SCHOOL OF

ENGINEERING
AND TECHNOLOGY

FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY

LABORATORY
18ME33L

LAB MANUAL
By
Dr. Beemkumar N

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

School of Engineering & Technology
Jain University, Jakkasandra Post
Kanakapura, Karnataka – 562112
 VISION & MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

VISION

Imparting quality education towards interdisciplinary research and innovation in

Mechanical Engineering which provides professional ethics and entrepreneurial
success through sustainable development.

MISSION

➢ Empower student knowledge in basic and applied areas of Mechanical

Engineering.

➢ Creating Centers of Excellence to provide students with opportunities to

strengthen their leadership, entrepreneurial skills and research proficiency

➢ Strengthening collaboration with industries, research organizations and

institutes for internship, joint research and consultancy.

➢ Imbibing social and Professional ethics in students and staff through

personality development programs

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 1

 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS

• The purpose of this laboratory is to reinforce and enhance your understanding of the
fundamentals of Fluid mechanics and Hydraulic machines. The experiments here are
designed to demonstrate the applications of the basic fluid mechanics principles and to
provide a more intuitive and physical understanding of the theory. The main objective
is to introduce a variety of classical experimental and diagnostic techniques, and the
principles behind these techniques.
• This laboratory exercise also provides practice in making engineering judgments,
estimates and assessing the reliability of your measurements, skills which are very
important in all engineering disciplines.
• Read the lab manual and any background material needed before you come to the lab.
You must be prepared for your experiments before coming to the lab. In many cases
you may have to go back to your fluid mechanics textbooks to review the principles
dealt with in the experiment.
• Actively participate in class and don’t hesitate to ask questions. Utilize the teaching
assistants. You should be well prepared before coming to the laboratory, unannounced
questions may be asked at any time during the lab.
• Carelessness in personal conduct or in handling equipment may result in serious injury
to the individual or the equipment. Do not run near moving machinery.
• Always be on the alert for strange sounds. Guard against entangling clothes in moving
parts of machinery.
• Students must follow the proper dress code inside the laboratory. Long hair should be
tied back.
• Calculator, graph sheets and drawing accessories are mandatory. In performing the
experiments, proceed carefully to minimize any water spills, especially on the electric
circuits and wire.
• Make your workplace clean before leaving the laboratory. Maintain silence, order and
discipline inside the lab.
• Mobile phones are not allowed inside the laboratory.
• Any injury no matter how small must be reported to the instructor immediately.
• Wish you a nice experience in this lab!

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 2

 SYLLABUS

18ME33L - FLUID MECHANICS & MACHINERY LAB

Prerequisite: Student should have a basic knowledge of fluid mechanics
COURSE LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
The aim of this course is to:-
• To provide practical knowledge in verification of principles of fluid flow.
• To impart knowledge in measuring pressure, discharge and velocity of fluid flow.
• To understand major and minor losses.
• To gain knowledge in performance testing of hydraulic turbines and hydraulic pumps at
constant speed and Head.
PART-A (Individual Activity)
Experiment 1: Verification of Bernoulli’s theorem and draw the HGL, TEL.
Experiment 2: Determination of the Coefficient of discharge of Venturi meter and Orifice meter.
Experiment 3: Determination of the Darcy’s friction factor in various diameters of pipes.
Experiment 4: Determination of the minor losses (Different Valve connections, Sudden Expansion, Sudden
Contraction, Bends, joints) in various pipe fittings.
Experiment 5: Determination of the coefficient of impact of Jet on given Vanes.
PART-B (Group Activity)
Experiment 6: Determination of the overall efficiency of Pelton wheel Turbine at constant speed and
constant head.
Experiment 7: Determination of the overall efficiency of Francis Turbine at constant speed and
constant head.
Experiment 8: Determination the overall efficiency of Kaplan Turbine at constant speed and
constant head
Experiment 9: Determination the overall efficiency of Single Stage Centrifugal pump at constant speed
and constant head
Experiment 10: Determination the overall efficiency of Reciprocating pump at Constant Speed and
constant head
Experiment 11: Determination of the overall efficiency of air blower at constant speed.
Experiment 12: Determination the overall efficiency of multistage centrifugal pump at constant Speed.
TEXT BOOK:
• Fluid Mechanics and Fluid Power Engineering- D.S. Kumar- S.K.Kataria & Sons
REFERENCE BOOK:
• Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines-R.K. Rajput-S.Chand & Co.
• Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines-R.K. Bansal- Laxmi Publications.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
On successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:-
CO1: Estimate the friction and measure the frictional losses in fluid flow and also predict the efficiency
of flow measuring devices.
CO2: Predict the coefficient of discharge for flow through pipes and evaluate the
efficiencies/performance of the turbines.
SCHEME OF EVALUATION (100 marks)
Continuous Internal Evaluation [CIE] (maximum 70 marks)
• Twelve experiments will be carried out each carrying 100 marks.
• Two Lab test will be carried out carrying 100 marks each.
• 1400 marks will be converted to 70 marks.
Semester End Examination [SEE] (maximum 30 marks)
• One end semester examination carrying 100 marks will be conducted and it will be converted
to 30 marks.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 3

 SAMPLE CONTINUOUS ASSESSMENT (CA) SHEET
School of Engineering and Technology
Jain Global Campus, Jakkasandra Post, Kanakapura Taluk, Ramanagaram DistrictPin Code: 562 112
DE P A RT M E NT O F M E C HA N I CAL E NG I N E E RI NG
CO NT I NU O U S AS S E S S M E N T [ C A] F O R L AB O R AT O RY / P R A CT I CAL CL AS S E S
NAME OF THE STUDENT : SESSION: July 2019 – Dec 2019
USN: SUBJECT: Fluid Mechanics & Machinery LAB

SEMESTER: III SECTION: A BATCH: 2018 -2022 SUBJECT CODE: 18ME33L

Total of Initials of the

Date of Sign. of the
Sl. No Name of the Experiment A[20] B[40] C[15] D[15] E[10] A to E teacher in
Conduction Student
Max : 100 charge
1 Determination of coefficient of discharge of Venturi and Orifice meter
2 Determination of the Darcy’s friction factor in various diameter of pipes
3 Determination of Minor losses in various pipe fittings
4 Determination of the coefficient of impact of Jet on given vanes
Determination of the overall efficiency of Pelton wheel turbine at constant speed &
5 head
6 Determination of the overall efficiency of Francis turbine at constant speed & head
7 Determination of the overall efficiency of Kaplan turbine at constant speed & head
8 Determination of the overall efficiency of single stage Centrifugal pump at constant
speed & head of the overall efficiency of Reciprocating pump at constant speed &
Determination
9
head
10 Determination of the overall efficiency of Air blower at constant speed
Determination of the overall efficiency of multi-stage centrifugal pump at constant
11 speed & head
12 Verification of Bernoulli’s theorem and draw HGL, TEL
Max marks 1200[a] 1.
1200[a]+ lab test1 100+ lab test2 100=1400[b] 2.
Reduce [b] to 70 marks[c] 3.
Final Internal exam 100 marks reduced to 30 marks[d] 4.
Final CA 100 = [c] + [d] 5.
{A:Procedure [20], B: Conduction [40], C: Calculation, results and graphs [15], D: Viva/Oral[15], E: Record writing[10], a:70% of day- to- day evaluation, b:30% of end term internal exam.}.

Signature of the Faculty in-charge Signature of the HOD

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 4

 Experiment No.: 1

CALIBRATION OF VENTURI METER AND ORIFICE METER

Aim:
To determine the coefficient of discharge of venturi meter and orifice meter.
Apparatus:
A pipe provided with inlet and outlet and pressure tapping and venturi in between them,
Differential u-tube manometer, collecting tank, stopwatch, scale, A pipe provided with inlet
and outlet and pressure tapping and Orifice in between them.
Theory:
Venturi, the Italian engineer, discovered in 1791 that a pressure difference related
the rate of flow could be created in pipe by deliberately reducing its area of cross-section.
Venturi meter continues to be the best and most precise instrument for measurement of
all types of fluid flow in pipes. The meter consists of a short length of gradual convergence,
throat and a longer length of gradual divergence. The semi-angle of convergence is 8 to 10
degrees and the semi-angle of divergence is 3 to 5 degrees. By measuring the difference in
fluid pressure at inlet section and throat section, the flow rate can be obtained from
Bernoulli's equation.
An orifice plate is a thin plate with a hole in it, which is usually placed in a pipe. When
a fluid passes through the orifice, its pressure builds up slightly upstream of the orifice, but
as the fluid is forced to converge to pass through the hole, the velocity increases and the
fluid pressure decreases. A little downstream of the orifice the flow reaches its point of
maximum convergence, after that, the flow expands, the velocity falls and the pressure
increases. By measuring the difference in fluid pressure across tapping’s upstream and
downstream of the plate, the flow rate can be obtained by the application of Bernoulli's
equation (1)
Thus, for a fluid,
𝑃 𝑉2
+ 2𝑔 + 𝑧 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (1)
𝜌𝑔
𝑃
= pressure energy.
𝜌𝑔

𝑉2
= kinetic energy.
2𝑔

𝑧 = potential energy.
Bernoulli’s equation is applied in all problems of incompressible flow wherever energy
considerations are involved.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 5

Procedure:
• The pipe is selected for conducting venturi meter experiment.

• The motor is switched on, as a result water will flow.

• According to the flow, the manometer fluid level fluctuates in the U-tube manometer
• The reading of H1 and H2 are noted
• The time taken for 10 cm rise of water in the collecting tank is noted
• The experiment is repeated for various flow in the same pipe
• The co-efficient of discharge is calculated
• The same procedure is followed for conducting orifice experiment

Fig.1

Fig.2 Venturimeter

Fig.3 Orifice meter

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 6

Tabular Column:
VENTURI METER:
S. Manometric Time taken Theoretical Actual Coefficient
NO head for 10 cm raise Discharge Discharge of
of water in (Qt) m3/sec (Qa) discharge
h1 h2 Δh hw tank (t), sec m3/sec Cd = Qa/Qt
m of water

ORIFICE METER:
S. Manometric Time taken Theoretical Actual Coefficient
NO head for 10 cm raise Discharge Discharge of
of water in (Qt) m3/sec (Qa) discharge
h1 h2 Δh hw tank (t), sec m3/sec Cd = Qa/Qt
m of water

Calculations:

t = Time taken for 10 cm raise of water in tank

h1= Manometric head in first limb in m
h2 = Manometric head in second limb in m
hw = Difference in head in m of water
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦
hw = ∆ℎ × ( − 1)
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

d1 = diameter of the pipe in m

d2 = diameter of the throat/orifice in m
a1 = C.S area of the pipe in m2

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 7

a2 = C.S area of the pipe in m2
𝑎1 𝑎2 √2𝑔ℎ𝑤
Theoretical discharge, Qt =
√𝑎12 −𝑎22

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘

Actual discharge, Qa = 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 10 𝑐𝑚 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒

𝑄
Coefficient of discharge, Cd = 𝑄𝑎
𝑡

Results & Inference:

Coefficient of discharge for Venturi meter =

Coefficient of discharge for Orifice meter =

Graphs:
1. Qa v/s Qt
2. Cd v/s Qt

Viva Questions:

1.Compare the merits and demerits of venturimeter with orifice meter.

2.Why Cd value is high in venturimeter than orifice meter?

3. What is continuity equation?

4. Write Bernoulli’s equation?
5. Give formula for experimental discharge?
6. Derive expression for theoretical discharge?

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 8

 Experiment No.: 2

FRICTION LOSS IN PIPES

Aim:
To find the Darcy’s friction factor in various diameters of pipes.

Apparatus:
Pipes of different diameters and materials, U-tube manometer, stop watch, stop valves etc.

Theory:
When a fluid is flowing through a pipe, fluid experiences resistance due to which some of the
energy is lost. They are classified into two kinds.
1.Major losses: These are due to friction in pipes which can be found by using Darcy-
Weisbach equation and Chezy’s formula.
2.Minor losses: These are due to sudden expansion or contraction in pipe diameter,bend in pipe
etc.

Darcy-Weisbach formula
The loss of head due to friction in pipes is calculated by using the formula
4𝑓𝐿𝑉 2
ℎ𝑓 = 2𝑔𝐷

Where,
L – length of pipe
V- velocity of flow
D – diameter of pipe
𝑓 = coefficient of friction which is a function of Reynold’s number.
16
𝑓 = 𝑅𝑒 if Re < 2000 (viscous flow)

0.079
𝑓 = (𝑅𝑒)1⁄4 if Re > 4000 to 106

𝜌𝑉𝐷
𝑅e = 𝜇

𝜌 = density of fluid
V = Velocity of fluid in pipe
𝜇 = Dynamic viscosity of fluid
Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 9
 Fig.1 Experimental setup
Procedure:
• Measure the distance between tapings and the diameter of the pipe. Connect the
pressure tapings to the U-tube manometer and expel any air trapped in the systems.
• Adjust the flow control valve to give the maximum possible flow through the pipe.
• Note down the differences in mercury levels in the manometric levels.
• Collect the water discharging from the pipes in the measuring tank and note the time
taken for 10 cm rise.
• Repeat the procedure for the different diameters of the pipe.

Tabular column
Sl. Dia. of Length Manometer Time Rotameter Qact Velocity f Re
No pipe of pipe Reading for 10 Flow rate (ltrs /min) of flow
‘d’ ‘l’ ∆ℎ = hf cm rise (ltrs /min) ‘V’
(m) (m) h1-h2 in tank (m/s)
(sec)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 10

Calculations:

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘

1. Actual discharge, Qact = m3/s
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 10 𝑐𝑚 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒

= --------------- m³/s
Qact
2. Velocity, V = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑖𝑝𝑒

+ --------------- m/s
2𝑔𝐷ℎ𝑓
3. Friction factor, 𝑓 = 4𝐿𝑉 2

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦

where hf = ∆ℎ × ( − 1)
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Results & Inference:

Graphs:
f v/s Re

Viva Questions:

1. Write down Darcy -weisback's equation.

2. What is the difference between friction factor and coefficient of friction?

3. What do you mean by major energy loss?

4. List down the type of minor energy losses.

5. What is area of wetted perimeter?

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 11

 Experiment No.: 3
MINOR LOSSES IN PIPES

Aim:
To determine the coefficient of minor losses (Different Valve connections, Sudden
Expansion, Sudden Contraction, Bends, joints) in various pipe fittings.

Apparatus: Pipe fittings setup, micrometer valve.

Theory:
There are many situations where the cross-section area of a pipe increase or decrease
suddenly. Let us consider a situation of sudden enlargement on a pipeline. The fluid
particles flowing through contour of pipe (smaller diameter) suddenly fluid that they have
a large area to flow and start having random motion. This results in the formation of the so
called stagnation region which is full of eddies and a loss of energy occurs. It has been
observed that the cross section only after the fluid particles have traveled a short distance
downstream at the expansion.

Let us consider the flow through a pipe bend. Since the fluid is flowing through a curved
path, there must be a force acting radially inwards to provide the required inward
acceleration. Therefore, the pressure increases near the outer wall at the bend reaching its
maximum at B. similarly there is a reduction in pressure near the inner wall. The centrifugal
force on fluid particles near the walls of the pipe and this unbalanced condition leads to
secondary flow.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 12

Procedure:
• The valves are checked if they are completely closed.
• The motor is switched on.
• The first pipe that contains gate valve, non-return valve and wheel valve is
opened.
• The valve across the gate valve are opened and the manometer readings are
taken.
• The time taken for 10 cm rise of measuring tank is found.
• The procedure is repeated for different valves in the pipe.
• The valve on the first pipe is closed and the second pipe valve is opened.
• The second pipe contains enlargement , contraction, coyote and collar.
• The third pipe contains 90° long bend, 45° elbow, 45° long bend, 90° elbow.
• The manometer for each fitting is noted.
• CB, CC, CE values are calculated.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 13

Tabular column
Type of fitting Manometer Time Q act Velocity Velocity V²/2g CB CC CE
reading for 10 small of large
h1 h2 Diff cm pipe pipe
cm rise (m/s)
cm cm
‘sec’

1.Gate valve
2.Non return
valve
3.ball valve

5.Enlargement
6.Contraction
7.Union
8.Nipple
9.L-bend
10.V-bend
11.U-bend
12.elbow

Calculations:
1). Area of cross section, a1= П d1² / 4
2). Area of cross section, a2 = П d2² / 4
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘
3). Discharge Q = m3/s
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 10 𝑐𝑚 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒
4). Velocity, V = 𝑄/ 𝑎1
5). CB = hB x 2g
V²
6). CC= hC x 2g
V²
7). CE= hEx 2g
(V1-V2)2

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 14

Results & Inference:

Graphs:
CB v/s Q

Viva Questions:

1. What are the minor losses? Under what circumstances will they be negligible?
2. What is entrance loss? Give the approximate values of loss coefficient for different types
of pipe entrances?
3. What are the causes of loss of energy in pipe bends?
4. What are the effects of formation of vena-contracts at the entrance to a pipe? How it can be
accounted for?
5. What do you mean by ‘WATER HAMMER’ in pipes? Hence deduce the effect of gradual
and instantaneous closure of a valve.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 15

 Experiment No.: 4

IMPACT OF JET ON VANES

Aim:
To determine coefficient of impact of jet on vanes.
Apparatus:
Nozzle, Flat plate, an arrangement to measure force of jet, Measuring tank, stop watch etc...
Theory:
A jet of fluid emerging from a nozzle has some velocity and hence it possesses a certain amount
of kinetic energy. If the jet strikes an obstruction placed in its path, it will exert force on
obstruction. This impressed force is known as impact of jet and it is designated as
hydrodynamic force, in order to distinguish it from the force due to hydrostatic pressure. since
a dynamic force is exerted by virtue of fluid motion, it always involves a change of momentum,
unlike a force due to hydrostatic pressure that implies no motion.
Consider a jet of water coming out of nozzle as shown,

1. Force exerted on flat vane (Fx):-

Fx =rate of change of momentum.
Fx = ρav [v-0] = ρav²

2. Force exerted on inclined vane:-

θ = angle between jet and plate.
Fn = ρav [vsinθ-0] =ρav² sinθ
But Fx = Fn sinθ = ρav² sin²θ

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 16

3.Force exerted on semi circular vane (Fx):-
Fx = ρav² [1- cos 180]
Fx = 2 ρav²
Where, V =velocity of jet
d =diameter of jet
a =area of cross section
a = π*d²/4
Procedure:
• The given vane is fixed in the measurement such that there is no obstruction.
• Once the jet strikes there is an arrangement which measures the force that is exerted.
• Before switching on the jet, the arrangement to measure force is adjusted such that there
is no zero error.
• For a particular reading, the pressure reading is increased by increments of 0.5.
• Finally the given readings are tabulated.

Tabular column:
Sl.No Type Discharge Velocity Fact Fth Coefficient of
of vane (lit/min) (m/sec) N impact
kgf N Ci

Calculations:
Diameter of jet = ------------ m
Area of jet = ------------ m²
Ci = Fact / Fth

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 17

Results & Inference:

Viva Questions:

1. What is an expression for impact of jet on fixed flat plate?

2. What is an expression for impact of jet on moveable flat plate?
3. What is an expression for impact of jet on fixed inclined plate?
4. What is an expression for impact of jet on fixed curved plate?
5. Define the terms impact of jet and jet propulsion?

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 18

 Experiment No.: 5

PELTON WHEEL

Aim:
To determine the overall efficiency of the Pelton wheel under constant speed and under the
constant head.

Apparatus required:
Energy meter, speed indicator, pelton wheel, nozzle, nozzle spear, sump, multistage centrifugal
pump, bulbs, pressure indicators, stop clock etc.

Theory:
The hydraulic machines which convert the hydraulic energy (generally pressure/ kinetic
energy) into mechanical energy (rotation of runner shaft) are called turbines. This mechanical
energy is used in running an electrical generator which is directly coupled to the shaft of
turbine. According to the type of energy at inlet
a) impulse turbine
b) reaction turbine.
The pelton wheel or pelton turbine is a tangential flow impulse turbine. The water strikes the
bucket along the tangent of the runner.the energy available at the inlet of the turbine is only
kinetic energy. The pressure at the inlet and the outlet of the turbine is atmospheric pressure.
This is generally used for high heads.
Casing: casing is fabricated from MS Plates with integral base is provided.
Runner: Runner is made of steel and machined precisely and fixed to horizontal shaft. The
bucket resembles to a hemispherical cup with a dividing wall in its center in the radial direction
of the runner. The buckets are arranged uniformly on the periphery of the runner. The compact
assembly Nickel plated to prevent corrosion and to have a smooth finish.
Nozzle Assembly: Nozzle assembly consist essentially of a spear, a hand wheel and the input
pipe. The water from the supply pump is made to pass through the nozzle before it enters the
turbine. Shaft is made of stainless-steel and carries the runner and brake drum.
Brake arrangement: Brake arrangement consist of machined and polished brake drum,
cooling water pipes internal water scoop, discharge pipe spring balance, discharge pipe,spring
balance, belt arrangement supporting stand.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 19

Base frame: Base frame is made is made of MS channel for sturdy construction and it is an
integral part of the casing.

Procedure:
• switch on the motor and supply water through the pump to the turbine.
• Proceed the experiment for constant head, set the head for a particular valve in the
pressure gauge by operating the control valve.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 20

 • Apply a load on the generator by operating a number of switches to light the bulbs. Start
with two switches. If the head changes it is adjusted to the same valve by operating the
discharge valve.
• Note down the speed of the turbine, head over the notch and time for 5 rev of the energy
meter.
• Repeat the experiment for different head valves.
• Follow the same procedure by keeping the speed of the turbine constant for varying
head and discharge valves.

Calculations:
8 𝜃
1) Discharge, Q = 15 𝐶𝑑 √2𝑔 tan ( 2) ℎ5⁄2

θ = 60o
2) Hydraulic Input power = ρ g Q H / 1000 kW
3) Output power = 3600 x n / (k x t) kW
Where k= energy meter constant = 1500
t= time taken for n revolutions
Electric power output
4) Power developed by the turbine = η of alternator

where η of alternator= 0.75

Power developed by the turbine x 1000
5) ηt =
Hydraulic Input power

6) Nu = N / H1/2
7) Qu = Q / H1/2
8) Pu = P / H3/2

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 21

 Tabular column
a) Constant head
Sl Pressure Load Total head ‘h’ over Discharge Time for I/P O/P ηt N P Unit Qtys
no P (kg/cm²) H V-notch Q (m³/s) 5 rev of Power Power rpm kW
V I (cm) EM disc Nu Qu Pu
(volts) (amps) (sec)

b) Constant speed
Sl Pressure Load Total head ‘h’ over Discharge Time for I/P O/P ηt N P Unit Qtys
no P (kg/cm²) H V-notch Q (m³/s) 5 rev of Power Power rpm kW
V I (cm) EM disc Nu Qu Pu
(volts) (amps) (sec)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 22

 Results & Inference:

Graphs: Qu v/s Nu
Pu v/s Nu
ηt V/S Nu
ηt V/S Qu

Viva Questions:

1. What are main components of Pelton turbine?

2. Draw velocity diagrams (at inlet and outlet) for Pelton blade
3. Why is Pelton turbine suitable for high heads?
4. What is the function of spear mechanism?
5. What is the normal range of specific speed of a Pelton turbine
6. What are the characteristics of Pelton wheel? What are their uses?
7. After the nozzle water has atmospheric pressure through out, then why is a casing provided
to the wheel?
8. Why not Pelton wheels are suitable for low heads?
9. What are the methods available to govern the turbine?

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 23

 Experiment No.: 6

FRANCIS TURBINE

Aim:
To determine the overall efficiency of Francis turbine at constant speed and constant head.
Apparatus:
Multistage centrifugal pump, turbine unit, Set up tank, Notch tank arrangement, Stop watch
etc.
Theory: In a Francis turbine, water enters the runner at its outer periphery and flows out
axially at its centre. Such an arrangement provides a large discharge area with given diameter
of runner. Fraction of the available head of water is converted into kinetic energy and the
balance as pressure energy as the water enters the runner. The runner rotates because of reaction
pressure caused by the pressure difference at the runner entry and exit.

Procedure:
1) The gate of the turbine is opened and the runner is started. This allows the turbine to
pick up speed.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 24

 2) The turbine is loaded electrically and various parameters such as suction and delivery
pressure. Various parameters are noted down.
3) Voltage and current values are also noted.
4) Above steps are performed for different loads.
Tabular Column:

Gate Head of turbine Turbine Height Voltage Current Discharge Time for 5 rev of Head H
opening Speed over V I(A) (m3/s) energy meter
Pd Pv (rpm) notch h (volts)
(kg/m3) (Hg)
Half

Full

Input Power Electrical B.P. (kW) T Unit speed Unit Specific

kW output (Nu) power (Pu) speed (Ns)
power
(kW)

Half

Full

Calculations:
𝑃𝑣
1) Total head Ht = 10(Pd +760 )

2
2) Discharge Q = 3 Cd LH3/2 √2𝑔

𝑄𝑔𝐻
3) Hydraulic Input power P = 1000

4) BP = Electrical output / η of the generator

η of the generator = 0.75

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 25

 5) ηt = BP/ Hydraulic input

6) Output power = 3600 x n / k x t

Results & Inference:

Graphs: Qu v/s Nu
Pu v/s Nu
ηt V/S Nu
ηt V/S Qu

Viva Questions:
1. What is the function of draft tube?
2. What is the function of guide vanes?
3. Differentiate between inward and outward flow reaction turbine.
4. What is the difference between Francis turbine and Modern Francis turbine?
5. What is mixed flow reaction turbine? Give an example.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 26

 Experiment No.: 7

KAPLAN TURBINE

Aim:
To Determine the overall efficiency of Kaplan Turbine at constant speed and constant head.

Apparatus:
Kaplan turbine, Centrifugal pump, electric starter, pressure indicator, energy meter, alternator,
vacuum pressure gauge, water manometer.

Theory:
A Kaplan turbine is a propeller turbine. It is an axial flow, reaction turbine. It is suitable for a
low head and high discharge. The fluid flow is parallel to the axis of the shaft as shown in the
figure. This is mainly used for large quantities of water and for very low heads (4-7m) for
which the specific speed is high. At the exit of the Kaplan Turbine the draft tube is connected
to discharge water to the tail race. The main components of Kaplan Turbine are

• Scroll casing
• Guide vane mechanism
• Hub with vanes
• Draft Tube

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 27

Procedure :

1. Gate is opened and runner starts. This allows the turbine to pickup speed.
2. Water is made to strike vanes.
3. The gate is opened fully and the load on the generator is noted down.
4. Time taken for 5 revolutions of energy meter is obtained.
5. Head over notch is varied by 0.5 cm

Tabular column
Head of turbine Load on Time
Actual
Head Generator for
Turbine Dischar Total
Sl. Over 5 rev.
speed ge Head
No. Pd Pv Notch Of
(rpm) V I Qact. H(m)
(kg/m2) (Hg) (cm) energy
(m3/s)
Meter

Hydraulic Electrical Brake ηT Unit quantities Specific

Output Output Power speed
Power Power (kW) Speed discharge power
(kW) (kW)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 28

Calculations:

1) Total Head H=(Pd+(Pv/760)) x 10 m

2) Discharge over rectangular notch ‘Q’= 2/3 Cd√(2g).L.h3/2 m3/s

Where, L = Notch length = 0.5m

h = Head over rectangular notch

3) Hydraulic Input power = ρgQH/1000 kW

Where, Q = Discharge over notch

H = Total head.

4) Electrical output power = 3600 x n/ k x t kW

Where, n = 5 rev of energy meter
k = 1500 rev/KWH
t = time for n revolutions of energy meter.

5) Hydraulic Output power (BP) = Electrical output power / Efficiency of the generator
(Assume efficiency of the generator = 0.75)

6) Efficiency of turbine, ηT = Hydraulic output power/ Hydraulic input power

7)Unit Speed Nu= N/H1/2

8) Unit Discharge Qu = Q/H1/2

9) Unit Power Pu = P/H3/2

Results & Inference:

Graphs:
Qu v/s Nu
Pu v/s Nu
ηt V/S Nu
ηt V/S Qu

Viva Questions:
1. What are suitable conditions for erection of Kaplan turbine
2. Why is the number of blades of Kaplan turbine restricted to 4 to 6?
3. Is this turbine axial flow or mixed flow?
4. Port load efficiency of Kaplan turbine is high, why?
5. What is the minimum pressure that can be maintained at the exit of the reaction
turbine?

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 29

 Experiment No.: 8
SINGLE STAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Aim:
To determine the pump efficiency and the overall efficiency of the given single stage
centrifugal pump.

Apparatus:
1. Single stage Centrifugal pump with an electric motor drive(constant speed).
2. Pipe work system with all necessary control valves.
3. Vacuum and pressure gauges on pump suction and discharge connections.
4. Water meter and stop watch to measure the flow rate.
5. An energy meter to measure the input power to the motor.

Theory:
A pump is a device to convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy. Centrifugal pump is
so named because the pressure head is generated by centrifugal action. It consists of an impeller
rotating within a casing. The impeller is made up of a number of curved vanes which are
supported on both sides by plates known as shrouds. Fluid enters the impeller in a central
position called eye, flows radially outwards and gets discharged around the entire
circumference of the casing. Centrifugal pumps are not self priming and must be primed to
initiate pumping action. These are used to transfer large volumes of fluids at relatively low
pressure.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 30

Procedure:-
Prime the pump first. Switch on the motor with the discharge valve fully closed. Keep
the speed steady and increase the flow rate in stages by means of a flow control of a flow
control valve. For each valve position record the following readings.
1. Vacuum gauge reading.
2. Pressure gauge reading.
3. Rise of water level R in the measuring tank for certain period of time T sec.
4.Time taken t in sec for n revolutions of the energy meter graphs. The performance of pump
at constant speed may be represented by the following 3 relationships.

i) Total head H against discharge Q.

ii) Input power against discharge Q.

iii) Efficiency (%) against discharge Q.

These relationships plotted in graph form are known as the performance characteristic curves.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 31

 Tabular Column

Sl Speed of Delevery Vaccum pressure Total t1 t2 Spring balance

no Pump(rpm), Pressure,(Pd) Pv Head rise for time for 5 force
Np (in Kg/cm2) (in mm of Hg) (m) water rev. of
( sec) energy
meter kgf N

(sec)
1.
2.
3.
4.

Torque(T) Actual Electrical Shaft Output Pump Overall

F×r Discharge Input Power Power Efficiency Efficiency
(Nm) (m3/s) Power (kW) (kW) ηp ηo
(I/P)
(kW)

Calculations:
1. Total Head = (Pd + Pv / 760 ) x 10.3 m.
2. Torque = force in N x radius of shaft ‘N-m’

3. Qact = Area of collecting tank x height / time (t1)

4. Electrical Input power = n × 3600 / (k t2)

Where k=energy meter constant
(1500 rev / kwhr)
t2=time for 5 rev of energy meter (n=5)
5. Shaft power = 2 Π Np T /(60 × 1000)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 32

 6. Output power of the pump = ρ g Q H / 1000 Kw

7. Pump efficiency = output power x 100

shaft power

8. Overall Efficiency = Output power of the pump x 100

Electrical Input power

Results & Inference:

Graphs: 1. H v/s Qact

2. ηo v/s Qact

Viva Questions:

1.Define pump.
2.How pumps are classified?
3.Differentiate pump and turbine.
4.Define Rotodynamic pump.
5.Define Positive displacement pump.
6.Differentiate between Rotodynamic and positive displacement pump.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 33

 Experiment No.: 9

RECIPROCATING PUMP
Aim:
To determine efficiency of the Reciprocating pump at constant speed and head.
Apparatus:
Reciprocating test Rig, Pressure gauges at the inlet and delivery pipes, Energy meter to measure the input
electrical energy, stopwatch, Tachometer.
Theory:
Reciprocating pumps are positive displacement pump as a definite volume of liquid is
trapped in a chamber which is alternatively filled from the inlet and emptied at a higher pressure
through the discharge. The fluid enters a pumping chamber through an inlet and is pushed out
through outlet valve by the action of piston. They are either single acting independent suction
and delivery strokes or double acting suction and delivery both the directions. Reciprocating
pumps are self-priming pumps and are suitable for very high head at low flows. They deliver
reliable discharge flows and is often used for metering duties because of constancy of flow
rate.

Procedure:

1.Keep the delivery valve open and switch on pump slowly close the delivery valve and maintain a constant head.

2.Note the delivery and suction pressure gauge reading.

3.Note the time for 10 revolutions of Energy meter.

4.Note the time for 10cm rise in water level in collecting tank.

5. Note the speed of the pump. 5.Repeat the test for 4 other different head.

Tabular Column:

Sl. Pressure Vacuum Time for Time for Speed Discharge Input Output η (% )
gauge gauge 3 rev of 10 cm NP (Q) Power Power
No. reading reading Energy rise in Rpm m3/sec Pi, kW Po, kW
Pd mm of meter collecting
(kg/cm2) Hg (Ps) (te)sec tank
(t)sec

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 34

Calculations:

Stroke length of the pump (L) =

Bore (d) =

Piston area (a) =

Area of the collecting tank (A) =

NP = speed of mortar in rpm

𝑄𝑡 −𝑄𝑎
To find the percentage of slip = × 100
𝑄𝑡

2𝑙𝑎𝑁𝑃
𝑄𝑡 = Theoretical discharge = m3/s
60

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘

𝑄𝑎 =Actual discharge = m3/s
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 10 𝑐𝑚 𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒

To find the overall efficiency of the pump = Po / Pi

360∗𝑁
Input power Pi = kW
𝐸∗𝑇

N = Number of blinks of energy meter disc

E = Energy meter constant = 1600 (rev / Kw hr)

T = time taken for ‘Nr’ revolutions (seconds)

Output power Po = (𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻)/(1000) kW

H = suction head (Hs) + delivery Head (Hd) + Datum Head

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 35

Results & Inference:

Graphs:
1. Actual discharge Vs Total head
2. Actual discharge Vs Efficiency
3. Actual discharge Vs Input power
4. Actual discharge Vs Output power

Viva Questions:
1. Mention the parts of reciprocating pump.

2. What is the function of air vessel?

3. What is slip of reciprocating pump?

4. What is negative slip?

5. What is the condition for occurrence of negative slip?

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 36

 Experiment No.:10

AIR BLOWER

Aim:
To study the performance of a single stage air blower & obtain its performance characteristics.

Apparatus:
Air blower (consists of impeller, vanes, casing), Manometer, Venturimeter and Thermometer.

Theory:
Power absorbing turbomachines are used to handle compressible fluids like air, gases
etc. They can be classified as fans, blowers and compressors. These machines produce the
head(pressure) at the expense of mechanical input. The pressure in centrifugal machines is
purely due to the centrifugal effect.
A blower may consist of one or more stages of compression with its rotors mounted on
a hub. The air is compressed with its rotors mounted on a hub. The air is compressed through
a series of successive stages and is passed through a diffuser located near the exit to recover
pressure energy.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 37

 Procedure

1. The air blower is started with the valve completely open.

2. A load of 1kg is applied on the air compressor by turning the valve.
3. The readings from the manometers & the thermometers are noted.
4. Calculations are to be done to find out the value of input and output power & hence the
efficiency of the blower.
5. The load is increased in steps of 0.5kg & various readings are taken from the
manometers and thermometers.

Tabular column

Sl Suction Delivery Inlet Outlet Manometer Vol of air O/p I/P W ηo

no head head (Hd) temp(t1) temp(t2) reading Discharged power power (kg)
(Hs) °C °C (Hhg) (m³/s) (kW) (kW)
L R L R L R

Calculations:

1.Total head= (Hs+Hd) x ρwater / ρair metres

2. Volume of air discharged, Qa = k*√hair where k=0.021

3. Output power = ρair x (Hs+Hd) x Qa x g) /1000 kW

h(air)= ρhg/ ρair x hhg/100 metres

4. Input power= [(WN/2000) x ηt x (735/1000)] kW

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 38

 where ηt =0.75
5. Overall efficiency = (Output power) /(Input power)

Results & Inference:

Graphs:
1. ηo vs h(air)
2. ηo vs Qa

Viva Questions:
1. Differentiate the blower and compressor.

2. Mention major applications of air blower.

3. Whether air is compressible fluid. If so, give the valid reasons.

4. Differentiate the behavior of gas and liquid with respect to temperature.

5. List out the various pressure scale for atmospheric air.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 39

 Experiment No.: 11

MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Aim:
To determine efficiency of the multistage centrifugal pump at constant speed and head.
Apparatus:
Energy meter, tachometer, flow measuring device.
Theory:
To develop a high head, a number of impellers are mounted in series or on same shaft as
shown in fig. the water from suction pipe enters the first impeller at inlet. This water is
discharged with increased pressure at outlet. Then the water with increased pressure enters
the inlet of the second impeller. At the outlet of the second impeller, the pressure of the
water is increased further than in the outlet of first impeller.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 40

 Procedure:
1. The pump is switched on.
2. The delivery pressure is set at a constant of 3 kg/cm².
3. The corresponding suction pressure and speed is noted down.
4. Time for 5 revolutions of energy meter is taken down.
5. The time for 20cm rise of water is noted down.
6. The readings are tabulated as shown.
7. Repeat the experiment for different values of delivery pressure.

Tabular column

Sl Speed of Delevery Pressure,(Pd) Vaccum Total Time for

no Pump (in Kg/cm2) pressure Head rise of
(rpm)Np Stage1 Stage2 Stage3 Stage4 Diff Pv (m) water
(4-1) (in mm level t1
of Hg) (sec)
1.
2.
3.

Time for Force Torque(T) Actual Input Shaft Output mechanical Overall
5 rev. of F×r Discharge Power Power Power Efficiency Efficiency
meter t2 kgf N (Nm) (m3/s) (kW) (kW ) (kW) ηmech ηoverall
(sec)

Calculations:
1. Total Head H = (Pd + Pv / 760 ) 10 m
2. Torque = force in N x radius of shaft ‘N-m’
3. Qact = Area of collecting tank x height
Time
4.Electrical Input power = n × 3600 / (k t2)
Where k=energy meter constant=1500 rev / kwhr

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 41

 t2=time for 5 rev of energy meter
5.Shaft power = 2 Π Np T /(60 × 1000)

6. Output power of the pump = ρ g Q H / 1000 Kw

7. Pump efficiency ‘ηpump’ = output power x 100
shaft power

8. Overall Efficiency, η overall = Output power of the pump x 100

Electrical Input power

Results & Inference:

Graphs: 1. H v/s Qact

2. ηo v/s Qact
3. O/p v/s Qact

Viva Questions:

1.Give examples for Positive displacement pump

2.Mention the parts of centrifugal pump.
3.Mention the type of casing used in centrifugal pump.
4.Why the foot valve is fitted with strainer?
5.Why the foot valve is a non return type valve?
6.Differentiate between volute casing and vortex casing.

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 42

 Experiment No.: 12

BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
Aim:
To verify the Bernoulli’s theorem.

Apparatus:
A supply tank of water, a tapered inclined pipe fitted with no. of piezometer tubes point,
measuring tank, scale, and stop watch.

Theory:
Bernoulli’s theorem states that when there is a continues connection between the particle of
flowing mass liquid, the total energy of any sector of flow will remain same provided there is
no reduction or addition at any point. I.e. sum of pressure head and velocity head is constant.

Procedure:
1. Open the inlet valve slowly and allow the water to flow from the supply tank.
2. Now adjust the flow to get a constant head in the supply tank to make flow in and outflow
equal.
3. Under this condition the pressure head will become constant in the piezometer tubes. Note
down piezometer readings.
4. Note down the quantity of water collected in the measuring tank for a given interval of time.
5. Compute the area of cross-section under the piezometer tube.
6. Compute the values of velocity head and pressure head.
7. Change the inlet and outlet supply and note the reading.
8. Take at least three readings as described in the above steps.

Setup

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 43

 Tabular column

Sl. Pizeometer time Discharge Pressure Velocity Datum Total

Reading for 5 Q m3/sec Head m Head m head m Head
No.
cm
rise

Sl. Pizeometer time Discharge Pressure Velocity Datum Total

Reading for 5 Q m3/sec Head m Head m head m Head
No.
cm
rise

Sl. Pizeometer time Discharge Pressure Velocity Datum Total

Reading for 5 Q m3/sec Head m Head m head m Head
No.
cm
rise

Calculations:
𝑝
Pressure head = 𝜌𝑔 m

𝑉2
Velocity head = 2𝑔 m

Datum head = Z = 0 m (for this experiment)

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 44

 Velocity of water flow = v

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘

Q (Discharge) = m3/s
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Also, Q= velocity of water in pipe × area of cross section = V × Ax m3/sec

(𝐴𝑖 −𝐴𝑡 )∗𝐿𝑛

Ax = Area of cross section = 𝐴𝑡 + ( )
𝐿

At = Area of Throat
Ai = Area of Inlet
Dia of throat = 25mm
Dia of inlet = 50mm
Ln= distance between throt and corresponding pizeometer
L=length of the diverging duct or converging duct =
Distance between each piezometer =
𝑝 𝑉2
Total head = 𝜌𝑔 + +𝑍
2𝑔

RESULT:

Viva questions:
1. Write Bernoulli’s equation?
2. What are assumptions of Bernoulli’s equation?
3. Write Euler’s equation?
4. Explain about a C.D nozzle?
5. What is pitot static tube, and peizometer?

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SET, Jain University Page 45