, triangle) with four different
frequencies 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 1.5 kHz, 2 kHz, 2.5 kHz, 3 kHz, 3.5kHz and 4kHz..
 Two active filter one 2nd order and second 4th order with cut-off frequency 3 kHz.
 Reset switch provide to disable all the signals.
2 IC SPECIFICATION USED IN TRAINER KIT
2.1 IC DESCRIPTION LM358

Figure2. Lm358 ic pin description

Features
1

• Wide Supply Ranges • Differential Input Voltage Range Equal to

– Single Supply: 3 V to 32 V Maximum-Rated Supply Voltage: 32 V
(26 V for LM2904) (26 V for LM2904)
– Dual Supplies: ±1.5 V to ±16 V • Open-Loop Differential Voltage Gain:
(±13 V for LM2904) 100 dB Typical
• Low Supply-Current Drain, Independent of Supply • Internal Frequency Compensation
Voltage: 0.7 mA Typical • On Products Compliant to MIL-PRF-38535,
• Wide Unity Gain Bandwidth: 0.7 MHz All Parameters are Tested Unless Otherwise
• Common-Mode Input Voltage Range Includes Noted. On All Other Products, Production
Ground, Allowing Direct Sensing Near Ground Processing Does Not Necessarily Include Testing
• Low Input Bias and Offset Parameters of All Parameters.
– Input Offset Voltage: 3 mV Typical
A Versions: 2 mV Typical
– Input Offset Current: 2 nA Typical
– Input Bias Current: 20 nA Typical
A Versions: 15 nA Typical

2.2 IC DESCRIPTION LM741

The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers. It is intended for a wide range of
analog applications.
The high gain and wide range of operating voltage provide superior performance in intergrator,
summing amplifier, and general feedback applications.
3 POWER SECTION
 Provide provision to select two different values of DC voltages.

Power Points Amplitude (V) Other terminals

DC +5 GND
DC -5 GND
DC +15 GND
DC -15 GND

Figure3. Power supply

  Check the voltage using calibrated multimeter.

4 SIGNAL GENERATOR SECTION

Figure4. Signal Generator Section

Check all the section of signal generator using calibrated DSO and Variable DC using Multimeter.
 Sine Wave Section
1. Toggle switch (SW1) provide for ON and OFF the sine wave generation.
2. Use amplitude adjuster to regulate the sine wave amplitude.
3. Toggle switch for select eight different frequency.

1st frequency (500 hz) 0 0 0

2nd frequency (1 kHz) 0 0 1
3rd frequency (1.5 kHz) 0 1 0
4th frequency (2 kHz) 0 1 1
5st frequency (2.5 khz) 1 0 0
6nd frequency (3 kHz) 1 0 1
7rd frequency (3.5 kHz) 1 1 0
8th frequency (4 kHz) 1 1 1

 Triangle Wave Section

1. Toggle switch (SW2) provide for ON and OFF the triangle wave generation.
2. Use amplitude adjuster to regulate the triangle wave amplitude.
3. Toggle switch for select eight different frequency.

1st frequency (500 hz) 0 0 0

2nd frequency (1 kHz) 0 0 1
3rd frequency (1.5 kHz) 0 1 0
4th frequency (2 kHz) 0 1 1
5st frequency (2.5 khz) 1 0 0
6nd frequency (3 kHz) 1 0 1
 7rd frequency (3.5 kHz) 1 1 0
8th frequency (4 kHz) 1 1 1

 Square Wave Section

4. Toggle switch (SW2) provide for ON and OFF the triangle wave generation.
5. Use amplitude adjuster to regulate the square wave amplitude.
6. Toggle switch for select eight different frequency.

1st frequency (500 hz) 0 0 0

2nd frequency (1 kHz) 0 0 1
3rd frequency (1.5 kHz) 0 1 0
4th frequency (2 kHz) 0 1 1
5st frequency (2.5 khz) 1 0 0
6nd frequency (3 kHz) 1 0 1
7rd frequency (3.5 kHz) 1 1 0
8th frequency (4 kHz) 1 1 1

 Sampling Frequency

Figure carrier signal generation

Two push and pull switch provide four different frequencies

USING UP SWITCHS
1st 250 Hz
nd
2 500 Hz
rd
3 1 kHz
th
4 2 kHz
th
5 4 KHz
th
6 8 KHz
7th 16 KHz
th
8 32 KHz
 Figure sampling frequency selector

USING DOWN SWITCH

1st 32 kHz
nd
2 16 kHz
rd
3 8 kHz
th
4 4 kHz
th
5 2 KHz
th
6 1 KHz
7th 500 Hz
th
8 250 Hz

 Duty cycle selection switch

Figure Duty Cycle selector

Two switch are provided (UP and DOWN) to increase and decrease the duty cycle (0% to 100%) with LED
indicator.

4.1 Fault switches

Fault switches

Fault switches are provide to interrupt a particular signal

F1 Fault is use to distort the sampled output
F2 Fault is use to distort the sample and hold output
F3 Fault is use to deactivate the carrier input at sample and hold output.

5 ACTIVE FILTERS
Second Order Low Pass Filter
Circuit Diagram

Figure6. 2nd order Butterworth low pass filter

 2nd order low pass butterwort filter with cut-off frequency 3kHZ.
 First check the VCC (8th pin) and ground (4th pin) on the IC connector.
 No other signal should be present.
 Apply the analog input signal at the I/P terminal of a 1V peak to peak voltage.
 I/P voltage can be adjusted by function generator and applied to circuit input.
 Take the output voltage from O/P terminal by using digital DSO or CRO.
 Check the gain of the filter at different frequencies lower than 3 kHz and higher than 3 kHz.
 Check the output signal using calibrated DSO.

Fourth Order Low Pass Filter

Circuit Diagram

Figure7. 4th order Butterworth low pass filter

 4nd order low pass butterwort filter with cut-off frequency 3kHZ.
 First check the VCC (8th pin) and ground (4th pin) on the IC connector.
  No other signal should be present.
 Apply the analog input signal at the I/P terminal of a 1V peak to peak voltage.
 I/P voltage can be adjusted by function generator and applied to circuit input.
 Take the output voltage from O/P terminal by using digital DSO or CRO.
 Check the gain of the filter at different frequencies lower than 3 kHz and higher than 3 kHz.
 Check the output signal using calibrated DSO.

5.1 Signal construction and reconstruction

5.1.1 Sampling

Procedure for signal construction and reconstruction

Figure Sample and hold circuit

1. Connect the analog signal (SIN AND TRIANGLE) from signal generation block terminal TP1 and
TP2 and TP3 to the input of sample circuit at terminal SIGNAL INPUT TP5.
2. Check the analog signal using calibrated DSO.
3. Adjust the frequency using frequency selection switch (SW4, SW5, SW6).
4. Connect the output of SAMPLING FREQUENCY terminal O/P TP4 to the input terminal of
SAMPLE CIRCUIT at terminal CARRIERE SIGNAL TP6.
5. Select the sampling frequency
6. USING UP SWITCHS
1st 250 Hz
nd
2 500 Hz
rd
3 1 kHz
th
4 2 kHz
th
5 4 KHz
th
6 8 KHz
th
7 16 KHz
8th 32 KHz
 USING DOWN SWITCH
1st 32 kHz
nd
2 16 kHz
rd
3 8 kHz
th
4 4 kHz
5th 2 KHz
th
6 1 KHz
th
7 500 Hz
th
8 250 Hz

7. Check the sampling frequency signal using calibrated DSO.

8. Check the sampled output of the sample circuit at terminal SAMPLE O/P using calibrated DSO.
9. Connect the output of the sample circuit at terminal SAMPLE O/P to the input of the
Butterworth filter (2nd or 4th) and check the output using calibrated DSO.
10. For the best performance sampling frequency should be high and massage frequency should be
small, maintain the amplitude else distorted output come out.

5.2 Sample and hold

Figure sample and hold circuit

1. Connect the analog signal (SIN, TRIANGLE) AND DIGITAL from signal generation block terminal
TP1, TP2 and TP3 to the input of sample circuit at terminal SIGNAL INPUT
2. Check the analog signal using calibrated DSO.
3. Adjust the frequency using frequency selection switch (SW4, SW5,SW6)
4. Connect the output of SAMPLING FREQUENCY terminal OUTPUT to the input terminal of
SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT at terminal CARRIERE SIGNAL
5. Select the sampling frequency
USING UP SWITCHS
1st 250 Hz
 2nd 500 Hz
3rd 1 kHz
4th 2 kHz
5th 4 KHz
6th 8 KHz
7th 16 KHz
8th 32 KHz

USING DOWN SWITCH

1st 32 kHz
nd
2 16 kHz
rd
3 8 kHz
4th 4 kHz
th
5 2 KHz
th
6 1 KHz
th
7 500 Hz
th
8 250 Hz
6. Check the sampling frequency signal using calibrated DSO.
7. Check the sampled output of the sample and hold circuit at terminal HOLD OUTPUT using
calibrated DSO.
8. Connect the output of the sample and hold circuit at terminal HOLD OUTPUT to the input of the
Butterworth filter (2nd or 4th) and check the output using calibrated DSO.
9. For the best performance sampling frequency should be high and massage frequency should be
small, maintain the amplitude else distorted output come out.

6 RESET SWITCH
Reset switch is use to deactivate all the signal including signal generator portion, sampling frequency

Figure8. Reset switch

7 THEORY
7.1 Sampled Signals Analog signals
which are the most familiar type of signal, are continuous functions of time in the sense that their
amplitudes are defined explicitly for every instant of time. However, there is another important class of
signals, usually referred to as sampled signals, for which the amplitude is defined (non-zero) only for a
certain discrete instant of time. Fig displays an example of both the analog and a sampled signal.
Sampled signals are used in pulse-modulation communication systems, in sampled data control systems,
and when digital computers are used as part of an analog system.

Examples of: (a) an analog signal; (b) a sampled signal

The process of generating sampled signals, sometimes called pulse-amplitude modulation is illustrated
in Fig The analog input signal, xi(t), is multiplied by the uniform pulse train. xs(t), and the resulting
output signal, xo(t), is non-zero only when xi(t) and xs(t) are both non-zero. The analog signal, xi(t), is
said to have been sampled by the sampling signal, xs(t). An equivalent method of describing the
sampling process is the single-pole, single-throw switch shown in Fig.

Generation of Sampled Signals

Representation of the Sampling Process

Sampling Theorem Sampled signals such as xo(t) in Fig. d are useful only if they contain the same
information as the original signal, xi(t), as shown in Fig.(b). That is to say, xi(t) must be recoverable from
xo(t). The conditions under which such a recovery of the original signal constitute a statement of the
sampling theorem. Briefly these conditions are: 1. - The original signal xi(t) must be a band-width limited
function (i.e., have no frequency components outside the frequency interval [ -fb to + fb ], and 2. - The
frequency of the sampling signal, xs(t), must be greater than 2fb.

Figure Illustration of the sampling theorem

Consider the signal xi(t) shown in Fig.(a), which has a band-width limited spectrum, also shown in Fig.
(a). This signal is sampled by the uniform impulse train, xδs(t), shown in Fig. 4.4 (b). The spectrum of
xδs(t), is itself a uniform impulse train, Xδs(f), in the frequency domain, as is shown in Fig. (b) (from
Fourier analysis). The output signal, xδo(t), is easily found in the time domain, as is illustrated in Fig.(c).
The output spectrum, Xδs(f), is found by the convolution of Xi(f) and Xδs(f). This is due to the fact (from
Fourier analysis) that multiplication in the time domain is equivalent to convolution in the frequency
domain. Thus

When the convolution indicated by eq. (1) is carried out, the output, Xδo(f), shown in Fig. 4.4(c) results.

Inspection of the output spectrum, Xδo(f), shows that the spectrum of the original signal is reproduced
symmetrically about each frequency harmonic of the sampling signal. The original spectrum can be
recovered from Xδo(f), through low-pass filtering, as shown in Fig. 4.5(a). This is true as long as
neighboring replicas of the input spectrum do not overlap. In order to avoid the following conditions
must be met:

1. - The input, Xi(f), must have no frequency components outside the frequency interval, - fb to + fb, and
2. - The sampling frequency, l/Ts , must be greater than or equal to twice the band-limit of the input
signal 2fb.

These two conditions form a restatement of the sampling theorem. A complete block diagram of an
ideal sampling system is shown in Fig.(b).
 Recovery of original signal from sampled signal

8 ACTIVE FILTER’S
Two passive RC combination are connected for the 2nd order active high pass filter, if we
connect only one RC combination than this is called as 1st order high pass filter. Here, Gain of
the filter is defined by the op-amp resistance RA and RB.

8.1 Second Order Low Pass Filter

This second order low pass filter circuit has two RC networks, R1 – C1 and R2 – C2 which give
the filter frequency response properties. The filter design is based around a non-inverting op-amp
configuration so the filters gain:
The normalized frequency response of the second order low pass filter is fixed by the RC
network and is generally identical to that of the first order type. The main difference between a
1st and 2nd order low pass filter is that the stop band roll-off will be twice the 1st order filters at
40dB/decade (12dB/octave) as the operating frequency increases above the cut-off frequency ƒc.
Normalized Low Pass Frequency Response

The frequency response bode plot above, is basically the same as that for a 1st-order filter. The
difference this time is the steepness of the roll-off which is -40dB/decade in the stop band.

8.2 Fourth Order Low Pass Filter

Response of the forth order filter is different from the second order filter in respect of decrease in
gain of the filter after the cut-off frequency is 80dB/Decade so response of the filter is more
approach to the ideal filter.
 EXPERIMENT 1

Aim: To generate sample signal using sample circuit.

Apparatus Required: Signal construction and re-construction Trainer Kit, MultiMate,

Connecting wires, CRO, Function generator.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Diagram on kit
Procedure
1. Connect the analog signal (SIN AND TRIANGLE) from signal generation block terminal TP1 and
TP2 and TP3 to the input of sample circuit at terminal SIGNAL INPUT TP5.
2. Check the analog signal using calibrated DSO.
3. Adjust the frequency using frequency selection switch (SW4, SW5, SW6).
4. Connect the output of SAMPLING FREQUENCY terminal O/P TP4 to the input terminal of
SAMPLE CIRCUIT at terminal CARRIERE SIGNAL TP6.
5. Select the sampling frequency
6. USING UP SWITCHS
1st 250 Hz
nd
2 500 Hz
rd
3 1 kHz
th
4 2 kHz
th
5 4 KHz
th
6 8 KHz
th
7 16 KHz
th
8 32 KHz
USING DOWN SWITCH
1st 32 kHz
nd
2 16 kHz
 3rd 8 kHz
4th 4 kHz
5th 2 KHz
6th 1 KHz
7th 500 Hz
8th 250 Hz

7. Check the sampling frequency signal using calibrated DSO.

8. Check the sampled output of the sample circuit at terminal SAMPLE O/P using calibrated DSO.
9. Connect the output of the sample circuit at terminal SAMPLE O/P to the input of the
Butterworth filter (2nd or 4th) and check the output using calibrated DSO.
10. For the best performance sampling frequency should be high and massage frequency should be
small, maintain the amplitude else distorted output come out.

Result-
Generate of sample signal using sample circuit is verified.
Precautions
1. Connections should be verified.
2. DSO and CRO should be calibrated.
3. Test probes should be connected properly.
 EXPERIMENT 2

Aim: To generate sample and hold signal.

Apparatus Required: Sample and hold Trainer Kit, MultiMate, Connecting wires, CRO,
Function generator.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Diagram on kit
Procedure
1. Connect the analog signal (SIN, TRIANGLE) AND DIGITAL from signal generation block terminal
TP1, TP2 and TP3 to the input of sample circuit at terminal SIGNAL INPUT
2. Check the analog signal using calibrated DSO.
3. Adjust the frequency using frequency selection switch (SW4, SW5,SW6)
4. Connect the output of SAMPLING FREQUENCY terminal OUTPUT to the input terminal of
SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT at terminal CARRIERE SIGNAL
5. Select the sampling frequency
USING UP SWITCHS
1st 250 Hz
nd
2 500 Hz
rd
3 1 kHz
th
4 2 kHz
th
5 4 KHz
th
6 8 KHz
th
7 16 KHz
th
8 32 KHz

USING DOWN SWITCH

1st 32 kHz
 2nd 16 kHz
rd
3 8 kHz
th
4 4 kHz
th
5 2 KHz
th
6 1 KHz
7th 500 Hz
th
8 250 Hz
6. Check the sampling frequency signal using calibrated DSO.
7. Check the sampled output of the sample and hold circuit at terminal HOLD OUTPUT using
calibrated DSO.
8. Connect the output of the sample and hold circuit at terminal HOLD OUTPUT to the input of the
Butterworth filter (2nd or 4th) and check the output using calibrated DSO.
9. For the best performance sampling frequency should be high and massage frequency should be
small, maintain the amplitude else distorted output come out.

Result-
Generation of sample and hold signal is verified.

Precautions
1. Connections should be verified.
2. DSO and CRO should be calibrated.
3. Test probes should be connected properly.
 EXPERIMENT 3

Aim: To determine the frequency response of op-amp based second order active Low Pass Filter.

Apparatus Required: Sample and hold Trainer Kit, MultiMate, Connecting wires, CRO,
Function generator.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Diagram on kit
Procedure
• Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
• Check the VCC (+5 V) at pin 8 and ground at pin 7 of the op-amp .
• Apply the analog input signal at the I/P terminal of a defined peak to peak voltage.
• I/P voltage can be adjusted by function generator and applied to circuit input. Take the
output voltage from O/P terminal by using digital DSO or CRO.
• Check the gain of the filter at different frequencies lower than cut-off frequency and
higher than cut-off frequencies.

Result-
Plot the graph frequency versus gain of the filter.

Precautions
1. Connections should be verified.
2. DSO and CRO should be calibrated.
3. Test probes should be connected properly.
 EXPERIMENT 4

Aim: To determine the frequency response of op-amp based fourth order active Low Pass Filter.

Apparatus Required: Sample and Hold Trainer Kit, MultiMate, Connecting wires, CRO,
Function generator.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Diagram on kit
Procedure
• Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
• Check the VCC (+5 V) at pin 8 and ground at pin 7 of the op-amp .
• Apply the analog input signal at the I/P terminal of a defined peak to peak voltage.
• I/P voltage can be adjusted by function generator and applied to circuit input. Take the
output voltage from O/P terminal by using digital DSO or CRO.
• Check the gain of the filter at different frequencies lower than cut-off frequency and
higher than cut-off frequencies.

Result
Plot the graph frequency versus gain of the filter.

Precautions
1. Connections should be verified.
2. DSO and CRO should be calibrated.
3. Test probes should be connected properly.