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Calculation Example of Extended Aeration

The document discusses the design of an extended aeration sewage treatment plant system. It includes tables with design parameters and calculations for various components of the system, such as screening, pumping, grit removal, and aeration. Screening design considers bar size and spacing, approach velocities, and headloss. Pump sump sizing calculates effective volume and pipe diameter. Grit chamber sizing determines volume based on detention time and surface loading rate.

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100% found this document useful (2 votes)
3K views30 pages

Calculation Example of Extended Aeration

The document discusses the design of an extended aeration sewage treatment plant system. It includes tables with design parameters and calculations for various components of the system, such as screening, pumping, grit removal, and aeration. Screening design considers bar size and spacing, approach velocities, and headloss. Pump sump sizing calculates effective volume and pipe diameter. Grit chamber sizing determines volume based on detention time and surface loading rate.

Uploaded by

HRK65
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DESIGN OF EXTENDED AERATION SEWAGE

TREATMENT PLANT SYSTEM

Layout
Figure 4.2: Top view plan layout of sewage treatment plant
Approach velocity, v2 0.5 m/s

Table 5.1: Design calculation for screening

Designed parameters for screening


Value
(Mechanically raked)
Bar size: width 0.015 m
Bar size: depth 0.038 m
Maximum clear spacing 0.015 m
Slope to the vertical 30

Maximum approach velocity at feed channel 1.0 m/s

Minimum approach velocity 0.5 m/s


Maximum flow through velocity at screen face 1.0 m/s
Allowable headloss 0.15 m – 0.6 m
Maximum free board 0.15 m
Estimated volume of screenings per volume of Openings between bars=0.015 m
sewage Average = 40 m3
Maximum = 75 m3
Screening skip storage capacity 7 days
Minimum channel width 0.5 m
Minimum channel depth 0.5 m
Channel width 0.5 m
Channel depth 3.0 m
Channel length 5.0 m
RC staircase with riser detail 1 unit of anti-slid and non-corrosive
Velocity through cleaned bar screen, V2 1.0 m/s
Headloss coefficient for a clean bar screen 0.7
Compute the clean water headloss through 1 V2 − v2
hL = ( ) ( )
bar screen, C C 2g
1 (1)2 − (0.5)2
hL = ( ) [ ]
0.7 (2)(9.81)
hL = 0.05 m
hL = 50 mm

Estimate headloss through the clogged bar Vc = V 2 × 2


screen (reducing the screen area by 50 % Vc = 12 × 2
results in a doubling of the velocity) Vc = 2
Assuming the flow coefficient for the 1 (Vc )2 − v 2
hL = ( ) ( )
clogged bar screen is approximately 0.6, C 2g
the estimated headloss is 1 (2)2 − (0.5)2
hL = ( ) [ ]
0.6 (2)(9.81)
hL = 0.32 m (allowable)
Table 5.2: Headloss calculation for screening

5.2 Pump Sump


Table 5.3: SPAN guideline of design parameters of pump sump

Parameters Values

Type of station Wet well

Number of pumps 2 (1 duty, 1 assist)

Pump design flow Each at 0.5 Qpeak

Max RT 30 min = 1800 seconds

Min pass through opening 75 mm = 0.075 m

Min suction and discharge opening 100 mm = 0.1 m

Pumping cycle 6 min = 360 seconds; 15 max

Table 5.4: Design calculation for pump sump


Pump capacity
Effective volume of sump V = TQ/4, where ;
(wet well), T = cycle time (4966.6 m3/day)
Q = peak flow (6 min)
V = 6730.24m3
(6 min) ( ) 1 hour 1 day
day
× ×
4 60 min 24 hours

= 7.011 m3
Provide wet well size = 5m x 2m
= 10m2
Required effective depth = 7.011m3
= 0.70 m ≈ 0.45 m (provided)
10.0 m2

Pipe sizing
Pump capacity at peak = 77.90 x 10-3 m3/s
flow = 77.9 L/s
Velocity in discharge pipe = ≤ 2.5m/s (MS 1228)
at maximum pump
discharge
Velocity in discharge pipe = 2m/s
Diameter, D =
10−3 m3
( 77.90 × (4)
s )

m3
(π) (2.0 )
s

= 9.917 m
Provide pipe diameter = 100mm = 0.1m
Actual mean velocity, 10−3 m3
(77.90 × (4)
V = s )
(π)(0.1 m)(0.1 m)

= 9.917m/s
Losses through the pipe hf hf 0.54
(Hazen-William V = (0.85)(C)(R0.63 ) [( ) ]
L
Formula),
Losses through the fitting He = (K)(V 2 )
He (Hazen-William (2)(g)
Formula

Where; V = mean velocity = 9.917 m/s


C = Hazen-William coefficient for pipe = 90 for
R = sewage
L = hydraulic radius = 0.025 m
R = length of pipe = 5.0 m
g = resistance coefficient for fitting and valve = 0.6
acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s
hf 0.54 9.917 m/s
( ) = (0.85)(90)(0.0250.63 )
L
hf = 8.4078m
He = (0.6)(9.9172 )
(2)(9.81)

m
= 3.0074
unit of fitting
Total head = Static head + other losses
= 5m + 11.415
= 16.4m
Provide total head = 5.5m

Pump provided
No. of pump = 2 pumps (1 working, 1 standby)
Capacity of each pump = 7.0L/s at 5.5m total head
= 0.42 m3/s

Raw sewage pump


specification
Type = Grundfos
Model = AP80.80.13.V
Power = 1.3 kW
Total Head = 5.5 m
Capacity = 7.0 L/s > 77.90 L/s
Volume from 1st pump
provided
Start level to pump level = 5m(L) x 2m(W) x 0.45m(D)
= 4.5 m3 < 7.0m3
Retention time = 4.5 m3
= 3.60s < 1800 s (acceptable)
Time to fill 1.25 m3 /s
Time to empty = 4.5 m3
(0.42 − 1.25)m3
min

= −5.42 min = 325.2 s


Actual pump cycle at = 3.6min + (-5.42min)
ADWF = -1.82min
= -109.2s
No of start/stop = 60
= −32.9 = 1 nos
−1.82 min
5.3 Grit and Grease Removal

Table 5.5: Design criteria of grit and grease chamber


Population equivalent (PE) 8000

Average flow rate 75 m3/hour

Peak flow rate 0.08 m3/s

Table 5.6: Design calculation for aerated grit chamber


AERATED GRIT CHAMBER
Volume required Vreq = (peak flow rate,m3/min)(detention time, min)
= 4.67m³/min × 3min
= 14.02m3
Volume provided Vprovid = Assuming ,there will be two units provided with
ed 50% design flow of each unit
= Depth=1.5m; Length=2.5m; Width=2.5m
= 2 × 1.5m(D) ×2.5m(L)×2.5m(W)
= 18.75m3
Surface loading rate = 1500m³/m2 day (SPAN guidelines)
= peak flow rate/( L×W)
= 6730.24m³/d / (2.5m×2.5m)
= 1076.48m/day
Aeration requirement = Assuming an air supply rate of 0.15m³/min-m,
length of the chamber
Air required = 0.15m³/min-m × 2.5m
= 0.375m3/min
Diffuser capacity = 0.3m³/min
No. of diffuser required = 0.375m³/min / 0.3m³/min
= 1.25 ≈ 2 diffuser
Average grit removal = 0.03 m³/10³ m³
= 1800 m³/d × (0.03 m³/10³ m³)
= 0.054m3/day
Actual detention time HRT = V/Q
When both chamber are in operation
= 18.75 m³ / 4.67 m³/min
= 4 min
Provide freeboard = 0.3m
OIL AND GREASE TANK
Volume required Vreq = (peak flow rate,m3/min)(detention time, min)
= 4.67m³/min × 3min
= 14.01m3
Volume provided Vprovid = Assuming ,there will be two units provided with
ed one in duty and one for standby
= Depth=1.5m; Length=3m; Width=2.5m
2 × 1.2m(D) ×3m(L)×2.5m(W)
= 18m3
Grease quantity
Volume of grease = Where ;
collected, VG = (QA × c) p
QA = Average flowrate
C = grease concentration in water (0.15kg/m³)
p = density of grease (950kg/m³)
V = (1800 m³/d × 0.15kg/m³) / 950kg/m³
collected = 0.28 kg/m³
Actual storage period = required volume/volume of grease collected
before off-site disposal = 14.01m³ / 0.28kg/m³
= 50.04 days
Check for retention time HRT = 18m³/4.67m³/min
= 3.9 min
Provide freeboard = 0.3m

5.4 Anoxic Tank


Table 5.7: Design of anoxic tank
Item Value Remarks
Average flow rate, =
1279.35 m3/day
Q Avg
= 4963.88 m3/day
Peak flow rate
= 206.83 m3/hour
Peak factor = 3.88
Influent ammonia = 30 mg/L
Effluent ammonia = 5 mg/L Discharge to rivers (STANDARD A)
Effluent nitrate = 10 mg/L Discharge to rivers (STANDARD A)
Aerobic volume = 0.82
factor, V aerobic
Influent BOD, So = 250 mg/L
Effluent BOD, Se = 10 mg/L
BOD removed = 240 mg/L So - Se
Temperature = 27 ℃
Degradable fraction = 0.75 0.75 - 0.80
of VSS @
generation, f' VSS
Endogeneous decay = 0.05
rate coefficient, Kd
Heterotrophic yield = 0.55 mg
coefficient, Yh VSS/mg BOD
Solid retention time = 8.9 d d for nitrification
for nitrification in a
conventional
system,

Concentration of = 3200 mg/L 0.8 x MLSS


microorganism, Xa MLVSS
Overall sludge age : = 10.85 days θc
θ′ c =
Solid retention time V aerobic
for nitrification
(overall sludge age)
in a combined stage
system, 𝜃′c

Degradable fraction = 0.47 f′VSS


f VSS = 1+[1−(f′VSS)(𝐾𝑑)(𝜃′c)]
of MLVSS, Fvss
= 0.35 day (θ′ c)(Yh)(So − Se)
Total aerobic θa =
[Xa][1 + (Kd)(fVSS)(θ′ c)]
residence time,

Anoxic residence = 0.063 day θDN = (1 − Vaerobic)(θa)


time, 𝜃𝐷𝑁
= 0.06 day N denitrification
θ′DN =
(UDN )(Xa)
Required anoxic
N denitAmount of nitrate to be identified
residence time for
= Inf Ammonia − Eff Ammonia − Eff Nitrate
denitrification, 𝜃′𝐷𝑁
UDN =
Denitrification rate (in the range of 0.03
to 0.11)
= 0.08/𝑑𝑎𝑦
Volume of anoxic = 76.76 m3 V req = (θDN )(QAvg )
tank required, Vreq
= 90 m3 must be more than Vreq
Volume of anoxic
(length = 6m)
tank provided,
(width = 5m)
Vprovided
(depth = 3m)

5.5 Aeration Tank

Figure 5.8: Design parameters for Extended Aeration (EA)

Description Unit Design Criteria


Minimum number of aeration tanks 2
F/M ratio 0.05-0.1
Hydraulic retention time (HRT) hrs 18-24
Oxygen requirements (for BOD and kgO2/kgsubstrate 2.0
ammonia nitrogen removal)
Mixed liquor suspended solids mg/l 2500-5000
(MLSS) Typical: 3000
Dissolved oxygen (DO) level in tank mg/l 2.0
Sludge yield kg sludge produced/kg 0.4 (at 24 hrs HRT)
BOD5 consumed 0.6 (at 24 hrs HRT)
Sludge age day >20
Waste activated sludge flow, QWAS m3/d
Return activated sludge flow, QRAS m3/d MLSS
x Qavg
Cu_ MLSS

Cu is undeflow
concentration
RAS pump rating hours/day 24
Recirculation ratio, QRAS/QINFLOW 0.5-1.0
MLSS recycle ratio 4-6 times of Qavg
Volumetric loading kg BOD5/m3.d 0.1-0.4
Minimum mixing requirement W/m 20
Tank dimension
Water depth M 3-5
Length:Width Ratio 3:1
Max width of joined tank m < 60

Figure 5.9: Design calculation for aeration tank


Hydraulic retention time HRT = 24h
Volume of tank V = Qt
= (75.0 m3/hours)(24 hours)=1800.0 m3
No of tank required = 2 tank
Volume required = 1800.0 m3/2
= 900.0 m3
Water depth required = 3-5m(SPAN)
Depth provided = 5m
Area = Volume/ Depth
= 900m3/5m
= 180m2
Length = 23 m
Width = 7m
Volume provided = 7m x 23m x 5m
= 805m3/tank
Total volume for 2 tank = 1610m3
New hydraulic retention HRT new = V/Q
time = 1610 m3
= 21.5 hours
m3
75
hours

= ≈ 22 hours (in the range of 18 − 22 hours)


Volumetric Loading VLrequired = 0.1-0.4 kg BOD5 /m3 . day (SPAN)
VLprovided = (𝑆 )(𝑄 )
[ 0𝑉 𝑂 ]
1000 𝑔/𝑘𝑔
So = Primary Effluent BOD5 ( Design influent values
states 250 g/m3)
Qo = Flowrate (213.8m3/hr = 5131.2 m3/day)
V = Tank volume (5280m3)
VLprovided = (250)(1800)
[ ]
1610
1000g
kg
= BOD5
0.279 kg 3 (in between the range of 0.1
m day
− 0.4)

Figure 5.10: Design calculation for Food to Microbe Ratio (F:M)


F:M ratio required = 0.05-0.10 (SPAN)
F:M = (So )(Qo )
(%vol)(X)(V)
So = Primary BOD (250g/m3)
Qo = Flowrate (5131.2m3/day)
%Vol = Percent Volatile MLSS (75%)
X = Aeration tank MLSS (design criteria by SPAN
is 3000)
F:M = (250)(1500)
= 0.104 (acceptable)
(0.75)(3000)(1610)

Table 5.11: Design calculation for sludge age


Sludge Age
Sludge yield = 0.4 kg sludge produced/ kg BOD5 consumed for HRT
equivalent to 24 hours (SPAN)
BOD removed = So - Se
So = Primary BOD (250g/m3)
Se = Secondary BOD effluent (20g/m3)
BODremoved = 250-20
= 230g/m3
= 0.23kg/m3
Excess sludge = (Q)(BODremoved )(Sludge yield)
wastage = (1800 m3/day)(0.23kg/m3)(0.4kg sludge produced/
kg BOD5 consumed)
= 165.6 kg sludge/day
Solid in effluent = QXe
= (1800m3/day)(20 g/m3 )
= 36kg/m3
Sludge age = total solids in aeration tank
(excess sludge wasting per day + solid in effluent)

= (3000g/m3 )(1610m3 )
(165.6 kg/day + 36kg/day)
= 24 days >20 days (acceptable)

Table 5.12:Design calculation for decay factor


Decay factor Yobs = Y
[1 + (Kd)(q)]
Y = Sludge yield rate (0.4 kg sludge produced/ kg BOD5
consumed)
Kd = endogenous decay coefficient at 20°C (0.06 kg
VSS/d/kg VSS)
q = Sludge Age (28 days)
Yobs = 0.4
[1 + (0.06)(24)]

= kg sludge produced
0.164
BOD5 consumed

Table 5.13: Design calculation for Waste Activated Sludge (WAS)


WAS = MLSS
[(Vt) ( )] − (Qavg )(SSeffluent )
θ sludge
Cu
θSludge = Sludge age
Vt = volume of tank (1610 m3)
SS = suspended solid of secondary effluent
(0.02kg/m3)
Q = flowrate
MLSS = mixed liquor suspended solids (3kg/m3)
(SPAN)
Cu = underflow concentration 0.9% (9kg/m3)
(Vt)(MLSS) = (1610)(3)
θ sludge 24
= 201.25 kg/days
(Qavg )(SSeffluent ) = (1800)(0.02)
= 36 kg/day
WAS = 201.25 – 36
kg
9.0 3
m
= 18.361 m3 /day
Recirculation = 𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑠
Ratio 𝑄𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤
= 𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆
𝐶𝑢 − 𝑀𝐿𝑆𝑆

= 3 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 3𝑘𝑔
9 3− 3
𝑚 𝑚
= 0.5

Table 5.14: Design calculation for air requirement for aeration


Air requirement for aeration
Total BOD to be = (So-Se)(Q)
removed = (250-20 g/m3 )(5131.2 m3/day)(1kg/1000g)
= 414 kg/day
O2 required based on SPAN design criteria for 1kg BOD removed is 2.0kg O2
Total O2 required = kg O2
(414 ) (2 kg BOD)
day kg
= 828 kg/day ( 414 kg/day for each tank)
SPAN guideline requires a constant maintenance of 2.0 mg/L.day of oxygen in aeration
tank to maintain dissolved oxygen (DO) level hence;
O2 required to = 1 kg
(2 mg/L)(1000L/m3 ) ( 6 ) (1610 m3 )
maintain DO 10 mg
= 3.22 kg/day
Total O2 required = 828 kg/day + 3.22 kg/day
= 831.22 kg/day
= 34.63 kg/hours
Volume of air required
Standard oxygen Ns = { [(N)(9.17)] [Cs-CL] } {1.024(T-20) }{α}
transfer efficiency,
N = Actual oxygen required
= 34.63 kg/hours
Cs = Dissolve Oxygen saturation concentration for
clean water at wastewater temperature and 1
atm (7.9 g/m3)
CL = Dissolved oxygen concentration to be
maintain for wastewater treatment operation
(2 mg/L)
α = Parameters to calculate Oxygen Transfer
Efficiency (0.9)
T = temperature (28°C)
Ns = { [(34.63 kg/hours )(9.17)] [7.9-2] }
{1.024(8) }{0.9}
= 49.468 kg O2/hours
O2 correction factor = actual O2 required
standard O2 transfer efficiency

= 34.63 kg/hours
49.468 kg/hours
= 0.7
Oxygen Transfer Efficiency is known to be 30% at 5m depth hence corrected oxygen
transfer efficiency will be,
AOR = (0.7)(30%)
( ) (30%)
SOR = 21.09%
Oxygen content in atmosphere is known to be 23.2%, 1.201 kg/m3 at 30°C
Volume of air Vair,required = 49.468 kg O2 /hours
required or need to (0.2109)(0.232)(1.201)
be provided = 14.03 m3 of air/min
No of diffuser required
Model = Uniflex U330
Type = Coarse bubble
Air flow rate = 0.275m3/min/unit
supplied
No. of diffuser = 14.03m3 /min
required 0.275m3 /min
= 50 units
No. of diffuser = 50/2
required for each = 25units/tank
tank
Mixing requirement
Minimum mixing MR = 20 W/m3 (SPAN)
requirement
MR = Blower Motor Rating/1610 m3
Blower motor rating = (1610 m3 )(20W/m3 )
= 32.2kW
Return sludge and waste sludge
QRAS = MLSS
[ ] [Qinflow ]
(Cu − MLSS)

= 3kg
[ ] [1800m3 /day]
9kg − 6kg
= 900 m3/day
Daily flow rate of QRAS+QWAS = 900 m3/day + 18.361 m3/day
Return Sludge (QRAS = 918.361 m3/day
) and Waste = 459.181 m3/day/tank
Activated Sludge = 0.0053 m3/s /tank
(QWAS)
Pipe sizing
Allowed Velocity = 1.50 m/s (SPAN)
Area of pipe cross A = 0.0053 m3 /s
section 1.5
= 0.00353m2
A = D 2
(Pi)(r 2 ) = (Pi) [( ) ]
2
= 2
(Pi)(D /4)
D =
(0.00353)(4)
√( )
Pi
= 0.067 m
= Hence, 100 mm diameter pipe is selected so
that velocity through it is less than 1.50 m/s
Actual Velocity V = Q/A
inside the pipe = 0.0053m3/s
calculated 0.1 2
(Pi) ( )
( 2 )
4

1.23 m/s
=
1.23 m/s < below required 1.50 m/s velocity
=
(acceptable)

Figure 5.15: The necessary fittings for the pipe which connects from aeration tank to
clarifier tank
Diameter Equivalent
Item Fittings KI Nos.
(mm) Length (m)
1.00 Tee (run) 16 100 0 0.00
2.00 Tee (Branch) 54 100 1 5.4
90 degree bend
Short radius 45 0 0.00
3.00 100
Medium radius 34 4 13.60
Long radius 18 0 0.00
4.00 45 degree bend 18 100 0 0.00
Gate valve
5.00 5 100 2 1.00
(open)
Swing check
6.00 45 100 0 0.00
valve (open)
Butterfly valve
7.00 16 100 0 0.00
(open)
Total 20.00

Table 5.16: Design calculation for pumping head and pump selection
Pipe length = 15 m
Pipe Equivalent = 20.00 m
Length
Head Loss through
pipe,
V (0.85 C)(R0.63 )(S0.54 )
S = Hydraulic slope, m/m of pipe
C = Coefficient, 130 for cast iron
R = Hydraulic radius D/4 (0.0625m)
Mean velocity V = Mean velocity, m/s (1.23 m/s)
S0.54 = V
(0.85)(C)(R0.63 )
S = 0.0061
Head loss Hf = (S)(equivalent length + pipe length)
= (0.0061)(15m+20m)
= 0.2 m
Total head required = Static Head + Head Loss, hf
Discharge level = 8m
Suction level = 0.85m
Static head = 7.15m
Head loss hf = 0.20m
Total head required = 7.15m + 0.20m
= 7.35 m
Pump selection
Daily Flow Rate of = 459.181 m3/day/tank
WAS & RAS = 19.133 L/min
= 20 m3/hour
Pump head required = 7.35m

5.6 Clarifier
Table 5.17: Design calculation for clarifier
No. of tanks = 2 (follow SPAN design criteria)
Tank configuration = Circular (SPAN)
Peak Flow Rate Qpeak = 280.43 m3
Peak Factor = 4
MLSS = 3kg (follow SPAN design criteria)
Hydraulic Retention = 2 hours (follow SPAN design criteria)
Time at Qpeak
Area calculation V = Mean velocity, m/s (1.23 m/s)
Adopt Surface = 30m3/d/m2
Overflow Rate at
Qpeak
Surface area = Qpeak/(surface overflow rate)
= 280.43m3 /hr
30m3 /d/m2
= 224.344 m2
Surface area of each r =
A
tank √( )
Pi

= 5.975m = 6m
New area of each A = (Pi)(r2 )
tank = (3.142)(62 )
= 113.097m2
Area of both tanks = (2)(113.097m2 )
= 226.195m
Design surface = Qpeak
overflow rate surface area of tank

= 280.43 m3 /hr
226.195m
= 29.755 m3/d/m2
= 29.755 m3/d/m2 < 30 (acceptable)
Solids loading rate = 7.15m
Solid loading rate at = (MLSS)(design surface overflow rate)
Q_peak = (3 kg/m3 )(29.755 m3/d/m2 )
= 89.264 kg/d/m2
= 89.264 kg/d/m2 < 150kg (acceptable)
Total head required = 7.15m + 0.20m
= 7.35 m
Solid loading rate at = SLR at Qpeak
Qavg Peak factor
= 89.264 kg/d/m2
4
= 22.316 kg/d/m^2
Weir loading rate
Length of weir = (Pi)(Weir diameter)
= (Pi)[6m-(0.3m)(2)]
0.3 m is the thickness of wall
= 16.964 m

Volume of tank and


hopper
HRT at Qpeak = 2 hours
Volume of whole Vtotal = (Qpeak )(HRT)
tank = (280.43 m3/hours )(4.5 hours)
= 1261.935 m3
Volume of one tank = 1261.935 m3
2
= 630.968m3
Volume of V = (Pi)(r2 )(H)
cylindrical top H = height of the cylindrical top adopted = 3.5 m
= (Pi)(62 )(3.5)
= 538.783 m
Volume of circular V = Volume of one tank – Volume of cylindrical
truncated cone top
bottom = 630.968 m3 – 538.783 m3
= 92.185 m3
Height of truncated cone,h2 and bottom
radius,r2
Volume of truncated = 1
( ) (Pi)[(r1 )2 + (r1 )(r2 ) + (r2 )2 ](h2 )
cone 3
r1 = radius of cylindrical top, 7m
r2 = radius of truncated cone bottom
h2 = height of truncated cone
3
V is calculated as 92.185 m hence the unknown are r2 and h2. The height of the truncated
cone is fixed as 2 m thus only r2 remains to be calculated.
92.185 m3 = 1
( ) (Pi)(62 + (6)(r2 ) + (r2 )2 )(2)
3
r 2=1.1m and round off as 1m for easier
calculation
New Hydraulic HRT = Volume of tank
Retention Time Peak flowrate

Qpeak = 280.43
2
= 140.215 m3/hours
Volume of tank = Volume of cylindrical top + Volume of
truncated cone
= [(Pi)(r12 )(h)]+ [(1/3)(Pi)(r12 + r1 r2+r22 )(h2)]
= [(Pi)(62 )(3.5)] + [(1/3)(Pi)(62 + (6)(1.1) +
1.12)(2)]
= 481 m3
Hydraulic retention HRT = 481
time, 140.215
= 4.5>2 hours (acceptable)

5.7 Disinfection

Table 5.18: Advantages and Disadvantages of UV disinfection.


Advantages Disadvantages
 UV disinfection is effective at  Low dosages may not effectively
inactivating most viruses, inactivate some viruses, spores,
spores, and cysts. and cysts.
 UV disinfection is a physical  Organisms can sometimes repair
process rather than a chemical and reverse the destructive effects
disinfectant, thus, eliminating of UV through a repair mechanism,
the need to generate, handle, known as photoreactivation, or in
transport, or store the absence of light known as dark
toxic/hazardous or corrosive repair.
chemicals.  A preventive maintenance program
 There is no residual effect that is necessary to control fouling of
can be harmful to humans or tubes.
aquatic life.  Turbidity and total suspended solid
 UV disinfection is user-friendly (TSS) in the wastewater can render
for operators. UV disinfection ineffective.
 UV disinfection has a shorter  UV disinfection is not as cost-
contact time when compared effective as chlorination, but costs
with other disinfectants are competitive when chlorination-
(approximately 20-30 seconds dechlorination is used and fire
with low-pressure lamps). codes are met.
 UV disinfection equipment  There is no measurable residual to
requires less space than other indicate the efficiency of UV
methods disinfection.

System Characterictics Description


Lamp Type Trojan UV Solo Lamp
Lamp Driver Electronic, high-efficiency (99% power
factor)
Input Power Per Lamp 1000 Watts
Lamp Control 30-100% variable lamp power (1%
increments)
Lamp Configuration Staggered, inclined array (two-row, four-
row, or six-row)
Module/Bank Frame Type 6P (IP68)
Ballast Enclosure Type 4X (IP56)
Cleaning System Automatic ActiClean chemical/mechanical
UV Intensity Sensor 1 per bank – with automatic chemical
cleaning
Bank Lifting Device 1 per bank – Automatic Raising
Mechanism (ARM)
Level Control Device Fixed weir or motorized weir gate.
Water Level Sensor High and low water level sensors available
(1 per channel)
Installation Location Indoors or outdoors
System Control Center Standard color HMI, 16 digital VO, 4
analog I/O
Table 5.20: Design calculation for UV disinfection
Parameters Value
UV dose 30mJ/cm2 at peak flow rate
Channel dimensions (L: W: D) 5m x 0.5m x 3m
Number of channels 2
Number of banks per channel 3 (2 operate, 1 standby)
Number of modules per bank 4
Number of lamps per module 8
Total number of lamps per bank 32
Total number of lamps per channel 96
Guaranteed lamp life 15 000 hours

5.8 Sludge Handling Unit

Sludge handling unit is design based on the typical sludge generation rates that are
provided by SPAN as stated in Figure 5.12.

Figure 5.21: Typical sludge generation rates

Treatment System Unit Generation Unit Comment


Primary Sludge
Based on continuous
Primary Clarifier 0.5 kg sludge/kg solid input
sludge withdrawal
Basedon average 6
Imhoff Tank 0.5 kg sludge/kg SS input month desludging
period
Secondary Sludge
Comventional Activated 0.8 to 1.0 kg sludge/kg
Standard A/B
Sludge System BOD5 removed
Extended Aeration or 0.4 to 0.6 kg sludge/kg Standard A/B
Oxidation Ditch BOD5 removed
RBC/SBC/High Rate 0.8 kg sludge/kg BOD5
Standard A/B
Tickling Filter Syatem removed
0.4 kg sludge/kg BOD5
Hybrid System Standard A/B
removed

In this proposed project, sludge handling unit consists of three stages, they are:

i. Sludge holding/storage
ii. Sludge dewatering
iii. Utilization and disposal.

Stage 1: Sludge Holding/Storage

Sludge Yield Rate

BOD5 treated = 250mg/L-20mg/L = 230 mg/L = 0.23 kg/m3


Mass of BOD5=(0.23 kg/m3 )(volume of aeration tank)
Mass of BOD5=(0.23 kg/m3 )(1800 m3 )=414 kg
Sludge produced = 0.4kg sludge produced/kg BOD5 removed (from table 5.21) Sludge
produced= (0.4)(414 kg)=165.6 kg sludge
The volume of sludge may be computed with the following expressions:

MS
V=
(ρW )(SSI )(PS )
adapted from Metcaff and Eddy

Where,
V = volume, m3
Ms = mass of dry solids, kg
pw = specific weight of water, 1000kg/m3
Ssl = specific gravity of sludge (1.015 from metcaff and eddy table 14-7)
Ps = percent solids expressed as decimal, (1.3 adapted from Metcaff and Eddy table 14-8)

165.6 kg
VS = = 12.55 m3
(1000kg/m3 )(1.015)(0.013)

Volume for waste sludge for 10 days = (12.55) (10) = 125.5 m3 (10 days holding because
volume of tank is large and require a lot of WWTP space).

Size of Tank

Size of tank must be larger than 125.5 m3


Since there is no specific standard for size of sludge holding tank it will be designed in a
cuboid design.

Volume = (length)(width)(depth)
Depth is fixed at 4m and Length to Width ratio is 3:1

125.5 m = (4m)(L)(W)

125.5
(L)(W) = = 31.375 m
4

L=3W hence,
31.375 m = (W)(3W) = 3W 2
31.375
W = √( ) = 3.233 m
3

L = (3.233 m)(3) = 9.701 m

Round off for easier construction, hence,


Depth = 4 m
Length = 10 m
Width = 4 m

Hence tank volume will be,


Tank Volume = (10 m)(4 m)(4 m) = 160 m3

Aeration for Sludge

Aeration of sludge holding tank for biological sludge reduction, odour control and
phosphorus uptake (Based on SPAN guidelines 0.02 m3/min.m3 of air must be supplied).

Air required for mixing = (0.02m3/min) (160 m3) = 3.2 m3/min

For Uniciti Alam Campus treatment plant, the diffuser type chosen is coarse bubble
diffuser. There are several advantages of using this diffuser, they are:

 High DO efficiency
 Low Energy required – Capital payback with energy savings generally within 12 -
18 months.
 Adaptable to ponds and tank systems
 Low maintenance – Annual high pressure clean of diffuser
 Diffusers have ten year plus life span.
Stage 2: Sludge Dewatering

Type of dewatering used for the proposed plant is mechanical thickening using
centrifuge. Some advantages of mechanical dewatering compared to drying bed are:

 The shortage of land its cost keep rising


 The difficulty of obtaining labour for lifting dried sludge and its cost
 The high cost of mechanical harvesting equipment
 The rising construction cost of properly designed drying beds
 The uneconomical low loadings on dying beds enforced by the increasing
proportions of secondary sludge and trade wastes
 Intolerance of odour and fly nuisance s housing developments progresses closer to
drying bed areas particularly those drying undigested sludge.

Features of Centrifugal Dewatering

Table 5.8 describes the justification for features of centrifugal dewatering that are
considered for proposed treatment plant.

Table 5.22: Features of centrifugal dewatering


Aspect Justification
Scroll Conveyor  Suitable, reliable and most successful type for dewatering.
Belt Centrifuge  The rotational speed of sewage sludge dewatering centrifuge vary
from 1200-2500 rpms
 The differential speed may be 5-15rpms
Sludge Cake  The solid content is similar to that in vacuum filter and belt press
cakes which is 20-25% solid content but the cake is more crumbly in
nature and more easily spread.
Power  Power consumption is similar to that vacuum filter installations, but
higher than that of plate filters and filter belt presses.
Chemical  Sludge conditioning with polyelectrolytes is recommended
Dosage  The dose rates are higher than from vacuum filters and filter bed
presses.
 Plate filter presses normally use inorganic conditioners which gives
rise to higher ash contents.
 The normal dose for most sludge are 2.0 – 3.0 Kg/T.ds
Building / Area  Centrifuge requires less floor area than other mechanically
dewatering plants.
Annual Costs  Suggested annual costs are almost similar to plate filter presses and
vacuum filters but higher rates than those for small filter belt presses.
 They are lower than the majority of drying bed costs.
Man hours  Total man hours are similar for centrifuges, vacuum filters, and
automatic filter presses.
 The operation of a centrifuge plant is relatively simple and an
unskilled worker may be quickly trained for this.
Capital Costs  Available data suggest that total cost for centrifuge installation is
lower compared to plate filter presses and vacuum filters of
equivalent capacity
 It is also lower than drying beds of adequate area.
Vibration and  Light foundation blocks are adequate for supporting scroll conveyor
Noise centrifuges, massive concrete foundation slabs are not necessary
 The noise level in centrifuge building is comparable with that in large
pump house.
 Plants constructed close to residential needs to be enclosed to reduce
noise nuisance.
Stage 3: Utilization and Disposal

Amount of Dry Sludge Produced After Dewatering

After undergo dewatering process, the sludge will undergo volume reduction by at
least 20% hence the volume of sludge that need to be disposed is estimated to be.

MS
V=
(ρW )(SSI )(PS )

Where,

V = volume, m3
Ms = mass of dry solids, kg
pw = specific weight of water, 1000kg/m3
Ssl = specific gravity of sludge (1.015 from metcaff and eddy table 14-7)
Ps = percent solids expressed as decimal, (20%)

165.6 kg
VS = = 0.816m3
(1000kg/m3 )(1.015)(0.2)

VS = (0.816m3 )(30) = 24. 473m3 /month = 25m3 /month

Disposal by Indah Water Konsortium (IWK) (50%)

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