MUMBAI UNIVERSITY CBCGS
APPLIED MATHEMATICS I MAY 2019 PAPER SOLUTIONS
u
x y x .
Q1)a) If u log log , find (3M)
y
x u
y
u u
x y 0.u 0
x y
Ans : u
y
x
u x
y
Q1)b) Find the value of tanh(logx) if x 3 . (3M)
Ans : Let
z tanh(log 3)
tanh 1 z log 3
1 1 z 1
log log 3
2 1 z 2
1 z
log log 3
1 z
By componendo and dividendo
2 3 1
2 z 1 3
3 1
z
3 1
3 1 1
tanh log 3 .
3 1 2
1 1
Q1)c) Evaluate lim . (3M)
x 3
x 3 log( x 2)
1 1 log( x 2) ( x 3) 0
Ans: lim lim
x 3
x 3 log( x 2) x 3 ( x 3) log( x 2) 0
1
1
x 2 x 3 0
lim lim
x 3
log(x 2)
( x 3) x 3 ( x 2) log( x 2) ( x 3) 0
( x 2)
1 1
lim .
x 3 ( x 2) 2
log( x 2) 1
( x 2)
(u, v)
Q1)d) If u r 2 cos 2 , v r 2 sin 2 , find . (3M)
(r , )
( x, y ) ( x, y ) (u, v) ( x, y ) a a
Ans: We have . . But 2ab
(r , ) (u, v) (r , ) (u, v) b b
(u, v) 2r cos 2 2r 2 sin 2
And 4r 3 .
(r , ) 2r sin 2 2r cos 2
2
2 3i 2 3i
Q1)e) Express the matrix A = 2i 0 1 2i as the sum of a Hermitian and a Skew-
4 2 5i i
Hermitian matrix. (4M)
Ans: We have
2 3i 2i 4
A' 2 0 2 5i
3i 1 2i i
2 3i 2i 4
A ( A ') 2 0 2 5i
3i 1 2i i
4 2 2i 4 3i
A A 2 2i 0 3 3i
4 3i 3 3i 0
6i 2 2i 4 3i
A A 2 2i 0 1 7i
4 3i 1 7i 2i
1 1
Let P ( A A ).Q (A A ) .
2 2
But, we know that P is Hermitian and Q is Skew-Hermitian and A = P + Q .
2 1 i (4 3i) / 2 3i 1 i ( 4 3i) / 2
A P Q 1 i 0
(3 3i ) / 2 1 i 0 (1 7i) / 2
.
(4 3i ) / 2 (3 3i) / 2 0 (4 3i) / 2 (1 7i) / 2 i
Q1)f) Expand tan 1 x in powers of x . (4M)
4
Ans: Let
f ( x) tan 1 x, a
4
1 2 x
f ( x) tan 1 x, f '( x) , f ''( x)
1 x 2
(1 x 2 ) 2
1 2
f tan 1 , f ' , f '' , etc
4 4 4 1 4
2 2
1 2
4 16
( x a)2
f ( x) f(a) (x a) f'(a) f ''(a ) ....
2!
2
1 1 1 1
tan x tan x . x . ...
4 4 1
4 4 4
2 2
1 2
16
Q2)a) Expand sin 7 in a series of sines of multiples of . (6M)
x cos i sin
1
cos i sin
x
1
x 2 cos
x
1
x 2i sin
x
x cos n i sin n
n
1
cos n i sin n
xn
1
x n n 2 cos n
x
1
x n n 2i sin n
x
Now, by Binomial Theorem
7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
(2i sin ) x x 7 7 x 6 . 21x 5 . 2 35 x 4 . 4 21x 2 . 5 7 x. 6 7
7
x x x x x x x
35 21 7 1
(2i sin ) 7 x 7 7 x 5 21x 3 35 x 3 5 7
x x x x
1 1 1 1
(2i sin ) 7 x 7 7 7 x 5 5 21 x 3 3 35 x
x x x x
(2i sin ) 2i sin 7 7.(2i sin 5 ) 21. 2i sin 3 35. 2i sin
7
26 sin 7 sin 7 7 sin 5 21sin 3 35sin
1
sin 7 6 sin 7 7 sin 5 21sin 3 35sin
2
Q2)b) If y sin 2 x cos3 x , then find yn . (6M)
Ans: We have
y sin 2 x cos3 x
1
y sin 2 x cos 2 x.cos x (sin 2 x) 2 cos x
4
1 1
y (1 cos 4 x) cos x (cos x cos 4 x cos x)
8 8
1 1
y cos x cos 5 x cos 3 x
8 16
n
By using the result yn a n cos ax
2
1 n 1 n n 1 n n
yn cos x .5 cos 5 x .3 cos 3 x
8 2 16 2 16 2
Q2)c) Find the stationary values of x3 y 3 3axy, a 0 . (8M)
Ans: We have f ( x, y) x3 y 3 3axy.
Step 1:
f x 3 x 2 3ay, f y 3 y 2 3ax
r f xx 6 x, s f xy 3a, t f yy 6 y
Step 2: We now solve,
f x 0, f y 0
x 2 ay 0, y 2 ax 0
x2
To eliminate y, we put y in the second equation .
a
x 4 a3 x 0,
x( x 3 a 3 ) 0
Hence, x=0 or x=a
When x=0,y=0 and when x=a, y=a.
Hence, (0,0) and (a,a) are stationary points.
Step 3: (i) For x=0, y=0, r f xx 0, s f xy 3a, t f yy 0 .
Hence, rt s 0 9a 0 .
2
Hence, f(x,y) is neither maximum nor minimum. It is a saddle point.
(ii) For x=a,y=a,
r f xx 6a, s f xy 3a, t f yy 6a
rt s 2 36a 2 9a 2 27a 2 0 Hence, f(x,y) is stationary at x=a, y=a .
r f xx 6a 0, a 0
And
Hence f(x,y) is minimum at x=a, y=a .
Putting x=a, y=a in x3 y 3 3axy , the minimum value of
f ( x, y) a3 a3 3a3 a3 .
x
Q3)a) Compute the real root of x log10 1.2 0 correct to three places of decimals using Newton-
Raphson method. (6M)
Ans: We first note that f ( x) x log10
x
1.2 .
f (1) 1log110 1.2 1.2, f (2) 2log10
2
1.2 0.5979
f (3) 3log10
3
1.2 0.2313
Since f(x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x goes from 2 to 3, there is a root
between 2 and 3.
1 1
Now, f '( x) x. 10
log10x (log10
e ) log10x 0.4343 log10x
x log e
Hence, by Newton-Raphson formula,
f ( xn )
xn 1 xn , n 0,1, 2,3,.....
f '( xn )
x log10x 1.2
xn
0.4343 log10x
3
3log10 1.2
For x0 = 3, x1 3 2.74615
0.4343 log10
3
(2.74615).log(2.74615) 1.2
For x1 = 2.74615, x2 2.74615 2.7406 .
0.4343 log 2.74615
For x2=2.7406, x3 2.7406 Hence x = 2.7406 .
Q3)b) Show that the system of equations
2 x 2 y z x, 2 x 3 y 2 z y, x 2 y z can possess a non-trivial solution only if
1, 3 . Obtain the general solution in each case. (6M)
2 2 1 x 0
Ans: We have
2 3 2 y 0
1 z 0
2
The system has non-trivial solution if the rank of A is less than the number of unknowns.
The rank of A will be less than three if |A|=0.
2 2 1
Now, 2 3 2 0
1 2
(2 )( 2 3 4) 2(2 2) 1(4 3 ) 0
(2 )( 4)( 1) 4( 1) ( 1) 0
( 1)[2 8 2 4 4 1] 0
( 1)( 2 2 3) 0
( 1)( 1)( 3) 0
1, 3
(i) If λ=1, we have,
1 2 1 x 0
2 4 2 y 0 .
1 2 1 z 0
By R2→R2-2R1 , R3→R3+R1
1 2 1 x 0
0 0 0 y 0
0 0 0 z 0
؞x-2y+z=0. Putting z=t1 , y=t2 .
؞The solution is x 2t2 t1 , y t2 , z t1 .
n 1
Q3)c) If tan( i ) cos i sin , prove that and log tan .
2 4 2 4 2
(8M)
Ans: We have
tan( i ) cos i sin
tan( i ) cos i sin
tan 2 tan ( i ) ( i )
tan( i ) tan( i ) 2 cos
1 tan( i ).tan( i ) 1 (cos 2 sin 2 )
2 cos
tan 2
0
2
2
2 n
2
n
2 4
tan(2i ) tan ( i ) ( i )
tan( i ) tan( i ) 2i sin
i sin
1 tan( i ).tan( i ) 11
i tan(h 2 ) i sin
tan(h 2 ) sin
1 1 sin
2 tanh 1 (sin ) log
2 1 sin
But
2
1 sin sin 2 cos 2 2sin cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
1 sin sin 2 cos 2 2sin cos cos sin
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
cos sin cos sin
1
2 log 2 2 log 2 2
2 cos sin cos sin
2 2 2 2
1 tan
1
log 2 1 log tan
2 1 tan 2 4 2
2
1 1
Q4)a) Using the encoding matrix as , encode and decode the message MOVE . (6M)
0 1
Ans: Step 1: To replace letters by numbers
M O V E
13 15 22 5
We write this in a sequence of 2 X 2 matrix
13 22
15 5 .
Step 2 : To encode the message
1 1
We now premultiply each of the above column-vectors by encoding matrix .
0 1
1 1 13 22 13 15 22 5 28 27
.
0 1 15 5 0 15 0 5 15 5
The above message is transmitted in the following linear form taking numbers column-wise. The
message is transmitted in the linear form as
28 15 27 5
Step 3: To decode the message :
The above received message is now written in a sequence of 2 X 1 column matrix as
28 27
15 5 .
The above matrix is then premultiplied by the inverse of the coding matrix i.e., by
1 1 28 27 28 15 27 5 13 22
.
0 1 15 5 0 15 0 5 15 5
Step 4 : To replace numbers by letters
The columns of this matrix are written in linear form as
14 15 23 27 19 20 21 4 25 27
Now it is transformed into letters using corresponding alphabets
14 15 23 27 19 20 21 4 25 27
N O W * S T U D Y *
This is the required message.
u u u
Q4)b) If u f (e x y , e y z , e z x ) then prove that 0 . (6M)
x y z
Ans: Let X e x y , Y e y z , Z e z x. . Then u = f(X,Y,Z)
u u X u Y u Z
. . .
x X x Y x Z x
u u x y u u z x
e (1) (0) e (1)
x X Y Z
u u x y u z x
e e
x X Z
u u X u Y u Z
. . .
y X y Y y Z y
u u x y u y z u
e (1) e (1) (0)
y X Y Z
u u x y u y z
e e
y X Y
u u X u Y u Z
. . .
z X z Y z Z z
u u u y z u z x
(0) e (1) e (1)
z X Y Z
u u y z u z x
e e
z Y Z
Q4)c) If y a cos(log x) b sin(log x) , then show that x 2 yn 2 (2n 1) xyn 1 (n 2 1) yn 0
(8M)
Ans: We have
y a cos(log x) b sin(log x)
1 1
y1 a sin(log x). b cos(log x).
x x
xy1 a sin(log x) b cos(log x)
Differentiating again w.r.t x ,
1 1
xy2 y1 a cos(log x). b sin(log x).
x x
x 2 y2 xy1 y 0 .
Applying Leibnitz’s theorem to each term, we get
n(n 1)
x 2 yn 2 n(2 x) yn 1 (2) yn [ xyn 1 n(1) yn ] yn 0
2!
x 2 yn 2 (2n 1) xyn 1 (n 2 n n 1) y n 0
x 2 yn 2 (2n 1) xyn 1 (n 2 1) yn 0
Q5)a) If 1, , 2 , 3 , 4 are the roots of x 5 1 0 , find them and show that
(1- )(1- 2 )(1- 3 )(1- 4 )=5. (6M)
Ans: We have
x5 1 cos 0 i sin 0
x5 cos(2k i sin(2k )
1
2 k 2 k
x (cos 2k i sin 2k ) 5 cos sin
5 5
Putting k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, we get the five roots as
x0 cos 0 i sin 0
2 2 4 4 6 6 8 8
x1 cos i sin , x2 cos i sin , x3 cos i sin , x4 cos i sin
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
2 2
Putting x1 cos i sin = we see that x2 2 , x3 3 , x4 4 .
5 5
Therefore, the roots are 1, , , , and hence
2 3 4
x5 1 ( x 1)( x )( x 2 )( x 3 )( x 4 )
x5 1
( x )( x 2 )( x 3 )( x 4 )
x 1
( x )( x 2 )( x 3 )( x 4 ) x 4 x3 x 2 x 1
Putting x = 1, we get
(1 )(1 2 )(1 3 )(1 4 ) 5
r2
Q5)b) If t e n 4t
,
1 2
Find n which will make r . (6M)
t r 2 r r
Ans:
r 2 r 2
r 2 1
nt n 1.e 4t t ne 4t .
t 4 t2
n n n r2
.t . t .
t t n n
t 4t
2
n r2 n r2
t 2 t 4t
2
4t
r 2
e 4t
tn
Also ,
r 2
2r r
t n .e 4t . .
r 4t 2t
r r 3
r2
2t
2 r 3 1 3 1 3
r . (r ) r 3r 2
r r r 2t 2t r 2t r
1 r 4 2 2 r
2
3
3r r 2
2t 2t 4t 2t
1 2 r 2 3
. r
r 2 r r 4t 2 2t
Now equating we get
n 3
t 2t
3
n
2
Q5)c) Find the root (correct to three places of decimals) of x3 4 x 9 0 lying between 2 and 3
by using Regula-Falsi method . (8M)
Ans: Let y f ( x) x3 4 x 9 . Here, x1 = 2 and x2 = 3.
y1 f ( x1 ) f (2) 23 4(2) 9 8 8 9 9 0
y2 f ( x2 ) f (3) 33 4(3) 9 27 12 9 6 0
Since f(x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x goes from 2 to 3 , there is a root between 2
and 3 .
The root is given by
x1 y2 x2 y1 2(6) 3(9) 39
x3 2.6 .
y2 y1 6 (9) 15
Now, y3 f ( x3 ) f (2.6) (2.6)3 4(2.6) 9 1.82 0
Since f(x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x goes from 2.6 to 3 , there is a root between
2.6 and 3 .
First Iteration : Let
x1 2.6, x2 3, y1 1.82, y2 6
x1 y2 x2 y1 2.6(6) 3(1.82)
x3 2.693
y2 y1 6 (1.82)
y3 f ( x3 ) (2.693)3 4(2.693) 9 0.242 0
Since f(x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x goes from 2.693 to 3 , there is a root
between 2.693 to 3 .
Second Iteration : Let
x1 2.693, x2 3, y1 0.262, y2 6
x1 y2 x2 y1 2.693(6) 3(0.262)
x3 2.7058 2.706
y2 y1 6 (0.262)
y3 f ( x3 ) (2.706)3 4(2.706) 9 0.009 0
Since f(x) changes its sign from negative to positive as x goes from 2.706 to 3 , there is a root
between 2.706 to 3 .
Third Iteration : Let
x1 3, x2 2.706, y1 6, y2 0.009
x1 y2 x2 y1 3(0.03) 2.706(6)
x3 2.706
y2 y1 0.009 6
Hence, the root correct to three places of decimals = 2.706 .
1 2 3 2
Q6)a) Find non-singular matrices P and Q such that A 2 3 5 1 is reduced to normal
1 3 4 5
form. Also find its rank. (6M)
Ans: We first write A = I3 A I4
1 2 3 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 3 5 1 0 1 0 A 0 1 0 0 .
1 3 4 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
By R2 R2 2 R1 , R3 R3 R1
1 2 3 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 3 2 1 0 A 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 1
By
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3 2
? 1 1 3 2 1 0 A 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 3 1 0 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 3 2
? 1 1 3 2 1 0 A 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 3 1 1 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 4
? 1 0 0 2 1 0 A 0 1 1 3
0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 1 0
1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 2 1 4
? 1 0 0 2 1 0 A 0 1 1 3 .
0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 1 0
I 0
2 PAQ .
0 0
Hence , the rank of A is 2 .
Q6)b) Find the principle value of (1 i)1i . (6M)
Ans: Let
z (1 i)1i , log z (1 i) log(1 i)
log z (1 i) log 1 1 i tan 1 1
1 1 i i
(1 i ) log 2 i. log 2 log 2
2 4 2 4 2 4
1 1
log 2 i log 2 x iy
2 4 4 2
z e xiy e x .eiy e x (cos y i sin y)
1
log 2 1 1
e 2 4
cos 4 2 log 2 i sin 4 2 log 2
1 1
2e 4 cos log 2 i sin log 2
4 2 4 2
Q6)C) Solve the following equations by Gauss-Seidel method.
27 x 6 y z 85
6 x 15 y 2 z 72
x y 54 z 110
(Take three iterations) (8M)
Ans: We first write the three equations as
1
x 85 6 y z
27
1
y (72 6 x 2 z )
15
1
z (110 x y )
54
(i) First Iteration : We start with the approximation y=0, z=0 and we get
85
x1 3.15 .
27
We use this approximation to find y1 i.e. we put x = 3.15 , z=0 in the second equation
1
y1 [72 6(3.15)] 3.54 .
15
We use these values of x1 and y1 to find z1 i.e. we put x=3.15 and y=3.54 in the third
equation
1
z1 (110 3.15 3.54) 1.91 .
54
(ii) Second Iteration : We use the latest values of y and z to find x , i.e. we put y= 3.54 ,
z=1.91 in equation 1 , we get
1
x2 [85 6(3.54) 1.91] 2.43
27
We put x = 2.43 , z = 1.91 to find y from equation 2. Thus ,
1
y2 [72 6(2.43) 2(1.91)] 3.57
15
We put x = 2.43 , y = 3.57 in equation 3 to find z. Thus ,
1
z2 [110 2.43 3.57] 1.93
54
(iii) Third iteration: Putting y = 3.57 , z = 1.93 in equation (1) we get
1
x3 [85 6(3.57) 1.93] 2.43
27
Putting x = 2.43 , z = 1.93 in equation 2 we get
1
y3 [72 6(2.43) 2(1.93)] 3.57
15
Putting x=2.43 , y=3.57 in equation 3 we get
1
z3 [110 2.43 3.57] 1.93 .
54
Since the second and third iteration give the same values
x = 2.43 , y = 3.57 , z = 1.93
