International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 3 Issue 5, August 2019 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Water Pollution Control for Mandalay

KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Treatment System
Moh Moh1, San San Myint2
1Department of Civil Engineering, Technological University, Monywa, Myanmar
2Department of Civil Engineering, Technological University, Mandalay, Myanmar

How to cite this paper: Moh Moh | San ABSTRACT

San Myint "Water Pollution Control for This paper emphasized on “Water Pollution Control for Mandalay KanDawGyi
Mandalay KanDawGyi Lake by Natural Lake by Natural Treatment System”. KanDawGyi Lake is used for wastewater
Treatment System" collection. It is situated in ChanMyaThaZi Township, Mandalay and near the
Published in AyeYarWaddy river. Residential, commercial and industrial area are existed
International surrounding the KanDawGyi Lake. Water from human activities such as
Journal of Trend in cooking, bathing, washing and septic tanks effluent is discharged into drains
Scientific Research by gravity flow without treatment. Average six million gallons of wastewater
and Development discharged from Mandalay City area flow into KanDawGyi Lake passing
(ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456- IJTSRD25323 through ThinGaZar creek daily. So, lake water has been contaminated by
6470, Volume-3 | domestic wastewater. This has resulted detrimental effects on the ecosystem.
Issue-5, August 2019, pp.390-393, Water in recreation center should be aesthetically pleasing and essentially free
https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd25323 of toxicants and pathogenic organisms. Seven collection points such as
entrance, east of north side, south-east of north side, south of north side, water
Copyright © 2019 by author(s) and fountains, PyiGyiMon barge and exit of KanDawGyi Lake are chosen to collect
International Journal of Trend in Scientific the wastewater sample. The water quality of KanDawGyi Lake is evaluated by
Research and Development Journal. This various parameters such as temperature, turbidity, suspended solids,
is an Open Access article distributed dissolved solids, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, biochemical oxygen
under the terms of demand, dissolved oxygen, chlorides, total solids and bacteria. According to
the Creative test results, alkalinity, chlorides, dissolved solids, suspended solids, and total
Commons Attribution solids are uncertified. Therefore, in this paper wetland design of natural
License (CC BY 4.0) treatment system is used at the entrance of the lake to control the water
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by pollution.
/4.0)
KEYWORDS: Water pollution, Lake, Wetland
I. INTRODUCTION II. INFORMATION OF KANDAWGYI LAKE AND
Water pollution can be defined in many ways. Usually, it SAMPLING
means one or more substances have built up in water to such KanDawGyi Lake is used for wastewater collection. It is
an extent that they cause problems for animals or people. situated in ChanMyaThaZi Township, Mandalay. It is near
Oceans, lakes, rivers and other inland waters can naturally AyeYarWaddy river. KanDawGyi Lake is about 1831.62 acres
clean up a certain amount of pollution by dispersing it composing of 616.22 acres of land areas and 470.99 acres of
harmlessly. When clean water is essential for all on earth, water surface areas in the south side and 470 acres of land
water pollution has always been a major problem areas and 274.41 acres of water surface areas in the north
throughout the world. At present time, as growth rate of side. Nowadays, KanDawGyi Lake will be created as
population accelerates, usages of water are more. The more recreation center. There is a PyiGyiMon Barge, three water-
water consumption, the more wastewater is discharged. fountains, garden with playgrounds and places for sight-
These vast quantities of untreated domestic wastewater flow seeing as relaxation. The sampling techniques used in
into drains leading to streams, lakes or rivers. So, water wastewater survey must ensure that representative samples
system has become severely polluted. are obtained, because the data from the analysis of the
samples will ultimately serve as a basic for designing
The discharge of raw wastewater into the aquatic treatment facilities. Seven collection points are chosen for
environment may cause serious damages to many forms of sampling as shown in Figure 1. The sample collected for
life as a result of oxygen depletion in the receiving water analysis should be a true representative of the water quality
bodies. Additionally, this discharge poses a potential risk for of the source collection and small enough in volume to be
the transmission of a large number of water related diseases. transported conveniently and handled in the laboratory.
The unsound development, economic growth, the
environmental pollution and ecological degradation is more
and more serious. It is mainly reflected in the regional water
pollution from domestic and industrial wastewater
discharge and threatens to the biodiversity.

@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD25323 | Volume – 3 | Issue – 5 | July - August 2019 Page 390
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FIGURE4. TEST RESULTS FOR TOTAL ALKALINITY

Figure1. Sample Collection Points in KanDawGyi Lake

III. EVALUATION OF LAKE WATER QUALITY
Water in lake may be purified to some extent due to storage,
but may still contain colloidal matter and bacteria. Those
impurities need to be reduced to tolerable limits before
discharging into river. Important water quality parameters
relating to wastewater discharges are biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), suspended solids,
coliform bacteria, ammonia, pH and toxic chemicals.
A. Testing of Wastewater Sample
Collected wastewater samples are tested in Environmental FIGURE5. TEST RESULTS FOR CHLORIDE
Engineering Laboratory of Mandalay Technological
University and Public Health Laboratory, Mandalay. The
parameters of wastewater quality of temperature, turbidity,
suspended solids, dissolved solids, pH, total alkalinity, total
hardness, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen,
chlorides, total solids and bacteria are tested.
B. Test Results
All tests are performed in accordance with the standard
procedures and the test results are shown in the following
Figures.

FIGURE6. TEST RESULTS FOR DISSOLVED SOLIDS

FIGURE2. TEST RESULTS FOR DO

FIGURE7. TEST RESULTS FOR SUSPENDED SOLIDS

FIGURE3. TEST RESULTS FOR BOD

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD) @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
B. Aquaculture System
Aquaculture is the growth of fish and other aquatic
organisms for the production of food sources. Wastewater
has been used in a variety of aquaculture operations around
the world. Most of the treatment achieved in aquaculture
systems has been attributed to the bacteria attached to
floating aquatic plants. There is little evidence that fish
contribute directly to treatment. To balance the ecosystem of
the lake and to control the water pollution, fish production
pond is created in this lake. Although natural carrying
capacities in this lake are greatly exceeded, an artificial
ecology is established among the various organisms and the
environment in which they live. Figure 10 shows creation of
FIGURE8. TEST RESULTS FOR TOTAL SOLIDS fish production pond.

IV. DESIGN OF NATURAL TREATMENT SYSTEM

The natural treatment systems include (1) soil-based or land
treatment systems-slow rate, rapid infiltration, and overland
flow and (2) the aquatic-based systems –constructed and
natural wetlands and aquatic plant treatment systems. In
this paper, Aquatic based system is used as natural
treatment system to control the water pollution for
KanDawGyi Lake.

A. Aquatic Plant System

In aquatic plant systems, free floating growths are harnessed
for wastewater treatment such as hyacinths and duckweeds.
The aquatic plants are capable of transporting air (oxygen)
from the atmosphere to the roots where a part diffuses into FIGURE10. CREATION OF FISH PRODUCTION POND
the liquid substrata. For KanDawGyi Lake, water hyacinths
are used to purify municipal and industrial wastewater in V. DESIGN OF WETLAND SYSTEM
secondary treatment to effluents from algal waste Wetlands are inundated land areas with water depths
stabilization ponds or aerated lagoons. By planting the water typically less than 2 ft (0.6 m) that support the growth of
hyacinths, the capacity for nitrogen can be removed about 1 emergent plants such as cattail, bulrush, reeds and sedges
g/day/ m2 pond area and also phosphorous of about 0.25 and seasonal vegetation. The vegetation provides surfaces
g/day/ m2 pond area can be removed. The planting of water for the attachment of bacteria films, aids in the filtration and
hyacinths in this lake is shown in Figure 9. adsorption of wastewater constituents, transfers oxygen into
the water column, and controls the growth of algae by
restricting the penetration of sunlight. Both natural and
constructed wetlands have been used for wastewater
treatment, although the use of natural wetlands is generally
limited to the polishing or further treatment of secondary or
advanced treated effluent. Constructed wetlands are those
which are man- made either for the purpose of
impoundments of specific value to wildlife/ecosystem or for
treatment of wastewater, storm drainage, etc. Two types of
constructed wetland systems have been developed for
wastewater treatment: (1) free water surface (FWS) systems
and (2) subsurface flow systems (SFS). The principal design
parameters for constructed wetland systems include
hydraulic detention time, basin depth, basin geometry
(width and length), BOD5 loading rate, and hydraulic-loading
rate. Typical ranges suggested for design are given in Table
I.
FIGURE9. PLANTING OF WATER HYACINTHS

Table I. DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS

Type of system
Design parameter Unit
FWS SFS
Hydraulic detention time d 4-15 4-15
Water depth ft 0.3-2.0 1.0-2.5
BOD5 loading rate lb/ acre.d < 60 < 60
Hydraulic loading rate Mgal/acre.d 0.015-.05 0.015-0.05
Specific area acre/(Mgal/d) 67-20 67-20

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A. Design of FWS Wetland System 6. Determination of surface area (As)
Wetland system provides a valuable addition to the green As = L x W Equation 10
space in a community, and includes the incorporation of wild
life habitat and public recreational opportunities. Wetland 7. Checking hydraulic loading rate (Lw) or specific area
system produces no residual biosolids or sludges requiring (Asp)
subsequent treatment and disposal. 1
Asp = Equation 11
1. Determination of hydraulic detention-time (t) using first Lw
order removal model.
( )
Ce 8. Checking BOD5 loading rate (LBOD5)
= A exp − 0.7 kT ( Av )1.75 t Equation 1
QCo
Co LBOD5 = Equation 12
LW
2. Determination of surface area (LxW) Table II. DESIGN RESULTS FOR WETLAND SYSTEMS
LWnd Types of
t = Equation 2 Length Width BOD Removal
Q Wetland
(ft) (ft) Efficiency (%)
System
3. Checking hydraulic loading rate (Lw) or specific area FWS System 7436 161.5 80.3
(Asp) SFS System 743.6 52662.9 91.8
Asp = 1 Equation 3
Lw VI. CONCLUSIONS
For this paper, the following conclusions are pointed out
Planting of water-hyacinths systematically is suitable for
4. Checking BOD5 loading rate (LBOD5) recreation center and wastewater treatment. Moreover,
LBOD5=
QCo Equation 4 these plants give protective cover with their wide leaves
LW from direct sunlight thereby minimizing evaporation of the
lake. Constructed wetlands can remove BOD and Total
B. Design of SFS Wetland System Suspended Solids (TSS). In free water surface (FWS) wetland
The main advantage of SFS wetland system is the prevention design, required length and width are 7406 ft and 740.6 ft
of mosquitoes and odors and elimination of the risk of public respectively at temperature 25°C. BOD removal efficiency of
contact with the partially treated wastewater. FWS wetland design is 80.3%. In subsurface flow system
(SFS) wetland design, required length and width are 161.5 ft
1. Determination of KT and 52,662.9 ft respectively at temperature 25°C. BOD
KT = K20 (1.1)(T-20) Equation 5 removal efficiency of SFS wetland design is 91.8%. Although
the two wetland systems of BOD removal are not
2. Determination of pore-space detention time (t') significantly different but required wetland area of SFS is
Ce about 1.5 times greater than FWS system. Therefore, FWS
= exp( − K T t ' ) Equation 6 wetland system is suitable for KanDawGyi Lake as natural
Co
treatment system.

3. Determination of cross-sectional area (Ac) REFERENCES

Q [1] BSN RAJU. 1995. Water Supply and Wastewater
Ac = Equation 7 Engineering. New Delhi.
KsS
[2] Claude E. Boyd and Craig S. Tucker. June 1992. Water
4. Determination of basin width (W) Quality and Pond Soil Analyses for Aquaculture.
Ac Auburn University, Alabama
W= Equation 8 [3] Gurcharan Singh. 1980. Water Supply and Sanitary
d
Engineering. Delhi.
5. Determination of Basin length (L) [4] K. N. Duggal. 1971. Elements of Public Health
LWαd Engineering. Second Edition. New Delhi.
t' = Equation 9
Q

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