Chapter 05 Solutions
Chapter 05 Solutions
The starred items are also contained in the Answer Key in the back of The Power of Logic.
Exercise 5.1
Part A: Categorical Statements
Note: Answers are given in this order: name of form, subject term, predicate term, quantity, and quality.
*1. No human beings are beings who can swim across the Atlantic Ocean. (E, universal,
negative)
2. All kangaroos are marsupials. (A, universal, affirmative)
3. Some cars are not Fords. (O, particular, negative)
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*4. Some persons are nerds. (I, particular, affirmative)
5. No spiders are insects. (E, universal, negative)
6. All ancient Greeks are people who worshiped Zeus. (A, universal, affirmative)
*7. Some poems are not sonnets. (O, particular, negative)
8. Some saints are reformed criminals. (I, particular, affirmative)
9. Some politicians are not liars. (O, particular, negative)
*10. I, particular, affirmative
11. All patriotic Americans are lovers of justice. (A, universal, affirmative)
12. No Vikings are people who were wimps. (E, universal, negative)
*13. Some animals that can fly are not birds. (O, particular, negative)
14. All people who have committed murder are people who deserve death. (A, universal,
affirmative)
15. I, particular, affirmative
*16. All Shawnees are people who were skillful trackers. (A, universal, affirmative)
17. No fools are sages. (E, universal, negative)
18. All Masai warriors are superb athletes. (A, universal, affirmative)
*19. No people who are unlucky are happy people. (E, universal, negative)
20. All college students who listened to Jimi Hendrix are people who opposed the war in
Vietnam. (A, universal, affirmative)
21. No snakes are mammals. (E, universal, negative)
*22. All lizards are reptiles. (A, universal, affirmative)
23. No chimpanzees are fish. (E, universal, negative)
24. Some bright green stones are not emeralds. (O, particular, negative)
*25. All birds are things that have feathers. (A, universal, affirmative)
26. All gems are diamonds. (A, universal, affirmative)
27. All world-class athletes are people who train vigorously. (A, universal, affirmative)
*28. Some paintings are not masterpieces. (O, particular, negative)
29. All quarks are physical objects. (A, universal, affirmative)
30. All voters are people who will be disappointed. (A, universal, affirmative)
*31. Some mountains are beautiful things. (I, particular, affirmative)
32. No slugs are intelligent things. (E, universal, negative)
33. All soldiers who served under General George Patton are people who saw combat. (A,
universal, affirmative)
*34. Some trees are ugly things. (I, particular, affirmative)
35. No odd numbers are numbers divisible by 2. (E, universal, negative)
36. All beautiful things are things that are pleasant to behold. (A, universal, affirmative)
*37. Some animals are vicious animals. (I, particular, affirmative)
38. All bad-tempered persons are curmudgeons. (A, universal, affirmative)
39. All scarlet things are red things. (A, universal, affirmative)
*40. All female siblings are sisters. (A, universal, affirmative)
41. All dogs over 15 years of age are old dogs. (A, universal, affirmative)
42. No tragedies are fortunate events. (E, universal, negative)
*43. Some living survivors of the Nazi prison camps are people who were tortured. (I,
particular, affirmative)
44. All Hindus are people who believe in reincarnation. (A, universal, affirmative)
45. No prisoners are people who will be mistreated. (E, universal, negative)
*46. Some soldiers are people who will be wounded. (I, particular, affirmative)
47. Some whole numbers between 1 and 5 are even numbers. (I, particular, affirmative)
48. No living veterans of World War I are people who were generals. (E, universal, negative)
*49. Some persons who choose not to fight are not cowards. (O, particular, negative)
50. Some animals are dogs. (I, particular, affirmative)
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Exercise 5.2
Part A: Logical Relationships
Note: Superalterns and subalterns are listed in the order in which they appear.
*1. Contraries
2. Superaltern/subaltern
3. Subcontraries
*4. Contradictories
5. Superaltern/subaltern
6. Subcontraries
*7. Subaltern/superaltern
8. Contraries
9. Contradictories
*10. None. “Some odd numbers are numbers that can be divided by 2 (without remainder)”
is necessarily false; hence, it cannot be true (subcontraries can both be true).
11. Subcontraries
12. Contraries
*13. Subcontraries
14. None. “All positive whole numbers between 4 and 6 are odd numbers” is a necessary
truth; hence, it cannot be false (contraries can both be false).
15. Subaltern/superaltern
*1. Valid
2. Valid
3. Valid
*4. Valid
5. Invalid
6. Valid
*7. Valid
8. Invalid
9. Valid
*10. Valid
11. Valid
12. Valid
*13. Invalid
14. Valid
15. Valid
*16. Valid
17. Valid
18. Valid
*19. Invalid
20. Valid
Part C: Generalizing
*1. If the A statement is false: The O statement is true (corresponding A and O statements
are contradictories). The truth value of the E and I statements is not guaranteed.
2. If the E statement is false: The I statement is true (corresponding E and I statements are
contradictories). The truth value of the A and O statements is not guaranteed.
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3. If the I statement is false: The O statement is true (corresponding I and O statements are
subcontraries). The A statement is false (since it implies the I statement). The E statement
is true (since corresponding I and E statements are contradictories).
*4. If the O statement is false: The A statement is true (corresponding O and A statements
are contradictories), the E statement is false (since it implies the O statement), and the I
statement is true (since corresponding I and O statements are subcontraries).
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Exercise 5.3
Part A: Term-Complements
Part B: Conversion
Part C: Obversion
Part D: Contraposition
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Part E: Inferences from A Statements
*1. T (obverse)
2. T (converse)
3. T (subaltern)
*4. Not guaranteed (contrapositive)
5. T (obverse of 2)
6. T (subaltern of 2)
*7. F (contraries)
8. Not guaranteed (converse of 5)
9. F (contradictories)
*10. T (contraposition by limitation)
11. F (converse, obverse, converse by limitation, contradictories)
12. T (obverse of 6)
*13. F (obverse, converse by limitation, contradictories)
14. F (converse of 9)
15. T (obverse of 3)
*1. T (converse)
2. F (contradictories)
3. T (obverse)
*4. Not guaranteed (contrapositive of 1)
5. F (converse of 2)
6. Not guaranteed (superaltern)
*7. Not guaranteed (contrapositive)
8. Not guaranteed
9. Not guaranteed (subcontrary)
*10. Not guaranteed
11. Not guaranteed
12. Not guaranteed (obverse of 9)
*13. Not guaranteed
14. Not guaranteed
15. F (obverse, contradictories)
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Part H: Inferences from O Statements