Family 1A + Boron

General Chemistry - ChE 1101

By:
Abrenica
Andayon
Atienza
Bayle
Bautista
 Hydrogen / H (Family 1a)
Properties
Atomic Number: 1
Atomic Weight: 1.007825
Density: 0.0893 g/L
Melting Point: -259.2 °C
Boiling Point: -252.76°C
Oxidation State: +1
Electron Configuration: 1s1

Occurrence
Hydrogen occurs throughout the universe in two forms. First, it occurs in stars. Stars
use hydrogen as a fuel with which to produce energy. The process by which stars use
hydrogen is known as fusion. Fusion is the process by which two or more small atoms are
pushed together to make one large atom.
Hydrogen occurs on the Earth primarily in the form of water. Every molecule of water
(H 2 O) contains two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Hydrogen is also found in
many rocks and minerals. Its abundance is estimated to be about 1,500 parts per million.
That makes hydrogen the tenth most abundant element in the Earth's crust.
Hydrogen also occurs to a very small extent in the Earth's atmosphere. Its abundance
there is estimated to be about 0.000055 percent. Hydrogen is not abundant in the
atmosphere because it has such a low density. The Earth's gravity is not able to hold on to
hydrogen atoms very well. They float away into outer space very easily. Most of the
hydrogen that was once in the atmosphere has now escaped into outer space.

Description
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe. Nearly nine out of every ten
atoms in the universe are hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen is also common on the Earth. It is the
third most abundant element after oxygen and silicon. About 15 percent of all the atoms
found on the Earth are hydrogen atoms.
Hydrogen is also the simplest of all elements. Its atoms consist (usually) of one proton
and one electron.

Production / Manufacturing
Hydrogen can be produced using a number of different processes. Thermochemical
processes use heat and chemical reactions to release hydrogen from organic materials such
as fossil fuels and biomass. Water (H2O) can be split into hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2)
using electrolysis or solar energy. Microorganisms such as bacteria and algae can produce
hydrogen through biological processes.
 Lithium/ Li (Family 1A)
Properties:
Atomic number:3
Atomic weight: 6.941 g.mol -1
Density 0.53 g.cm -3
Melting point: 180.5 °C
Boiling point: 1342 °C
Oxidation State: +1
Electron configuration:1s2 2s1 or [He] 2s1

Occurrence
The abundance of lithium in the Earth's crust is estimated to be about 0.005 percent.
That places it among the top 15 elements found in the earth. The most common ores of
lithium are spodumene, petalite, and lepidolite. Lithium is also obtained from saltwater. As
saltwater evaporates, dissolved solids are left behind. These solids include sodium chloride
(NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), and lithium chloride (LiCl).
Description
Lithium is the first member of the alkali metal family. The alkali metals are the
elements that make up Group 1 (IA) of the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart that
shows how chemical elements are related to one another. The alkali metals include sodium,
potassium, rubidium, cesium, and rancium. Lithium is also the least dense of all metals. It
has a density about half that of water.
Credit for the discovery of lithium usually goes to Swedish chemist Johan August
Arfwedson (or Arfvedson; 1792-1841). Arfwedson found the new element in a mineral
that had first been identified about twenty years earlier by Brazilian scientist Jozée
Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1763-1838). That mineral, petalite, is still a major source of
lithium today.
Lithium has a number of important and interesting uses. In recent years, it has been
used to make lightweight, efficient batteries. Compounds of lithium have also been used to
treat a mental disorder known as bipolar disorder.
Manufacturing
Lithium does not occur as a free element in nature. It is found in small amounts
in ores from igneous rocks and in salts from mineral springs. Pure lithium metal is
produced by electrolysis from a mixture of fused (molten) lithium chloride and potassium
chloride.
 Sodium/ Na (Family 1A)
Properties
Atomic number: 11
Atomic mass: 22.98977 g.mol -1
Density 0.97 g.cm -3
Melting point 97.5 °C
Boiling point 883 °C
Oxidation State: +1
Electron configuration:[Ne] 3s1

Occurrence
Sodium is found as a compound in nature due to its high reactivity. It is found in a
variety of minerals, but the most common is table salt (NaCl), largely found in seawater
and in solid deposits. Other compounds include amphibole, cryolite, soda niter and zeolite.
Within the Earth’s crust, sodium is the sixth most abundant element overall and the most
abundant alkali metal. It makes up about 2.6% of the Earth’s crust by weight.
Sodium is also abundant in stars, as the D spectral lines of this element are the most
prominent in star light. Its presence in the atmosphere of planet Mercury was detected by
ground telescopes and confirmed by spacecraft Mariner 10 and MESSENGER because of
its high abundance and intense spectral lines.
Description
It is a soft, light, extremely malleable silver-white metallic element that reacts
explosively with water, is naturally abundant in combined forms, especially in common
salt, and is used in the production of a wide variety of industrially important compounds.
The Physical and Chemical Properties are the characteristics of a substance, like Sodium,
which distinguishes it from any other substance. Most common substances, like Sodium,
exist as States of Matter as solids, liquids, gases and plasma. Refer to the article
on Sodium for additional information and facts about this substance.
Manufacturing
Today sodium is produced commercially by the same procedure used for isolating the first
samples of the pure metal nearly two centuries ago. The procedure is based on the
electrolysis of molten sodium chloride (NaCl), table salt. Electrolyzing molten sodium
chloride produces chlorine gas at the anode and sodium metal at the cathode. The
commercial electrolytic process is called the Downs process.
 Potassium/ K (Family 1A)
Properties:
Atomic Number 19
Atomic Mass [amu] 39.0983
Density: 0.856 g/cm3
Melting Point [Celsius scale] 63.25
Boiling Point [Celsius scale] 760
Oxidation States +1
Electron Configuration [Ar] 4s1
Occurence
Potassium is present in many rocks in the form of silicates, such as orthoclase,
K2O,Al2O3,6SiO2; mica, K2O,3Al2O3,4SiO2; and leucite, K2O,Al2O3,4SiO2. It is a
constituent of the waters of mineral springs and of the ocean. The deposits at Stassfurt in
North Germany, formed by evaporation of large volumes of land-locked sea-water, contain
enormous quantities of carnallite, a double chloride of potassium and magnesium of the
formula KCl,MgCl2,6H2O; kainite, a mixture of potassium and magnesium sulphates with
potassium and sodium chlorides; and sylvine or potassium chloride. From these and other
similar deposits in the same locality most of the potassium salts of commerce were
obtained prior to August 1914. The outbreak of the great European War stopped the
supply, and the ensuing dearth of potassium salts gave a valuable stimulus to research on
their production from orthoclase, which contains about 2.4 per cent, of K2O. Potassium
salts are a constituent of the soil, and are present in large quantities in plants. In these
vegetable products the metal is usually combined with organic acids such as oxalic,
tartaric, and malic.

Description
Potassium is one of the alkali metals. The alkali metals are the elements that make up
Group 1 (IA) of the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart that shows how chemical
elements are related to one another. The alkali metals also include lithium, sodium,
rubidium, cesium, and francium. They are among the most active metals.
Potassium is so active that it never occurs free in nature. It always occurs in compounds,
combined with other elements. It was first prepared in pure form in 1807 by English
chemist Sir Humphry Davy (1778-1829). Davy used a new method of isolating elements
that he had invented, electrolysis. In electrolysis, an electric current is passed through a
molten (melted) compound. The electrical current breaks the compound into its elements.
There are very few uses for potassium as a pure element. However, compounds of
potassium have many important applications, the most important of which is as a fertilizer.

Manufacturing
Metallic potassium and sodium-potassium alloys (NaK) are manufactured by the reaction
of high temperature sodium at atmospheric pressure with molten potassium chloride. Early
operations of a batch process have been succeeded by a continuous one in which either
pure potassium or sodium-potassium alloy of any desired composition can be produced.
Molten potassium chloride is introduced into a packed column and brought in contact with
ascending sodium vapors in a reaction zone to produce an equilibrium vapor of sodium and
potassium. A fractionating column above the reaction zone separates the lighter boiling
potassium to any degree of purity desired. The sodium chloride formed is continuously
withdrawn from below the reaction zone.

Rubidium / Rb (Family 1A)

Properties:
Atomic Number 37
Atomic Mass [amu] 85.4678
Density at STP [g/cm3] 1.532
Melting Point [Celsius scale] 39.31
Boiling Point [Celsius scale] 688
Oxidation States: +1
Electron Configuration [Kr] 5s1
Occurence
The crustal abundance of rubidium is 7.8x10-3%, almost as the one of nickel and copper.
This element is considered to be the 16th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. It is a
typical trace element. There are no known rubidium minerals. Rubidium is associated
with alkali metals, especially with potassium. It is traced in many minerals deposited in
North America, South Africa and Russia; however its concentrations are extremely
low. Lepidolites contain more rubidium, approximately 0.2%, sometimes even up to 1-3%
(taking Rb2O into account).

Rubidium permanently occurs in living tissues: 0.00064% in terrestrial flora, and the
half of it - in water plants. Rubidium is accumulated in muscles and soft tissues of actinia,
worms, mollusks, crustaceans, echinoderms and fish, with the accumulation coefficient
8.26. Duckweed Lemna polyrrhiza has the biggest accumulation coefficient of 86Rb equal
2600, and in mollusk Galba palustris 370. Rubidium concentrations are 0.0112-0.0135%
in birds' breast muscles ashes, 0.01%, 0.01% in human tissues ashes, 0.00032% and
0.00032% in human male and female blood respectively. Rubidium metabolism is studied
slightly.
Description
Rubidium is a soft, silvery metal. It is one of the most active chemical elements. Rubidium
is a member of the alkali family. The alkali family consists of elements in Group 1 (IA) of
the periodic table. The periodic table is a chart that shows how chemical elements are
related to one another. Other Group 1 (IA) elements include lithium, sodium, potassium,
cesium, and francium. Rubidium was discovered in 1861 by German chemists Robert
Bunsen (1811-99) and Gustav Kirchhoff (1824-87).
Rubidium is used to make atomic clocks. An atomic clock is a device for keeping very
exact time. A radioactive isotope of rubidium is also used to measure the age of very old
objects. In general, however, rubidium and its compounds have few practical uses.
Manufacturing

Rubidium is usually separated from lepidolite lithium processing. Rubidium is settled

from mother solutions, after Li2CO3/LiOH isolation, as potassium, rubidium, or
caesium alums Metal Al(SO4)2x12H2O. The mixture is resolved by fractional
crystallization. As an alternative source a worked out electrolyte may be applied from
which Rubidium may be isolated by sorption on ferrocyanide residues. Rb2CO3 with
potassium and caesium impurities is obtained from roasted ferrocyanide. Sorption on
granular ferrocyanide pellets in chromatographic columns with NH4Cl water solution as
an eluent is more efficient. After pollute vaesium processing Rubidium may be separated
from mother waters after Cs3[Sb2Cl9] settled out. Rubidium may be yielded also as a
by-product of nepheline alum earth processing.

Cesium/ Cs (Family 1A)

Properties:
Atomic number:55
Atomic mass:132.9054 g.mol -1
Density: 1.9 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Melting point:28.4 °
Boiling point:669 °C
Oxidation States: +1
Electronic shell[ Xe ] 6s1
Occurrence
Cesium is widely distributed in Earth's crust al very low concentrations. Granites, sea
water, and sedimentary rocks contain less than 5 ppm cesium. Mineral springs contain as
much as 9mg/l of cesium. Higher concentrations of cesium are found in certain potassium
minerals such as the micas, beryl, feldspar, petalite. Some other minerals such as biotite,
amazonite, lepidolite or carnalite contain residual concentrations
Only two cesium minerals are known. These are pollucite, a cesium aluminum silicate, and
rhodizite, a borate of aluminum, beryllium, sodium and cesium.
The most important deposits of these minerals are located in the United States (South
Dakota and Maine), Canada (Manitoba), Southwest Africa (Karib) and Zimbabwe (Bikita).

Description
Caesium is known as cesium in the USA. The metal is characterized by a spectrum
containing two bright lines in the blue (accounting for its name). It is silvery gold, soft, and
ductile. It is the most electropositive and most alkaline element. Caesium, gallium, and
mercury are the only three metals that are liquid at or around room temperature. Caesium
reacts explosively with cold water, and reacts with ice at temperatures above -116°C.
Caesium hydroxide is a strong base and attacks glass.
Caesium was almost discovered by Carl Plattner in 1846 when he investigated the mineral
pollucite (caesium aluminium silicate). He could only account for 93% of the elements it
contained, but then ran out of material to analyse. (It was later realised that he mistook the
caesium for sodium and potassium.)
Caesium was eventually discovered by Gustav Kirchhoff and Robert Bunsen in 1860 at
Heidelberg, Germany. They examined mineral water from Durkheim and observed lines in
the spectrum which they did not recognise, and that meant a new element was present.
They produced around 7 grams of caesium chloride from this source, but were unable to
produce a sample of the new metal itself. The credit for that goes to Carl Theodor
Setterberg at the University of Bonn who obtained it by the electrolysis of molten caesium
cyanide, CsCN.
Manufacturing
nCesium is used in industry as a catalyst promoter, boosting the performance of other metal
oxides in the capacity and for the hydrogenation of organic compounds. Cesium nitrate is
used to make optical glasses. Cesium is sometimes used to remove traces of oxygen from
the vacuum tubes and from light bulbs. Cesium salts are used to strength various types of
glass. The chloride is used in photoelectric cells, in optical instruments, and in increasing
the sensitivity of electron tubes. Cesium is used in atomic clocks and more recently in ion
propulsion systems.

Francium / Fr (Family 1A)

Properties:
Atomic number 87
Atomic mass(233) g.mol -1
Density unknown
Melting point: 27 °C
Boiling point: 677 °C
Oxidation State: +1
Electron Configuration:[ Rn ] 7s1

Occurrence
Francium occurs in very low concentrations in uranium ores as the result of the alpha
decay of actinium. It can also be synthesized by bombarding thorium with protons. There
are at least 19 francium isotopes and the longest one (223) has a period of 21 minutes.
Description
Francium is extremely rare. Because of this its chemical and physical properties are
not known. It has been studied by radio-chemical techniques, which show that its most
stable state is the ion Fr+. Francium is the least electronegative of all the known elements.
Mendeleev said there should be an element like caesium waiting to be discovered.
Consequently, there were claims, denials, and counterclaims by scientists who said they
had found it. During the 1920s and 30s, these claims were made on the basis of
unexplained radioactivity in minerals, or new lines in their X-ray spectra, but all eventually
turned out not to be evidence of element 87.
Francium was finally discovered in 1939 by Marguerite Perey at the Curie Institute in
Paris. She had purified a sample of actinium free of all its known radioactive impurities and
yet its radioactivity still indicated another element was present, and which she rightly
deduced was the missing element 87. Others challenged her results too, and it was not until
after World War II that she was accepted as the rightful discoverer in 1946.
Manufacturing
Commercially, there are no uses for francium, due to its rarity and instability. It is
used for research purposes only.
 Boron / B (Family 3a)
Properties
Atomic Number: 5
Atomic Weight: 10.811
Density: 2.37g/cm3
Melting Point: 2,200 °C (4,000 °F)
Boiling Point: 2,550 °C (4,620 °F)
Oxidation State: +3
Electron Configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p1

Occurrence
In the high oxygen environment of Earth, boron is always found fully oxidized to
borate. Boron does not appear on Earth in elemental form. Extremely small traces of
elemental boron were detected in Lunar regolith.
Although boron is a relatively rare element in the Earth's crust, representing only
0.001% of the crust mass, it can be highly concentrated by the action of water, in which
many borates are soluble. It is found naturally combined in compounds such
as borax and boric acid (sometimes found in volcanic spring waters). About a
hundred borate minerals are known.
On September 5, 2017, scientists reported that the Curiosity rover detected boron, an
essential ingredient for life on Earth, on the planet Mars. Such a finding, along with
previous discoveries that water may have been present on ancient Mars, further supports
the possible early habitability of Gale Crater on Mars.
Description
Boron is an extremely hard and heat-resistant semi-metal that can be found in a variety
of forms and is widely used in compounds to make everything from bleaches and glass to
semiconductors and agricultural fertilizers.
Production / Manufacturing
Although over 200 different types of borate minerals exist in the earth's crust, just four
account for over 90 percent of commercial extraction of boron and boron compounds:
tincal, kernite, colemanite, and ulexite.
To produce a relatively pure form of boron powder, boron oxide that is present in the
mineral is heated with magnesium or aluminum flux. The reduction produces elemental
boron powder that is roughly 92 percent pure.
Pure boron can be produced by further reducing boron halides with hydrogen at
temperatures over 1500 C (2732 F).
High-purity boron, required for use in semiconductors, can be made by decomposing
diborane at high temperatures and growing single crystals via zone melting or the
Czolchralski method.
References:
https://www.britannica.com/science/hydrogen
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/elements/C-K/Hydrogen.html
https://www.energy.gov/eere/fuelcells/hydrogen-production-processes
https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/h.htm
https://melscience.com/en/articles/characteristics-and-properties-hydrogen-and-its-re/
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/elements/L-P/Lithium.html
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/elements/L-P/Lithium.html
https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/li.html

https://www.chemicool.com/elements/lithium.html

http://www.chemistryexplained.com/elements/L-P/Lithium.html
http://www.elementalmatter.info/sodium-properties.htm
https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/na.htm
https://chem.libretexts.org/Textbook_Maps/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules
_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Descriptive_Chemistry/Elements_Organized_by_Block/1_s-Blo
ck_Elements/Group__1%3A_The_Alkali_Metals/Z%3D011_Chemistry_of_Sodium_(Z
%3D11)
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/elements/L-P/Potassium.html#ixzz5RjT97w7I
http://potassium.atomistry.com/
https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ba-1957-0019.ch018
http://nobel.scas.bcit.ca/resource/ptable/na.htm
https://www.nuclear-power.net/potassium-properties/
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/elements/L-P/Potassium.html#ixzz5RjOiFf1p

http://www.chemistryexplained.com/elements/P-T/Rubidium.html#ixzz5RjSxbX6m

http://rubidium.atomistry.com/

http://rubidium.atomistry.com/production.html
https://www.nuclear-power.net/rubidium-properties/
http://www.chemistryexplained.com/elements/P-T/Rubidium.html#ixzz5RjORPV6y
https://www.webelements.com/caesium/
http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/55/caesium
https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/cs.htm
http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e05520.html
https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/cs.htm
https://www.walmart.com/c/kp/atomic-clocks
https://baileynelson.com/collections/optical
https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/cs.htm
https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/fr.htm
http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/87/francium
https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/fr.htm
http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/87/francium
http://nautilus.fis.uc.pt/st2.5/scenes-e/elem/e08720.html
https://www.chemicool.com/elements/francium.html
https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/fr.htm
https://www.britannica.com/science/boron-chemical-element
http://www.mindat.org/min-43412.html
https://www.thebalance.com/metal-profile-boron-4039140
Mokhov, A.V., Kartashov, P.M., Gornostaeva, T.A., Asadulin, A.A., Bogatikov, O.A.,
2013: Complex nanospherulites of zinc oxide and native amorphous boron in the Lunar
regolith from Mare Crisium. Doklady Earth Sciences 448(1) 61-63.
Gasda, Patrick J.; et al. (September 5, 2017). "In situ detection of boron by ChemCam on
Mars". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (17): 8739–8748.
Paoletta, Rae (September 6, 2017). "Curiosity Has Discovered Something That Raises
More Questions About Life on Mars"