5.

Formulas for solving area, perimeter and circumference of polygons

AREA, PERIMETER, AND CIRCUMFERENCE

Area, perimeter, and circumference are all measures of two-dimensional shapes. These
are things you can think of as flat: a football field, a piece of paper, or a pizza. You're
probably not interested in how high they are, but you might want to know their:

● Perimeter or Circumference. This is the total length of a shape's outline. If you

built a fence around its edge, how long would that fence be? If you walked
around the edges of this area, how far would you have gone? The length of a
straight-sided shape's outline is called its perimeter, and the length of a circle's
outline is called its circumference.

● Area. This is the total amount of space inside a shape's outline. If you wanted to
paint a wall or irrigate a circular field, how much space would you have to cover?

Triangles

1. The perimeter of any triangle is the sum of its sides: a + b + c

perimeter = a + b + c

c 5 P=a+b+c
a 3 P=3+5+4
P = 12
b 4

2. The area of any triangle is half its base times its height.

area = 1/2 bh

A = 1/2 bh
h 3 A = 1/2 * 3 * 4
A = 1/2 * 12
b 4 A=6

It doesn't matter which of the triangle's short legs is the "base" and which is the
"height": you get the same solution either way.

A = 1/2 bh
h 4 A = 1/2 * 4 * 3
A=2*3
A=6
b 3
Squares

1. A square is a kind of rectangle, and the perimeter of any rectangle is the sum of its
four sides. Since all sides of a square are the same,

perimeter = 4s

P = 4s
s 3 P=4*3
P = 12
s 3

2. The area of a square is equal to any one of its sides times any other: s * s . Since
that's the same as s squared,

area = s
2

A=s2
s 3 A=32
A=3*3
s 3 A=9

Rectangles

1. The perimeter of a rectangle is the sum of its four sides. Since a rectangle has two
equal short sides (width, w ) and two equal long sides (length, l ),

perimeter = 2l + 2w

P = 2l + 2w
w 3 P = (2 * 7) + (2 * 3)
P = 14 + 6
l 7 P = 20

2. The area of a rectangle is equal to its length times its width.

area = l * w

A=l*w
w 3 A=3*7
A = 21
l 7
Parallelograms

Like squares and rectangles, parallelograms are quadrilaterals: they have four sides
and four interior angles. In a parallelogram those angles are not right angles, but
the opposite sides must still be parallel to each other.
1. The perimeter of a parallelogram is the sum of its four sides. Since a parallelogram
has two equal short sides (width, w ) and two equal long sides (length, l ),

perimeter = 2l + 2w

P = 2l + 2w
w 4 P = (2*5) + (2 * 4)
P = 10 +8
l 5 P = 18
2. The area of a parallelogram is equal to its base (another name for length) times
its height. Its height is not the same as its width: height is measured by a vertical line
perpendicular (at right angles to) the base.

area = b * h

A=b*h
h 3 A=3*5
A = 15
b 5

Trapezoids

A trapezoid is also a quadrilateral: it has four sides, but only two are parallel.

1. The perimeter of a trapezoid is the sum of its four sides.

perimeter = a + b + c + d
b 2
P=a+b+c+d
a c 4 3 P=2+3+4+5
P = 14
d 5
2. To find the area of a trapezoid, we use its two bases and its height:

area = 1/2 (b1 + b2) (h) A = 1/2 (b 1 + b 2 ) * (h)

b1 2 A = 1/2 (2 + 5) * 3
A = 1/2 * 7 * 3
h 3 A = 1/2 * 21
A = 10.5
b2 5
Circles

To find a circle's circumference or area, you first need to know either its
radius: r , the distance from its center to any point on its outer edge, or its
diameter: d , the length of a straight line through the circle's center that touches
any two points on the outer edge.

A circle's radius is always exactly half its diameter.

r d

1. The circumference of any circle equals two times its radius multiplied by pi
(π, approximately 3.14). We can also say it equals pi times its diameter.

circumference = 2 π r OR πd

C=2π*3
r 3 C=6*π
C ≈ 18.84

Because 3.14 is only an approximate value for pi, we replace the "equals" sign (=)
with the "approximately equals" sign ( ≈). For accuracy, some teachers prefer
to use the symbol: the circumference of this circle is 6 π .

2. To find the area of a circle, square its radius and multiply the result by pi .

area = πr2

A = πr 2
r 3 A=32*π
A = (3 * 3) * π
A=9*π
A = 9π or ≈ 28.26