Materials Science and Engineering.
Session 9 – The Eutectic Phase Diagrams
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Learning objectives
u Application of the lever rule to calculate the quantity of
each phase in two-phase regions.
u Interpretation and application of the information
concentrated on binary eutectic phase diagrams.
u Distinguish the cooling curves of pure metals and
different binary alloys, including the eutectic-
composition alloy.
u Be able to identify and predict the microstructure of
different binary alloys in eutectic systems.
Outline
u Phases and the Phase Diagram
u Isomorphous Phase Diagrams
u Eutectic Phase Diagrams
u Relationship Between Properties and the Phase
Diagram
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Phases and the Phase Diagram
u Phase - Any portion including the whole of a
system, which is physically homogeneous within
it and bounded by a surface so that it is
mechanically separable from any other
portions. Its properties vary continuously with
temperature.
Microstructure of a Duplex Stainless Steel
showing two phases (ferrite and
austenite).
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This is an isomorphous binary phase
diagram.
Tm for
Gold,
(Au)
Tm for Liquid
Silver solution
(Ag)
Solid solution
The two metals are completely soluble in each other both in the
liquid and the solid state. There is one single phase for all 11
compositions in the solid state.
These are beautiful ternary phase
diagrams, aren´t they?
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States and Phases
States of aggregation: solid, liquid, gas.
Thermodynamic state: is related to the values of a set of
variables such a pressure, temperature, etc.
Phases: Substances can exist in different forms for a
given state of aggregation. For example, solid Fe can
exist as ferrite (bcc), austenite (fcc) or delta-Fe (bcc).
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liquid solution solid solution
A solid solution is
different than a
compound.
(a)Liquid copper and liquid nickel are completely soluble in each other.
(b)Solid copper-nickel alloys display complete solid solubility, with copper and nickel
atoms occupying random lattice sites.
(c)In copper-zinc alloys containing more than 30% Zn, a second phase8 forms because
of the limited solubility of zinc in copper.
Remember that solid solutions can be
interstitial or sustitutional
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Figure 9.12 A
hypothetical binary
phase diagram
between elements A
and B. When an
alloy is present in a
two-phase region, a
tie line at the
temperature of
interest fixes the
composition of the
two phases. This is
a consequence of the
Gibbs phase rule,
which provides only
one degree of
freedom.
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Example: Compositions of Phases in Cu-Ni Phase Diagram
Determine the composition of each phase in a Cu-40% Ni alloy at
1300oC, 1270oC, 1250oC, and 1200oC.
SOLUTION
- 1300oC: Only liquid is present.
The liquid contain 40% Ni.
- 1270oC: Two phases. The liquid
contains 37% Ni and the solid
contains 50% Ni.
- 1250oC: Two phases. The liquid
contains 32% Ni and the solid
contains 45% Ni.
- 1200oC: Only solid is
present, so the solid must
contain 40% Ni.
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Application of the Lever Rule
Calculate the amounts of and L at 1250oC in the Cu-40% Ni
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alloy.
under license.
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©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Solidification of a Cu-40% Ni Alloy
Determine the amount of each phase in the Cu-40% Ni alloy
shown in Figure 9.13 at 1300oC, 1270oC, 1250oC, and 1200oC.
- 1300o C : 100% L
©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a
- 1270o C : % L = 50 - 40 ´ 100 = 77%
50 - 37
trademark used herein under license.
%a = 40 - 37 ´ 100 = 23%
50 - 37
- 1250o C : % L = 45 - 40 ´ 100 = 38%
45 - 32
%a = 40 - 32 ´ 100 = 62%
45 - 32
- 1200o C : 100%a
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Solidification of a Solid-Solution Alloy
The change in structure of a Cu-40% Ni alloy during
equilibrium solidification. The nickel and copper atoms
must diffuse during cooling in order to satisfy the phase
program and produce a uniform equilibrium structure.
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©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.
The cooling curve for an isomorphous alloy during solidification.
15We
assume that cooling rates are small so as to allow thermal equilibrium
to take place. The changes in slope of the cooling curve indicate the
liquidus and solidus temperatures, in this case for a Cu-40% Ni alloy.
Solvus line
The solubility of zinc
in copper. The solid
line represents the
solubility limit; when
excess zinc is added,
the solubility limit is
exceeded and two
phases coexist.
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The Eutectic Phase Diagram
o Solvus - A solubility curve that separates a single-solid phase region
from a two-solid phase region in the phase diagram.
o Isopleth - A line on a phase diagram that shows constant chemical
composition.
o Hypoeutectic alloy - An alloy composition between that of the left-
hand-side end of the tie line defining the eutectic reaction and the
eutectic composition.
o Hypereutectic alloys - An alloy composition between that of the
right-hand-side end of the tie line defining the eutectic reaction and
the eutectic composition.
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Vanilla- Chocolate phase diagram
(A binary phase diagram)
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This is a eutectic phase diagram
eu·tec·tic
adjective
Relating to or denoting a mixture of substances (in fixed proportions)
that melts and solidifies at a single temperature that is lower than the
melting points of the separate constituents or of any other mixture of
them.
Origin:
late 19th century: from
Greek eutēktos ‘easily melting,’
from eu ‘well, easily’ + tēkein ‘melt.’
The Eutectic Phase Diagram
Eutectic point
Hypereutectic alloys
Hypoeutectic alloys
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Eutectic composition
Solidification and
microstructure of a
Pb-2% Sn alloy. The
alloy is a single-phase
solid solution.
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(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.
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Solidification, precipitation, and microstructure of a Pb-10% Sn alloy.
Some dispersion strengthening occurs as the β solid precipitates.
(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a
trademark used herein under license.
(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Eutectic reaction:
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Solidification and microstructure of the eutectic alloy Pb-61.9% Sn.
(c)2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thom son Learning, Inc. Thom son Learning ™ is a tradem ark used herein under license.
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Figure 10.18 The cooling curve for a hypoeutectic Pb-30% Sn alloy.
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Figure 10.16 The solidification and microstructure of a
hypoeutectic alloy (Pb-30% Sn).
Cooling curve for a hypoeutectic alloy
Cooling curve for a hypoeutectic alloy
A hypoeutectic lead-tin alloy A hypereutectic lead-tin alloy
The dark constituent is the lead-rich solid
α, the light constituent is the tin-rich solid
β, and the fine plate structure is the
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eutectic (x400).
Three-Phase Reactions
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Identifying Three-Phase Reactions
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Restriction of Hazardous Substances
(RoHS) Directive
The RoHS 1 directive took effect on 1 July
2006, and is required to be enforced and
became a law in each member
state.[3] This directive restricts
(with exceptions) the use of six hazardous
materials in the manufacture of various
types of electronic and electrical
equipment.
(Sn96.5 Ag3.0 Cu0.5)
Use and importance of phase
diagrams
u Phase diagrams serve to determine the type and quantity of phases
in the microstructure of alloys under equilibrium conditions.
u The type and quantity of phases (as well as their shape and sizes)
in the microstructure of materials greatly influence mechanical
(and other) properties.
u Engineers seek to optimize the microstructure of materials in order
to fullfil performance requirements at competitive cost.
Learning objectives
u Application of the lever rule to calculate the quantity of
each phase in two-phase regions.
u Interpretation and application of the information
concentrated on binary eutectic phase diagrams.
u Distinguish the cooling curves of pure metals and
different binary alloys, including the eutectic-
composition alloy.
u Be able to identify and predict the microstructure of
different binary alloys in eutectic systems.
