Experiment Kit For Study of Sample and Hold Circuit: User Manual
Experiment Kit For Study of Sample and Hold Circuit: User Manual
User
Manual
Table of Contents
1. EXPERIMENT KIT FOR STUDY OF SAMPLE AND HOLD .......................................................................... 4
1.1 Specification .................................................................................................................................. 4
2 IC SPECIFICATION USED IN TRAINER KIT ............................................................................................... 5
2.1 IC DESCRIPTION LM358 ................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 IC DESCRIPTION LM741 ................................................................................................................. 5
3 POWER SECTION ................................................................................................................................... 6
4 SIGNAL GENERATOR SECTION............................................................................................................... 7
4.1 Fault switches................................................................................................................................ 9
5 ACTIVE FILTERS.................................................................................................................................... 10
5.1 Signal construction and reconstruction ...................................................................................... 11
5.1.1 Sampling .............................................................................................................................. 11
5.2 Sample and hold ......................................................................................................................... 12
6 RESET SWITCH ..................................................................................................................................... 13
7 THEORY ............................................................................................................................................... 13
7.1 Sampled Signals Analog signals ................................................................................................... 13
8 ACTIVE FILTER’S................................................................................................................................... 16
8.1 Second Order Low Pass Filter ..................................................................................................... 16
8.2 Fourth Order Low Pass Filter ...................................................................................................... 17
EXPERIMENT 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 19
EXPERIMENT 2 ........................................................................................................................................ 21
EXPERIMENT 3 ........................................................................................................................................ 23
EXPERIMENT 4 ........................................................................................................................................ 24
LIST OF EXPERIMENT
S.NO EXPERIMENT’S PAGE
NO.
1. Aim: To generate sample signal using sample circuit. 19
2. Aim: To generate sample and hold signal 21
3. Aim: To determine the frequency response of op-amp based 23
second order active Low Pass Filter.
4. Aim: To determine the frequency response of op-amp based 24
fourth order active Low Pass Filter.
1. EXPERIMENT KIT FOR STUDY OF SAMPLE AND HOLD
1.1 Specification
SAMPLE AND HOLD TRAINER KIT containing various basic blocks which provide the multiple functionality
which are discussed below :
Features
1
The LM741 series are general purpose operational amplifiers. It is intended for a wide range of
analog applications.
The high gain and wide range of operating voltage provide superior performance in intergrator,
summing amplifier, and general feedback applications.
3 POWER SECTION
Provide provision to select two different values of DC voltages.
Sampling Frequency
Two switch are provided (UP and DOWN) to increase and decrease the duty cycle (0% to 100%) with LED
indicator.
Fault switches
5 ACTIVE FILTERS
Second Order Low Pass Filter
Circuit Diagram
2nd order low pass butterwort filter with cut-off frequency 3kHZ.
First check the VCC (8th pin) and ground (4th pin) on the IC connector.
No other signal should be present.
Apply the analog input signal at the I/P terminal of a 1V peak to peak voltage.
I/P voltage can be adjusted by function generator and applied to circuit input.
Take the output voltage from O/P terminal by using digital DSO or CRO.
Check the gain of the filter at different frequencies lower than 3 kHz and higher than 3 kHz.
Check the output signal using calibrated DSO.
4nd order low pass butterwort filter with cut-off frequency 3kHZ.
First check the VCC (8th pin) and ground (4th pin) on the IC connector.
No other signal should be present.
Apply the analog input signal at the I/P terminal of a 1V peak to peak voltage.
I/P voltage can be adjusted by function generator and applied to circuit input.
Take the output voltage from O/P terminal by using digital DSO or CRO.
Check the gain of the filter at different frequencies lower than 3 kHz and higher than 3 kHz.
Check the output signal using calibrated DSO.
5.1.1 Sampling
1. Connect the analog signal (SIN AND TRIANGLE) from signal generation block terminal TP1 and
TP2 and TP3 to the input of sample circuit at terminal SIGNAL INPUT TP5.
2. Check the analog signal using calibrated DSO.
3. Adjust the frequency using frequency selection switch (SW4, SW5, SW6).
4. Connect the output of SAMPLING FREQUENCY terminal O/P TP4 to the input terminal of
SAMPLE CIRCUIT at terminal CARRIERE SIGNAL TP6.
5. Select the sampling frequency
6. USING UP SWITCHS
1st 250 Hz
nd
2 500 Hz
rd
3 1 kHz
th
4 2 kHz
th
5 4 KHz
th
6 8 KHz
th
7 16 KHz
8th 32 KHz
USING DOWN SWITCH
1st 32 kHz
nd
2 16 kHz
rd
3 8 kHz
th
4 4 kHz
5th 2 KHz
th
6 1 KHz
th
7 500 Hz
th
8 250 Hz
1. Connect the analog signal (SIN, TRIANGLE) AND DIGITAL from signal generation block terminal
TP1, TP2 and TP3 to the input of sample circuit at terminal SIGNAL INPUT
2. Check the analog signal using calibrated DSO.
3. Adjust the frequency using frequency selection switch (SW4, SW5,SW6)
4. Connect the output of SAMPLING FREQUENCY terminal OUTPUT to the input terminal of
SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT at terminal CARRIERE SIGNAL
5. Select the sampling frequency
USING UP SWITCHS
1st 250 Hz
2nd 500 Hz
3rd 1 kHz
4th 2 kHz
5th 4 KHz
6th 8 KHz
7th 16 KHz
8th 32 KHz
6 RESET SWITCH
Reset switch is use to deactivate all the signal including signal generator portion, sampling frequency
7 THEORY
7.1 Sampled Signals Analog signals
which are the most familiar type of signal, are continuous functions of time in the sense that their
amplitudes are defined explicitly for every instant of time. However, there is another important class of
signals, usually referred to as sampled signals, for which the amplitude is defined (non-zero) only for a
certain discrete instant of time. Fig displays an example of both the analog and a sampled signal.
Sampled signals are used in pulse-modulation communication systems, in sampled data control systems,
and when digital computers are used as part of an analog system.
The process of generating sampled signals, sometimes called pulse-amplitude modulation is illustrated
in Fig The analog input signal, xi(t), is multiplied by the uniform pulse train. xs(t), and the resulting
output signal, xo(t), is non-zero only when xi(t) and xs(t) are both non-zero. The analog signal, xi(t), is
said to have been sampled by the sampling signal, xs(t). An equivalent method of describing the
sampling process is the single-pole, single-throw switch shown in Fig.
Sampling Theorem Sampled signals such as xo(t) in Fig. d are useful only if they contain the same
information as the original signal, xi(t), as shown in Fig.(b). That is to say, xi(t) must be recoverable from
xo(t). The conditions under which such a recovery of the original signal constitute a statement of the
sampling theorem. Briefly these conditions are: 1. - The original signal xi(t) must be a band-width limited
function (i.e., have no frequency components outside the frequency interval [ -fb to + fb ], and 2. - The
frequency of the sampling signal, xs(t), must be greater than 2fb.
Consider the signal xi(t) shown in Fig.(a), which has a band-width limited spectrum, also shown in Fig.
(a). This signal is sampled by the uniform impulse train, xδs(t), shown in Fig. 4.4 (b). The spectrum of
xδs(t), is itself a uniform impulse train, Xδs(f), in the frequency domain, as is shown in Fig. (b) (from
Fourier analysis). The output signal, xδo(t), is easily found in the time domain, as is illustrated in Fig.(c).
The output spectrum, Xδs(f), is found by the convolution of Xi(f) and Xδs(f). This is due to the fact (from
Fourier analysis) that multiplication in the time domain is equivalent to convolution in the frequency
domain. Thus
When the convolution indicated by eq. (1) is carried out, the output, Xδo(f), shown in Fig. 4.4(c) results.
Inspection of the output spectrum, Xδo(f), shows that the spectrum of the original signal is reproduced
symmetrically about each frequency harmonic of the sampling signal. The original spectrum can be
recovered from Xδo(f), through low-pass filtering, as shown in Fig. 4.5(a). This is true as long as
neighboring replicas of the input spectrum do not overlap. In order to avoid the following conditions
must be met:
1. - The input, Xi(f), must have no frequency components outside the frequency interval, - fb to + fb, and
2. - The sampling frequency, l/Ts , must be greater than or equal to twice the band-limit of the input
signal 2fb.
These two conditions form a restatement of the sampling theorem. A complete block diagram of an
ideal sampling system is shown in Fig.(b).
Recovery of original signal from sampled signal
8 ACTIVE FILTER’S
Two passive RC combination are connected for the 2nd order active high pass filter, if we
connect only one RC combination than this is called as 1st order high pass filter. Here, Gain of
the filter is defined by the op-amp resistance RA and RB.
This second order low pass filter circuit has two RC networks, R1 – C1 and R2 – C2 which give
the filter frequency response properties. The filter design is based around a non-inverting op-amp
configuration so the filters gain:
The normalized frequency response of the second order low pass filter is fixed by the RC
network and is generally identical to that of the first order type. The main difference between a
1st and 2nd order low pass filter is that the stop band roll-off will be twice the 1st order filters at
40dB/decade (12dB/octave) as the operating frequency increases above the cut-off frequency ƒc.
Normalized Low Pass Frequency Response
The frequency response bode plot above, is basically the same as that for a 1st-order filter. The
difference this time is the steepness of the roll-off which is -40dB/decade in the stop band.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Diagram on kit
Procedure
1. Connect the analog signal (SIN AND TRIANGLE) from signal generation block terminal TP1 and
TP2 and TP3 to the input of sample circuit at terminal SIGNAL INPUT TP5.
2. Check the analog signal using calibrated DSO.
3. Adjust the frequency using frequency selection switch (SW4, SW5, SW6).
4. Connect the output of SAMPLING FREQUENCY terminal O/P TP4 to the input terminal of
SAMPLE CIRCUIT at terminal CARRIERE SIGNAL TP6.
5. Select the sampling frequency
6. USING UP SWITCHS
1st 250 Hz
nd
2 500 Hz
rd
3 1 kHz
th
4 2 kHz
th
5 4 KHz
th
6 8 KHz
th
7 16 KHz
th
8 32 KHz
USING DOWN SWITCH
1st 32 kHz
nd
2 16 kHz
3rd 8 kHz
4th 4 kHz
5th 2 KHz
6th 1 KHz
7th 500 Hz
8th 250 Hz
Result-
Generate of sample signal using sample circuit is verified.
Precautions
1. Connections should be verified.
2. DSO and CRO should be calibrated.
3. Test probes should be connected properly.
EXPERIMENT 2
Apparatus Required: Sample and hold Trainer Kit, MultiMate, Connecting wires, CRO,
Function generator.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Diagram on kit
Procedure
1. Connect the analog signal (SIN, TRIANGLE) AND DIGITAL from signal generation block terminal
TP1, TP2 and TP3 to the input of sample circuit at terminal SIGNAL INPUT
2. Check the analog signal using calibrated DSO.
3. Adjust the frequency using frequency selection switch (SW4, SW5,SW6)
4. Connect the output of SAMPLING FREQUENCY terminal OUTPUT to the input terminal of
SAMPLE AND HOLD CIRCUIT at terminal CARRIERE SIGNAL
5. Select the sampling frequency
USING UP SWITCHS
1st 250 Hz
nd
2 500 Hz
rd
3 1 kHz
th
4 2 kHz
th
5 4 KHz
th
6 8 KHz
th
7 16 KHz
th
8 32 KHz
Result-
Generation of sample and hold signal is verified.
Precautions
1. Connections should be verified.
2. DSO and CRO should be calibrated.
3. Test probes should be connected properly.
EXPERIMENT 3
Aim: To determine the frequency response of op-amp based second order active Low Pass Filter.
Apparatus Required: Sample and hold Trainer Kit, MultiMate, Connecting wires, CRO,
Function generator.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Diagram on kit
Procedure
• Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
• Check the VCC (+5 V) at pin 8 and ground at pin 7 of the op-amp .
• Apply the analog input signal at the I/P terminal of a defined peak to peak voltage.
• I/P voltage can be adjusted by function generator and applied to circuit input. Take the
output voltage from O/P terminal by using digital DSO or CRO.
• Check the gain of the filter at different frequencies lower than cut-off frequency and
higher than cut-off frequencies.
Result-
Plot the graph frequency versus gain of the filter.
Precautions
1. Connections should be verified.
2. DSO and CRO should be calibrated.
3. Test probes should be connected properly.
EXPERIMENT 4
Aim: To determine the frequency response of op-amp based fourth order active Low Pass Filter.
Apparatus Required: Sample and Hold Trainer Kit, MultiMate, Connecting wires, CRO,
Function generator.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Diagram on kit
Procedure
• Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
• Check the VCC (+5 V) at pin 8 and ground at pin 7 of the op-amp .
• Apply the analog input signal at the I/P terminal of a defined peak to peak voltage.
• I/P voltage can be adjusted by function generator and applied to circuit input. Take the
output voltage from O/P terminal by using digital DSO or CRO.
• Check the gain of the filter at different frequencies lower than cut-off frequency and
higher than cut-off frequencies.
Result
Plot the graph frequency versus gain of the filter.
Precautions
1. Connections should be verified.
2. DSO and CRO should be calibrated.
3. Test probes should be connected properly.