BODY AND SOUL

BODY IS…
A SHIP ON WHICH YOU ARE THE CAPTAIN
-PLATO
BODY IS…
A CONTAINER THAT HOUSES YOUR ESSENCE
-AUGUSTINE
BODY IS…
A MACHINE, INSIDE WITH ANIMATING GHOST
-DESCARTES
PLATO
BODY AND SOUL ARE SEPARATE ENTITIES
ARISTOTLE
BODY AND SOUL ARE NOT SEPARATE ENTITIES
RENE DESCARTES
A French philosopher and mathematician.
Usually credited as the thinker who systematically articulated the modern
dualism between the mind and the body.
“I think, therefore, I am”

PRIMARY REFLECTION ABOUT THE BODY

The mind/soul is a separate entity from the body.
SECONDARY REFLECTION ABOUT THE BODY
Body is not separate entity from the mind/soul.
 Philosophy

This academic subject is a mental undertaking that involves understanding

oneself and others. It is essentially ‘thinking about thinking’. Its basis heavily relies on
our past experiences as human beings. In order to make sense of previous events in our
lives, there is a serious need for reflection. Even though the classic philosophers and
their perspectives will be tackled, more importance is placed on how these can be
applied to our daily lives.
What is Philosophy?
From the Greek word Philos/Philein and Sophia.
Philos/Philein means “to love or to desire”
Sophia means “wisdom”
Philosophy means “love of wisdom”
Philosopher means “lover of wisdom”
THINGS TO CONSIDER IN THE FORMAL
PHILOSOPHY IS A SCIENCE BECAUSE IT IS A UNIQUE REALM FOR INVESTIGATING
THINGS.
It is a science that has the ability to construct and deconstruct.

PHILOSOPHY IS NOT AN EXCLUSIVE SCIENCE.

It practically encompasses all things.

PHILOSOPHY INVESTIGATES THINGS INSIDE AND OUTSIDE OF THE PHENOMENA.

NOUMENA defined as a posited object or event as it appears in itself
independent of perception by the senses.
PHILOSOPHY USES THE MIND BY NECESSITY.
The mind is the ultimate factor which the human race can use to recreate itself
and the world around it.
 PHILOSOPHY IS…
LIKE A CANDLE LIGHT IN A DARK ROOM
Show the way by guiding the students in making sound judgment and wise
decisions, ordering priorities, and knowing things are worth learning.
LIKE A CHILD
LIKE A BIRD
A free being flying over places and seeing things from the horizon.
PHILOSOPHY IS NOT…
A MONSTER TO BE FEARED
It is not an enemy that brings chaos and destruction, as a matter of fact, through
wisdom and knowledge, philosophy becomes a necessary way to humanize a person.

A BROKEN GLASS
In philosophical way, broken glass has many practical uses.
UNINTERESTING
Philosophy challenges us to make sense of personal experiences.
Other definitions of Philosophy
The rational investigation of questions about existence and knowledge and
ethics.
A particular set of ideas about knowledge, truth, and the nature and meaning of
life
The rational investigation of the truths and principles of being, knowledge, or
conduct.
Keywords in philosophy
Love/desire/want
Search/pursuit/inquire/investigate
Knowledge/wisdom/understanding
 Value/meaning/essence
Life/living/existence
THE BIG THREE
SOCRATES
“Athen’s street-corner philosopher”

“the unexamined life is not worth living”

Considered as the most influential Western philosopher.

PLATO
“the philosopher who would be king
Believed in the pre-existence and immortality of the soul.
He wrote a famous treatise (The Republic) on the ideal society, in which he
expressed the thought that a philosopher, of all people, who should be king.
ARISTOTLE
“A long walk to the golden mean”
Plato’s best student.
The highest paid philosopher in the history
Peripatetic philosopher ( peripateo =“to walk around”)
A key theme in Aristotle’s thought is that happiness is the goal of life.
One of his best-known idea was his conception of “the Golden Mean”- avoid
extremes”, counsel of moderation.
DIFFERENCES

 The Vision of STI

To be the leader in innovative and relevant education that nurtures individuals to
become competent and responsible members of society.
 The Mission of STI
 We are an institution committed to provide knowledge through the development
and delivery of superior learning systems.
We strive to provide optimum value to all our stakeholders-our students, our
faculty members, our employees, our partners, our shareholders, and our community.
We will pursue this mission with utmost integrity, dedication, transparency, and
creativity.
PREDECESSORS OF THE BIG THREE
THALES OF MILETUS
Considered as the first proper philosopher, although he was just as concerned
with natural philosophy (known today as Science) as with philosophy as we know it.

Thales and the most of the Pre-Socratic philosophers limited themselves to

Metaphysics, the inquiry into the nature of existence, being and the world.
They were Materialists who believe that all things are composed of material and
nothing else and were mainly concerned with trying to establish the single underlying
substance the world is made of without resorting to supernatural or mythological
explanations.

THALES thought the whole universe was composed of different forms of water.
ANAXIMENES concluded it was made of air.
HERACLITUS thought it was fire.
ANAXIMANDER said it was some unexplainable substance usually translated as
“the infinite” or “the boundless.
PROBLEM OF CHANGE
HERACLITUS believed in an on-going process of perpetual change, a constant
interplay of opposites.
PARMENIDES denied that there was any such things as change at all, and argued
that everything that exists is permanent, indestructible, and unchanging.
 ZENO of Elea was a student of Parmenides and is best known for his famous
paradoxes of motion the best known of which is that Achilles and the Hare, which
helped lay the foundations for the study of Logic.

Although these ideas might seem to us rather simplistic and unconvincing today,
we should bear in mind that, at that time, there was really no scientific knowledge, and
even the most common of phenomena would have appeared miraculous.
Their attempts were, therefore, important initial steps in the development of
philosophical thought.
Other important pre- socratic philosopher
EMPEDOCLES- he combined their ideas into the theory of the four classical
elements (earth, air, fire and water), which became the standard dogma for most of the
next two thousand years
DEMOCRITUS- he developed the extremely influential idea of Atomism: that all of
the reality is actually composed of tiny, invisible, and indestructible building blocks
known as atom, which form different combinations and shapes within the surroundings
void.

PYTHAGORAS- another early and very influential Greek philosopher, who led a
rather bizarre religious sect and essentially believed that all of the reality was governed
by numbers and that its essence could be encountered through the study of
Mathematics
BEING PHILOSOPHICAL
 Having a way of thinking.
 Examining points of view in systematic and disciplined way.
 Realizing that there is much to know.
 Asking the right kinds of questions.

WESTERN PHILOSOPHY EASTERN PHILOSOPHY

1. Referred to as the school of thought 1. Based mainly in Asia, more
from Greek philosophy that influenced specifically Chinese Philosophy
the greater part of Western civilization

2. There are laws that govern the 2. The natural world does not follow
behavior of the universe laws, it simply “is”

3. individualism 4. collectivism

4. Main principle is to be of service to 5. Main principle is unity

others.

5.Concepts heavily lie on logic, science, 5. Concepts lean on eternal life beyond
and rationalization death and recurring existence
(reincarnation)

“the nail that stands out gets “the squeaky wheel gets the grease”
hammered down”

WESTERN AND EASTERN PHILOSOPHIES

1.Both share a concept that a deeper understanding of reality is possible than is

normally available in everyday experience.

2. Early western and Eastern philosophies were both influenced by the notion
that there is a supreme being who guides the humankind and provides for all the
created being
Reflection
WHAT IS REFLECTION?
Careful thought about your own behavior and beliefs.
A remark expressing careful consideration.
WHY IS REFLECTION SO IMPORTANT?
Reflection help us to provide deeper learning by looking at situation through a
different lens and by asking yourself searching a questions that challenge one’s
assumptions about the world around you.
We also have a tendency to focus on the negative. An exercise in reflection of
self-assessment provides a structured and safe way to think about the positive as
well.
SELF REFLECTION
without the process of actively thinking about those experiences, and
questioning ourselves about what they mean, learning doesn’t really happen.

FORMS AND ENCOMPASS ACTIVITIES OF REFLECTION

WORKING WITH A COACH
Where the coach guides your reflection through questioning- is one of the most
effective ways of learning through reflection.
SELF-ASSESSEMENT
A powerful, structured way of helping learners to think about effectiveness in the
activities that they carry out as part of their role.
THE PROGRESS PRINCIPLE
The ability to make small changes and achieve small wins.
This simple but powerful concept is based on research that shows that the most
important factor in boosting people’s motivation is in making progress in
meaningful work.
 For us in learning and development, REFLECTION can be a powerful, free tool for
developing our skills, confidence and motivation.
TRADITIONAL BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
ETHICS
Study of action
METAPHYSICS
Study of existence
EPISTEMOLOGY
Study of knowledge
AESTHETIC
Study of art
LOGIC
Study of reasoning
POLITICS
Study of power
TWO KINDS OF REFLECTION
PRIMARY REFLECTIONS
Breaks the unity of experience and is the foundation of scientific inquiry. This
type of reflection is interested with definitions and with technical and methodical
solutions to problems.
SECONDARY REFLECTIONS
Is synthetic; it unifies rather than divides. It recuperates the unity of original
experience. For phenomenologists, secondary reflection is the instrument of
philosophical reflection.
Nature
DWELLING IN NATURE
HUMAN vs NATURE
SHIFT IN THINKING: CALCULATIVE vs MEDITATIVE
BEYOND UTILITY; TOWARDS RESPONSIBILITY

HUMAN
AND
NATURE
TWO APPROACHES IN NATURE
As a world that is alien and detached from us, needing no
intervention or care from human beings and as such appreciated as
natural, in opposition to manmade artificial cultural things with which we
surround ourselves daily.

Perhaps the more popular is that nature is seen as the sole source
of our raw materials for our living necessities , and as such, should be
respected and valued relative to its unequalled utility to human civilization
and survival.
MARTIN HEIDEGGER
German philosopher
“Crisis of homelessness”
TWO KIND OF THINKING
Calculative Thinking
is a way of thinking that is motivated by the desire for dominion. It
essentially transforms the world of nature into a warehouse of resources
that continually needs to be catalogued, refined, and appropriated to
supply the humanity’s ever-growing demand for convenience and control.
MEDITATIVE THINKING
 does not calculate or measure. Instead , it is a form of thinking that
tries to loosen the grip of calculative thought on us by asking us to both
yes and no to technology.

HOW CAN YOU HELP OUR NATURE?

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
It is the practical application of meditative thinking.
Sustainable development is development meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own
need.