Parts of Speech sentence, there must be a person, place, or thing

- Noun, pronoun, adjective, determiner, to whom or to which that pronoun refers

verb, adverb, prepositions and o The children dressed themselves
conjunctions o I myself took care of the problem
o Everyone must have faith in himself
1. NOUN - Naming word; Refer to a person, thing, 6. Interrogative Pronouns
state, occurrence o what, which, who, whom & whose
7. Reciprocal Pronouns – indicate some mutual
Types relationship between two or more persons or
1. Common Nouns & Proper Nouns things
2. Concrete Nouns & Abstract Nouns ➢ Example
3. Countable Nouns & Uncountable Nouns ■ The spouses give each other a hard time
4. Verbal Nouns ■ All the students see one another in class
5. Collective Nouns ■ Amelia and Madelaine told each other a
lie
Gender of Nouns
1. Masculine 3. ADJECTIVE – describes a noun or a pronoun. Answers
2. Feminine any of the following questions
3. Neuter o What kind?
o How many/much?
2. PRONOUN - a word that replaces a noun in a
o Which one?
sentence
✓ Adjectives occur in two positions, either before the
Types
nouns they modify (attributive position) or after
1. Personal Pronouns
verbs like is (predicate position)
o Subject
o Object ➢ Example
o Possessive ■ The red shirt (attributive position) Commented [1]: continue
■ The shirt is red (predicate posiition)

✓ The three articles, a, an and the are also

considered adjectives

Types
1. Descriptive adjective
2. Noun adjective
2. Demonstrative Pronouns – Points out specific 3. Compound adjective
persons, places or things 4. Possessive adjective
o Singular – this & that 5. Demonstrative adjective
o Plural – this & those 6. Interrogative adjective
7. Indefinite adjective
3. Indefinite Pronouns – refers to persons, 8. Adjective Phrase
places or things without specifying which ones 9. Adjective Clause
they are referring to. Degree of Comparison
1. Positive
2. Comparative
3. Superlative
Order of Adjectives
1. Articles and other limiters (a, the)
2. Subjective adjectives (handsome, intelligent)
3. Size and shape (circular, small)
4. Age (young, old)
5. Color (black, red)
6. Origin (Filipino, American)
4. Relative Pronouns - Connect groups of words 7. Adjectives describing what something is made
to another idea in the same sentence. of (metallic, wooden)
o that, which, who, whom & whose 8. Words used as part of a noun (dinner party,
5. Reflexive Pronouns – refer back to the subject. grocery list
Whenever there is a reflexive pronoun in a
4. DETERMINER – word that is used in front of a noun or grammatical practice is to draw a distinction between
pronoun to give some information about it. Formerly, them. Thus, the category determiner has been created.
determiners were classified as adjectives. However,
because, unlike adjectives, determiners do not, strictly The definite and indefinite articles are often categorized
speaking describe. Noun or pronoun, the modern as determiners
 Types Some linking verb may also be used an action verb. In order
1. Demonstrative Determiners (This, that, these, to determine whether the verb functions as a linking or an
those) action verb, substitute the correct form of the verb to be for
2. Possessive Determiners (My, our, your, the verb. If the meaning remains the same, the verb
his/her/its, their) functions as a linking verb
3. Indefinite determiners (all, both, each, either,
every, few, little) 5. Auxilliary Verb “helping verbs” – added before
4. Number determiners another verb in order to make a verb phrase. It may
1. Cardinal numbers: One, two, ten, twenty, etc be formed from have, can, may, be, shall, will,
2. Ordinal numbers: Third, fourth, fifth might, must and do, or combination of them

Helpin Verb Verb

5. VERB - word or group of words that indicates action,
being or process
Is Sleeping
Types
1. Action Verb – tells what kind of action a person or
Should Come
thing is making
■ dance, sing, speak, spend & walk
2. Transitive Verb – requires an object to complete its
meaning Has been Paid
■ Marinelle took the books to school (Object
books completes the meaning of the verb took)
3. Intransitive Verb – is complete by itself and does Shall be Writing
not require an object to complete its meaning
■ Justine laughed (the verb laughed does not
need an object to complete its meaning) Might have Told
4. Linking Verb – connects a subject and its been
complement. They do not show action. Linking
verbs are often forms of the verb to be. They are > Phrasal Verb – consists of a verb and
sometimes verbs related to the 5 senses (look, another word or phrase, usually a
sound, smell, feel, taste) and sometimes verbs that preposition
reflect a state of being (appear, seem, become, o My boss called off tomorrow’s conference
grow, turn, prove, remain)
o Father found out that the water tank was
■ The glass is empty
empty
■ The bathroom smelled bad
o Maria was turned down twelve times before
■ Grandfather seems sad
she finally got a job

PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE

 TO BE VERB

Affirmative S + am/is/are S + verb

FORMS
He is a doctor. I like tea.

Negative S + am/is/are + not S + don’t/doesn’t + verb

He is not a doctor. I don’t like tea.

Interrogativ Am/is/are Do/does + S + verb

e

Is he a doctor? Do you like tea?

Usage Example Time

Experss
ions

General Truth The sun rises in the east This

evenin

Habits I play badminton every Tuesday g

At 11

am
Future Timetables Our train leaves at 4 am
When

Until
Future after “When”, “until” I won’t go out until it stops rainning
As

soon as
Permanent situations He works in a bank
Twice

For newspaper headlnes Man enters space month

Every

With non-progressive I believe that you are innocent Tuesda

Someti
When telling stories Suddely, the window opens, and a
masked man enters mes

For giving directions and First of all, you break the egg and whisk
instructions with sugar

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Affirmative S + am/is/are + V-ing

FORMS
She is cooking.

Negative S + am/is/are + not + V-ing

She is not cooking.

Interrogative Am/is/are + S + V-ing

Is she cooking?

Usage Example Time Experssions

Action happening Jim is watching a telivision at the moment Now, at the moment, currently
now

Temporary I’m staying with a fried for a few days at the moment, these days, for a
situations few days

Annoying habits That child is always crying for no good reason Always, forever, constantly

Changing Her health is improving by leaps and bounds Little by little, gradually
situations

Definite future I am taking my French class on Tuesday Toning, later, this weekend
plans

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Affirmative S + have/has + past participle

FORMS
I have tried sushi before.

Negative S + have/has + not + past participle

I have not tried sushi before

Interrogative Have/has + S + past participle

Have you tried sushi before?

Usage Example Time

Experssions

Things you have done in your life I have been to England Just
Already

Number of times you have done I have been to Paris three Yet
something times For
Since
Recently completed actions I have already lost my job
which are important now. Never
Ever

Situatuations that started in the I have known james for four

past are still true or five years

Present result John has just missed the bus,

so he will be late

Unfinished actions or situations I have lived here since 2004

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

 Affirmative S + have/has + been + past participle

FORMS
They have been learning English for two years.

Negative S + have/has + not + been + past participle

They have not been learning English for years.

Interrogative Have/has + S + been + past participle

Have they been learning English for years?

Usage Example

Long actions that started in the past and continue until I have been living in ireleand for almost 4 years
now

Recent actions that have clear evidence or results now Her eyes are red because she has been crying all
evening

Typically used for shorter, more temporary situations Have they been learning English this week

PAST SIMPLE TENSE

PAST SIMPLE TENSE

TO BE VERB
 Affirmative S + was/were S + V2

FORMS
He was there I bought two tickets yesterday

Negative S + was/were + not S + did not + V

He was not there I did not buy any ticket yesterday

Interrogative Was/were + S Did + S + verb

Was he there Did you buy any ticket yesterday?

Usage Example Time Experssions

Completed action in the past I saw ghost last Friday Yesterday

Ago
A series of completed actions in the past I finished work, walked to the beach,
and found a nice place to swim Last month, week

Last year

Habits in the past When I was young, I watched lots of In 2003

television after school every day

With non-progressive He had a small cottage in the woods

Action in the past stories She sat down and order a coffee
 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

Affirmative S + was/were + V-ing

FORMS
She was cooking all morning.

Negative S + was/were + not + V-ing

She was not sleeping when he come home.

Interrogative was/were + not + V-ing

Was she sleeping when he came home?

Usage Example Time

Expe
rssio
ns

Interrupted action in the They were waiting for the train when I spoke to Whe
past them n

Whil
Parallel actions I was studying when my mother was waching
e
TV

Cons
Story background While I was driving to work yesterday… tantl
y

Past habit I was always cooking when I got home from At

school that
time

Specific time as an Last night at 6 pm, I was eating dinner In

interruption thos
e
Emphasis of length of I was working in the garden all day days
action
 Arrangement in the past I was upset because I was leaving there that All
morning morn
ing

A series of parralel When I came to school, the school bell was

For
actions ringing, many students were running towards
hours
the garden, teachers were going out from
classrooms
Alwa
ys

PAST PERFECT TENSE

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Affirmative S + had + past participle

FORMS
He had finished the test when the bell rang

Negative S + had + not + past participle

He had not finished the test when the bell rang

Interrogative Had + S + past participle

Had he finished the test when the bell rang

Usage Example Time

Experssions

Action finished before another past action John had gone out when his wife arrived in the office Already
Yet
For
Action happened before a specific time in Julia had never been to an opera before last night Since
the past Just
After
Before
Action started in the past and continued up We had owned that car for ten years before it broke down
Until
to a given time in the past

Cause and effect (combine with Past simple) I got stuck in traffic because there had been an accident
Emphasize the result of an activity in the past I had been to london twice by the time I got a job in New
York

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Affirmative S + had + been + V-ing

FORMS
They had been playing tennis

Negative S + had + not + V-ing

They had not been playing tennis.

Interrogative Had + S + been + V-ing

Had they been playing tennis?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

Usage Example Time

Experssion
s

Express a past action that The boys had been playing soccer When
already started and for about an hour when it started
continued up to another to rain Before
action or time in the past
By the
time
Emphasize the duration of an Richard needed a holiday
activity in the past because he had been working For
hard for six months
Since

Express the cause of He was tired because he had

something in the past been jogging
 FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE

FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE

Affirmative S + will/shall + V

FORMS
I will go to Thailand

Negative S + will/shall +not + V

I will not go to Thailand

Interrogative Will/shall + S +V

Will you go to Thailand

Usage Example Time Experssions

For actions decided at the moment of I have a toothache. I will take Tomorrow
speech medecine.
Soon

For unplanned future actions Winter will come soon

Later

Next week

With conditional, time and purpose When I arrive at home, I will call In two
clauses you weeks/month

Next year
For unpreventable actions in future Summer will come soon
Later

The day after

tomorrow
For offering, ordering, threatening I am afraid we will get wet
 For thoughts, predictions, I promise I will not tell anyone
assumptions, sureness, fears about your secter
future

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

Affirmative S + will + be + V-ing

FORMS
I will be singing in the concert tomorrow

Negative S + will + not + be + V-ing

I will not be singing in the concert tomorrow

Interrogative Will + S + be + V-ing

Will you be singing in the concert tomorrow

Usage Example Time

Experssions

Interrupted actions in the future When you come tomorrow, Next week
they will be playing tennis

Next time
Actions in progress at a At 12 o’clock tomorrow, we
specific time in the future will be having lunch at school In the future

Parallel actions or series of He will be watching TV, and At this time

parallel actions in the future she will be cooking dinner next Ffriday

To ask a question politely Will you be bringing your friend Next year
about the future to the party
At this time
Emphasis on future plans and He will be coming to visit us
intentions next week tomorrow
 Atmosphere in the future When I arrive at the party,
everybody will becelebrating,
some will be dancing, others
will be talking

Refer to actions that are Unfortunately, sea levels will

happening now and expected still be rising in 20 years
to continue some time in the
future (combined with “still”)

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Affirmative S + will have + past participle

FORMS
By August, Aaron will have saved $600

Usage Example Time

Experssions

Completed actions in the future By August, Aaron will have

saved $600

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

Affirmative S + will have been + verb (--ing)

FORMS
By August, Aaron will have been saving money for six
months

Usage Example Time

Experssions
 Ongoing action in the future (with By August, Aaron will have
duration) been saving money for six
months

6. ADVERB – describess verb, an adjective or another adverb

Types
> Adverb of Manner
> Adverb of Place
> Adverb of Frequency
> Adverb of Time
> Adverb of Degree
> Interrogative adverb

7. PREPOSITIONS – relates the noun or pronoun following it to another word in the sentence
o Some commonly used preposition
o About, after, at, before, behind, between, by, down, during, for, from, in, near, of, under

Types
> Preposition of time (at, on & in; for & since)
o We use at to indicate specific times
§ At 5:30 pm
o We use on to indicate days and dates
· on Thursday
· on January 1
o We use in to indicate non-specific times
§ She likes to eat salami in the morning
o We use for to measure time (seconds, minutes, hours, days, months, years)
§ She has lived for twenty-nine years
o We use since with a specific date or time
> Prepositions of movement (to, toward, and towards)
o Sheila is going to the doctor next week
o With the words home, downtown, uptown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs, no preposition is necessary
> Compound preposition
o According to, by means of, in view of, out of, instead of etc.
> Prepositional Phrase
o Phrase formed by the preposition and the noun or pronoun that follows.
o In the room, at noon, at front of the church

8. CONJUNCTIONS - connects words, phrase or clause

Types
> Coordinating conjunction
o FANBOY; for, and, nor, but, or, yet
> Correlative conjunction
o Both…and, neither…nor, whether…or, either…or, not only…but also
> Subordinating conjunction – connects two ideas by making one idea dependent on thr other
o Cause (as, because, inasmuch as, since
o Comparison (as…as, so…as, than)
o Concession (although, though, while)
o Condition (if, provided that, unless)
o Manner (as, as if, as though)
o Place (Where, wherever)
o Purpose (in order that, so that, that)
o Result (So that, so… that, such… that)
o Time (After, as, before, since, till, until, when, while)