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Water Introduction Sources Types of Water

The document discusses different sources and types of water, including surface water sources like rivers and lakes and underground sources like wells. It describes hard and soft water, the causes and effects of hardness, and disadvantages of using hard water in various industries. Measurement units for water hardness are also defined.

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459 views17 pages

Water Introduction Sources Types of Water

The document discusses different sources and types of water, including surface water sources like rivers and lakes and underground sources like wells. It describes hard and soft water, the causes and effects of hardness, and disadvantages of using hard water in various industries. Measurement units for water hardness are also defined.

Uploaded by

ermias
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module I

Water – Introduction, Sources &


types of water
Introduction
• Water – most useful commodity in nature – essential for existence of
life.

• Occupies most important position in industries also.

• 4/5 th of earth’s surface is covered by water, 97% of it located in


oceans – not fit for agriculture & industrial purposes.

• 80 % of remaining water is in the form of ice caps and giant glaciers.


About 10 % of water in under the earth in rock crevices and minerals.

• Thus, only a small part of water is available to domestic, agricultural


and industrial purposes readily.
Introduction – Water in industries
• Used mainly as solvent in many industries – Universal Solvent.

• Steam generation.

• Coolant in heat exchangers.

• Sanitation, drinking and diluting medium.

• Steel, paper, Textiles, Chemicals, Air conditioning are major industries


using water as a predominant raw materials.
Sources of Water
• Water on earth is classified as (i) Surface water & (ii) Underground
water.

• Sources of Surface water.


Rain water – Purest form of water. It is obtained by the natural process
of evaporation and condensation. When it reaches earth from
atmosphere, it dissolves gases like CO2, SO2, NO2 etc. from the
atmosphere and carries little of suspended solid particles with it.

River water – River gathers water mostly from rain and some part from
spring water. It contains dissolved salts like chlorides, magnesium,
iron etc. It carries with it a little of suspended soil particles and organic
matter derived from decomposition of plant & animal bodies.
Sources of Water
Lake water – Water stored above earth’s surface. It contains lower
quantities of dissolved salts or minerals than well water, but quantity of
organic matter suspended is quite high. The lake may collect some
spring water also.

Sea water – Most impure form of water. Rivers throw all the impurities
carried with water into sea. The continuous evaporation of water from
the surface of sea increases concentration of dissolved impurities. Sea
water contains 3.5% of dissolved impurities out of which about 2.5% is
NaCl.
Sources of Water
• Sources of Underground water.
A part of rain water, which reaches earth’s surface or water from river
percolates into the earth.
This water travels downwards, during the flow of it comes in contact
with various mineral salts present in the soil and dissolves some of
them.
When it retreads upwards, it may come out in the form of spring / well.

Spring & Well water are generally clear in appearance as it is filtered


through the soil layers, but contains considerable quantity of dissolved
salts because of it may be hard.

Underground water is suitable for domestic use. Some spring water


contains colloidal sulphur and shows medicinal value.
Impurities in Water
• Dissolved impurities – Gases gets dissolved in water during rain
water; water flowing on the surface dissolves salts such as Na, K, Ca,
Mg, Fe, Al, chlorides, sulphates, nitrates etc.

• Suspended impurities – Dispersion of solid particles mixed in water.


Impurities include organic clay and sand particles. These impurities
gives color to water and make the water turbid in some cases.

• Colloidal impurities – Particles smaller than suspended particles.


These impurities make the water turbid. Finely divided clay, silica
alumina salts, ferric hydroxide, complex protein, amino acids fall in this
category

• Organic (Bacterial) impurities – Includes disease causing germs and


virus.
Types of water – Industrial POV
• (i) Soft water (ii) Hard water .

• Soft water – Water which does not contain any of the calcium or
magnesium salt dissolved in it. May contain sodium or potassium salt
dissolved in it.

• Hard water – Water containing the dissolved salts of calcium and


magnesium is called hard water.

• Hardness is that characteristic which prevents the lathering of soap

• Due to presence of Ca and Mg Salts, hard water cannot produce good


lather or foam with soap. The soap consuming capacity in water is due
to the reaction of hardness causing salts with soap.

• Hard water does not lather with soap but forms white curdy substance
with soap.
Types of water – Industrial POV
Reaction between soap & hard water
Causes of Hardness
• Two types of hardness – (a) Temporary Hardness (b) Permanent
Hardness

• Temporary Hardness – Hardness developed in water due to the


presence of dissolved bicarbonates of calcium and magnesium.

Temporary hardness is mostly destroyed by boiling of water. Due to


boiling of water, the bicarbonates are decomposed and formation of
insoluble carbonates or hydroxide take place.

The calcium and magnesium carbonate or hydroxide being insoluble


in water are deposited at the bottom and carbon-di-oxide is vented
out.
Causes of Hardness
• Permanent Hardness – Hardness developed in water due to the
presence of chlorides, sulphates of calcium and magnesium or other
heavy metals.

Hardness developed due to the chlorides and sulphates or salts other


than bicarbonate cannot be removed by boiling. It requires some
chemical process to remove these salts. Hence, it is known as
permanent hardness.
Disadvantages of Hard water
• Hard water is not suitable for domestic, industrial and steam
generation purposes.

• Cooking – Ca and Mg Salts in water increases the boiling of water.


Hence more fuel and time are required for cooking.
Dissolved salts, bicarbonates of Ca and Mg are developed as
carbonated on the inner walls of the water heating container. These
deposits insults the proper conduction of heat and also decreases the
life of the container

• Drinking – Usage of hard water for drinking have a bad effect on


digestion process.
Possibility of formation of calcium oxalate crystals in track is increased
Some calcium oxalate crystals gets accumulated either in kidney or
bladder leading to formation of stones.
Disadvantages of Hard water
• Washing – Hard water disturbs the action of dirt removal by
consuming the soap till all the Ca and Mg salts are precipitated. This
also results in wastage of soap quantity.
The precipitate formed adheres to the fabric cloth giving yellowish
spots on ironing. Presence of salts of iron give stains on cloth.

Industrial POV:
• Textile industry – In textile industry, water is used for washing of yarn
and cloth.
If hard water is used, precipitate makes the yarn fabric threads to
adhere to each other which is undesirable. During dying process, it
does not produce uniform and exact shades of color. Iron and
magnesium salts produces spots in fabric and spoil the beauty
Disadvantages of Hard water
• Paper industry – Usage of hard water spoils the shining finish of the
paper.
Hard water affects the bleaching of paper and uniformity of thickness.

• Sugar industry – If water containing sulphates, nitrates, alkali


carbonates are used in refining of sugar, it creates difficulties in
bleaching and crystallization of sugar.
Sugar containing Ca and Mg salts has lower sweetness

• Chemical and Dying industry – Hard water is not suitable for these
industries. Ca and Mg salts on reaction with different chemicals
produce undesired compounds. This affect the quality of product purity
and the shade / odor of the product.

• Similar effects are observed if hard water is used in pharmaceuticals,


photography, battery, acid, laundry and similar industries.
Measurement of Hardness:
• Concentration of hardness is expressed in terms of an equivalent
amount of CaCO3. Choice of CaCO3 is due to its molecular weight
being 100 and equivalent weight being 50. Also, it is insoluble in water
and can be easily precipitated.

• Units commonly used for hardness are:


a) Parts per million (ppm) – parts of CaCO3 equivalent hardness per
million part of water.
b) Milligrams per litre (mg/lit) – milligrams of CaCO3 equivalent
hardness per litre of water.
c) Degree Clarke – Clarke’s degree is the number of parts of CaCO3
equivalent per 70,000 parts of water.
d) Degree French – French degree is the number of parts of CaCO3
equivalent per 105 parts of water.

1 ppm = 1 mg / lit = 0.1 oFr = 0.07 oCl


Requisite of Industrial water:
• Quality of water required for industries is so variable that some of
them install their own water supply plant.

• Textile: Water should be clear, bright and absolutely free from color. It
should be soft and should contain only a small amount of saline
constituents in solution.

• Dying: Water should be free from iron, color and turbidity and should
have smaller quantity of the salts.

• Paper: Water must be free from color, sedimentary matter and traces
of Iron & Manganese. Saline constituents should be present in such
quantity that no appreciable amount is deposited in the dryer paper.
However, water of any quality can be used for manufacture of coarse
brown paper.
Requisite of Industrial water:
• Photo film: Sufficient supply of water which is colorless and absolutely
free from suspended matter and metals.

• Tanning: Water should be free from iron and lime salts should be
minimum.

• Steam generation: Dematerialized water. Water should be free from


sedimentary matter and suspended matter. Calcium and Magnesium
salts should be completely absent.

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