Vertebrates and invertebrates

What is classification?
– Organising living things into groups:
• Anatomy
• Genetics
Why classify organisms?
Why classify organisms?
• Helps others understand which species you are talking about
• Can group species based on shared characteristics
• To study phylogeny – how related species are
• Linnaean classification
– Genus and species, e.g. Homo sapiens
• Genus and species are the tip of the iceberg
• There are many different levels in the classification hierarchy
• Top level is the 5 Kingdoms:
– Protists (e.g. amoebae, algae)
– Prokaryotes (e.g. bacteria, archaebacteria)
– Fungi
– Plants
– Animals
• ~ 1.26 million animal species of Vertebrates and invertebrates
• ~ 1.2 million are invertebrates (e.g. insects, crustaceans)
• ~ 60,000 are vertebrates
INVERTEBRATES
• No spinal column (also called backbone)
• No internal skeleton
VERTEBRATES
• Have a spinal column
• Have an internal skeleton
Vertebrates are divided into five groups:
1. Fish
2. Amphibians
3. Reptiles
4. Birds
5. Mammals
Mammals
• Produce milk from mammary glands to feed young
• Maintain constant body temperature (warm-blooded)
• Covering of hair
• Give birth to live young
• Maintain a constant body temperature (warm-blooded)
Birds
• Reproduce by laying eggs
• Have feathers
• Most can fly
• Have a beak
Reptiles
• Don’t regulate body temperature (cold-blooded)
• Tough scaly skin
• Most lay eggs with leathery shells
• Don’t regulate body temperature (cold-blooded)
Amphibians
• Lay eggs in water
• Life cycle involves transformation from aquatic larvae to terrestrial adult
• Can respire through porous skin
• A collection of four distantly related groups
Fish
• Breathe underwater using internal gills for gas exchange
• Body covered with scales
• Most don’t regulate body temperature (cold-blooded)
Invertebrates
The animal kingdom has a wide diversity of living things. It is common to groups animals into two categories:
animals without backbones, called invertebrates, and animals with backbones, called vertebrates.
Invertebrates with Soft Bodies-Mollusks
• They live on land and fresh water and ocean water.
• They make shells from minerals in the water
Mollusks
• Have shells in one stage of their life
• Have gills
• Not all mollusks have shells (e.g., octopuses, squid, and slugs)
• Their gut is equipped with jaws, tongue like structure with teeth
• Nerves ring around the gut
• The heart is located at the back end of the body
• Must stay moist in order to survive
• Muscular foot to move, dig, and hang on
• Examples of mollusks: snails, clams, tusk shells, chitons, limpets, octopuses, squid, and slugs
• Snail
• Squid
Worms
• They can grow back parts if they lose parts.
• Some worms can grow to 30 METERS long
• An earthworm has hairs on it to help it go through the dirt!!!
• Elongated body
• No arms, legs, or eyes
• Internal body parts are in segments
• Fluid filled body cavity provides support and flexibility
• The gut is a straight tube
• Simple nervous system
• Poor sensory organs
• Soft body parts without shell
• There are four main groups of worms: (1) flatworms, or Platyhelminthes; (2) ribbon worms, or
Nemertea; (3) roundworms, or Nematoda; and (4) segmented worms, or Annelida.
Sponges
• No mouth, stomachs, or other organs
• Most live in oceans
• Cannot move
• They stink a lot
• Simplest form of multi-cellular animals
• Bottom-dwelling creature with attaches itself to something solid
• Don’t have mouths
• It exists by pumping water through its body. It gets food and oxygen this way.
• Soft spongy tissue
• Give birth to live larva
• Skeleton is on the outside
• There are two types of sponges: Encrusting sponges are similar to moss because they tend to cover
the surfaces of rocks. Free-standing sponges have lots of inner volume compared with their surface
area. Sometimes, they grow into strange shapes and gigantic sizes.
Invertebrates with Stinging Cells: JELLYFISH, ANEMONES,CORALS
• They have tentacles
• They have a mouth
• They live on the ocean floor
• They shoot poisonous darts
Arthropods
There are 4 groups
Crustacean
• Any of a large class of mostly water-dwelling arthropods (as lobsters, shrimps, crabs, wood lice, water
fleas, and barnacles) having an exoskeleton.
Arachnid
• Any of a class of arthropods including the spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks and having a segmented
body divided into two regions of which the front part bears four pairs of legs but no antennae.
Chilopod
• Any of a group of arthropods that includes the centipedes and millipedes.
Insect

• Any of a class of arthropods (as butterflies, true bugs, two-winged flies, bees, and grasshoppers) with
the body clearly divided into a head, thorax, and abdomen, with three pairs of jointed legs, and usually
with one or two pairs of wings
Arthropod – Characteristics
• They have keen sense organs
• They have exoskeletons.
• They have two or more segments (parts)
Crustaceans
• They have five pairs of legs
• They live near or on the ocean floor
• Live on land and water
• They have antennae
Crustacean
• Any of a large class of mostly water-dwelling arthropods (as lobsters, shrimps, crabs, wood lice, water
fleas, and barnacles) having an exoskeleton.
• Arachnids
• Spiders mites and ticks.
• 4 pairs of legs
• Most live on land.
• Some live in fresh water
• They are called parasites.
Arachnid
• Any of a class of arthropods including the spiders, scorpions, mites, and ticks and having a segmented
body divided into two regions of which the front part bears four pairs of legs but no antennae.
Insects
• Largest group of arthropods
• 3 pairs of legs
• 3 main body part sections
• 2 pairs of eyes
• Have mouths
Insect
• Any of a class of arthropods (as butterflies, true bugs, two-winged flies, bees, and grasshoppers) with
the body clearly divided into a head, thorax, and abdomen, with three pairs of jointed legs, and usually
with one or two pairs of wings
Chilopod
• Any of a group of arthropods that includes the centipedes and millipedes.
• Millipedes & Centipedes
• Many body segments
• Live under rocks & dark places
• Really have less than 100 legs
• Protects itself by curling up
• Millipedes have 4 legs on each segment
• Centipedes have 2 legs on each segment
Classifying Arthropods
• Off all the invertebrate groups, arthropods contain the greatest diversity of animals. Arthropods include
lobsters, millipedes, centipedes, spiders, crabs, scorpions, shrimp, and insects. Arthropods are found in
more habitats in the world than any other animal group. Their huge variety of adaptations is what has
made them so successful in different habitats. Adaptations are special features that help living things
survive in different habitats.
Arthropod Adaptations:
• Hard outer body covering called an exoskeleton (for example, a beetle)
• Specialized mouth parts (for example the proboscis of a mosquito that sucks its victims blood)
• Jointed legs (for example, a spider’s legs)
• Compound eyes (for example the eyes of a fly)
• Segmented body (for example, a centipede)
• Although spiders and insects are classified as arthropods, they belong to different subgroups of
arthropods. People often confuse spiders with insects. Insects have three main body parts: a head, a
thorax and an abdomen. Insects also have six legs and up to four wings which come out of the thorax.
But spiders have two body parts – a joined head and thorax, and an abdomen – and eight legs.