MAPEH REVIEWER Famous Compositions:

MUSIC 1. Ariettes Oubliees

2. Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun
Quarter I: Music of the 20th Century 3. String Quartet
- The rise of distinct musical styles that 4. Pelleas et Melisande (1895) – his famous
reflected a move away from the operatic work that drew mixed extreme
conventions of earlier classical music. reactions for its innovative harmonies
and textural treatments
Music Styles: impressionism, expressionism, 5. La Mer (1905) – highly imaginative and
neo-classicism, avant garde music, modern atmospheric symphonic work for
nationalism orchestra about the sea
6. Images, Suite, Bergamasque, and
IMPRESSIONISM Estampes – most popular piano
- French movement in the late 19th and compositions; a set of lightly textured
early 20th century pieces containing his signature work:
- Moods and impressions Claire de Lune (Moonlight)
- An extensive use of colors and effects, Total Compositions: 227
vague melodies, and innovative chords
and progressions leading to mild Debussy’s composition: deviated from the
dissonances Romantic Period and is clearly seen by the way he
avoided metric pulses and preferred free form and
Impressionism – an attempt not to depict reality, developed his themes.
but merely to suggest it
- Western influences: Franz Liszt and
- Meant to create an emotional mood rather Guiseppe Verdi
than a specific picture - East: fascinated by the Javanese
Imagery: impressionistic forms were translucent gamelan that he heard at the 1889 Paris
and lazy Exposition
- Visual arts influences: Monet, Pissaro,
Impressionist Works: nature and beauty, Manet, Degas and Renoir
lightness and brilliance - Literary Arts influences: Mallarme,
Verlaine, and Rimbaud
Most Famous Luminaries: Ottorino Respighi
(Italy), Manuel de Falla and Isaac Albeniz Died in: PARIS, FRANCE
(Spain) and Ralph Vaughan Williams
(England) Died on: MARCH 25, 1918 due to Cancer

CLAUDE DEBUSSY (1862 – 1918) JOSEPH MAURICE RAVEL (1875 – 1937)

 Father of the Modern School of Born in: CIBOURE, FRANCE to a Basque

Composition Mother and a Swiss Father
- Most important and influential of the - Entered the Paris Conservatory at the
20th century composers age 14 where he studied with the eminent
- Primary exponent of the impressionist French composer Gabriel Faure
composers - Compositional style: uniquely innovative
- Changed the course of musical but not atonal style of harmonic
development by dissolving traditional treatment
rules an conventions into a new language  Defined with intricate and sometimes
of possibilities in harmony, rhythm, form, modal melodies and extended chordal
texture, and color components.
Born in: ST. GERMAINE-EN-LAYE, FRANCE Virtuoso – a person who excels in musical
Born on: AUGUST 22, 1862 technique or execution

- Entered the Paris Conservatory in 1873 - Musical Compositions: deal with water
 Gained a reputation as an erratic pianist in its flowing or stormy moods as well
and a rebel theory and harmony as with human characterizations
- He won the top prize at the Prix de Rome Famous Compositions:
competition with his composition
L’Enfant Prodigue (The Prodigal Son) 1. Pavane for a Dead Princess (1899) – a
 Enabled him to study for 2 years in Rome slow but lyrical requiem
where he got expose to the music of 2. Jeux d’Eau or Water Fountains (1901)
Richard Wagner > Tristan und Isolde 3. String Quartet (1903)
4. Sonatine for Piano (1904)
 5. Miroirs (Mirrors 1905) – a work for piano 1. Verklarte Nacht, Three Pieces for Piano
known for its harmonic evolution and op.11
imagination 2. Pierrot Lunaire
6. Gaspard de la Nuit (1908) – set of 3. Gurreleider
demonic-inspired pieces based on the 4. Verklarte Nacht (Transfigured Night,
poems of Aloysius Bertrand which is 1899) - one of his earliest successful
arguably the most difficult piece in the pieces
piano repertoire
7. Valses Nobles set Sentimentales (1911) Musical Compositions: 213
8. Le Tombeau de Couperin (1917) – Died in: LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, USA
commemoration of the musical
advocacies of the early 18th century Died on: JULY 13, 1951
French composer Francois Couperin
9. Rhapsodie Espagnole IGOR STRAVINSKY (1882 – 1971)
10. Bolero – most famous work - One of the great trendsetters of the 20th
11. Daphnis et Chloe (1912) – a ballet century alongside literary figure James
commissioned by a master choreographer Joyce
Sergei Diaghilev that contained
rhythmic diversity, evocation of nature, Born in: ORONIENBAUM (LOMONOSOV),
and choral ensemble RUSSIA
12. La Valse (1920) - waltz with a
frightening undertone that had been Born on: JUNE 17, 1882
composed for ballet and arranged as well - Influenced by his teacher and Russian
as for solo and duo piano. composer Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
13. Tzigane (1922) – violin virtuosic piece  The Firebird Suite (1910) – his first
successful masterpiece composed for
Diaghilev’s Russian Ballet
 Strongly adhered the classical form,  The Rite of Spring (1913)
specifically its ternary structure
 Strong advocate of Russian music Asymmetrical rhythms – successfully portrayed
the character of a solemn pagan rite
Musical Compositions: 60
- When he left the country for the United
Died in: PARIS, FRANCE States in 1939, Stravinsky slowly turned
his back on Russian nationalism and
Died on: 1937 cultivated his neo-classical style.
Comparative Styles of Debussy and Ravel  Petrouchka (1911) - featuring shifting
rhythms and polytonality, a signature
Debussy – more spontaneous and liberal in form device of the composer.
 The Rake’s Progress (1951) - a full-
- Portrayal of visual imagery length opera, alludes heavily to the
Ravel – attentive to the classical norms of musical Baroque and Classical styles of Bach
structure and the compositional craftsmanship and Mozart

- Formal exacting in the development of his Musical Compositions: 127

motive ideas Died in: NEW YORK CITY
Died on: APRIL 6, 1971
PRIMITIVISM
ARNOLD SCHOENBERG (1874 – 1951) - Tonal through the asserting of one note
Born in: VIENNA, AUSTRIA in a working-class as more important than the others.
suburb - Eventually evolved into neo-classicism
- Known are Stravinsky and Bartok
Born on: SEPETEMBER 13, 1874
BELA BARTOK (1881 - 1945)
- Taught himself music theory
- Richard Wagner influenced his work as Born in: NAGVSZENTIMIKLOS, HUNGARY
evidenced by his symphonic poem Pelleas (ROMANIA)
et Melisande Op 5 (1903) Born on: MARCH 25, 1881
- Explored the use of chromatic harmonies
- Established the twelve-tone system - Entered Budapest Royal Academy of
music in 1899
Famous Compositions: - Inspired by the performance of Richard
Strauss’s Also Sprach Zarathustra to
 write his first nationalistic poem, Kossuth - early compositions are avant garde
in 1903 - Left Russia in 1918 to seek open-minded
- 1906, with his fellow composer Kodaly, music environment
Bartok published his first collection of  His contacts with Diaghilev and
20 Hungarian folk songs. Stravinsky gave him the chance to write
- 1907 – became a professor in music music for the ballet and opera, notably the
- Explored Magyar folk songs ballet Romeo and Juliet and the opera
- He used Hungarian folk themes and War and Peace.
rhythms  Peter and the Wolf - lighthearted
 Six String Quartets (1908 – 1938) – most orchestral work intended for children,
famous work to appease the continuing government
 Concerto for Orchestra (1943) - a five- crackdown on avant garde composers at
movement work composed late in the time.
Bartok’s life, features the exceptional  Symphony no. 1 (also called Classical
talents of its various soloists in an Symphony - his most accessible
intricately constructed piece. orchestral work linked to the combined
 Allegro Barbaro (1911) - for solo piano is styles of classicists Haydn and Mozart and
punctuated with swirling rhythms and neo-classicist Stravinsky; precussor of
percussive chords classicism
 Mikrokosmos (1926–1939) - a set of six
books containing progressive technical Styles: Neo-Romantic/ Neo-Classical, Dissonant,
piano pieces Mix of tonal and atonal elements, playful feel

Musical Compositions: 695 Died in: MOSCOW, RUSSIA

- 1940 - the political developments in Died on: March 15, 1953

Hungary led Bartok to migrate to the FRANCIS POULENC (1899 – 1963)
United States
- Composer born into wealth and
Died in: NEW YORK CITY, USA privileged social position
Died on: SEPTEMBER 26, 1945 - a member of the group of young French
composers known as “Les Six.”
NEO-CLASSICISM  Concert Champetre (1928) – included the
harpsichord concerto
- Moderating factor between the  Concerto for Two Pianos (1932) - which
emotional excesses of the Romantic combined the classical touches of
period and the violent impulses of the Mozart with a refreshing mixture of wit
soul in expressionism and exoticism in the style of Ravel
- a partial return to an earlier style of  Concerto for Solo Piano (1949) - written
writing, particularly the tightly-knit form for the Boston Symphony Orchestra
of the Classical period  Les Mamelles de Tiresias (1944) - which
- It also adopted a modern, freer use of the revealed his light-hearted character
seven-note diatonic scale.  Dialogues des Carmelites (1956) - which
 Interwar period highlighted his conservative writing style
 Classicism: order, balance, clarity,  La Voix Humane (1958) - which
economy and emotional restraint reflected his own turbulent emotional
 Reaction against the unrestrained life.
emotionalism and perceived formlessness
of late Romanticism Choral Works: somber and solemn
Examples: Song of the Bagpipe and Piano  Litanies a la vierge noire (Litanies of the
Sonata by Bela Bartok Black Madonna, 1936) - with its
monophony, simple harmony, and
SERGEI PORKOFIEFF (1891 – 1953) startling dissonance
- a combination of neo-classicist,  Stabat Mater (1950) - which carried a
nationalist, and avant garde composer. Baroque solemnity with a prevailing
- style is uniquely recognizable for its style of unison singing and repetition
progressive technique, pulsating rhythms,  Rhapsodie negre (1917) – debut
melodic directness, and a resolving composition
dissonance.  Perpetual Motion No. 1

Born in: SONTSOVKA, UKRAINE Music Compositions: 185

Born on: 1891 Died in: PARIS, FRANCE

- set out for the St. Petersburg Died on: JANUARY 20, 1963
Conservatory Other Members of “Les Six”
 1. Georges Auric (1899 – 1983)- wrote - A charismatic conductor, pianist,
music for the movies and rhythmic composer, and lecturer
music with lots of energy. - His big break came when he was asked to
2. Louis Durey (1888 – 1979) - used substitute for the ailing Bruno Walter
traditional ways of composing and wrote in conducting the New York
in his own, personal way, not wanting to Philharmonic Orchestra in a concert on
follow form November 14, 1943
3. Arthur Honegger (1882 – 1955) – liked - He achieved pre-eminence in two fields:
chamber music and symphony. conducting and composing for
- His popular piece Pacific 231 describes a Broadway musicals, dance shows, and
train journey on the Canadian Pacific concert music.
Railway  West Side Story (1957) - an American
4. Darius Milhaud (1892–1974) - his music version of Romeo and Juliet, which
uses bitonality and polytonality (writing displays a tuneful, off-beat, and highly
in two or more keys at the same time) atonal approach to the songs
- His love of jazz can be heard in popular  Mass (1971) - which he wrote for the
pieces like Le Boeuf sur le Toit which he opening of the John F. Kennedy Center
called a cinema-symphony for the Performing Arts in Washington,
5. Germaine Tailleferre (1892–1983) was D.C
the only female in the group.  Candide (1956) – broadway hit
- She liked to use dance rhythms.  He composed the music for the film On
the Waterfront (1954)
AVANTE GARDE  Bernstein is fondly remembered for his
- Closely associated with electronic music television series “Young People’s
- Dealt with the parameters or the Concerts” (1958–1973)
dimensions of sound in space  “Harvardian Lectures,”- a six-volume
set of his papers on syntax, musical
Avant Garde composers: theories, and philosophical insights
delivered to his students at Harvard
1. George Gershwin and John Cage – truly University.
unconventional composition techniques
2. Leonard Bernstein – famed stage Musical Compositions: 90
musicals and his music lectures for young
people Died in: NEW YORK CITY, USA
3. Philip Glass – minimalist compositions Died on: OCTOBER 14, 1990
GEORGE GERSHWIN (1898 – 1937) PHILIP GLASS (1931 - )
Born in: NEW YORK to Russian Jewish Born in: NEW YORK, USA of Jewish parentage
immigrants
- Became a violinist and flutist at the age of
 Father of American Jazz 15
Ira – his older brother and his artistic collaborator - Most commercially successful
who wrote the lyrics of his songs minimalist composer
- Explored the territories of ballet, opera,
- 1916 – written his 1st song theater, film, and even tv jingles
- 1919 – 1st Broadway musical La La - Distinct style: cell-like phrases emanating
Lucille from bright electronic sounds from the
 Rhapsody in Blue (1924) and An keyboard that progresses very slowly
American in Paris (1928) - which - In Paris, he became inspired by the music
incorporated jazz rhythms with of the renowned Indian sitarist Ravi
classical forms; most famous work Shankar.
 Porgy and Bess (1934) - remains to this  assisted Shankar in the soundtrack
day the only American opera to be recording for Conrad Rooks’ film
included in the established repertory of Chappaqua
this genre  formed the Philip Glass Ensemble
 Summertime  Music in Similar Motion (1969) and
- True crossover artist Music in Changing Parts (1970), which
combined rock- type grooves with
Musical Compositions: 369 perpetual patterns played at extreme
Died in: HOLLYWOOD, CALIFORNIA, USA volumes.
 Collaborated with theater conceptualist
Died on: JULY 11, 1937 Robert Wilson to produce the four-hour
opera Einstein on the Beach (1976)
LEONARD BERNSTEIN (1918 – 1990) - an instant sell-out at the New York
Born in: MASSACHUSSETTS, USA Metropolitan Opera House.
  Satyagraha (1980) and Akhnaten (1984), Hungarian folk themes to introduce rhythms with
based on the lives of Mahatma Gandhi, changing meters and heavy syncopation
Leo Tolstoy, Martin Luther King, and
an Egyptian pharaoh. Igor Stravinsky - an expressionist and a neo-
- he combined his signature repetitive and classical composer
overlapping style with theatrical grandeur - incorporated nationalistic elements in
on stage. his music, known for his skillful handling
Lives in: NOVA SCOTIA, CANADA and NEW of materials and his rhythmic
YORK, USA inventiveness.

MODERN NATIONALISM ELECTRONIC MUSIC

- Looser form of 20th century music - synthesizers, tape recorders, and

loudspeakers
Polytonality – a kind of atonality that uses two or - Musique concrete or concrete music –
more tonal centers simultaneously music that uses tape recorders
- Prokofieff’s Visions of Fugitive EDGARD VARESE (1883 – 1965)
Russian Five – infused chromatic harmony and  Father of Electronic Music
incorporated Russian folk music and liturgical  Stratospheric Colossus of Sound
chant in their thematic materials
Born on: DECEMBER 22, 1883
1. Modest Mussorgsky
2. Mili Balakirev - Considered an innovative French born
3. Alexander Borodin composer
4. Cesar Cui - Musical compositions are emphasis on
5. Nikolai Rimsky Korsakov timbre and rhythm
- Invented the term “organized sound” =
Impressionism – made use of the whole-tone means that certain timbres and rhythms
scale can be grouped together in order to
capture a whole definition of sound
- Applied suggested, rather than depicted  Poeme Electronique
reality
- Created a mood rather than a picture Musical Compositions: 50
Expressionism – revealed the composer’s mind Died on: NOVEMBER 6, 1965
- Used atonality and twelve-tone scale KARLHEINZ STOCKHAUSEN (1928 -)
- Served a medium for expressing strong
emotions - Central figure in the realm of electronic
music
Neo-classicism – partial return to a classical
form of writing music with carefully modulated Born in: COLOGNE, GERMANY
dissonances - Had the opportunity to meet Messiaen,
- Made use of a freer seven-note diatonic Schoenberg, and Webern = the
scale principal innovators at the time
- Together with Pierre Boulez,
Avant Garde – style associated with electronic Stockhausen drew inspiration from these
music and dealt with the parameters or dimensions composers as he developed his style of
of sound in space total serialism.
 Gruppen (1957) - a piece for three
- Made use of variations of self-contained orchestras that moved music through
note groups to change musical continuity time and space
Modern Nationalism – looser form of 20th  Kontakte (1960) - a work that pushed the
century tape machine to its limits
 Hymnen (1965) - an ambitious two-hour
Composers of 20th Century: work of 40 juxtaposed songs and
anthems from around the world.
Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel – primary  Licht (Light) - a seven-part opera (one
exponents of impressionism for each day of the week) climax of his
Arnold Schoenberg – primary exponent of compositional ambition in 1977
expressionism with the use of twelve-tone scale  Helicopter String Quartet - in which a
and atonality string quartet performs whilst airborne
in four different helicopters
Bela Bartok - a neo-classical, modern nationalist,
and a primitivist composer who adopted Musical Compositions: 31
Lives in: GERMANY - Impressionists and expressionists
conveyed their ideas and feelings in bold,
innovative ways. These were the exciting
CHANCE MUSIC precursors of the modern art of the 21st
century.
- A style wherein the piece always sound
different at every performance because Impressionism: Origins of the Movement
of the random techniques of production Impressionism – an art movement that emerged in
 John Cage’s Four Minutes and Thirty- the 2nd half of the 19th century among a group of
Three Seconds (4’33") Paris-based artist
 Coined from the title of a work by French
JOHN CAGE (1912 – 1992) painter – Claude Monet (Impression,
soleil levant – Impression, sunrise 1872)
- Known as one of the 20th century - Name given to a colorful style of painting
composers with the widest array of sounds in France (19th Century)
in his works - Duration is less than 20 years, from 1872
to mid-1880s
Born in: LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, USA - Painting Styles: neo-impressionism,
Born on: SEPTEMBER 5, 1912 post-impressionism, fauvism, and
cubism
- created a “prepared” piano, where - The term precisely captured what this
screws and pieces of wood or paper were group of artists sought to represent in their
inserted between the piano strings to works: the viewer’s momentary
produce different percussive possibilities “impression” of an image.
 Sonatas and Interludes (1946–1948) - a
cycle of pieces containing a wide range of Modern Art (1870 – 1926) – the rejection of
sounds, rhythmic themes, and a hypnotic traditional academic art forms
quality The Influence of Delacroix
 involvement with Zen Buddhism inspired
him to compose Music of Changes (1951) EUGENE DELACROIX – admired by his use of
- written for conventional piano, that expressive brushstrokes, his emphasis on
employed chance compositional processes movement rather than on clarity of form, and most
of all his study of the optical effects of color.
Musical Compositions: 229
 The Barque of Dante (1822) - contained
Died in: NEW YORK CITY a then revolutionary technique that would
Died on: AUGUST 12, 1922 profoundly influence the coming
impressionist movement.
ARTS  Involved something as simple as droplets
of water
Quarter I: Modern Art  Based on a fictional scene from Dante’s
 Technological Breakthroughs Inferno, showing Dante and the poet
- Industrial Revolution of the late 1800s, the Virgil crossing hell’s River Styx, while
world zoomed into the Electronic Age in tormented souls struggle to climb aboard
the mid-1900s, then into the present their boat. It is the drops of water running
Cyberspace Age. down the bodies of these doomed souls
 Social, political, and environmental that are painted in a manner almost never
changes used in Delacroix’s time.
- The 20th century also suffered through  4 Different unmixed pigments: yellow,
two World Wars, and several regional green, red, white (created the image of
wars in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. each drop and its shadow)
There was the Great Depression of the Impressionism: A Break from Past Painting
1930s, and the Asian economic crisis of Traditions
the 1990s.
- AIDS has afflicted millions the world Impressionism Characteristics:
over, while millions more continue to live
in hunger, disease, and poverty. 1. Color and Light
 Effects on the World of Art - Short broken strokes
- The art movements of the late 19th - Pure unmixed color side by side
century to the 20th century captured and 2. Everyday Subjects
expressed all these and more. Specifically, - Scenes of life
these were the movements known as - Household subjects
impressionism and expressionism. - Landscapes and seascapes
- Houses, cafes, buildings
 3. Painting Outdoors - A Girl with a Watering Can (1876)
- They could best capture the ever-changing - Mlle Irene Cahen d’Anvers (1880)
effects of light on color by painting - Luncheon of the Boating Party (1881)
outdoors in natural light.
4. Open Composition EDGAR DEGAS (1834 – 1917)
- Placing and positioning their subjects - Paints ballet dancers and ballet scenes
Impressionism: Works of Manet, Monet, and - Snapshots – activities in photography
Renoir Paintings:
- The impressionism movement spread - Ballet Rehearsal (1874)
around Italy, Germany, and - The Ballet Class (1874)
Netherlands - The Dancing Class
1. EDOUARD MANET (1832 – 1883)
- one of the first 19th century artists to Post-Impressionism: Works of Cezanne and
depict modern-life subjects. Van Gogh
- Well known for social scenes
 the vivid colors, heavy brush strokes, and
Paintings: true-to-life subjects
- Argenteuil (1874) PAUL CEZANNE (1839 – 1906)
- Rue Mosnier Decked with Flags (1878)
- Café Concert (1878) - French artist and Post-impressionist
- The Bar at the Folies-Bergere (1882) painter
- transition from late 19th-century
CLAUDE MONET (1840 – 1926) impressionism to a new and radically
different world of art in the 20th century
- one of the founders of the impressionist
movement along with his friends Auguste Paintings:
Renoir, Alfred Sisley, and Frédéric
Bazille - Hortense Fiquet in a Striped Skirt (1878)
- First to be accepted and called an - Still Life with Compotier (1879 – 1882)
impressionist - Harlequin (1888 – 1890)
- a key figure in the transition from - Boy in a Red Vest (1890)
realism to impressionism VINCENT VAN GOGH (1853 – 1890)
- Main Subjects: landscape and nature
- Post-impressionist painter from The
Paintings: Netherlands.
- Woman in the Garden (1867) – study by - works were remarkable for their strong,
Monet to show the effect of sunlight and heavy brush strokes, intense emotions,
shadow on color and colors that appeared to almost
- Impression, Sunrise (1872) – the pulsate with energy
painting that gives its name to the style, Paintings:
impressionism
- La Promenade (1875) - Sheaves of Wheat in a Field (1885)
- The Red Boats, Argenteuil (1875) - The Sower (1888)
- Bridge Over a Pond of Water Lilies - Still Life: Vase with 15 Sunflowers (1888)
(1899) - Bedroom at Arles (1888)
- Irises in Monet’s Garden (1900) - Starry Night (1889)
- Wheat Fielf with Cypresses (1889)
Sotheby – option center for paintings
Expressionism: A Bold New Movement
PIERRE AUGUSTE RENOIR (1841 – 1919)
- early 1900s, there arose in the Western art
- one of the central figures of the world a movement
impressionist movement. - created works with more emotional force
- works were snapshots of real life, full of
sparkling color and light Various styles that arose within the expressionist
- Mid-1880s he broke away from the art movements were:
impressionist movement to a more
disciplined, formal techniques to portraits - Neoprimitivism
- Suggested the details of a scene through - Fauvism
freely brushed touches of color - Dadaism
- Primary subjects were female - Surrealism
- social realism
Paintings:
Neoprimitivism - an art style that incorporated
- Dancer (1874) elements from the native arts of the South Sea
Islanders and the wood carvings of African
tribes which suddenly became popular at that of social realism against the brutality of
time. war.
- Amedeo Moidliani - used the oval faces Abstractionism
and elongated shapes of African art in
both his sculptures and paintings. - Arose from the intellectual points of
view in the 20th century
- Logical and rational
- representational abstractionism, depicting
Paintings: still- recognizable, to pure abstractionism,
- Head (1913) where no recognizable subject could be
- Yellow Sweater (1919) discerned. (Ex. Oval Still Life (Le Violon
1914)
Fauvism - a style that used bold, vibrant colors
and visual distortions. Art Styles:

- Derived from les fauves (“wild beasts”) - - cubism

referring to the group of French - futurism
expressionist painters who painted in - mechanical style
this style. - nonobjectivism
- Henri Matisse Cubism - a play of planes and angles on a flat
Paintings: surface

- Blue Window (1911) - derived from ‘cube” – 3 dimensional

- Woman with Hat (1905) geometric figure
- Pablo Picasso
Dadaism - was a style characterized by dream
fantasies, memory images, and visual tricks and Paintings:
surprises - Three Musicians (1921)
- Dada – non style - Girl Before a Mirror (1932)
- Marc Chagall and Giorgio de Chirico Futurism - began in Italy in the early 1900s.
Paintings: - art for a fast-paced, machine-propelled
- Melancholy and Mystery of a Street age.
(1914) – Giorgio de Chirico - Admired the motion, force, speed, and
- I amd the Village (1911) – Marc Chagall strength of mechanical forms
- Gino Severini
Surrealism - was a style that depicted an
illogical, subconscious dream world beyond the Painting: Armored Train (1915)
logical, conscious, physical one. Mechanical Style - basic forms such as planes,
- Came from the term “super realism” cones, spheres, and cylinders all fit together
- Artworks expressing a departure from precisely and neatly in their appointed places.
reality - Crankshafts, cylinder blocks, pistons
- Salvador Dali – morbid or gloomy - Fernand Leger
subjects
 Persistence of Memory (1931) Painting: The City (1919)
- Paul Klee and Joan Miro – playful and
humorous subjects Nonobjectivism - logical geometrical conclusion
 Diana (1932) – Paul Klee of abstractionism
 Personages with Star (1933) – Joan Miro - “non object” did not make use of figures
Social Realism - expressed the artist’s role in or even representations of figures
social reform. - Lines, shapes, and colors were used in a
cool, impersonal approach that aimed for
- artists used their works to protest against balance, unity, and stability.
the injustices, inequalities of the human - Colors were mainly black, white, and the
condition primaries (red, yellow, and blue).
- Ben Shahn’s Miner’s Wives (1948) - - Piet Mondrian – Dutch
spoke out against the hazardous
conditions faced by coal miners, after a Painting: New York City (1942)
tragic accident killed 111 workers in Abstract Expressionism, Pop Art, Op Art
Illinois in 1947, leaving their wives and
children in mourning. - World War I (1913-1914) and World
- Pablo Picasso Guernica (1937) - most War II (1941-1945), in particular, shifted
monumental and comprehensive statement the political, economic, and cultural world
 stage away from Europe and on to the Paintings:
“New World” continent, America
- Whaam! (1963)
The New York School – opposed to “The School - In the Car (1963)
of Paris” – synthesis of Europe’s cubist and
surrealist styles Conceptual Art - which arose in the mind of the
artist, took concrete form for a time, and then
New York – became a haven for the newly- disappeared (unless it was captured in photo or
arrived artists and their American film documentation).
counterparts.
- They questioned the idea of art as objects
Action Painting – Jackson Pollock to be bought and sold
- Kosuth
- total effect is one of vitality, creativity,
“energy made visible.” Painting: One of the Three Chairs (1965)
- One man show in NYC 1943
Op Art - another experiment in visual
Painting: Autumn Rhythm (1950) experience—a form of “action painting,” with
the action taking place in the viewer’s eye.
Color Field Painting – used different color
saturations (purity, vividness, intensity) to - lines, spaces, and colors were precisely
create their desired effects. planned and positioned to give the illusion
of movement
- Mark Rothko and Barnett Newman - Painting: Current (1964) – Bridget Riley
Paintings: Contemporary Art Forms; Installation Art and
- Magenta, Black, Green on Orange (1949) Performance Art
– Mark Rothko Installation Art - makes use of space and
- Vir Heroicus Sublimis (1950 – 1951) materials in truly innovative ways
- uses sculptural materials and other media
 more intimate “pictograph” approach, to modify the way the viewer experiences
filling the canvas with repeating picture a particular space
fragments or symbols—as in the works of - lifesize or sometimes even larger
Adolph Gottlieb and Lee Krasner. - both indoor and outdoor

Paintings: Examples:

- Forgotten Dream (1946) – Adolph - Cordillera Labyrinth (1989) – Roberto

Gottlieb Villanueva [bamboo and runo grass,
- Abstract No. 2 (1948) – Lee Krasner outdoor installation at the Cultural Center
of the Ph)
After the NYC School - Pasyon at Rebolusyon (1989) – Santiago
Bose [Mixed Media Installation]
- By the early 1960s, the momentum of - Go to Room 117 (1990) – Sid Gomez
The New York School slowed down. In Hildawa [Mixed Media Installation]
its place, a new crop of artists came on the - Four Masks (1991) – Edgar Talusan
scene using lighter treatment and flashes Fernandez [Outdoor Installation]
of humor, even irreverence, in their  The installation artist’s manipulation of
artworks. space and materials has also been called
Neodadaism, Pop Art, Op Art “environmental art,” “project art,” and
“temporary art.”
Neodadaism – make reforms in traditional
values Performance Art - makes use of the human
body, facial expressions, gestures, and sounds
- made use of commonplace, trivial, even
nonsensical objects. - form of modern art in which the actions of
- nonsense for its own sake and simply an individual or a group at a particular
wanted to laugh at the world. place and in a particular time constitute
the work.
Paintings:
4 Basic Elements:
- 12 Cars (1962) – Andy Warhol
- Marilyn Monroe (1967) – Andy Warhol 1. time
2. space
Roy Lichtenstein – American pop artist 3. the performer’s body
4. a relationship between performer and
- Leading figure in the new art audience
movement
Performer – artist Health-related components – contribute to the
development of health and functional capacity of
 Venue: art gallery, museum, theater, café, the body
bar, street corner
 Performance follows a traditional story - cardiovascular strength, cardiovascular
line or plot endurance, muscular strength, muscular
 It may last just a few minutes or extemd endurance, flexibility, and body
for several hours composition
PHYSICAL EDUCATION Skill related components – components that
contribute to the development of skills
Lifestyle – the way in which an individual lives
- agility, balance, coordination, power,
Risk factors – are variables in your lifestyle that reaction time, speed
may lead to certain diseases
Components of Physical Fitness:
- Hypertension/ high blood pressure,
overweight and obesity, excess body fat, 1. Cardiovascular endurance - the ability
high levels of stress, lack of exercise and of an individual to perform prolonged
sedentary lifestyle work continuously, where the work
involves large muscle groups
Non-communicable diseases (NCD) – certain 2. Agility - ability to start (or accelerate),
diseases that can shorten your lifespan stop (or decelerate and stabilize), and
- Also called chronic diseases change direction quickly, while
- Transmitted from person to person maintaining posture
3. Coordination – ability to perform
4 Types: complex motor skills with a smooth, flow
of motion
1. Cardiovascular diseases
2. Cancer Factors affecting physical fitness: age, gender,
3. Chronic respiratory diseases heredity, nutrition, activity, and disability
4. Diabetes
TERMS:
Energy expenditure – the amount of energy you
spend through physical activity 1. Active recreational activities – activities
that require large body movements such as
Energy Consumption – the amount of energy you running, throwing, or jumping or those
take in through food that are sports-specific
2. Eating Habits – skill-related component
Body Mass Index – rough measure of body of physical fitness that refers to the ability
composition that is useful for classifying the health to perform complex motor skills with a
risks of body weight smooth, flow of motion
Recreational Activities – activities held during 3. FITT Formula – stands for frequency,
one’s leisure time intensity, time and type
4. Physical Fitness Tests – tests that gauge
3-minute Step test – Cardiovascular Endurance your fitness level ; may be health-related
and skill-related
Hand-Eye Coordination Test / Juggling – 5. Regular moderate physical activity –
Coordination being active for 30 mins. To 1 hour, doing
10 m run – Agility physical activities that elevate your heart
rate more than you are used to
 Frequency (how often) – number of 6. Warm up – preliminary activity done to
training sessions that are performed during prepare the body for actual physical
a given period (usually one week) activity; can be general or sports-specific
 Intensity (how hard) – an individual’s 7. Weight Gain – energy consumed is
level of effort, compared with their greater than energy expanded
maximal effort, which is usually 8. Weight Loss – energy consumed is less
expressed as a percentage than energy expanded
 Time (how long) - duration of workout 9. Weight Maintenance – energy consumed
(including warm-up and cool-down) or the equals energy expanded
length of time spent in training
 Type – mode of physical activity HEALTH

Rate of perceived Exertion (RPE) – an 3 Components of Consumer Health:

assessment of the intensity of exercise based on 1. Health Information – any concept, step
how the participant feels or advice that various sources give to aid
the health status of an individual
- Plays a big role in the life of individuals
 - Timely relevant, appropriate, accessible, 3. Government Hospital – being run by the
and delivered in a relevant format state and the treatment fees are subsized
 “It is information that people require to 4. Teaching Hospital – includes a school for
make wise choices and decisions about medical students
their health or the health of other people”
(Galvez Tan 2009) 2 Classifications of Hospital:
2. Health Products – these products may be 1. General Hospital – have complete
purchased from various places like medical, surgical, and maternal care
supermarkets, pharmacies and hospitals facilities
Types of Health Products: foods, drugs,  PGH, Baguio Gen.Hospital, Cebu Gen.
cosmetics, devices, biologicals, vaccines, Hospital, Davao Medical Center
household hazardous substances 2. Specialty Hospital – hospitals that handle
a particular disease or condition or deal
3. Health Services – connected to with only one type of patient
healthcare  Phil. Heart Center, Lung Center of the
- Aim to appraise the health conditions of Phil., National Kidney Transplant
individuals through screening and Institute
examinations b. Walk-In Surgery Center – a facility that
- Usually offered by healthcare providers offers surgery without the patient being
admitted in the hospital
Healthcare providers – a trained professional c. Health Center – services in a health
who provide with healthcare center cater to a specific population with
Different Types of Healthcare Providers: various health needs
d. Extended Healthcare Facility – facility
1. Health Professionals – individuals who that provides treatment, nursing care, and
are licensed to practice medicine and other residential services to patients, often the
allied health programs elderly
- Physician – records the medical history of 3. Health Insurance – financial agreement
individuals, provides diagnoses, performs between an insurance company and an
medical examinations and prescribes individual or group for the payment of
medication healthcare costs
- Healthcare Practitioner – an - Protection that provides benefits for
independent healthcare provider who is sickness and injury
licensed to practice on a specific area of - May be sourced from both public and
the body private companies
 Podiatrists (specialize in the problems - Public Health Insurance: PhilHealth
of the feet) , dentists, optometrists
- Allied health Professional – a trained Types of Insurance:
healthcare provider who practices under 1. Medical Insurance – pays for the fees of
the supervision of a physician or the health professionals, laboratory tests,
healthcare practitioner and prescription drugs
 Nurses, dieticians, pharmacists, and 2. Major Medical Insurance – offers
physical therapists payment for long-term or chronic diseases
2. Healthcare Facilities – places or such as AIDS and cancer
institutions that offer healthcare services 3. Hospitalization Insurance – pays for the
Types of Healthcare Facilities: stay of the patient inside the hospital
4. Surgical Insurance – pays for the surgery
a.Hospital – an institution where people fees
undergo medical diagnosis, care and 5. Disability Insurance – provides financing
treatment for members who meet accidents or suffer
 Different Types of Medical Care: from illnesses
 Inpatient Care – refers to care given to
individuals who need to stay inside the 2 Types of Expenses involved in Health Insurance:
hospital to receive proper treatment 1. Covered expense – refers to the coverage
 Outpatient Care – refers to treatment that of medical services that can be paid by the
does not require an individual to stay company issuing the health insurance
inside the hospital 2. Exclusions – specific services that are not
Different Kinds of Hospitals: paid by the issuer

1. Private Hospital – operated by Health Maintenance Organization – a healthcare

individuals to gain profit provider that offers medical services that are
2. Voluntary Hospital – does not require availed through a prepaid amount of money
profit because it is owned by a community 4 Major Domains of Complementary and
or an organization Alternative Medicine:
 1. Biology-based practices – taking herbal Quack – an individual that has little or no
medicine and availing of special diets and professional qualifications to practice medicine
vitamins
2. Energy Medicines – uses magnetic fields - Quack salver = healing with unguents
or biofields in belief that energy fields - Quacken = to boast
may enter various points in the body - Kwakzalver = might be a healer who
3. Manipulative and body-based practices boasts his products
– bodily kinesthetic in nature and 3 Major Characteristics:
concerned with movement therapy
4. Mind-body medicine – uses mental 1. A big business, a huge amount of money
exercises in belief that the brain is central is spent on fraudulent health products and
to the health of an individual services
2. It multiplies and spreads fast
Republic Act No.8423 (Traditional and 3. It thrives on individuals who are
Alternative Medicine Act of 1997) – provisions diagnosed with illnesses that are known to
the creation of the Philippine Institute of have no care
Traditional and Alternative Healthcare
3 Forms of Quackery:
- Law-making body with regards to the
effective use of traditional and alternative 1. Medical Quackery – includes cures,
medicine treatments, and remedies of various health
conditions
Naturopathy – offers a wide range of natural 2. Nutrition Quackery – involves
practices including herbal medicine acupuncture, promotion of food fads and other
acupressure, nutritional therapy, and ventosa nutritional practices that claim all-natural
cupping massage therapy 3. Device Quackery – makes use of
Naturopathic Medicine – views diseases as a miraculous gadgets (dials, gauges,
manifestation of an alteration in the processes by electrodes, magnets, and blinkers) that are
which the body naturally heals itself believed to cure certain health conditions

- Acapulco – ringworm and other skin Consumer Act of the Philippines – a law that
(fungal) infections protects the interest of the consumer, promotes
- Ampalaya – non-insulin dependent general welfare, and establishes standards of
diabetic patients conduct for business and industry
- Bawang – blood pressure control 8 Basic Rights of Consumer:
- Bayabas – used as an antiseptic to
disinfect wounds 1. Right to Basic Needs – the right that
- Lagundi – cough and asthma guarantees survival, adequate food,
- Niyog-niyogan – intestinal worms clothing, shelter, healthcare, education and
- Sambong – urinary stones sanitation
- Pansit-pansitan – arthritis and gout 2. Right to safety – the right to be protected
- Tsaang gubat – mouthwash against the marketing of goods or the
- Yebra Buena – body aches and pain provision of services that are hazardous to
health and life
Examples of Alternative Medicine: 3. Right to Information – the right to be
1. Acupuncture – long thin needles are protected against dishonest or misleading
inserted to specific parts of the body advertising, facts and information
2. Ventosa cupping – done by placing 4. Right to Choose – the right to choose
inverted glasses that have flames from products at competitive prices
burning cotton on specific points in the 5. Right to Representation – the right to
body express consumer interests in the making
3. Reflexology – similar to acupuncture; and execution of government policies
focuses on treating specific disorders 6. Right to Redress – the right to be
massaging of the soles of the feet compensated for misrepresentation
4. Acupressure – uses the same technique of 7. Right to Consumer Education – right to
acupuncture; applies pressure on certain acquire the knowledge and skills
points of the body necessary to be an informed customer
5. Nutrition Therapy – diet for patient 8. Right to a Healthy Environment – the
right to live and work in an environment
Quackery – form of health fraud, is any that is neither threatening or dangerous
advertisement, promotion, or sale of products and
services that have not been scientifically proven Government Firms: Department of Health
safe and effective (DOH), Department of Trade and Industry
Phil. (DTI). Food and Drug Administration
- Operated by a quack Phil. (FDA