P hysi cs | 9.

35

22. Air Bubble Inside a Liquid

Figure 9.64

R – radius of bubble
T – surface tension force

23. Capillary Rise

2T cos θ
h= r = is the radius of capillary tube
rρg

θ = angle of contact

Solved Examples

JEE Main/Boards
Example 1: For the arrangement shown in the figure. Sol: Level of liquid will rise or fall depending on the
What is the density of oil? density of the solid.
Let M = Mass of the floating solid.
C r1 = density of liquid formed by the melting of the solid.
d=12.3 mm
d=12.3mm
Oil r2= density of the liquid in which the solid is floating.
The mass of liquid displaced by the solid is M. Hence,
M
the volume of liquid displaced is . When the solid
 = 135 mm ρ2
M
B melts, the volume occupied by it is . Hence, the level
ρ1
Water of liquid in container will rise or fall according as
M M
− is less than or greater than zero.
ρ2 ρ1
Sol: Pressure will be same at all points at the same
⇒ rises for ρ1 < ρ2
height in the same liquid.
⇒ falls for ρ1 > ρ2
P0 + rw gl = P0 + roil (  + d)g
There will be no change in the level if the level if r1 =
ρw  1000.(135) r2. In case of ice floating in water r1 = r2 and hence, the
⇒ ρoil
= = = 916 kg / m3
 + d (135 + 12.3) level of water remains unchanged when ice melts.

Example 2: A solid floats in a liquid of different material. Example 3: An iron casting containing a number of
Carry out an analysis to see whether the level of liquid cavities weighs 6000 N in air and 4000 N in water. What
in the container will rise or fall when the solid melts.
9 . 3 6 | Fluid Mechanics

is the volume of the cavities in the casting? Density of Sol: Use the formula for height of the liquid in the
iron is 7.87 g/cm3. capillary.
Take g = 9.8 m/s2 and density of water = 103 kg/m3. Let r1 and r2 be radii of upper and lower ends of the
conical capillary tube. The radius r at the meniscus is
Sol: Apply Archemides principal. The volume of iron given by
without the cavity is easily found. The total volume is
found from the upthrust. The difference in volumes is A
the volume of cavity.
t h
Let ν be the volume of cavities and V the volume of
solid iron. Then, B
r2
mass  6000 / 9.8  3
=V =  =  0.078m
density  7.87 × 103 
Further, decrease in weight = upthrust
∴ (6000 – 4000) = (V + ν)ρ wg
or 2000 = (0.078 + ν) × 103 × 9.8   −h
r =r1 + (r2 − r1 )  
or 0.078 + ν ≈ 0.2   
\ v = 0.12 m3
 0.1 − 0.08 
= (2.5 × 10−4 ) + (2.5 × 10−4 )  
 0.1 
Example 4: A boat floating in a water tank is carrying
a number of stones. If the stones were unloaded into = 3.0×10–4 m
water, what will happen to the water level?
The surface tension at 0ºC is given by
Sol: When the stones are in boat they will displace rhρg
more water as compared to the case when they are out T0 =
2
of the boat and inside water.
Let weight of boat = W and weight of stone = w. (3.0 × 10−4 )(8 × 10−2 )(1 / 4 × 10 4 ) × 9.8
= =0.084
2
Assuming density of water = 1 g/cc
T0 h0 6 × 10−2 12
Volume of water displaced initially= (w + W)/ρw For tube B, N/m = = =
T50 h50 5.5 × 10 −2 11
 W w
Later, Volume displaced =  + 
11 11
 ρw ρ  ⇒ T0 = × T0 = × 0.084 = 0.077 N/m
(ρ = density of stones) 12 12

⇒ Water level comes down. Considering the change in the surface tension as linear,
the change in surface tension with temp is given by

Example 5: A conical glass capillary tube A of length 0.1 T50 − T0 0.077 − 0.084 1
m has diameters 10–3m and 5×10–4m at the ends. When α= = =− k.
T0 − T50 0.084 × 0.077 60
it is just immersed in a liquid at 0ºC with larger radius
in constant contact with it, the liquid rises to 8×10–2m Negative sign shows that with rise in temp surface
in the tube. In another cylindrical glass capillary tube tension decreases.
B, when immersed in the same liquid at 0ºC, the liquid
rises to 6×10–2m height. The rise of liquid in tube B is
only 5.5×10–2m when the liquid is at 50ºC. Find the rate Example 6: A piece of copper having an internal cavity
at which the surface tension changes with temperature weighs 264 gm in air and 221 gm when it is completely
considering the change to be linear. The density of immersed in water. Find the volume of the cavity. The
liquid is (1/4) × 104 kg/m3 and the angle of contact is density of copper is 9.8 gm/cc.
zero. Effect of temp on the density of liquid and glass
is negligible. Sol: Apply Archemides principal. The volume of copper
without the cavity is easily found. The total volume is
found from the upthrust. The difference in volumes is
 P hysi cs | 9.37

the volume of cavity. ∴ (10–  1) × 100 × 13.6 × g = 7800 g

Mass of copper in air = 264 gm 7800
10 –  1 = = 5.74
Mass of copper in water = 221 gm 100 × 13.6
Apparent loss of mass in water ∴ length of block above mercury surface

= 264 – 221 = 43 gm = 10 – 5.74 = 4.26 cm

∴ Mass of water displaced by copper piece when (b) Let  2 be the height of water column above mercury
completely immersed in water is equal to 43 gm. surface so that water just covers the top of the steel
block. The upward thrust due to mercury and water
mass of displaced
Volume of water displaced= displaced is equal to the weight of the body
density of water
∴ weight of block = wt. of water displaced + wt. of
43
= = 43.0 cc mercury displaced
1.0
∴ Volume of copper piece including volume of cavity = ∴ 7800 g =  2 × 1000 × 1 × g
43.0 cc. Volume of copper block only + (10 –  2) × 100 × 13.6 × g
mass 264 7800 = 100  2 + 13600 – 1360  2
= = = 30.0cc
density 8.8
1260  2 = 13600 – 7800 = 5800
Volume of cavity = 43.0 – 30.0 = 13.0 cc
∴ Height of water column above mercury=
Example 7: A cubical block of each side equal to 10 5800
l2 = = 4.6 cm
cm is made of steel of density 7.8 gm/cm3. It floats on 1260
mercury surface in a vessel with its sides vertical. The
density of mercury is 13.6 gm/cm3. Example 8: A cubical block of wood of each side 10 cm
(a) Find the length of the block above mercury surface. long floats at the interface between oil and water with
its lower surface 2 cm below the interface. The height
(b) If water is poured on the surface of mercury, find the of oil and water column is 10 cm each. The density of
height of the water column when water just covers the oil is 0.8 g cm–3.
top of the steel block.
(a) What is the mass of the block?
Sol: Apply Archemides principal. The weight of the (b) What is the pressure at the lower side of surface of
block will be equal to the weight of the liquid displaced. block?
(a) Volume of steel block
= (10)3 = 1000 cm3 Sol: Apply Archemides principle. The weight of the
block will be equal to the weight of the liquid displaced.
Mass of steel block = 1000 × 7.8 = 7800 gm
(a) Buoyant force = (mass of liquid displaced) × g
Let  1 be the height of steel block above the surface
= [10 × 10 × 8 × 0.8 + 10 × 10 × 1]g= 840 g
of mercury. Height of block under mercury = 10 –  1.
Weight of mercury displaced by block If m is mass of block
=(10 –  1) × 100 × 13.6 × g gm mg = 840 g or m = 840 gm
Archimedes’ principle shows that upward thrust is
equal to the weight of mercury displaced by block is Oil
equal to the weight of the block. 10 cm
8 cm

10 cm Water

(b) Pressure at the lower surface of block

 9 . 3 8 | Fluid Mechanics

= pressure at any point on the same level. aρ 2

(b) Equation (i) gives
= F (v − v12 ) =
2 2
10 × 0.8 × g + 2 × 1 × g
= 10g = 10 × 9.81 = 99.1 Newton/meter2 π × (4)2 × 1000  1
× 64 − 
2  4
Example 9: A massless smooth piston forces water 1 22 255
with a velocity of 8 m/s out of a tube shaped container = × × 16 × 1000 × 160.3N
=
2 7 4
with radii 4.0 cm and 1.0 cm respectively as shown in
the figure. Assume that the water leaving the container
Example 10: A horizontal tube has different cross-
enters air at 1 atmospheric pressure. Find
sections at two points A and B. The diameter at A is
(a) The velocity of the piston 4.0 cm and that at B is 2 cm/ The two manometer arms
(b) Force F applied to the piston. are fixed at A and B. When a liquid of density 800 kg/
m3 flows through the tube, the difference of pressure
Sol: Apply Bernoulli’s Theorem at two points, one near between the arms of two manometers is 8 cm. Calculate
the piston and the other at the end of the tube. the rate of flow of tube liquid.

(a) Let F be the force applied horizontally such that v1 Sol: Apply Bernoulli’s Theorem and equation of
is the velocity of water in tube A of radius 4.0 cm and continuity.
v2 equal to 8 m/s is the velocity of water out of tube B
of radius 1.0 cm. From Bernoulli’s principle:

Let p0 be atmospheric pressure. 1 1

p1 + ρ v12 = p2 + ρ v 22
2 2
From the equation of continuity: A1v = A2v2
4 cm
F
1 cm pressure difference: p1 – p2 = hrg

2gh
B p0 These equations give v1 = A2
(A12 − A22 )
A
Rate of flow of volume
F
∴ At A, v1 = ?, r1 = 4.0 cm, p1 = p0 + Where a is area 2gh
a V = A1v1 = A1A2
of cross-section of piston or tube A. At B, v2 = 8 m/s, r2 (A12 − A22 )
= 1.0 cm, p2 = p0
2 × 9.8 × 8 × 10−2
Bernoulli’s theorem sat A and B gives, = π2 (4 × 10 −4 )(1 × 10 −2 )
(4 π × 10−4 ) − ( π × 10 4 )2
1 1
p1 + ρv1 + hρg= p2 + ρv 22 + hρga
2 2 = 4.06 × 10–4 m3/s
where ρ is density of water and h is height of axis of
both tubes from ground level
1 1
JEE Advanced/Boards
∴ p1 + ρv12 = p2 + ρv 22
2 2
Example 1: Under isothermal condition two soap
bubbles of radii a and b coalesce to form a single
F 1 bubble of radius c. If the external pressure is p0
+ p0 = p0 + ρ(v 22 − v12 )
a 2
F ρ 2 p0 (c3 − a3 − b3 )
= (v − v12 )  ...(i) show that surface tension T =
a 2 2 4(a2 + b2 + c2 )
Equation of continuity at A and B gives
Sol: Pressure inside the soap bubble is larger than that
v1a1 = v2a2 outside it by amount 4T/R, where T is surface tension
2 and R is its radius.
πr22 1
or v1 =v2 × 8   =
=× 0.5 m / s
2
πr1 4
 P hysi cs | 9.39

As we know that for a soap bubble, the excess pressure Total P.E. when they are not connected
4T
is = . External pressure is p0 h  h   h2 h2 
r Ah1ρg  1  + Ah2ρg  2  = Aρg  1 + 2 
∴ p= p0 +
4T
∴ p= p0 +
4T
and 2  2   2 2

a b
a b
When the levels are equal, the potential energy is given
4T as
p=
c p0 +
c
4 4 4 3  h + h2   h1 + h2   h1 + h2   h1 + h2 
and v a =πa3 , v b =πb3 & v c= πc  ….(i) = A  1  ρg 
  + A 
  ρg  
3 3 3  2   4   2   4 
Applying conservation of mass
(h1 + h2 )2 (h1 + h2 )2
na + nb =
nc = 2Aρg = Aρg
2× 4 4
pa v a pb v b pc v c Pv The change in potential energy
⇒ + = [ pv= nRT ⇒ n= ]
RTa RTb RTc RT
Aρg  (h1 + h2 ) 
2

Since, temp is constant =

2 

2
(
− h12 − h22 )
 
i.e.Ta = Tb = Tc, so the expression reduces to
Aρg  h1 + h2 − 2h1 − 2h2 + 2h1h2 
2 2 2 2
pava + pbvb = pcvc =  
2  2 
with the help of equation (i), we have 

Aρg  −(h1 + h2 − 2h1h2 ) 

2 2
 4T   4 3   4T  4 3  =  
 p0 +   πa  +  p0 +  πb  2 

2 
 a  3   b  3 
2
 h − h2 
 4T  4 3  Work done due to gravity = −Aρg  1 
=  p0 +  πc   2 
 c  3 
The negative sign shows that the work is done by the
⇒ 4T(a2 + b2 – c2) = p0(c3 – a3 – b3)
gravitational field on the liquid.
p0 (c3 − a3 − b3 )
⇒T =
4(a2 + b3 − c3 ) Example 3: A container of large uniform cross-section
area A resting on a horizontal surface holds two
immiscible, non-viscous and incompressible liquids
Example 2: Two identical cylindrical vessels with their of densities d and 2d, each of height H/2 as shown
bases at the same level contain a liquid of density ρ. in figure. The lower density liquid is open to the
The height of liquid in one vessel is h1 and that in the atmosphere having pressure P0.
other vessel is h2. The areas of either base is A. What is
the work done by gravity in equalizing the levels when (a) A homogeneous solid cylinder of length L (L < H/2)
the two vessels are connected. and cross-section area A/5 is immersed such that, it
floats with its axis vertical at the liquid-liquid interface
Sol: Work done by gravity is equal to the loss in the with length L/4 in the dense liquid.
gravitational potential energy.
The center of gravity of liquid column would be at
height h1 and h2 respectively. A is area of cross-section.

h1
h2
9 . 4 0 | Fluid Mechanics

Determine: 1 H  H   3H 
=  Adg   + A(2d)g    = dg  
(i) The density D of the solid. A 2  2   2 
(ii) The total pressure at the bottom of the container.
Pressure due to buoyancy reaction
(b) The cylinder is removed and the original arrangement
is restored. A tiny hole of area S(S<<A) is punched on Buoyancy reaction force  A  LDg
the vertical side of the container at a height h(h<H/2). = = 
area 5 A
Determine:
A 5d l Lgd
= ×L × × × g =
(i) The initial speed of efflux of liquid at the hole. 5 4 A 4
(ii) The horizontal distance x travelled by the liquid  3H  Ldg
initially. ∴ Total pressure = P0 + dg   +
 2  4
(iii) The height hm at which the hole should be punched
so that the liquid travels the maximum distance xm  3H L
P0 + dg  +
= 
initially. Also calculate xm: (Neglect the air-resistance in 2 4
these calculations)
(b) (i) Let vA and vB be velocity of fluids at points A and
Sol: Apply the principles of hydrostatic pressure, B.
Archemedes and Bernoulli’s Theorem.
(A) (i) As per Archimedes’ principle, the buoyant force
on a body is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced
by the body.

AvA = svB

∴ v =  s  v  0 (  A>>H/2)
A   B
A
1
Bernoulli’s Equation: p + ρv 2 + ρgh = constant
2
A
Weight of solid cylinder =
×D × g = F ↓L×
5 1 H H
At A, P0 + dv 2A + dg + 2d(g)   =
constant or
F ↑= Buoyant force = weight of liquid displaced 2 2 2
L Α 3L A
= × × 2dg + × × d × g 3
4 5 4 5 P0 + dgH = constant ( VA = 0)
2
A
Equating: L × ×D × g At point B,
5 1 1
P0 + dv 2A + (2d)vB2 + 2dgh =
cosntant
L A 3L A 2 2
= × × 2dg + × × d × g
4 5 4 5
or P0 + dvB2 + 2dgh =
constant
d 3d 2d + 3d 5d
D= + = = 3
2 4 4 4 Equating: P0 + dvB2 + 2dgh =P0 + dgH
2
(ii) Pressure at the bottom of the cylinder
3
= Patmosphere + Pdense liquid + Plight liquid dvB2 + 2dgh = dgH
2

Force 3  3 
Pressure due to liquid = vB2 g  H − 2h
= =  ; vB g  H − 2h 
Area 2  2 
 P hysi cs | 9.41

(ii) Time t taken by liquid to fall through height h under Sol: The cross section of tube can be thought of made-
2h up of elementary rings of infinitesimal thickeness. Find
g with zero initial velocity. t = the volume flow rate and kinetic energy of one ring.
g
Use the method of integration to find the flow rate and
Horizontal distance
energy for the tube.
2h 3 
x = vB t = × g  H − 2h 
g  2  (a) Let us consider a cylindrical section at a distance of
r and having thickness dr. The volume of fluid flowing
3H  r2 
h(3H − 4h) = 2 × h × −h through this section per second. dv = (2πrdr)v 0  1 − 
4  R 2 

dx So, the volume of fluid flowing across the section of the
(iii) To find height h at which x is max, =0.
dh tube in unit time.

d  1/2 d 1/2
3Hh − 4h2  0;
= h(3H − 4h) 0
=
dh   dh 

d  3H 
2 × h − h =0.
dh  4 
1/2 −1/2
1  3H  1  3H 
2×  − h +2 h×  − h (–1)=0 R  r2 
R 
r2 
2h  4  2 4  ∫
v= (2 πrdr)v 
0 1 − 
R 2 
= 2 πv 0∫ 
r  1 −  dr
R 2 
0  0 
1/2
1  3H  h R
 − h =  r2 r4   R2 
h 4   3H 
1/2
= 2πv 0  −  = 2πv 0  
 4 
 2 4R  0
2
 4 − h  
 
3H 3 (b) The kinetic energy of the fluid within the volume
or −h =h or h = H element of thickness dr
4 8
2
1 1  r2 
3H  3H 3H 
1/2
(dm)v 2 = (2πrdr )ρv 20  1 − 
\ xm =
2× − 2 2  R2 
   
8  4 8 
So, the K.E. of fluid within the tube
3H 3H 3H 2
=
2× × = 1
R
r2 
8 8 4 = (2π )ρv 20 ∫  1 −  rdr
2  R2 
0 

Example 4: A tube of length  and radius R carries a Integrating, we get

steady flow of liquid whose density is ρ and viscosity η.
 R2 
 r2  K.E. = pr   v 20   
The velocity v of flow is given by
= V V0  1 −  , where  6 
 R 2   

r is the distance of flowing fluid from the axis. Find (c) The viscous drag exerts a force on the tube
(a) Volume of fluid, flowing across the section of the  dv 
F = ηA  
tube, in unit time.  dx r =R
(b) Kinetic energy of the fluid within the volume of the
tube.  dv   2r  −2v 0
Hence   = v 0  −  =
 dr r =R
2
 R r =R R
(c) The frictional force exerted on the tube by the fluid,
and ∴ F = –η(2pR  )(–2v0  R) = 4phhlv0
(d) The difference of pressures at the ends of the tube. (d) The pressure difference DP is given by
DP = P2 – P1 = P
9 . 4 2 | Fluid Mechanics

Where P1 = O and P2 = P Example 6: The U-tube acts as a water siphon. The bend
Force(F) in the tube is 1m above the water surface. The tube outlet
As we know that P= is 7 m below the water surface. The water issues from
area of section of tube
the bottom of the siphon as a free jet at atmospheric
F 4 πηv 0 pressure. Determine the speed of the free jet and the
P= =
πR 2
πR 2 minimum absolute pressure of the water in the bend.
Given atmospheric pressure = 1.01 × 105 N/m2.
4 η v 0
P= g = 9.8 m/s2 and density of water = 103 kg/m3.
R2

Example 5: A fresh water reservoir is 10 m deep. A

horizontal pipe 4.0 cm in diameter passes through the
reservoir 6.0 m below the water surface as shown in
figure. A plug secures the pipe opening.
(a) Find the friction force between the plug and pipe
wall.
(b) The plug is removed. What volume of water flows
out of the pipe in 1 h? Assume area of reservoir to be
too large.
Sol: Apply Bernoulli’s Theorem at points 1, A and 2.
(a) Applying Bernoulli’s equation between point (1)
and (2)
1 1
P1 + ρv12 + ρh1 + P2 + ρv 22 + ρgh2
2 2
Since, area of reservoir >> area of pipe
v1 ≈ 0, also P1 = P2 = atmospheric pressure
Sol: Force of friction will balance the force due to
pressure difference on the plug. Use the formula for So, v1 = 2g(h1 − h2 ) = 2 × 9.8 × 7 = 11.7 m / s
velocity of efflux for part (b)
(b) The minimum pressure in the bend will be at A.
(a) Force of friction Therefore, applying Bernoulli’s equation between (1)
= pressure difference on the sides of the plug × area of and (A)
cross section of the plug 1 1
P1 + ρv12 + ρgh1 = PA + ρv 2A + ρghA
= (rgh) A= (10) (9.8)(6.0)(π)(2 × 10 )
3 –2 2 2 2

= 73.9 N Again, v1 ≈ 0 and from conservation of mass v A = v 2 ;

1
(b) Assuming the area of the reservoir to be too large. PA= P1 + ρg(h1 − hA ) − ρv 22
2
Velocity of efflux
= v 2gh cons tant
=
Therefore, substituting the values, we have
\ v= 2 × 9.8 × 6 = 10.84m / s PA = (1.01 × 105) + (1000)(9.8)(–1)
1
Volume of water coming out per sec, – × (1000)(11.7)2 2 =2.27 × 104 N/m2
2
dV
= 1.36 × 10−2 m3 / s
= Av =π(2 × 10−2 )2 (10.84)
dt Example 7: Two separate air bubbles (radii 0.004 m and
∴ The volume of water flowing through the pipe in 1 h. 0.002 m) formed of the same liquid (surface tension 0.07
N/m) come together to form a double bubble. Find the
 dV  −2 radius and the sense of curvature of the internal film
V= =  t (1.36 × 10 )(3600) = 49.96 m
3

 dt  surface common to both the bubbles.

 P hysi cs | 9.43

Sol: Pressure inside the soap bubble is larger than that

outside it by amount 4T/R, where T is surface tension
and R is its radius.

r2

P
P2

P1
r1

For the two bubbles,

4T i.e., α = av or α =a 2ghmax
P=
1 P0 + ;
r1
α2
4T ⇒ hmax =
P=
2 P0 + ,r<r 2ga2
r2 2 1
(b) Let at time t, the level of water be h. Then,
\ P2> P1
 dh  h dh t dt
i.e. pressure inside the smaller bubble will be more. The A   = α − a 2gh or ∫0 α − a = ∫0 A
 dt  2gh
excess pressure
Solving this, we get
r −r 
P = P2 − P1 = 4T  1 2   …(i)
 r1r2  A  α  α − a 2gh  
= t  ln   − 2gh 
ag  a  α 
This excess pressure acts from concave to convex side,    
the interface will be concave towards smaller bubble
and convex towards larger bubble. Let R be the radius Example 9: Under isothermal condition, two soap
of interface then, bubbles of radii r1 and r2 coalesce to form a single
bubble of radius r. The external pressure is P0. Find
4T
P=  ….(ii) the surface tension of the soap in terms of the given
R parameters.
From equations (i) and (ii)
Sol: Pressure inside the soap bubble is larger than
r1r2 (0.004)(0.002) that outside it by amount 4T/R, where T is surface
=R = = 0.004 m
r1 − r2 (0.004 − 0.002) tension and R is its radius. Use ideal gas equation and
the condition that he total number of moles of air is
conserved.
Example 8: A cylindrical tank of base area A has a small
hole of area ‘a’ at the bottom. At time t = 0, a tap starts As mass of the air is conserved,
to supply water into the tank at a constant rate α m3/s. \ n1 + n2 = n (as PV = nRT)

(a) What is the maximum level of water hmax in the tank? P1 V1 P2 V2

PV
\ + =
RT1 RT2 RT
(b) Find the time when level of water becomes h(< hmax).

Sol: The height of water level will increase till the rate of
P
inflow is greater than the rate of outflow. Use method P1 P2
of integration to find the time taken by water level to
+ =
reach height h.
r1 r2 r
(a) Level will be maximum level when
Rate of inflow of water = rate of outflow of water
Although not given in the question, but we will have to
assume that temperature of A and B are the same.
 9 . 4 4 | Fluid Mechanics

L L
Restoring torque
= τ Fx sin θ =
SL(d2 − d1 )g sin θ
2 2
sin θ ≈ θ (θ is small)

1 2
=
∴τ SL (d2 − d1 )g θ
nB pB VB / RT pB VB 2
= =
nA pA VA / RT pA VA  ML2  d2 θ  SLd1 xL2  d2 θ
τ = Iα =   2 =  
 3  dt  3  dt2
(p + 4s / rA ) × 4 / 3π(rA )3    
=
(p + 4s / rB ) × 4 / 3π(rB )3 d2 θ 3 1
=
∴ x SL2 (d2 − d1 )gθ
dt SL d1 2
3
(s = surface tension)
nB d2 θ 3g  d2 − d1 
Substituting the values, we get =6
= or   θ ;so motion is S.H.M;
nA dt 2L  d1 
comparing with differential equation of S.H.M.
Example 10: A thin rod of length L and area of cross
section S is pivoted at its lowest point P inside a
d2 θ 3g  d2 − d1 
stationary, homogeneous and non-viscous liquid as + ω2 θ= 0; ω =  ;
shown in the figure. The rod is free to rotate in a vertical dt 2 2L  d1 
plane about a horizontal axis passing through P. The
density d1 of the material of the rod is smaller than the 2π 2Ld1
Timeperiod, T = = 2π
density d2 of the liquid. The rod is displaced by a small ω 3g(d2 − d1 )
angle. From its equilibrium position and then released,
show that the motion of the rod is simple harmonic and
determine its angular frequency in terms of the given Example 11: Two non-viscous, incompressible and
parameters. immiscible liquids of density ρ and 1.5 ρ are poured
into two limbs of a circular tube of radius R and small
cross-section kept fixed in a vertical plane as shown in
the figure.
d1
Each liquid occupies one fourth the circumference of
the tube.
d2
(a) Find the angle that the radius vector to the interface
makes with the vertical in the equilibrium position.
P
(b) If the whole liquid is given a small displacement
Sol: Use the restoring torque method to find the from its equilibrium position, show that the resulting
angular frequency. oscillations are simple harmonic. Find the time period
of these oscillations.
Consider the rod be displaced through an angle θ . The
different forces on the rod are shown in the figure. Sol:Use the restoring torque method to find the angular
Weight of rod acting downward=S L d1 g=mg frequency.

Buoyant force acting upwards =S L d2 g (a) Density of liquid column BC = 1.5 ρ ;

Density of liquid column CD = ρ
Net thrust acting on the rod upwards; F=S L (d2-d1)g
Pressure at A due to liquid column BA= ρ AB
S
F

G D


G L O
R
B  
F C
mg E
P
y
A
 P hysi cs | 9.45

= AFx1.5ρxg= (AO − OF)1.5 ρ gxg ρ y d2 θ

θ= or y = Rθ, Angular acceleration = ,
=(R − R sin θ)1.5g ρ R dt2
Pressure at A due to liquid column AD = ρ AD d2 θ 2.5πR 3ap  d2 θ 
Torque about
= A I=  2
= AEx1.5ρ xg + EG ρg dt2 2  dt 
 
∴ ρAD − (AO − OE)1.5 ρg + (EO + OG) ρg Restoring torque due to displaced liquid.
−(R − R cos θ)1.5 ρg + R(cos θ + sin θ)ρg
− ay x1.5pg + ay pg xR cos θ
τrest =
InequilibriumPAB = PAD
= −2.5ay pgxR cos θ = −2.5apgR 2 cos θ.θ
R(1 − sin θ)1.5 ρg= R(1 − cos θ)1.5 ρg + R(cos θ + sin θ) ρg
[R cos θ is perpendicular distance of gravitational force
0.5 1 1
tan=
θ = . or tan−1   from axis of rotation]
2.5 5 5
 2.5πR 3ap  d2 θ
(b)If a is area of cross − sec tion,
2πR πR
Equating 

 2  dt

(
 2 =− 2.5ap gR 2 cos θ θ )
length of each column= = 2
4 2 dθ  2gcos θ  2
= −  θ = −ω θ
πRa dt 2
 π R 
Volume of each column =
2 2gcos θ
πRa As Acceleration is proportional to angular
Mass of column
= BC x1.5 ρ πR
2 displacement and is directed towards mean position,
πRa the liquid undergoes SHM
Mass of column CD = xp
2
 πRap  2π πR
M.I. of whole liquid=
about O   (1.5 + 1)R
2 T= = 2π x
 2  ω 2gcos θ
2.5πR3ap 1 5
or I = As tan
= θ .cos
= θ .
2 5 26
3
Let y be small displacement toward left and θ be the πR R
T=
2π 2( π) 2
=
angular displacement, 5  10g 
2 x gx  
26  26 

JEE Main/Boards

Exercise 1

Q.1 If water in one flask and castor oil in other are Q.4 How does the viscosity of gases depend upon
violently shaken and kept on a table, then which one will temperature?
come to rest earlier?
Q.5 Explain the effect of (i) density (ii) temperature and
Q.2 What is the acceleration of a body falling through a (iii) pressure on the viscosity of liquids and gases.
viscous medium after terminal velocity is reached?
Q.6 Two equal drops of water falling through air with
Q.3 The liquid is flowing steadily through a tube of a steady velocity ν. If the drops coalesced, what will be
varying diameter. How are the velocity of liquid flow (V) the new steady velocity?
in any portion and the diameter (D) of the tube in that
portion related?
9 . 4 6 | Fluid Mechanics

Q.7 What is the viscous force on a drop of liquid of Q.17 Calculate the force required to take away a flat
radius 0.2 mm moving with a constant velocity 4 cm s–1 plate of radius 5 cm from the surface of water. Given
through a medium of viscosity 1.8×10–1 Nm–2 s. surface tension of water = 72 × 10–3 Nm–1.

Q.8 Eight rain drops of radius 1 mm each falling Q.18 A square wire frame of side 10 cm is dipped in a
downwards with a terminal velocity of 5 cm s–1 coalesce liquid of surface tension 28×10–3 Nm–1. On taking out,
to form a bigger drop. Find the terminal velocity of a membrane is formed. What is the force acting on the
bigger drop. surface of wire frame?

Q.9 The flow rate of water from a tap of diameter 1.25 Q.19 The air pressure inside a soap bubble of diameter
cm is 0.48 L/min. The coefficient of viscosity of water is 3.5 mm is 8 mm of water above the atmosphere.
10–3 Pa-s. After sometime, the flow rate is increased to Calculate the surface tension of soap solution.
3 L/min. The coefficient of viscosity of water is 10–3 Pa-s.
Characterize the flow. Q.20 What should be the radius of the capillary tube
so that water will rise to a height of 8 cm in it? Surface
Q.10 A block of wood is floating in a lake? What is tension of water 70 × 10–3 Nm–1.
apparent weight of the floating block?
Exercise 2
Q.11 A block of wood is floating in a lake. What is apparent
weight of the floating block? Single Correct Choice Type

Q.12 A body floats in a liquid contained in a beaker. Q.1 The area of cross-section of the wider tube shown
The whole system shown in the figure falls freely under in figure is 800 cm2. If a mass of 12 kg is placed on the
gravity. What is the up thrust on the body due to the massless piston, the difference in heights h in the level
liquid? of water in the two tubes is:

(A) 10 cm (B) 6 cm (C) 15 cm (D) 2 cm

Q.2 Two cubes of size 1.0 m side, one of relative

Q.13 A force of 60 N is applied on a nail, where tip
density 0.60 and another of relative density = 1.15 are
has an area of cross-section of 0.0001 cm2. Find the
connected by weightless wire and placed in a large tank
pressure on the tip.
of water. Under equilibrium the lighter cube will project
above the water surface to a height of:
Q.14 If the water pressure gauge shows the pressure at
(A) 50 cm (B) 25 cm (C) 10 cm (D) Zero
ground floor to be 270 kPa, how high would water rise in
the pipes of a building?
Q.3 A cuboidal piece of wood has dimensions a, b and
c. Its relative density is d. It is floating in a large body of
Q.15 A metal cube is 5 cm side and relative density 9,
water such that side a is vertical. It is pushed down a bit
suspended by a thread is completely immersed in a liquid
and released. The time period of SHM executed by it is:
of density 1.2×103 kg m–3. Find the tension in the thread.
abc h
(A) 2π (B) 2π
Q.16 A boat having a length of 3 m and breadth 2 m g da
is floating on a lake. The boat sinks by one cm, when a
man gets on it. What is the mass of the man? bc da
(C) 2π (D) 2π
dg g
 P hysi cs | 9.47

Q.4 The frequency of a sonometer wire is f, but when Q.9 Fountains usually seen in gardens are generated
the weights producing the tensions are completely by a wide pipe with an enclosure at one end having
immersed in water the frequency becomes f/2 and on many small holes. Consider one such fountain which is
immersing the weights in a certain liquid the frequency produced by a pipe of internal diameter 2 cm in which
becomes f/3. The specific gravity of the liquid is: water flows at a rate 3 ms–1. The enclosure has 100 holes
4 16 15 32
each of diameter 0.05 cm. The velocity of water coming
(A) (B) (C) (D) out of the holes is (in ms–1):
3 9 12 27
(A) 0.48 (B) 96 (C) 24 (D) 48
Q.5 A small ball of relative density 0.8 falls into water
from a height of 2m. The depth to which the ball will Q.10 A vertical tank open at the top, is filled with a
sink is (neglect viscous forces): liquid and rests on a smooth horizontal surface. A small
(A) 8 m (B) 2 m (C) 6 m (D) 4 m hole is opened at the centre of one side of the tank.
The area of cross-section of the tank is N times the area
of the hole, where N is a large number. Neglect mass
Q.6 A hollow sphere of mass M and radius r is immersed of the tank itself. The initial acceleration of the tank is:
in a tank of water (density rw). The sphere would float
if it were set free. The sphere is tied to the bottom of g g
(A) (B)
the tank by two wires which makes angle 45º with the 2N 2N
horizontal as shown in figure. The tension T1 in the wire g g
(C) (D)
is: N 2 N

Q.11 Two water pipes P and Q having diameters 2×10–2m

and 4×10–2m, respectively, are joined in series with the
main supply line of water. The velocity of water flowing
in pipe P is:
(A) 4 times that of Q (B) 2 times that of Q
(C) 1/2 times that of Q (D)1/4times that of Q

Q.12 A rectangular tank is placed on a horizontal

4 3 ground and is filled with water to a height H above the
πR ρw g − Mg
3 2 3
(A) (B) πR ρw g − Mg base. A small hole is made on one vertical side at a
2 3 depth D below the level of the water in the tank. The
4 3 distance x from the bottom of the tank at which the
πR ρw g − Mg
4 3 water jet from the tank will hit the ground is:
(C) 3 (D) πR ρw g − Mg
2 3
(A) 2 D(H − D) (B) 2 DH

Q.7 A large tank is filled with water to a height H. A 1

small hole is made at the base of the tank. It takes T1 (C) 2 D(H + D) (D) DH
2
times to decrease the height of water to H η, (η> 1) and
it takes T2 time to take out the rest of water. If T1 = T2,
Q.13 A horizontal pipe line carries water in a streamline
then the value of η is:
flow. At a point along the tube where the cross-
(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 2.2 sectional area is 10–2 m2, the water velocity is 2ms-1
and the pressure is 8000 Pa . The pressure of water
Q.8 In the case of a fluid, Bernoulli’s theorem exes the at another point where the cross-sectional area is
application of the principle of conservation of: 0.5 ×10–2m2 is:

(A) Linear momentum (B) Energy (A) 4000 Pa (B) 1000 Pa

(C) Mass (D) Angular momentum (C) 2000 Pa (D) 3000 Pa

9 . 4 8 | Fluid Mechanics

Q.14 Which of the following is not an assumption for (A) Siphon works when h3> 0
an ideal fluid flow for which Bernoulli’s principle is valid:
(B) Pressure at point 2 is P2 = p0 – rgh3
(A) Steady flow (B) Incompressible
(C) Pressure at point 3 is P0
(C) Viscous (D) Irrotational
(D) None of the above

Q.15 A solid metallic sphere of radius r is allowed to fall

Q.19 A steady flow of water passes along horizontal
freely through air. If the frictional resistance due to air
tube from a wide section X to the narrower section Y,
is proportional to the cross-sectional area and to the
see figure. Manometers are placed at P and Q of the
square of the velocity, then the terminal velocity of the
sections. Which of the statements A,B,C,D is most
sphere is proportional to which of the following?
correct?
(A) r2 (B) r (C) r3/2 (D) r1/2

Q.16 If two soap bubbles of different radii are connected

by a tube.
(A) Air flows from the bigger bubble to the smaller
bubble till the sizes become equal
(A) water velocity at X is greater than at Y
(B) Air flows from bigger bubble to the smaller bubble
till the sizes are interchanged (B) the manometer at P shows lower pressure than at Q
(C) Air flows from the smaller bubble to the bigger (C) kinetic energy per m3 of water at X = kinetic energy
per m3 at Y
(D) There is no flow of air
(D) the manometer at P shows greater pressure than
Q.17 A long capillary of radius r is initially just vertically at Y
completely immerged inside a liquid of angle of contact
0º. If the tube is slowly raised, then relation between Previous Years’ Questions
radius of curvature of meniscus inside the capillary tube
and displacement (h) of tube can be represented by:
Q.1 A metal ball immersed in alcohol weighs W1 at 0º
C and W2 at 50ºC. The coefficient of cubical expansion
of the metal is less than that of the alcohol. Assuming
that the density of the metal is large compared to that
of alcohol, it can be shown that: (1980)
(A) W1> W2 (B) W1 = W2
(C) W1< W2 (D) All of these

Q.2 A vessel containing water is given a constant

acceleration a towards the right along a straight
horizontal path. Which of the following diagrams
represent the surface of the liquid?  (1981)

Q.18 Figure shows a siphon. Choose the wrong

statement:
 P hysi cs | 9.49

Q.3 A body floats in a liquid contained in a beaker. Q.7 A large open tank has two holes in the wall. One is
The whole system as shown in figure falls freely under a square hole of side L at a depth y from the top and
gravity. The upthrust on the body due to the liquid is: the other is a circular hole of radius R at a depth 4y
 (1982) from the top. When the tank is completely filled with
water the quantities of water flowing out per second
from both the holes are the same. Then R is equal to
 (2000)
(A) L / 2π (B) 2πL
(A) Zero (C) L (D) L/2p
(B) Equal to the weight of the liquid displaced
(C) Equal to the weight of the body in air Q.8 A wooden block, with a coin placed on its top,
floats in water as shown in fig. The distance l and h
(D) Equal to the weight of the immersed position of the are shown there. After some time the coin falls into the
body water. Then: (2002)

Q.4 A U-tube of uniform cross-section is partially filled

with a liquid I. Another liquid II which does not mix
with liquid I is poured into one side. It is found that the l
liquid levels of the two sides of the tube are the same,
while the level of liquid I has risen by 2 cm. If specific h
gravity of liquid I is 1.1, the specific gravity of liquid I is
1.1, the specific gravity of liquid II must be:  (1983)
(A) 1.12 (B) 1.1 (C) 1.05 (D) 1.0 (A) l Decreases and h increases
(B) Increases and h decreases
Q.5 A homogeneous solid cylinder of length L. Cross-
sectional area A/5 is immersed such that it floats with (C) Both l and h increase
its axis vertical at the liquid-liquid interface with length (D) Both l and h decrease
L/4 in the denser liquid as shown in the fig. The lower
density liquid is open to atmosphere having pressure
p0. Then density D of solid is given by: (1995) Q.9 Water is filled in a cylindrical container to a height
of 3 m. The ratio of the cross-sectional area of the
orifice and the beaker is 0.1. The square of the speed of
the liquid coming out from the orifice is (g = 10 m/s2)
 (2005)

5 4 d
(A) d (B) d (C) 4d (D)
4 5 5
(A) 50 m2/s2 (B) 50.5 m2/s2
Q.6 Water from a tap emerges vertically downwards (C) 51 m2/s2 (D) 52 m2/s2
with an initial speed of 1.0 m/s. The cross-section
area of the tap is 10–4m2. Assume that the pressure is
constant throughout the steam of water and that the Q.10 A glass tube of uniform internal radius (r) has
flow is steady, the cross-sectional area of stream 0.15 m a valve separating the two identical ends. Initially,
below the tap is:  (1998) the valve is in a tightly closed position. End 1 has a
hemispherical soap bubble of radius r. End 2 has sub-
(A) 5.0×10-4 m2 (B) 1.0×10-4 m2 hemispherical soap bubble as shown in figure.  (2008)
(C) 5.0×10-5 m2 (D) 2.0×10-4 m2
9 . 5 0 | Fluid Mechanics

Q.13 A uniform cylinder of length L and mass M having

cross-sectional area A is suspended, with its length
vertical, from a fixed point by a massless spring, such
that it is half submerged in a liquid of density σ at
equilibrium position. The extension x0 of the spring
when it is in equilibrium is:  (2013)

Mg  LAσ  Mg  LAσ 
Just after opening the valve: (A) 1 −  (B) 1 − 
k  M  k  2M 
(A) air from end 1 flow towards end 2. No change in the
volume of the soap bubbles. Mg  LAσ  Mg
(C) 1 +  (D)
(B) air from end 1 flows towards end 2. Volume of the k  M  k
soap bubble at end 1 decreases
(Here k is spring constant)
(C) no change occurs
(D) air from end 2 flows towards end 1. Volume of the Q.14 Assume that a drop of liquid evaporates by decrease
soap bubble at end 1 increases in its surface energy, so that its temperatureremains
unchanged. What should be the minimum radius of
Q.11 A uniform cylinder of length L and mass M thedrop for this to be possible? The surface tensionis
having cross-sectional area A is suspended, with its T, density of liquid is ρ and L is its latent heat of
length vertical, from a fixed point by a massless spring, vaporization.  (2013)
such that it is half-submerged in a liquid of density p
(A) T / ρL (B) T / ρL
at equilibrium position. When the cylinder is given a
small downward push and released it starts oscillating
(C) 2 T / ρL (D) ρL / T
vertically with a small amplitude. If the force constant
of the spring is k1the frequency of oscillation of the
cylinder is  (1990) Q.15 An open glass tube is immersed in mercury in
such a way that a length of 8 cm extends above the
1 −2 1/2
1  k − Aρg  1  k + Aρg  mercury level. The open end of the tube is then closed
(A)   (B)  
2π  M  2π  M  and sealed and the tube is raised vertically up by
additional 46cm. What will be length of the air column
1/2 1/2 above mercury in the tube now? (Atmospheric pressure
1  k + ρgL2  (D) 1  k + Aρg 
(C)   = 76 cm of Hg)  (2014)
2π  M 

2π  Aρg 
(A) 38 cm (B) 6 cm (C) 16 cm (D) 22 cm
Q.12 A thin liquid film formed between a U-shaped
wire and a light slider supports a weight of 1.5 × 10−2 N Q.16 On heating water, bubbles being formed at the
(see figure). The length of the slider is 30 cm and its bottom of the vessel detach and rise. Take the bubbles
weight negligible. The surface tension of the liquid film to be spheres of radius R and making a circular contact
is (2012) of radius r with the bottom of the vessel. If r < < R, and
the surface tension of water is T, value of r just before
bubbles detach is: (density of water is ρw )  (2014)

Film

W 2r

(A) 0.0125 Nm-1 (B) 0.1 Nm-1 ρw g 3 ρw g

(A) R 2 (B) R 2
(C) 0.05 Nm-1 (D) 0.025 Nm-1 T T

ρw g
(C) R 2 (D) None of these
3T
 P hysi cs | 9.51

JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1 Q.5 A test tube of thin walls has lead shots in it at its
bottom and the system floats vertically in water, sinking
by a length l = 10 cm. A liquid of density less than that
Q.1 A piston of mass M = 3 kg and radius R=4 cm of water, is poured into the tube till the levels inside
has a hole into which a thin pipe of radius r = 1 cm and outside the tube are even. If the tube now sinks to
is inserted. The piston can enter a cylinder tightly and a length l = 40 cm, the specific gravity of the liquid is
without friction, and initially it is at the bottom of the …………..
cylinder. 750 gm of water is now poured into the pipe
so that the piston and pipe are lifted up as shown. Find
Q.6 A large tank is filled with two liquids of specific
the height H of water in the cylinder and height h of
gravities 2σ and σ. Two holes are made on the wall of
water in pipe.
the tank as shown. Find the ratio of distances from O
of the points on the ground where the jets from holes
A and B strike.

Q.2 A solid ball of density half of that of water falls freely

under gravity from a height of 19.6m and then enters
Q.7 A jet of water having velocity = 10 m/s and stream
the water. Upto what depth will the ball go? How much
cross-section = 2 cm2 hits a plate perpendicularly, with
time will it take to come again to the water surface?
the water splashing out parallel to plate. Find the force
Neglect air resistance & velocity effects in water.
that the plate experiences.

8m Q.8 A laminar stream is flowing vertically down from

L
600kg a tap of cross-section area 1 cm2. At a distance 10 cm
below the tap, the cross-section area of the stream has
reduced to 1/2m2. Find the volumetric flow rate of water
from the tap.

Q.3 For the system shown in the figure, the cylinder

Q.9 A cylindrical vessel open at the top is 20 cm high
on left at L has a mass of 600 kg and a cross sectional
and 10 cm in diameter. A circular hole whose cross-
area of 800 cm2. The piston on the right, at S, has cross
sectional area is 1 cm2 is cut at the centre of the bottom
sectional area 25 cm2 and negligible weight. If the
of the vessel. Water flows from a tube above it into the
apparatus is filled with oil (ρ = 0.75 gm/cm3). Find the
vessel at the rate 100 cm3 s–1. Find the height of water
force F required to hold the system in equilibrium.
in the vessel under steady state.

Q.4 (a) A spherical tank of 1.2 m radius is half filled with

Q.10 Calculate the rate of flow of glycerin of density
oil of relative density 0.9. If the tank is given a horizontal
1.25×103 kg/m3 through the conical section of a 0.1m
acceleration of 10 m/s2, calculate the inclination of the
and 0.04m and the pressure drop across its length is
oil surface to horizontal and maximum gauge pressure
10N/m2.
on the tank.
(b) The volume of an air bubble is doubled as it rises from Q.11 A ball is given velocity v0 (greater than the
the bottom of a lake to its surface. If the atmospheric terminal velocity vT) in downward direction inside a
pressure is H m of mercury & the density of mercury highly viscous liquid placed inside a large container. The
is n times that of lake water, find the depth of the lake. height of liquid in the container is H. The ball attains
9 . 5 2 | Fluid Mechanics

the terminal velocity just before striking at the bottom rises to its rim. What is the density of the material of
of the container. Draw graph between velocity of the which the beaker is made?
ball and distance moved by the ball before getting
terminal velocity. Q.17 A level controller is shown in the figure. It
consists of a thin circular plug of diameter 10 cm and a
cylindrical float of diameter 20 cm tied together with a
light rigid rod of length 10 cm. The plug fits in snugly in
a drain hole at the bottom of the tank which opens into
the atmosphere. As water fills up and the level reaches
height h, the plug opens. Find h. Determine the level
of water in the tank when the plug closes again. The
float has a mass 3kg and the plug may be assumed as
massless.
Q.12 A spherical ball of radius 1 × 10–4m and density
104 kg/m3 falls freely under gravity through a distance
h before entering a tank of water. If after entering the
water the velocity of the ball does not change, find h.
The viscosity of water is 9.8×10–6 N-s/m2.

Q.13 Two arms of a U-tube have unequal diameters

d1 = 10 mm and d2 = 1.0cm. If water (surface tension
7×10–2N/m) is poured into the tube held in the vertical
ρ
position, find the difference of level of water in the Q.18 A cylindrical rod of length l=2m and density
U-tube. Assume the angle of contact to be zero. 2
floats vertically in a liquid of density ρ as shown in fig.
(a)

B B

A A
(a) (b)
Q.14 A soap bubble has radius R and thickness d(<<R) (a) Show that it performs SHM when pulled slightly up
as shown. It collapses into a spherical drop. Find the & released & find its time period. Neglect change in
ratio of excess pressure in the drop to the excess liquid level.
pressure inside the bubble. (b) Find the time taken by the rod to completely
immerse when released from position shown in figure
(b). Assume that it remains vertical throughout its
motion.
(take g = p2m/s2)

Q.19 A thin rod of length L and area of cross-section

S is pivoted at its lowest point P inside a stationary,
Q.15 Two soap bubbles with radii r1 and r2 (r1>r2) homogeneous & non-viscous liquid (Figure). The rod
come in contact. Their common surface has a radius is free to rotate in a vertical plane about a horizontal
curvature r. axis passing through P. the density d1 of the material of
the rod is smaller than the entity d2 of the liquid. The
Q.16 Place a glass beaker, partially filled with water, in rod is displaced by a small angle θ from its equilibrium
a sink. The beaker has mass 390 gm and an interior position and then released. Show that the motion of
volume of 500 cm3. You now start to fill the sink with the rod is simple harmonic and determine its angular
water and you find, by experiment, that if the beaker is frequency in terms of the given parameters.
less than half full, it will float; but if it is more than half
full, it remains on the bottom of the sink as the water
 P hysi cs | 9.53

A1
d1 60° 60°
30°

d2
A A
P

Q.20 A hollow cone floats with its axis vertical up to Q.25 A siphon has a uniform circular base of diameter
one-third liquid of its height in a liquid of relative 8
density ρ is filled in it up to one-third of its height, the cm with its crest A 1.8 m above water level as in
π
cone floats up to half its vertical height. The height of
figure. Find
the cone is 0.10 m and the radius of the circular base is
0.05m. Find the specific gravity ρ. (a) Velocity of flow.
(b) Discharge rate of the flow in m3/sec.
Q.21 In the figure shown, the heavy cylinder (radius
(c) Absolute pressure at the crest level A.
R) resting on a smooth surface separates two liquids
of densities 2ρ and 3ρ. Find the height ‘h’ for the [Use P0=105 N/m2& g=10m/s2]
equilibrium of cylinder.

R 3
2
h R

Q.22 The vertical limbs of a U shaped tube are

filled with a liquid of density ρ up to a height h on Q.26 Two very large open tanks A and F both contain
each side. The horizontal portion of the U tube the same liquid. A horizontal pipe BCD, having a
having length 2h contains a liquid of density 2ρ. The constriction at C leads out of the bottom of tank A, and
U tube is moved horizontally with an acceleration g/2 a vertical pipe E opens into the constriction at C and
parallel to the horizontal arm. Find the difference in dips into the liquid in tank F. Assume streamline flow
heights in liquid levels in the two vertical limbs, at and no viscosity. If the cross section at C is one half that
steady state. at D and if D is at a distance h1 below the level of liquid
in A, to what height h2 (in terms of h1) will liquid rise in
Q.23 A wooden stick of length l and radius R and density pipe E?
ρ has a small metal piece of mass m (of negligible
volume) attached to its one end. Find the minimum
value for the mass m (in terms of given parameters)
that would make the stick float vertically in equilibrium
in a liquid of density σ(>ρ).

Q.24 A vertical cylindrical container of base area A and

upper cross-section area A1 making angle 30º with the Q.27 A cube with mass ‘m’ completely wet by water
horizontal placed in an open rainy field as shown near floats on the surface of water. Each side of the cube is
another cylindrical container having same base area A. ‘a’. What is the distance h between the lower face of
Find the ratio of rates of collection of water in the two cube and the surface of the water as rw. Take angle of
containers. contact as zero.
9 . 5 4 | Fluid Mechanics

Exercise 2 the top apex of the cone has a small hole. Neglecting
atmospheric pressure, the total upward force exerted
Single Correct Choice Type by water on the cone is:
(A) (2/3)pR2hrg (B) (1/3)pR2hrg
Q.1 A bucket contains water filled up to a height = (C) pR2hrg (D) None
15cm. The bucket is tied to a rope which is passed on
a frictionless light pulley and the other end of the rope
Q.6 A slender homogeneous rod of length 2L floats
is tied to a weight of mass which is half of that of the
partly immersed in water, being supported by a string
(bucket + water). The water pressure above atmosphere
fastened to one of its ends, as shown. The specific
at the bottom is:
gravity of the rod is 0.75. The length of rod that extends
(A) 0.5 kPa (B) 1 kPa out of water is:
(C) 5 kPa (D) None of these

Q.2 A cone of radius R and height H, is hanging inside a

liquid of density ρ by means of a string as shown in the
figure. The force, due to the liquid acting on the slant
surface of the cone is (Neglect atmosphere pressure)

(A) L2 (B) L2/2

(C) L2/4 (D) 3L2/4

Q.7 A dumbbell is placed in water of density ρ. It is

observed that by attaching a mass m to the rod, the
dumbbell floats with the rod horizontal on the surface
(A) prgHR2 (B) pρHR2 of water and each sphere exactly half submerged
(C) 4/3 prgHR2 (D) 2/3 prgHR2 as shown in the figure. The volume of the mass m is
negligible. The value of length  is:

Q.3 An open cubical tank was initially fully filled with

water. When the tank was accelerated on a horizontal
plane along one of its side, it was found that one third
of volume of water spilled out. The acceleration was:
(A) g/3 (B) 2g/3
(C) 3g/2 (D) None

Q.4 Some liquid is filled in a cylindrical vessel of radius d(Vρ − 3M) d(Vρ − 2M)
R. Let F1be the force applied by the liquid on the bottom (A) (B)
2(Vρ − 2M) 2(Vρ − 3M)
of the cylinder. Now the same liquid is poured into a
vessel of uniform square cross-section of side R. Let F2
d(Vρ + 2M) d(Vρ − 2M)
be the force applied by the liquid on the bottom of this (C) (D)
new vessel. (Neglect atmosphere pressure). Then: 2(Vρ − 3M) 2(Vρ + 3M)

(A) F1 = πF2 (B) F1 = F2/p

Q.8 A small wooden ball of density ρ is immersed in
(C) F1 = πF2 (D) F1 = F2 water of density σ to depth h and then released. The
height H above the surface of water up to which the
Q.5 A heavy hollow cone of radius R and height h is ball will jump out of water is:
placed on a horizontal table surface, with its base on
σh σ 
the table. The whole volume inside the cone is filled (A) (B)  − 1  h
with water of density ρ. The circular rim of the cone’s
ρ ρ 
base has a water tight seal with the table’s surface and (C) h (D) Zero
 P hysi cs | 9.55

Q.9 A sphere of radius R and made of material of Q.13 A cubical block of side ‘a’ and density ‘ρ’ slides
relative density σ has a concentric cavity of radius r. It over a fixed inclined plane with constant velocity
just floats when placed in a tank full of water. The value ‘v’. There is a thin film of viscous fluid of thickness ‘t’
of the ratio R/r will be: between the plane and the block. Then the coefficient
1/3 1/3 of viscosity of the thin film will be:
 σ   σ −1
(A)   (B)  
 σ −1  σ 
1/3 1/3
 σ +1  σ −1 
(C)   (D)  
 σ   σ +1

Q.10 A fire hydrant delivers water of density ρ at a

volume rate L. The water travels vertically upward 3ρ a g t 4ρ a g t
(A) (B)
through the hydrant and then does 90º turn to emerge 5v 5v
horizontally at speed V. The pipe and nozzle have
ρagt
uniform cross-section throughout. The force exerted (C) (D) None of these
5v
by the water on the corner of the hydrant is:

Q.14 Which of the following graphs best represent the

motion of a raindrop?

(A) rVL (B) Zero

(C) 2rVL (D) 2 rVL

Q.11 A cylindrical vessel filled with water up to height

of H stands on a horizontal plane. The side wall of the
vessel has a plugged circular hole touching the bottom.
The coefficient of friction between the bottom of vessel Q.15 Which of the following is the incorrect graph
and plane is µ and total mass of water plus vessel is M. for a sphere falling in a viscous liquid? (Given at t = 0,
What should be the minimum diameter of the hole so velocity v = 0 and displacement x = 0)
that the vessel begins to move on the floor if plug is
v v
removed (here density of water is ρ)
(A) (B)
2µM µM t
(A) (B) t
πρH 2πρH

µM v v
(C) (D) None
ρH (C) (D)
t t
Q.12 A Newtonian fluid fills the clearance between a
shaft and a sleeve. When a force of 800N is applied to Q.16 A container, whose bottom has round holes with
shift, parallel to the sleeve, the shaft attains of 1.5 cm/ diameter 0.1 mm is filled with water. The maximum
sec. If a force of 2.4 kN is applied instead, the shaft height in cm up to which water can be filled without
would move with a speed of leakage will be what?
(A) 1.5 cm/sec (B) 13.5 cm/sec Surface tension=75×10–3N/m and g=10 m/s2:
(C) 4.5 cm/sec (D) None (A) 20 cm (B) 40 cm (C) 30 cm (D) 60 cm
9 . 5 6 | Fluid Mechanics

Q.17 A liquid is filled in a spherical container of radius (B) 5 cm of it will be under water.
R till a height h. At this position the liquid surface at the
(C) 2 cm of it will be above the common surface of oil
edges is also horizontal. The contact angle is:
and water.
(D) 8 cm of it will be under water.

Q.20 Water coming out of a horizontal tube at a speed

v strikes normally a vertically wall close to the mouth of
h the tube and falls down vertically after impact. When is
the speed of water increased to 2v.
(A) the thrust exerted by the water on the wall will be
R −h
(A) 0 (B) cos−1   doubled.
 R 
(B) the thrust exerted by the water on the wall will be
h−R  R −h four times
(C) cos−1   (D) sin−1  
 R   R  (C) the energy lost per second by water striking the wall
will also be four times

Q.18 The vessel shown in the figure has two sections. (D) the energy lost per second by water striking the wall
The lower part is a rectangular vessel with area of cross- be increased eight times.
section A and height h. The upper part is a conical
vessel of height h with base area ‘A’ and top area ‘a’ and Q.21 A beaker filled with water is accelerated a m/
the walls of the vessel are inclined at an angle 30º with s2 in +x direction. The surface of water shall make on
the vertical. A liquid of density ρ fills both the sections angle:
up to a height 2h. Neglecting atmospheric pressure,
(A) tan–1(a/g) backwards
a (B) tan–s draw of (g/a)1
h
30° (C) cot–1(g/a) backwards
(D) cot–1 (a/g) backwards

h
Q.22 The spring balance A read 2 kg with a block m
suspended from it. A balance B reads 5 kg when a
beaker with liquid is put on the pan of the balance. The
A two balances are now so arranged that the hanging
mass is inside the liquid in the beaker as shown in the
(A) The force F exerted by the liquid on the base of the
figure in this situation:
(A + a)
vessel is 2hrg
2 A
(B) The pressure P at the base of the vessel is 2hrg
a
(C) The weight of the liquid W is greater than the force
exerted by the liquid on the base.
(D) The walls of the vessel exert a downward force (F-
W) on the liquid.

Multiple Correct Choice Type

Q.19 A cubical block of wood of edge 10 cm and mass

0.92 kg floats on a tank of water with oil of relative
density 0.6 to a depth of 4 cm above water. When the
block attains equilibrium with four of its side edges (A) The balance A will read more than 2kg
vertical, (B) The balance B will read more than 5 kg
(A) 1 cm of it will be above the force of oil.
 P hysi cs | 9.57

(C) The balance A will read less than 2 kg and B will read
more than 5 kg.
(D) The balance A and B will read 2 kg and 5 kg
respectively

Q.23 When an air bubble rises from the bottom of a

deep lake to a point just below the water surface, the
Q.27 Statement-I: Submarine sailors are advised that
pressure of air inside the bubble:
they should not be allowed to rest on floor of the ocean.
(A) Is greater than the pressure outside it
Statement-II: The force exerted by a liquid on a
(B) Is less than the pressure outside it submerged body may be downwards.
(C) Increases as the bubble moves up
Q.28 Statement-I: When a body floats such that it’s
(D) Decreases as the bubble moves up
parts are immersed into two immiscible liquids then
force exerted by liquid-1 is of magnitude r1v1g.
Q.24 A tank is filled up to a height h with a liquid and is
placed on a platform of height h at a distance of y from Statement-II: Total Bouyant force r1v1g + r2v2g.
the free surface of the liquid. Then

Q.29 Statement-I: When temperature rises the

coefficient of viscosity of gases decreases.
Statement-II: Gases behave more like ideal gases at
higher temperature.

(A) xm = 2h (B) xm = 1.5 h

Q.30 Statement-I: The free surface of a liquid at rest
(C) y = h (D) y = 0.75 h with respect to stationary container is always normal

to the geff .
Assertion Reasoning Type Statement-II: Liquids at rest cannot have shear stress.
(A) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true and
Statement-II is the correct explanation for statement-I
(B) Statement-I is true, statement-II is true and statement- Previous Years’ Questions
II is NOT the correct explanation for statement-I
(C) Statement-I is true, statement-II is false. Q.1 A hemispherical
portion of radius R
(D) Statement-I is false, statement-II is true is removed from the
bottom of a cylinder of
h
Q.25 Statement-I: A helium filled balloon does not rise radius R. The volume of
indefinitely in air but halts after a certain height. the remaining cylinder
is V and mass M. It is 
Statement-II: Viscosity opposes the motion of balloon.
suspended by a string in a
liquid of density ρ, where
Q.26 Statement-I: A partly filled test tube is floating it stays vertical. The upper 2R
in a liquid as shown. The tube will remain as if its surface of the cylinder is
atmosphere pressure changes. at a depth h below the
Statement-II: The buoyant force on a submerged liquid surface. The force on the bottom of the cylinder
object is independent of atmospheric pressure. by the liquid is  (2001)
9 . 5 8 | Fluid Mechanics

(A) Mg (B) Mg – Vrg Q.4 Now level of the liquid starts decreasing slowly.
When the level of liquid is at a height h1 above the
(C) Mg + rR2hrR (D) rg(V + pR2h)
cylinder the block starts moving up. At what value of h1,
will the block rise?  (2005)
Q.2 When a block of iron floats in mercury at 0°C,
fraction k1 of its volume is submerged, while at the (A) 4h/9 (B) 5h/9
temperature 60°C, a fraction k2 is seen to be submerged. (C) 5h/3 (D) Remains same
If the coefficient of volume expansion of iron is γFe and
that of mercury is γHg , then the ratio k1 / k 2 can be
Q.5 The block in the above question is maintained at
expressed as  (2001)
the position by external means and the level of liquid is
1 + 60 γ Fe 1 − 60 γ Fe lowered. The height h2 when this external force reduces
(A) (B) to zero is: (2006)
1 + 60 γ Hg 1 + 60 γ Hg

1 + 60 γ Fe 1 + 60 γHg
(C) (D)
1 − 60 γ Hg 1 + 60 γ Fe

Q.3 Water is filled up to a height h in a beaker of radius

R as shown in the figure. The density of water is ρ,
the surface tension of water is T and the atmospheric 4h 5h 2h
pressure is p0. Consider a vertical section ABCD of the (A) (B) (C) Remains same (D)
9 9 3
water column through a diameter of the beaker. The
force on water on one side of this section by water on
Q.6 If height h2 of water level is further decreased, then:
the other side of this section has magnitude (2007)
 (2006)
(A) cylinder will not move up and remains at its original
position
(B) for h2=h/3, cylinder again starts moving up
(C) for h2=h/4, cylinder again starts moving up
(D) h2=h/5, cylinder again starts moving up

Paragraph 2: (Q.7 - Q.9)

(A) | 2p0Rh + πR 2ρgh − 2RT |
When a liquid medicine of density ρ is to be put in the
(B) | 2p0Rh + Rρgh2 − 2RT |
eye, it is done with the help of a dropper. As the bulb
(C) | p0 πR 2 + Rρgh2 − 2RT | on top of the dropper is pressed, a drop forms at the
opening of the dropper. We wish to estimate the size
(D) | p0 πR 2 + Rρgh2 − 2RT | of the drop.
We first assume that the drop formed at the opening
Paragraph 1: (Q.4 - Q.6) is spherical because that requires minimum increase in
its surface energy. To determine the size, we calculate
A wooden cylinder of diameter 4r, height h and density
the net vertical force due to the surface tension T when
ρ/3 is kept on a hole of diameter 2r of a tank, filled with
the radius of the drop is R. When this force becomes
liquid of density ρ as shown in the figure.
smaller than the weight of the drop, the drop gets
detached from the dropper. (2010)

Q.7 If the radius of the opening of the dropper is r, the

vertical force due to the surface tension on the drop of
radius R (assuming r<<R) is
2πr 2 T 2πR 2 T
(A) 2prT (B) 2pRT (C) (D)
R r
 P hysi cs | 9.59

Q.8 If r = 5×10–4m, r = 103 kg m–3, g= 10ms–2, T =0.11 Q.12 A thin uniform cylindrical shell, closed at both
Nm–1, the radius of the drop when it detaches from the ends, is partially filled with water. It is floating vertically
dropper is approximately: in water in half-submerged state. If ρc is the relative
density of the material of the shell with respect to water,
(A) 1.4×10–3 m (B) 3.3×10–3 m
then the correct statement is that the shell is –  (2012)
(C) 2.0×10–3 m (D) 4.1×10–3 m
(A) More than half-filled if ρc is les sthan 0.5

Q.9 After the drop detaches, its surface energy is: (B) More than half-filled if ρc is less than 0.5

(A) 1.4×10–6 J (B) 2.7×10–6 J (C) Half-filled if ρc is more than 0.5

(C) 5.4×10–6 J (D) 9.1×10–9 J (D) Less than half – filled if ρc is less than 0.5

Q.10 The spring A reads 2 kg with a block m suspended Q.13 A solid sphere of radius R and density ρ is attached
from it. A balance reads 5 kg when a beaker with liquid to one end of a mass-less spring of force constant k.
is put on the pan of the balance. The two balances The other end of the spring is connected to another
are now so arranged that the hanging mass is inside solid sphere of radius R and density 3 ρ . The complete
the liquid in the beaker as shown in the figure. In this arrangement is placed in a liquid of density 2ρ and is
situation:  (1985) allowed to reach equilibrium. The correct statement(s)
is (are) (2013)
4 π R3 ρ g
(A) the net elongation of the spring is
3k
8 π R3 ρ g
(B) the net elongation of the spring is
3k
(C) the light sphere is partially submerged.
(D) the light sphere is completely submerged.

Paragraph for Questions 14 and 15

A spray gun is shown in the figure where a piston
pushes air out of a nozzle. A thin tube of uniform cross
(A) The balance A will read more than 2 kg section is connected to the nozzle. The other end of the
(B) The balance A will read more than 5 kg tube is in a small liquid container. As the piston pushes
air through the nozzle, the liquid from the container
(C) The balance A will read less than 2 kg and B will read rises into the nozzle and is sprayed out. For the spray
more than 5 kg gun shown, the radii of the piston and the nozzle are
(D) The balances A and B will read 2 kg and 5 kg 20 mm and 1 mm respectively. The upper end of the
respectively. container is open to the atmosphere.

Q.11 Two solid spheres A and B

of equal volumes but of different
densities dA and dB are connected by
a string. They are fully immersed in a Q.14 If the piston is pushed at a speed of 5 mms-1 , the
fluid of density dF. They get arranged air comes out of the nozzle with a speed of (2014)
into the equilibrium state as shown in
the figure with a tension in the string. (A) 0.1 ms-1 (B) 1 ms-1
The arrangement is possible only if (2011) (C) 2 ms-1 (D) 8 ms-1
(A) dA< dF (B) dB > dF
(C) dA> dF (D) dA + dB= 2dF
9 . 6 0 | Fluid Mechanics

Q.15 If the density of air is ρa and that of the liquid ρ , Q.17 Two spheres P and Q of equal radii have densities
for a given piston speed the rate (volume per unit time) ρ1 and ρ2 , respectively. The spheres are connected
at which the liquid is sprayed will be proportional to by a massless string and placed in liquids L1 and L2
 (2014) of densities σ1 and σ2 and viscosities η1 and η2 ,
respectively. They float in equilibrium with the sphere
ρa P in L1 and L2 has terminal
(A) (B) ρa ρ  velocity VP and Q alone in
ρ L1 has terminal velocity VQ , then  (2015)

ρ
(C) (D) ρ L1
ρa P

Q.16 A person in a lift is holding a water jar, which has L2

a small hole at the lower end of its side. When the lift Q
is at rest, the water jet coming out of the hole hits the
floor of the lift at a distance d of 1.2 m from the person.
In the following, state of the lift’s motion is given in List  
I and the distance where the water jethits the floor of VP η VP η
(A)  = 1 (B)  = 2
the lift is given in List II. Match the statements from List VQ η2 VQ η1
I with those in List II and select the correct answer using
the code given below the lists.  (2014)    
(C) VP . VQ > 0 (D) VP . VQ < 0

List I List II Q.18 A spherical body of radius R consists of a fluid of

1. Lift is accelerating (p) d=1.2 m constant density and is in equilibrium under its own
vertically up. gravity. If P(r) is the pressure at r(r < R), then the correct
option(s) is(are)  (2015)
2. Lift is accelerating (q) d > 1.2 m
vertically down with an P (r = 3R / 4 ) 63
acceleration less than the (A) P (= ) 0
r 0= (B) =
P (r = 2R / 3) 80
gravitational acceleration.
3. Lift is moving vertically up (r) d < 1.2 m P (r = 3R / 5 ) 16 P (r = R / 2 ) 20
(C) = (D) =
with constant speed. P (r = 2R / 5 ) 21 P (r = R / 3) 27
4. Lift is falling freely. (s) No water leaks
out of the jar Q.19 Consider two solid spheres P and Q each of density
Code: 8 gm cm-3 and diameters 1cm and 0.5cm, respectively.
Sphere P is dropped into a liquid of density 0.8 gm cm-3
(A) 1 - q, 2 - r, 3 - q, 4-s and viscosity η =3 poiseulles. Sphere Q is dropped
(B) 1 - q, 2 - r, 3 - p, 4 - s into a liquid of density 1.6 gm cm-3 and viscosity η =2
poiseulles. The ratio of the terminal velocities of P and
(C) 1 - p, 2 - p, 3 - p, 4 - s Q is (2016)
(D) 1 - q, 2 - r, 3 - p, 4 - p
 P hysi cs | 9.61

PlancEssential Questions
JEE Main/Boards JEE Advanced/Boards
Exercise 1 Exercise 1
Q. 7 Q.9 Q.15 Q.3 Q.6 Q.9
Q.16 Q.20 Q.17

Exercise 2 Exercise 2
Q. 1 Q.7 Q.9 Q.1 Q.4 Q.10
Q.13 Q.17 Q.11 Q.19 Q.22

Previous Years’ Questions Previous Years’ Questions

Q.8 Q.9 Q.10 Q.7 Q.8 Q.9

Answer Key

JEE Main/Boards
Exercise 1
Q.2 Zero Q.6 (2)2/3 vT Q.7 2.714×10–9 m/s
Q.9 Streamline, turbulent Q.10 Turbulent Q.13 60×108 Pa
Q.14 27.6 m Q.15 9.56 N Q.16 60 kg
Q.17 72π × 10−4 N Q.18 0.0224 Q.19 3.5 × 10−2 Nm−1
Q.20 1.785×10–4 m

Exercise 2

Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 C Q.2 B Q.3 D Q.4 D Q.5 A Q.6 A
Q.7 C Q.8 B Q.9 D Q.10 C Q.11 A Q.12A
Q.13 C Q.14 C Q.15 D Q.16 C Q.17 B Q.18 D
Q.19 D
9 . 6 2 | Fluid Mechanics

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 C Q.2 A Q.3 A Q.4 B Q.5 A Q.6 C
Q.7 A Q.8 D Q.9 A Q.10 B Q.11 B Q.12 D
Q.13 B Q.14 C Q.15 C Q.16 D

JEE Advanced/Boards

Exercise 1

2m 11
Q.1
= h = ,H m Q.2 19.6m, 4 sec. Q.3 37.5 N
π 32π

Q.4 (a) 9600 2 , (b) nH Q.5 0.75 Q.6 3: 2

Q.7 20N Q.8 4.9 litre/min Q.9 5 cm

Q.10 6.43×10–4 m3/s Q.11

1
 R 3
Q.12 20 m Q.13 2.5 cm Q.14  
 24d 
r1r2
Q.15 r = Q.16 2.79 gm/cc
r1 − r2

2(3 + π) 3+π
Q.17
= h1 = 0.26; h1 = 0.195
= Q.18 2 sec., 1 sec
15π 10π

3g  d2 − d1  3
Q.19 w =   Q.20 1.9 Q.21 R
2L  d1  2

8h
Q.22
7

Q.23 mmin = πr 2 
buoyancy.
( )
ρσ − ρ ; if tilted then it’s axis should become vertical, C.M. should be lower than centre of

Q.24 2 : 1 Q.25 (a) 6 2 m/s, (b) 9.6 2 × 10−3 M3 / sec, (c) 4.6×104

mg + 4Sa
Q.26 h2 = 3h1 Q.27 h =
ρw a2g

Exercise 2

Single Correct Choice Type

Q.1 B Q.2 D Q.3 B Q.4 D Q.5 A Q.6 A

Q.7 B Q.8 B Q.9 A Q.10 D Q.11 A Q.12 C
Q.13 A Q.14 C Q.15 C Q.16 C Q.17 B Q.18 D
 P hysi cs | 9.63

Multiple Correct Choice Type

Q.19 C, D Q.20 B, D Q.21 A, C Q.22 B, C Q.23 A, D Q.24 A, C

Assertion Reasoning Type

Q.25 B Q.26 D Q.27 A Q.28 D Q.29 D Q.30 A

Previous Years’ Questions

Q.1 D Q.2 A Q.3 B Q.4 C Q.5 A Q.6 A
Q.7 C Q.8 A Q.9 B Q.10 B, C Q.11 A, B, D Q.12 A
Q.13 A, D Q.14 C Q.15 A Q.16 C Q.17 A, D Q.18 B, C

Solutions

JEE Main/Boards Sol 6: Volume remains same so

2 × 4/3 pr3 = 4/3 π R3
Exercise 1 R = (2)1/3 r
VT ∝ r2
Sol 1: Castor oil will come to rest first because its
viscosity is greater than water ⇒ V’ T = k 21/3 R2 = (2)2/3 VT

Sol 2: Acceleration is zero as velocity is constant Sol 7: r = 0.2 mm = 2 × 10–4 m

v = 4cm/s = 4 × 10–2 m/s
Sol 3: Flow rate is equal in any part of the body so F = 6π η rv
A1 V1 = constant = 6π × 1.8 × 10–5 × 2 × 10–4 × 4 × 10–2
2
D  = 6π × 14.4 × 10–11 = 2.714 × 10–9 m/s
π   V = constant
2
Sol 8: Refer Q-6 Exercise –I JEE Main
Sol 4: Viscosity of gas increases with increase in kη
temperature Sol 9: Critical velocity = Vc =
ρr
k = Reynolds’s number = 1000
Sol 5: For gas, viscosity of gases are independent of
density and pressure but viscosity of gas increases with 1000 × 10−3 1
increase in temperature VC = = = 0.16 m/s
1.25 6.25
1000 ×
For liquids:– Viscosity decreases with increase in 200
temperature. Viscosity increase with increase in density 0.8
Q = flow rate = 0.48L/min = L/sec = 8 × 10–6 m3/
viscosity of liquid is normally independent of pressure, 100
sec
but liquid under extreme pressure after experience an
increase in viscosity  1.25 
2
Area = π   × 10 = 1.227 × 10
–4 –4

 2 
9 . 6 4 | Fluid Mechanics

Q 8 × 10−6 6
Velocity = = m = 1000 × = 60 kg
A 1.222 × 10−4 100

= 6.5 × 10–2 m/s Sol 17: Force = 2pr S

V1 < VC ⇒ Streamline 5
= 2π × × 72 × 10-3
When flow rate is 3L/min 100
3 1 = π × 72 × 10–4
Q’ = 3L/min = L/sec = × 10–3 m3/sec
60 20
A = 1.227 × 10–4 Sol 18: F = 2 × perimeter × S

Q' 1 × 10−3 1
V2 = = =2×4× × 28 × 10–3
A 20 × 1.227 × 10−4 10
= 8 × 28 × 10–4
1
= = 0.40 m/s = 0.0224
2 × 1.227
V2 > Vc ⇒ turbulent flow
Sol 19: Pressure inside above atmospheric pressure
Sol 10: Refer Q – 9 Exercise–I JEE Main 4T
ρgh =
r
Sol 11: Apparent weight of the floating block is zero. 4T × 2
104 × 8 × 10–3 =
3.5 × 10−3
Sol 12: Up thrust will be zero as body is not exerting T = 3.5 × 10–2 Nm–1
any force on water during free fall and there is no
buoyant force 2T
Sol 20: h =
rρg
F 60
Sol 13: Pressure = = = 60 × 108 Pa
A 10−8 2 × 70 × 10−3
r=
8 × 10−2 × 10 4
Sol 14: 370×103 = ρgh + 105
70
= × 10–5 = 1.785 × 10–4 m
ρgh = (3.7–1) × 105 4
2.7 × 105
h= = 27.6 m
9.8 × 103
Exercise 2
Sol 15:
Single Correct Choice Type

Sol 1: (C) Pressure due to difference in heights will be

balanced by pressure due to 12 kg block

120
⇒ ρgh =
T = mg – ρwvg 800 × 10−4

= 9000 ×125×10–6×9.8 – 1200 × 125 × 10–6 × 9.8 120

104 h = × 10 4
800
= 7800 × 125 × 10–6 × 9.8
= 7.8 × 125 × 10–3 × 9.8= 9.56 N 12 3
h= = m = 15 cm
80 20
Sol 16: Change in depth corresponds to mass of man
1
ρ×3×2× × 10 = m × 10
100
 P hysi cs | 9.65

Sol 2: (B) ⇒ Tension become 1/9 of the initial

3
T
s1=600kg/m

h SVg
3
s=1000kg/m mg
2
v1=1 .h=h 3mg
For water ρVg =
3 4
s2=1150kg/m
8
for liquid dρVg = mg
9
8 32
Downward force on the cubes = (m1 + m2) g ⇒d= ×4=
27 27
= ρ1 Vg + ρ2 Vg
(1750) × 10 Sol 5: (A) By work energy theorem
Upward force on the cubes = ρ(V1 + V) g Wwater + Wgravity = ∆KE = 0
= 1000 (h + 1) × 10 Wwater = (ρVg) h
Since cubes are in equilibrium
Wgravity = –(0.8 ρ Vg) (h + 2)
So 17500 = 10000 (h + 1)
⇒ ρVgh – 0.8 ρVg (h + 2) = 0
1.75–1 = h
5h
⇒ h = 0.75 m h - 0.8 (h + 2) = 0 ⇒ =h+2
4
h
Sol 3: (D) = 2 ⇒ h = 8m
4

Sol 6: (A) The vertical component of tension balances
out the net of weight & buoyancy.

In equilibrium Pushed down Sol 7: (C) We know that time taken for the vessel to
by y distance
2H
empty is to = , H = height of water
Initially in equilibrium g
When pushed down by y distance, an extra upward H
Time taken to empty vessel of height is t2
force will act on the cube η
ρ (ybc) g = d ρ abc A 2H
=
[A = acceleration of the cube] gη

da g g g t1 = t0 – t2 and t1 = t2
y= A⇒A= y ⇒ ω2 = ⇒ω= ⇒T=
g da da da
2H 2H 2H 2H 2H
2π da ⇒ – = ⇒ = 2 ⇒η=4
= 2π g gη gη g gη
w g

Sol 8: (B) Bernoulli’s theorem is derived by the

Sol 4: (D) f ∝ √T , T = tension in the wire
conservation of energy.
in water frequency becomes f/2
⇒ Tension becomes ¼ of the initial Sol 9: (D) Volume flow rate is same
in liquid frequency becomes f/3 So π (1 × 10–2)2 × 3
9 . 6 6 | Fluid Mechanics

2 Q = A1 v1 = A2 v2
 0.05 × 10−2 
= 100 × π   ×V
 2  Q 2 × 10−2
  v2 = = = 4 m/s
A2 1 / 2 × 10−2
π × 10–4 × 3
By Bernoulli equation
= 100 × π × ¼ × 25 × 10–8 × V
4×3 P1 + ½ ρv12 = P2 + ½ ρv22
V= × 100 = 48
25 8000 + ½ × 1000 × 4 = P2 + ½ × 1000 × 16
10000 = P2 + 8000
Sol 10: (C) We know that force exerted by fluid coming
out on the container is ρAv2 P2 = 2000 Pa

v = velocity of fluid
Sol 14: (C) Viscosity is not an assumption
H
v= 2g
2 Sol 15: (D) Frictional resistance f ∝ Av2
A = area of the hole f = kAv2 = kpr2v2
2
ρAv k = constant
Acceleration of the tank =
ρ(NAH)
When ball acquires terminal velocity
ρ(AgH) g
= = f = mg
ρNAH N
kπ r2 v2 = mg
Sol 11: (A) A1V1 = A2 V2 k π r2 v2 = (4/3 π r3) ρ g
π (10–2)2 VP = π (2 × 10–2)2 VQ v2 ∝ r ⇒ v ∝ r1/2
VP = 4VQ
Sol 16: (C)
Sol 12: (A)

D
P2=P0+4T/R
h P1=P0+4/R
H-D as P1 > P2 so air will flow out of the small bubble.

Sol 17: (B)

R
Velocity of water = 2Dg

Time taken by water to come to the ground

2(H − D) h
t=
g

Distance where water hit the surface = vt

2T
h=
2(H − D) Rρg
2Dg . = 2 D(H − d)
g R = radius of curvature
2T
hR = = constant
Sol 13: (C) A = volume flow rate ρg
= 10–2 × 2 = 2 × 10–2 m3/s So graph of R vs. h will be hyperbola
 P hysi cs | 9.67

Sol 18: (D) By Bernoulli equation Force on a water particle P on the free surfaces have
been shown in the figure. In the figure ma is the pseudo
P0 + ρgh3 = P0 + ½ ρv2
force.
½ ρv2 = ρgh3
P0 = P2 + ½ ρv2 Sol 3: (A) In a freely falling system geff = 0 and since,
Upthrust = V1ρLgeff
P2 = P0 – ρgh3
(V1 = immersed volume, ρL = density of liquid)
Sol 19: (D) By continuity Upthrust = 0.
Ax Vx = Ay Vy
Sol 4: (B)
Ax > Ay
⇒ vx < vy
By Bernoulli equation
Px + ½ ρvx2 = Py + ½ ρvy2 h

vx < vy 1 2
⇒ Px > Py
KE per m3 of water = ½ ρv2
KEx= = ½ ρvx2
KEy = ½ ρvy2 p1 = p2 ⇒ p0 + ρIgh = p0 + ρIIgh

KEx < KEy \ρI = ρII

Sol 5: (A)

Previous Years’ Questions

d
D 3L/4

Sol 1: (C) Wapp = Wactual – Upthrust

L/4
Upthrust F = VsρLg
2d
Here, Vs = volume of solid,
Considering vertical equilibrium of cylinder
rL= density of liquid.
Weight of cylinder = Upthrust due to upper
At higher temperature F’ = V’sρ’Lg
liquid+ upthrust due
F' V's ρ 'L (1 + γ s ∆θ)
=
∴ = . to lower liquid.
F Vs ρL (1 + γL ∆θ)
∴ (A/5) (L) Dg = (A/5) (3L/4) (d)g
Since gs < γL (given)
+ (A/5)(L/4)(2d)(g)
∴F’ < F or W’app > Wapp
3 1
∴ D =   d +   (2d)
Sol 2: (A) Net force on the free surface of the liquid 4
  4
in equilibrium (from accelerate frame) should be
5
perpendicular to it. D= d
4

ma P Sol 6: (C) From conservation of energy

90o
2
F v=
2 v12 + 2gh  …..(i)
Fnet mg [can also be found by applying Bernoulli’s theorem]
From continuity equation
9 . 6 8 | Fluid Mechanics

A1 v1 = A2 v 2 1
A 
h
v 2 =  1  v1  …..(ii)
 A2 
2
Substituting value of v2 from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i)
A12 2
.v= v12 + 2gh
A22
1 Solving eq. (i) and (ii), we have

A12 v12 2gh

or A22 = . v 22 =
v12 + 2gh A22
1−
A1 v1 A12
∴ A2 =
Substituting the values, we have
v12 + 2gh
2 × 10 × 2.475
Substituting the given value =v 22 = 50m2 / s2
1 − (0.1)2
(10−4 )(1.0)
A2 =
(1.0)2 + 2(10)(0.15) 4T 4T
Sol 10: (B) Dp1 = and Dp2 =
A2 = 5.0 × 10 m –5 2 r1 r2
r1 < r2
Sol 7: (A) Velocity of efflux at a depth h is given by v \ Dp1 > Dp2
= 2gh . Volume of water flowing out per second from ∴ Air will flow from 1 to 2 and volumes of bubble at
both the holes are equal. end 1 will decrease.

\ a1v1 = a2v2 Therefore, correct option is (B).

or (L2 ) 2g(y) = pR2 2g(4y) Sol 11: (B) When cylinder is displaced by an amount x
from its mean position, spring force and upthrust both
L
or R= will increase. Hence, Net restoring fore = extra spring
2π force + extra upthrust

Sol 8: (D) l will decreases because the block moves up  k + ρAg 

or F = – (kx + Ax rg) or a = –  x
and h will decrease because the coin will displace the  M 
volume of water (V1) equal to its own volume when it
is in the water whereas when it is on the block it will 1 a 1 k + ρAg
displace the volume of water (V2) whose weight is equal Now, f = =
2π x 2π M
to weight of coin and since density of coin is greater
than the density of water, V1 < V2.

Sol 9: (A) Applying continuity equation at 1 and 2, we K

have
A1v1 = A2v2 …..(i)
Further applying Bernoulli’s equation at these two
points, we have
1 1
p0 +rgh + rv12 = p0 + 0 + rv22 ….(ii)
2 2

Sol 12: (D) The force of surface tension acting on the

slider balances the force due to the weight.
F 2T =
⇒=  w
 P hysi cs | 9.69

⇒ 2T ( 0.3) =
4
1.5 × 10−2 2 R ρw g
 r2 =
⇒ T = 2.5 × 10−2 N / m
F = 2Tl 3 T

2 ρw g
r = R2
3T
w
Sol 13: (B) 
kx0 Buoyant force
At equilibrium ∑ F =0

 AL  
kx0 +  σ g  − Mg =
0
 2 

 LAσ  Mg
x0 Mg 1 −
= 
 2M 
JEE Advanced/Boards
Sol 14: (C) Exercise 1
= T4 π R 2 − (R − ∆R ) 
2 2
ρ4 πR ∆RL
  Mg
Sol 1: Pressure at A = P0 + = P0 + ρgh
A
ρR 2 ∆
=RL T R 2 − R 2 + 2R ∆R − ∆R 2 
  A = π (0.04)2 – (0.01)2 = π × 15 × 10–4
R
ρR 2 ∆RL = T2R ∆R ( ∆ R is very small) M
= ρh
A
2T M 3 2
R=  h= = = m
ρL Aρ −4 π
π × 15 × 10 × 1000

Sol 15: (C) mass of water = 750 gm = 0.75 kg

( 76 ) ( 8 ) =(54 − x ) ( 76 − x ) mass of water below piston

x = 38 cm = 0.75 - (1000) (π × (0.01)2) × h

Length of air column = 54 – 38 = 16 cm. = (1000) × π × (0.04)2 × H

π 2 16π
0.75 = × + ×H
10 π 10
16π 5.5 11
Air 0.55 = H⇒H= = m
10 16π 32π

46+8=54 Sol 2: Net force on the ball in water

x ρw Vg ρw Vg
FB = ρwVg - = = mg
2 2
Air 8 Air 8

19.6m

h
Sol 16: (D)
4
( 2 π r T ) sin θ= 3
π R3 ρw .g Let us assume that ball will go up to depth h in water.
By work energy theorem
r 4
T × × 2 πr = πR3 ρw g -mg (19.6) + mg h = 0 ⇒ h = 19.6 m
R 3
9 . 7 0 | Fluid Mechanics

Upward force F = mg in water

= 800 × 10 2 × 1.2 = 9600 2 N/m2
Acceleration = g
(b) h = depth of lake
Time required to come on surface
When bubble is at bottom pressure inside
2s 2 × 19.6
= = = 2 sec = P0 + ρgh
g 9.8
When bubble is at surface pressure is = P0
Time required to go inside surface is also 2 sec
T0 = surface tension
So total time required = 4 sec
2T T
P0 = =
2r r
Sol 3:
2T
P0 + ρgh =
r
A
T 2T
+ ρgh =
r r
T
B ρgh = = P0 = ρm g hm
r
ρm = nρ
F h = nH
Pressure at point A = P0 + = PA
A1
mg Sol 5: Upward force on test tube initially = ρsA×0.1 g
Pressure at point B = P0 + = PB
A2 Upward force after adding liquid = ρwA×0.4g
Difference in pressure = ρg × 8 = PB – PA Weight of the fluid = ρwA × 0.4g – ρwA × 0.1g = ρ’ A ×
0.4 g
F mg
⇒ P0 + – P0 – = –ρg × 8 3ρw
A1 A2 ⇒ ρ’ =
4
F 6000 15
= – 750 × 10 × 8 = × 104 – 6 × 104
A1 800 × 10 −4 2 Sol 6: At point A by Bernoulli equation
F 3
= × 10–4 h 1 gh
A1 2 P0 + σ g = σ v2 + P0 ⇒ v =
4 2 2
F = 1.5 × 104 × 25 × 10–4
2(3h / 4) 3h
F = 37.5 N Time take = =
g 2g

Sol 4: Distance travelled = vt

gh 3g
= ×
2 2g

h
Distance = 3
 2
At point B
h
a P0 = σg = P0 + (+2σ g (–h/4)) + ½ 2σ v’2
(a) tan θ = =1 2
g
gh gh
θ = 45° =- + v’2
2 2
Maximum gang pressure = ρ a2 + g2 r
V’ = gh
 P hysi cs | 9.71

Sol 9:
2(h / 4) h
Time t’ = =
g 2g
3
2=100cm /S

h h
Distance travelled = vt’ = gh =
2g 2 h

200cn
h
h 3 3
Ratio of distance travelled = =
h 2
2
2 2=100cm /S
3

Sol 7: Force exerted is change in momentum per sec

By Bernoulli’s equation
d(mv) dm P0 + ρgh = P0 + ½ ρv2
= = v
dt dt
= v ρ Av v= 2gh

= ρAv2 = 1000 × 2 × 10–4 × 100 Q = 100 cm3/s

= 20 N A = 1 cm2
v = 100 cm/s = 1 m/s
Sol 8: By Bernoulli’s equation
P0 + ρgh + ½ ρv12 = P0 + ½ ρv22 v= 2 × 10 × h = 1
1
By continuity equation h= m = 5 cm
20
A1v1 = A2v2
v2 Sol 10:
v1 =
2 Q
2 r1=0.1m
v  1 2
gh + ½  2  = v
2
  2 2

v 22
gh = [1–1/4] = 3/8 v22
2 r2=0.04m
Q
8gh 2gh 2
v2 = ⇒ v1 = =
3 3 3 By Bernoulli’s equation
2 P1 + ½ ρV12 = P2 + ½ ρV22
Volume flow rate = × 10–4 m3/s
3 – P2 + P1 = 10 N/m2

2 10 + ½ × 1250 v12 = ½×1250 v22  ….(i)

= 60 × 10–4 m3/min
3 Continuity equation

2 1 A1v1 = A2v2
= 60 × litre/min
3 10 π (0.1)2 v1 = π (0.04)2 v2

= 4.9 litre/min 1 4×4

v1 = v
100 10000 2
v1 = 0.16 v2  …..(ii)
By (i) and (ii)
10 + 625 (0.16 v2)2 = 625 (v2)2
625 (0.9744) v22 = 10
9 . 7 2 | Fluid Mechanics

v2 = 0.128 m/s Sol 14: Surface energy of bubble = 4pr2 T1

Q = A2v2 Surface energy of drop = 4pr22 T2
= π (0.04)2 × 0.128 Volume of bubble and drop is same so
= π × 16 × 10–4 × 0.128 4πR2d = (4/3) πr23
= 6.44 × 10–4 m3/s r23 = 3R2d
r22 = (3R2d) 2/3
Sol 11: Since velocity is greater than terminal velocity,
so it will decrease until velocity reaches terminal velocity P1 4T 2r 24d
= r2 = 2 = 3
P2 R2T R R

V0 P2 R
= 3
P1 24d
Velocity

4T 4T 4T
Sol 15: P0 + + = P0 +
VT r1 r r2

Dist. moved H r1r2

⇒r=
r1 − r2
2 2 (ρ − σ ) g
Sol 12: Terminal velocity = V = r η
9 Sol 16: Let the volume of bearer be V
2 (10 4 − 103 ) × 9.8 Then balancing force on beaker
= 10–8
9 9.8 × 10−6 ρw V.g = (0.39)g + ρw × 250 g
v = 20 m/s 103 × V = 0.39 + 0.25
Distance required to reach terminal velocity is V = 640 × 10–6 m3

v2 (20)2 400 V = 60 cm3

h= = = = 20 m
2g 2 × 10 20 Volume of glass = 640 – 500 = 140 cm3
m 390
Density = = = 2.785 gm/cc
Sol 13: v 140

A
Sol 17: Plug will open when float is lifted upwards due
h1 B to buoyant force

2T
PA = P0 – h’
r1

2T Balancing force we get

PB = P0 –
r2 ρ h’ × π (0.1)2 × g = 3g
1 1  3 3
PB – PA = ρgh = 2T  −  = 2T [2000 – 200] h’ = =
 r1 r2  1 10π
1000 × π ×
ρgh = 2 × 2 × 7 × 9 = 252 100
3 1 3+π
252 height h = h’ + 10 cm = + =
h= = 2.5 cm 10π 10 10π
10 × 103
 P hysi cs | 9.73

Sol 18: d1 α
=
( d1 − d2 ) gθ
3 2
y 3/2x2Ag
3(d1 − d2 )g
α= θ
2d1 

3(d1 − d2 )g
(SxAg) ω=
2d1 
(a) By Newton’s second law
a = Upward acceleration Sol 20:
−ρ
× 2 Ag + ρ(1 – y) Ag = (ρ/2) 2Aa 0.05m
2
–ρAg + ρ(1–y) Ag = ρAa
r r
–g + g – gy = a =
3h
h/3 0.05 h/2
a = –gy h/3

acceleration is density proportional to the displacement h = 0.1m h = 0.1m

so it will perform SHM
h = 0.1m
a = –w2 y
By force balance
w2 = g
 1  0.05 2  h  
w= g = π2 = π mg = 0.8  π      …..(i)
 3  3   3 
2π  
Time period = = 2 sec
ω When liquid is added
(b) Time taken for rod to go from 1 extreme position to  1  0.05 2  h  
other is half of the time period Mg + ρ  π    
 3  3   3 
 
So time taken = 2/2 = 1 sec
 1  0.05 2  h  
=0.8  π       ......(ii)
Sol 19:  3  2   2 
 
By (i) and (ii)
d’
 1 (0.05)2 h   1 (0.05)2 h 
d2 (0.8)  π  +ρ  π 
3 33  3 33 
  
  1 (0.05)2 h 
d, 5L = 0.8  π 
3 23 

Torque on rod = (d1  Sg – d2  sg) l/2 sin θ 0.8 + ρ 0.8
= = 0.1 ⇒ 0.8 + ρ = 2.7
for small θ 3 3 8

τ = (d – d2) (  2/2) s g θ ρ = 1.9

Net torque = Iα
Sol 21:
Iα = (d1 – d2)  s g θ
2

(d1s ) 2
I= 2S-h 3-S
3 R
d1s3 2
α = (d1 – d2) ρgθ
3 2 Balancing force on both sides
9 . 7 4 | Fluid Mechanics

Horizontal force acting on the cylinder can be assumed Sol 23:

to be acting on the cross–sectional area in the vertical
direction
h 3ρgR.R
2ρgh. =
2 2
3 2
h2 = R
2

3
h= R
2 h
h/2
Sol 22:

For the rod to be in equilibrium centre of mass of (rod

+ mass m) system should be below centre of gravity of
S
the volume displaced by the rod.

S For minimum m should coincide so.

h2 h1 Suppose h length of rod is below water then, by force
balance
σ(pR2h) g – ρlpR2 g – mg = 0
2S h-h1
(pR2) (σh – ρ  ) = m  …..(i)
h = h2 – (h – h1) Reaction of centre of mass should be at h/2 distance
h = h2 – h + h1 from bottom

h1 + h2 ρπR 2 × 
h= 2
2 ⇒ h/2 =  …..(ii)
m + ρπR 2
P0 + ρgh1 + ρa (h – h1) + 2ρa (h + h1) – 2ρg (h – h1) –
ρgh = P0
ρ2 ρ
⇒ h2 = ⇒h=   …. (iii)
gh1 + ah – ah1 + 2ah + 2ah1 – 2gh + 2gh1 – gh = 0 σ 6
h1 (g – a + 2a + 2g) + h (a + 2a – 2g – g) = 0
By (i) and (iii)
3(g − a)h
h1 =
3g + a m = ( σ − ρ) pR2 l

a = g/2
Sol 24: Volume of water collected = A.V
3h
A = cross sectional area perpendicular to the rain.
3h
⇒ h1 = 2 =
1 7 v = velocity of rain
3+
2 in 1st beaker A2 = A1 cos 30°
h2 = h + h – h1 in 2nd beaker A’3 = A cos 60°
h2 = 2h – h1
>

n
Difference in height = h2 – h1
8h o
30
= 2h – h1 – h1 = 2(h – h1) =
o
60
7

o o
30 30
 P hysi cs | 9.75

A Sol 27: By force equilibrium on the cube

A1 =
cos30° Fgravity + Fbuoyant + Fsurface tension = 0
A
⇒ A2 = cos 30° = A –mg + ρw a2 hg – S × 4a = 0
cos30°
A mg + 4Sa
⇒ A3 = h=
2 ρw a2g
Q2 A2 V
So = =2:1
Q3 A3 V

Sol 25: (a) By Bernoulli’s equation Exercise 2

P0 + ρg(3.6) = P0 + ½ ρv2
Sol 1: (B) By Newton’s second law
v= 2g(3.6) = 72

v = 6 2 m/s
(b) Discharge rate = pr2 v
T
16 a
=π× × 10–4 × 6 2 m3/s
π T m/2

= 9.6 2 × 10–3 m3/s m/2g

m a
(c) By Bernoulli equation
PA + ½ ρv2 + ρg (5.4) = P0 + ½ ρV2 mg
PA = P0 – ρ g × 5.4 mg ma
T– =
= 10 × 10 – 5.4 × 10
4 4 2 2
m
= 4.6 × 10–4 Pa T= (g + a)  .…. (i)
2
–T + mg = me  ….. (ii)
Sol 26: Pressure at C = Pc
By (i) and (ii)
By Bernoulli’s equation
−m
P0 + ρgh1 = P0 + ½ ρVD2 (g + a) + mg = ma
2
½ ρVD2 = ρgh1
−g −a
P0 + ρgh1 = Pc + ½ ρVC2 +g=a
2 2
AC VC = AD VD
A g 3a g
= ;a=
AC = D 2 2 3
2
⇒ vC = 2vD  g
Effective acceleration of the bucket is
g − 
P0 + ρgh1 = PC + 2ρVD2  3
downwards water pressure at the bottom above
⇒ Pc =P0+ρgh1 – 4ρgh1 = P0 – 3 ρgh1  ….(i)
atmospheric pressure is
Pressure at C can also be written as
2g 2 15
P= hρ = 1000 × × 10 × = 1 kPa
PC + ρgh2 = P0 3 3 100
PC = P0 – ρgh2  …… (ii)
Sol 2: (D) Buoyant force = sum of all forces acting on
By (i) and (ii) the body
ρgh2 = 3 ρgh1 = force acting on the slant surface
h2 = 3h1 + force acting on the bottom surface
9 . 7 6 | Fluid Mechanics

FB = Fs + Fb Sol 6: (A) A
FB = (1/3) pR2 Hρg
Fb = pR2 ρgH l1
2L-L1
⇒ Fs = (–2/3) pR2 ρgH
2
Sol 3: (B) mg

a -L 1
Ltan 2L

L L Let the length of rod that extends out of water is l1
since the rod is in equilibrium
So balancing net torque about point A
A = area of the base
A = area of the base  2L + L1 
we get (ρA(2L–L1)g)   cos q
tan θ = a/g  2 
Finally 1/3 rd of the water spilled out = 0.75 ρAL g L cos θ
So volume of water spilled out finally 4L2 − L21 3 2
3 = L
2 tan θ × A L tan θ 2 4
= Vf = =
2 2
this is 1/3 volume of L3 Sol 7: (B) 
tan θ 1
⇒ = ⇒ tan θ = 2/3 = a/g d d/2
2 3
a = 2g/3 By force equilibrium we get
ρVg ρVg
–Mg – 2Mg – mg + + =0
Sol 4: (D) Force applied by the liquid will be same on 2 2
both the vessels as the mass of liquid is same in both ⇒ m = ρv – 3M  …..(i)
the vessels
By torque equilibrium about mass M we get
Sol 5: (A) Total force exerted on the base by water and dρVg
–mg (d –  ) – 2 Mgd + =0
cane’s slant surface = mg 2
= 1/3 pR2 Hρg downwards ρV
m  – d (m + 2M – )=0
2
Force exerted by the water =
 ρv 
d  2M + m − 
(ρgH) (pR2) downwards 2 
 =   …(ii)
So force exerted by the slant surface = m
2/3 ρgH pR2 upwards d(ρV − 2M)
By (i) and (ii) we get  =
2(ρV − 3M)
So force exerted by water on slant surface = 2/3 ρgH
pR2
Sol 8: (B) By work energy theorem
Wwater + Wgravity = ∆KE = 0
(σ v g h) – ρ v g (h + H) = 0
σ h = ρ (h + H)

(σ − ρ)h σ 
H= =  − 1 h
ρ  ρ 
 P hysi cs | 9.77

Sol 9: (A) Buoyant force = ρw × 4/3 πR3 g Sol 14: (C) Graph (c) best represents the motion of
raindrop because velocity of rain approaches the
Gravitational force = (σρw) (4/3 π(R3 – r3)) g
terminal velocity.
Sphere is in equilibrium so
Sol 15: (C) Graph (D) incorrect because at t = 0; x = 0
ρw 4/3 π R3 g = (σρw) (4/3 π(R3 – r3) g)
and graph will not be straight time
R3 = σ(R3 – r3)
Sol 16: (C)
1 r3
=1– P0
σ R3
r3 1 σ −1
=1– =
R 3 σ σ h
1/3
R  σ 
=  
r  σ −1

Sol 10: (D) Force exerted = change in momentum per P = P0 + 2T/r

sec
per sec P0 + 2T/r – ρgh = P0
mv x
2T
= ρgh
mv y r

2T 2 × 75 × 10−3
h= = = 0.30 m
rρg 10−4
mvjˆ − mviˆ × 1000 × 10
= = ρLvjˆ − ρLviˆ = 2 ρvL 2
t
h = 30 cm
Sol 11: (A) Force exerted by water = ρAV 2

A = area of hole Sol 17: (B)

V = velocity of water through hole

Friction force = μ Mg
for the vessel to just move R
R-h
ρAV = μ Mg
2

90-
πD2 2µM h
ρ× × 2 g H = µMg ⇒ D =
4 πρH

R −h
Sol 12: (C) We know that force applied is proportional cos (90 – θ) = sin θ =
R
to velocity of shaft. So if the force is increased three
times, velocity will also increase three times. R −h
Angle of contact = 90 – θ = cos–1  
 R 
dv
Sol 13: (A) Viscous force F = – η A
dx Sol 18: (D) Force exerted by liquid = ρg (2h).A = F
v weight of liquid is W
F = –η A
t
Force exerted by liquid on walls = F – W
3mg
F = mg sin 37° = (upwards)
5
So force exerted by the walls on the liquid
3mgt 3ρa3gt 3ρagt
η= = =
5AV 2
5a V 5V = (F – W) downwards
9 . 7 8 | Fluid Mechanics

Multiple Correct Choice Type Sol 21: (A, C)

A
Sol 19: (C, D)

a
0.1-h1-h2 h
h2 
10cm B
0.92kg C
Oil L
h1
Water
PA = P0
PB = P0
PB = PA + ρgh – ρa  = P0
Balancing net force on the block we get
gh = a 
–0.92×10 + (1000)×h1×(0.01)×10
h a
+ (600)h2×(0.01) × 10 = 0 tan θ = =
L g
10 h1 + 6h2 = 0.92
Sol 22: (B, C)
if h2 = 4 cm
then 10h1 + 6 × 0.04 = 0.92
10h1 = 0.68
0.68 5av
h1 = = 0.068 m = 6.8 cm
10
mg
h1 + h2 should be less than 10 cm so
Balance A will read less than 2 kg as an upward buoyant
h2 < 4 cm
force is acting on the block. Balance B will read more
and h1 + h2 = 10 cm than 5 kg as downward reaction of the block due to
buoyant force is acting on beaker.
⇒ 10 h1 + 6 (0.1 – h1) = 0.92
4h1 + 0.6 = 0.92
Sol 23: (A, D)
4h1 = 0.32
h1 = 0.08 m
⇒ h1 = 8 cm
h
h2 = 2 cm

Bubble at
Sol 20: (B, D) Thrust exerted by the water is ρAV2 if
velocity is doubled then thrust will increase 4 times. the bottom

dm 2 Pressure inside the bubble at the bottom is

Energy lost per second = ½ v
dt 2T
P1 = P0 + ρgh +
= ½ ρAv. v2 = ½ ρAv3 r1
Pressure inside the bubble near the surface is
If velocity is doubled then energy lost per second will
be 8 times 2T
P2 = P0 +
r2
Pressure inside the bubble near the surface is
2T
P2 = P0 +
r2
So pressure will decrease as we move upwards.
 P hysi cs | 9.79

Sol 24: (A, C) Sol 28: (D)

h
Velocity of fluid coming out of the hole =
1 v1 s1
v= 2gy
2 s2
time taken by the fluid to collide with surface = v2

2(h + h − y)
t=
g
range = vt Force exerted by liquid – 1 = (ρgH + P0) A downwards
2(h + h − y) So statement-I is false
= 2gy .
g
dR Sol 29: (D) Coefficient of viscosity of gases increase
R= 4y(2h − y) . For maximum R, =0
dy with increasing temperature
1
⇒ (2h – 2y) = 0
4y(2h − y) Sol 30: (A) Free surface is always perpendicular to the
geff. Liquids at rest can have only normal forces.
⇒y=h

Rmax = 4h2 = 2h
Previous Years’ Questions
Assertion Reasoning Type
Sol 1: (D) F2 – F1 = upthrust
Sol 25: (B) Pressure of air decreases with increase in F1
height so when pressure outside the balloon is equal to
balloon pressure, it will not size up.
Upthrust
h
Sol 26: (D)

Pressure=6 

h 2R

∴ F2 = F1 + upthrust
F2= (p0 + rgh) pR2 + Vrg
Pressure inside the tube is P = P0 + ρgh
=p0pR2+rg(pR2h+V)
When pressure changes height will also change.
∴ Most appropriate option is (D).
So Statement-I is true.
ρ  ρ 
Buoyant force is independent of atmospheric pressure. Sol 2: (A) k1 =  Fe  and k 2 =  Fe  .
 ρHg   ρHg 
  0° C  60°C
Sol 27: (A) Suppose submarine is resting on the floor,
then water is exerting only net downward force on Here, ρ = Density
the submarine as lower surface is not available for the
upward force. k1 (ρ )  ρHg  (1 + 60 γFe )
∴ = Fe 0°C ×   =
k 2 (ρHg )0°C   (1 + 60 γHg )
 ρFe 60°C

Note: In this problem two concepts are used:

9 . 8 0 | Fluid Mechanics

(i) When a solid floats in a liquid, then Equating the net downward forces and net upward
ρsolid 5
Fraction of volume submerged (k) = forces, we get, h1 = h .
ρliquid 3
This result comes from the fact that Sol 5: (A) Again equating the forces, we get
Weight = Upthrust
h2=4h/9
Vρsolid
= g Vsubmerged ρliquidg ρ0A1

Vsubmerged ρsolid ρ/3 ghA1

\ =
V ρliquid
ρθ°C 1
(ii) =
ρ0°C 1+ γ⋅θ ρ0A2 (ρ0+ρgh2)A3
1
This is because ρ ∝ (mass remaining constant)
Volume
4h
ρθ°C V0°C V0°C Sol 6: (A) For h2 < , buoyant force will further
∴ = = 9
ρ0°C Vθ°C V0°C + ∆V decrease. Hence, the cylinder remains at its original
position.
V0°C 1
= =
V0°C + V0°C γθ 1 + γθ
Sol 7: (C) Vertical force due to surface tension.
Fv =F sin q
Sol 3: (B) Force from right hand side liquid on left hand
side liquid.
F
(i) Due to surface tension force
θ
=2RT (towards right) r
θ
(ii) Due to liquid pressure force R
x =h

= ∫x =0 (p0 + ρgh)(2R.x)dx
= (2p0Rh + Rρgh2 )(towards left)

= (T2pr)(r/R)
∴ Net force is |2p0Rh + Rrgh2 – 2RT|
2πr 2 T
=
Sol 4: (C) Let R

A1 = Area of cross-section of cylinder = 4pr2 2πr 2 T 4

Sol 8: (A) =mg = pR3. ρ.g
A2 = Area of base of cylinder in air = pr2 R 3
and A3 = Area of base of cylinder in water 3r 2 T 3 × (5 × 10−4 )2 (0.11)
∴ R4 = =
= A1 – A2 = 3pr2 2ρg 2 × 103 × 10
Drawing free body diagram of cylinder = 4.125 × 10–12 m4
∴ R = 1.425 × 10–3 m
(p0+h1ρg)A1
≈ 1.4 × 10−3 m

(ρ/3) ghA1 Sol 9: (B) Surface energy,

E = (4pR2)T
= (4π) (1.4×10–3)2 (0.11)
p0A2 {p0+ρg(h1+h)}A3
= 2.7×10–6 J
 P hysi cs | 9.81

Sol 10: (B, C) Liquid will apply an upthrust on m. An V 1 

equal force will be exerted (from Newton’s third law) on Vw= + Vc  − ρc 
2 2 
the liquid. Hence, A will read less than 2 kg and B more
than 5 kg. Therefore, the correct options are (B) and (C). 1 V
F If ρc < ;V >
2 w 2
Sol 11: (A, B, D)
Sol 13: (A, D) At equilibrium,
A WA
4 4
πR 3 2 ρ g = πR 3ρg + T
T 3 3
4
T T= π R3 ρ g
3
B F 4
∴ ∆=
 π R3 ρ g
WB 3k
3
(4/3)R 2g
F = upthrust = VdFg
Equilibrium of A 3
(4/3)R 2g
VdFg = T + WA
= T + VdAg ….(i)
T
Equilibrium of B T
T + VdFg = VdBg ….(ii) 3
(4/3)R 2g
Adding eqns. (i) and (ii), we get
2df = dA + dB
3
∴ Option (D) is correct. (4/3)R 2g

From Eq. (i) we can see that

For equilibrium of the complete system, net force of
dF > dA (as T>0) buoyancy must be equal to the total weight of the
sphere which holds true in the given problem. So both
∴ Option (A) is correct.
the spheres are completely submerged.
From equation (ii) we can see that,
dB > dF Sol 14: (C) By A1 V1 = A2 V2
∴ Option (B) is correct.
⇒ π ( 20 ) × 5 =π (1 ) V2 ⇒ V2 = 2 m / s2
2 2

∴ Correct options are (A), (B) and (D).

1 1
Sol 12: (A) Sol 15: (A) ρa Va2 = ρ V2
2 2
Inside volume = V For given Va
Container material
ρa
volume = VC V ∝
ρ
Vw

Sol 16: (C) In P, Q, R no horizontal velocity is imparted

to falling water, so d remains same.
mc g + mwh =
FB
In S, since its free fall, aeff = 0
V V  ∴ Liquid won’t fall with respect to lift.
ρc Vc g + 1Vw g = 1  + c  g
2 2 
 9 . 8 2 | Fluid Mechanics

Sol 17: (A, D) From the given conditions,

ρ1 < σ1 < σ2 < ρ2

2  ρ1 − σ2  2  ρ2 − σ1 
VP =   g and VQ  g
9  η2  9  η1 

VP η  
So,  = 1 and VP . VQ < 0
VQ η2

 2 
(r ) K  1 − r 2 
Sol 18: (B, C) P=
 R 

2 r2
Sol 19: Terminal velocity=
vT
9 η
( ρ − σ ) g , where ρ
is the density of the solid sphere and σ is the density

of the liquid
2

vP
( 8 − 0.8 ) ×  12  × 2
=∴ =   3
vQ 1
2

( 8 − 1.6 ) ×  4  × 3
 