PRODUCTOS A ENTREGAR (VERSION 1.

1)
(Adaptado de las notas del Dr Dominick Andrisanni II, Purdue University,
Aircraft Design, Details on Deliverable Items)

Individual Design Journal

(Everyone must keep one)
Purpose: This design journal will record the evolution of your work on your team's aircraft design.

Format: Any new notebook with the following features is acceptable:

 permanently bound with durable cover;

 numbered pages with tear-out copy pages; and

 0.20 or 0.25 inch grid on all pages.

General Guidelines

1. Your Design Journal is primarily a record of what you have done on this design.

2. Include any entry for each work session which includes the following:

 The date.

 A brief statement of your objective for that session.

 A record of what was done.

 Each entry should be terminated by your dated signature.

If there is any reason to believe that your work will be legally important (e.g., a patent application), you
should have a colleague read your entry and write “read and understood by” and then sign and date the
entry.

3. A typical entry in your Design Journal will be ½ to 1 page. Some sessions will require more detail. In
addition to text, show sketches and graphs.

4. Think of how information in your Design Journal could be used in the future.

 By yourself to refer back to when working on the design and when writing an overall project
report.
 By a colleague who is continuing your design after you have left the company.
 By the company legal department when a patent application is filed.

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Specific Guidelines

1. You are to record all of your assumptions, explanations, rational for decisions, your decision making
process, analyses, computations, etc.
2. Do not erase or remove anything. Things that are wrong or out of date should be crossed through once
so that they are still legible. Often the method of perhaps even old results will become meaningful again
later. A brief explanation why material is crossed out is often helpful later when you are reviewing or
modifying your results.
3. Major computer generated results can be stapled into the journal.
4. Your entries should be
A. dated,
B. neatly written,
C. cross referenced throughout so that it is obvious where input numbers come from.
D. All pages should be consecutively numbered.
5. Your entries should include
A. carefully stated and identified assumptions,
B. no more significant figures in your calculations then are justified by the accuracy of the method
used. In preliminary design it is generally not justified to carry more then three significant
figures.
6. You will be asked to hand in your Design Journal at several points during the semester. It will form a
portion of your course grade.
7. The Design Journal is not something done as the last minute. It should be thought of as a workbook for
storing and organizing all your work as the work is performed.
8. The basic method of organization in the Design Journal is the serial nature of journal. Your design
reports will allow you to summarize and reorganize your final results. So don't worry if the organization
within your design journal is not the best. You may find it is helpful to periodically summarize your work
in carefully labeled summary pages.
9. If you use the Design Journal as it should be, you will always be able to locate every decision and
computation made in your design.
10. Don't loose your Design Journal.

Individual Deliverable Items:

(Every student must submit one)
1. Individual Mission Evaluation - A written discussion of the “mission” highlighting critical issues and
areas of concern. This should be 1-3 pages in length and attempt to identify each “phase” of the
mission as outlined in the Mission Specification and quantify as many requirements as possible as
posed by the Mission Specification.

2. Individual System Concept - Each class member will develop at least one of their own concept
vehicles for this mission. These concept(s) must include a detailed “hand” (not computer) sketch of a
three view external drawing, internal equipment layout with approximate scale. This should also
include a two page written concept description highlighting strengths and potential problems with the
proposed concept(s). Key technical requirements must be identified. Multiple concepts may be
included.

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 Team Deliverable Items:
(Each team submits one)
Teams must insure that all team members have equal opportunity to speak throughout the semester. Group
leaders are not to be the mouthpiece of their team. By the end of the semester each team member must
have spoken roughly the same number of times and for roughly the same number of minutes.

1. Team Design Requirements and Objectives (DR&O document)

2. Candidate Team Concepts (Slides, oral presentation)
3. Team Concept Selection (Slides, oral presentation)
4. Vehicle Initial Sizing (Slides, oral presentation)
5. Proposal (Document)
6. PDRs, QDRs (Drafts, slides, and oral presentation)
7. CDR (Slides, oral presentation)
8. Manufacturing Plan / Prototype (Document, blueprints / Computational Model)
9. Final Report. (Document)

Details of many of these are given below.

1. Team Design Requirements and Objectives (DR&O) Document

The Design Requirements and Objectives (DR&O) document is a formal written report [3-5 pages]
containing several things.

First, it should describe your vision of what the aircraft will do when it is completed. It is not a progress
report on the status of your design. It provides the big picture view of your completed design. If your team
chooses to focus on something different or unusual in the design (as compared to what we have been
talking about in class) you need to put it in the DR&O. This document is your statement of what the
vehicle is to do, i.e., the design objectives. You will be judged (graded) on how well your design achieved
your stated objectives in the DR&O.

Second, the document lists all design requirements that more quantitatively describe your vehicle. For
example, the vehicle is required to have certain endurance. You may want to impose a requirement that is
different than what we have already talked about in class. For example, you may want to specify a
particular minimum speed. Together the design requirements serve to quantitatively describe what the
final design will do and serve to narrow down the size of the design space. The design requirements may
define a portion of the design space known to be unique so as to offer greater market potential or cost
advantages.

In summary, this document describes what it is you are trying to design. It is a very important document.
Without a clear view of what you are trying to accomplish you are doomed to wander and produce a design
that is unlikely to succeed.

If you suggest something in the DR&O that I don't approve I may ask you to make modifications.

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 2. Candidate Team Concepts Defined
Three view sketches to scale for presentation in class along with brief written discussion of unique aspects
of the concepts. Three concepts or perhaps variations on a single concept are desired.

3. Team Concept Selection Document and Presentation

(Presentation, 20 minutes long)
This one document describes the aircraft concept for your team. It must include a detailed “hand” (not
computer) sketch of a three view external drawing including internal equipment layout drawn with
approximate scale. Dimensions must be included on the sketch.

Please also provide a table of physical properties of your vehicle as best you know them at this time. Also
included should be a two page written concept description highlighting strengths and potential problems
with the proposed concept. Key technical requirements must be identified.

Presentation: Your team will make an integrated in-class presentation.

4. Vehicle Sizing Preliminary Design Review

(Presentation, 20 minutes long)

Using PowerPoint slides please provide the following design material.

Preliminary Weight Estimate:

1. Describe your method of weight estimation (e.g., the method of Roskam, Raymer, or other
method).
2. Describe your data base of historical weight data and how it was compiled.

Preliminary Wing Loading and Power Loading Estimate:

1. Provide a constraint diagram with regions of feasible design space clearly denoted,
2. Show the equations for each constraint,
3. Discuss of each constraint with explanations of how each number was determined using sound
engineering judgment.

Summarize your aircraft size:

weight estimate,
wing area estimate,
motor horsepower estimate.
Indicate who on your team were the major contributors to this effort.

5. Proposal
Present a formal proposal document that includes items 1 to 4 (As a proposal to SENACYT for the I+D
grants). Include a preliminary budget, timeline and an execution plan. Follow the guidelines presented in
class

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Propulsion PDR
Each team makes a 20-minute PowerPoint presentation of the propulsion system of their design. This will
leave 10 minutes for questions. You may not have all the data requested below for the first Propulsion
PDR.

Describe the geometric properties of your propulsion system (diameter, pitch thickness, airfoil section,
twist distribution, chord distribution, shape (under cambered?), etc.). Is your propulsion data theoretically
calculated or experimentally measured?

Describe the aerodynamic properties of your propeller or fan system (thrust and power coefficient as a
function of advance ratio (J=V/nD)). Present plots of CT, CP and  as a function of J. (If you system is a
propeller or fan driven one) For turbojets systems make sure you know the thermodynamic characteristics
of your powerplant (TSFC, Temperature ratios, Pressure ratios, efficiencies etc.)

In case you needed, describe the gearbox you intend to use (efficiency, gear ratio) and the speed control
strategy or system.

Describe your engine you intend to use (rated horsepower, motor efficiency, motor constants, manufacturer
(if available) and any technical information that describes your powerplant).

Describe your procedure for selecting this propeller, gearbox and motor, in case of a propeller driven
system. Do something similar if you select a different type of propulsion system.

Describe any air intake considerations and design. This can be accomplished alongside with the
Aerodynamics team.

Determine if the mission requirements can be met with the type and amount of fuel you intend to carry,
how you are going to manage the fuel to keep the airplane trimmed. This will require you to redo the
mission analysis we did early in the semester using updated engine, drag, and flight condition information.

Do you have considered the fuel or noise emissions of your powerplant?

Propulsion QDR

You may not be able to complete all of this. Do what you can and we will revisit this material in the next
Propulsion review.
Propulsion Summary
 Summarize the geometric properties of your propulsion system (diameter, pitch thickness, airfoil
section, twist distribution, chord distribution, shape (under-cambered?), etc.). Is your propeller twist
data theoretically calculated or experimentally measured?

 Is your powerplant commercially available or calls for R&D of new technology?

 Summarize the aerodynamic properties of your propeller (thrust and power coefficient as a function
of advance ratio (J=V/nD)). Present plots of CT, CP and  as a function of J; or the characteristics
of your p

 Summarize the engine you intend to use (rated horsepower @rpm, fuel injection (?), SFC, TSFC,
fuel feed system, cost, reliability, etc.)

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 Propulsion Design Procedure

 Describe your procedure for selecting the powerplant. What sized the propulsion system? Why
did you select the engine/propeller combination? How did you match the engine/propeller to the
aircraft?
 What is your expected endurance/range? How did you compute this?
 Justify the reasonableness of your design procedure for matching the engine to the propeller to
the airframe.

Aerodynamics 1 PDR

Aircraft Geometry

Airfoil section for wing, vertical and horizontal tails.

Wing and tail geometry including sweep angle, taper ratio, dihedral angle.

Aircraft wetted area, Aspect ratio of wing

3-view drawing drawn to scale and dimensioned.

Aerodynamic mathematical model

Please provide numerical values of all the coefficients listed below. Take account of three-dimensional
effects and be sure to include the effects of the horizontal tail.

Lift Coefficient
CL=CLo + CL* +(CLe*e (optional))

Drag Polar
CD=CDo+k*CL*CL

Maximum Lift Coefficient CLmax

(Add any other information listed under Aerodynamics 2 QDR that you can get to)

Aerodynamics 2 QDR

Aircraft Geometry

Airfoil section for wing, vertical and horizontal tails.

Wing and tail geometry including sweep angle, taper ratio, dihedral angle.

Aircraft wetted area, Aspect ratio of wing

3-view drawing drawn to scale and dimensioned.

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Aerodynamic mathematical model (highlight any significant revisions since the previous
Aerodynamics review)
Please provide numerical values of all the coefficients listed below. Take account of three-dimensional
effects and be sure to include the effects of the horizontal tail. Document your source for determining the
three-dimensional effects.

Lift Coefficient
CL=CLo + CL* +(CLe*e)
Pitching Moment Coefficient about the quarter chord point
CM=CMo + CM* +(CMe*e)
Aircraft Performance: Flight Envelope (Ps vs M at different H)

Aircraft Trim Diagram (ver notas de Flight Dynamics del Semestre Pasado)

(Tomado de Daniel Raymer, Aircraft Design, a conceptual approach)

Trimability Considerations (Important! If you don’t complete this, include it in the Dynamics and
Control PDR)
 Construct an Aircraft Trim Diagram (Roskam, Vol VII, p. 12, or Vol VI, . 344)
 Do you have enough nose up elevator to fly in steady flight at the stall speed?
 Do you have enough nose down elevator to fly in steady flight at the maximum speed of your aircraft?
 Answer these questions for the least favorable c.g. locations.

The trim considerations mentioned above help size control surfaces for trimming, i.e., balancing moments.
However, do you have enough control power available to maneuver your aircraft?

Stability Considerations (optional, but you will need these for the Dynamics and Control PDR)
 range of center of gravity locations for your design;
 X-plot (see Roskam, Volume II, Chapter 11)
 aerodynamic center location (stick fixed neutral point) (be sure to include the
effects of downwash of large forward surfaces of smaller aft surfaces);
 range static margin;
 desired static margin with justification;
 volume of horizontal tail with reason for selecting this tail volume;
 volume of vertical tail with reason for selecting this tail volume.
 dihedral angle and the reason for selecting this amount of dihedral
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The Design Issue: Is the vehicle stable in all axes?

To check dynamic stability requires full equations of motion (including many aerodynamic stability and
control derivatives) and getting them is a lot of work. A simpler procedure is to insure that the static
stability criteria are met in each axis.

Static Stability

Longitudinal Static Stability (Cm) achieved by making sure you have sufficient volume ratio of
the horizontal tail (a Class I method of sizing the empennage as described in Roskam
Airplane Design, Part II, Chapter 8). See historical examples of aircraft built by previous
designs.

You need also check to insure that you have sufficient static margin (Xac-Xcg)/c using a
longitudinal X-plot. See Roskam Airplane Design, Part II, Chapter 11. The thesis of Mark
Peters ("Development of a Light Unmanned Aircraft for the Determination of Flying
Qualities Requirements," May 1996) suggests that you need a static margin of at least 15%.

Lateral-Directional Static Stability

Weathercock Stability (Cn) achieved by making sure that your design has sufficient
volume ratio of the vertical tail. It is useful to check the volume ratio of the
horizontal tail (a Class I method of sizing the empennage as described in Roskam
Airplane Design, Part II, Chapter 8). You need also check to insure that you have
sufficient static directional stability using a directional X-plot. See Roskam Airplane
Design, Part II, Chapter 11.
Dihedral Effect (Cl) achieved using wing geometric dihedral angle. Read the article "Wing
and Tail Dihedral for Models", by William F. McCombs, Model Aviation, 12/94, as
a guideline . Note that amount of wing geometric dihedral angle you need is also
influenced by whether you are turning with aileron or turning with rudder alone
(requires more wing geometric dihedral angle).

Controllability Considerations (optional, but you will need these for the Flight Performance,
Stability & Control PDR)
 size of the elevator with the reason for selecting this control surface size;
 size of the rudder with the reason for selecting this control surface size;
 size of the aileron (if any) with the reason for selecting this control surface size;
 Discussion of why or why not you have included ailerons.

The Design Issue: Sufficient control power (control surface size and deflection limits) must be provided to
trim the aircraft (i.e., balancing forces and moments) at all desired flight conditions and to maneuver the
aircraft about the trim condition.

Pitch, elevator size, Cme

It is useful to size the elevator using historical data (a Class I method of sizing the elevator as
described in Roskam Airplane Design, Part II, Chapter 8). See also historical examples of aircraft
built previously.

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 You will need to construct an airplane trim diagram to insure that you have enough elevator to trim
at all desired angles of attack (see Roskam Airplane Design Part VI, Chapter 8, Section 3, or see
Roskam Airplane Flight Dynamics and Automatic Flight Controls (Jan Roskam, Aircraft Flight
Dynamics and Controls, part I).

Yaw and/or roll, rudder size, Cnr

It is useful to size the rudder using historical data (a Class I method of sizing the elevator as
described in Roskam Airplane Design, Part II, Chapter 8). See also historical examples of aircrafts
built previously.

If you plan to use the rudder for turning you will need to also consider how much wing geometric
dihedral you need.

Roll, aileron size, Cla

It is useful to size the aileron using historical data (a Class I method of sizing the elevator as
described in Roskam Airplane Design, Part II, Chapter 8). See also historical examples of aircrafts
built previously. If you intend to roll with rudder alone, you may not need ailerons at all.

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 Structures and Weights 2 PDR

Landing Gear
 Design strategy (e.g., design to never break, design to break gently)
 Analysis of impulsive loads
 Location, configuration, special structure, and load analysis
 Longitudinal tip-over analysis
 Lateral tip-over analysis
 Tail-strike analysis

Weight Determination
 center of gravity
 moments and products of inertia
 complete tabular listing of all parts, location, weight

Geometric layout of your wing structure

 geometry of wing spar(s)
 location of wing ribs (if any)
 location of wing stringers (if any)
 wing coverings (if any)
 materials of wing components
Analysis of wing loads
 V-n diagram (see Raymer pages 331-343)
 What are the maximum bending and torsional loading conditions?
 What are the properties (area, skin thickness, width, height) of the wing box (assumed uniform
with span?) to insure that the wing tip rotates by less than 1 degree?
 Load distribution at maximum wing loading.
 Maximum wing root bending moment.
 What are the properties (area, skin thickness, width, height) of the wing box (assumed uniform
with span?) to insure that the wing box can handle the maximum bending loads?
 Based on these two analyses, what are the final properties (area, skin thickness, width, height)
of the wing box (assumed uniform with span?).
 Clearly state any simplifying assumptions you make.
 Loading condition for which the wing will fail.
 Maximum wing tip vertical deflections.
Fuselage and Tail Structure
 Analysis of the wing-fuselage, empennage attachment design.
 Geometric layout of your fuselage structure.
 Geometric layout of your horizontal tail structure.
 Geometric layout of your vertical tail structure.
Other considerations
 Thermal expansion and shielding
 Welding, riveting, joining and bonding strategies

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 Structures and Weights 1 QDR

Geometric layout of your wing structure

geometry of wing spar(s)
location of wing ribs (if any)
location of wing stringers (if any)
wing coverings (if any)
materials of wing components
Material properties of all structural materials (wood, metal alloys, foam, fiberglass, carbon fiber etc.)
Analysis of wing loads
• What are the maximum bending and torsional loading conditions?
• What are the properties (area, skin thickness, width, height) of the wing box (assumed uniform
with span?) to insure that the wing tip rotates by less than 1 degree?
• Load distribution at maximum wing loading.
• Maximum wing root bending moment.
• What are the properties (area, skin thickness, width, height) of the wing box (assumed uniform
with span?) to insure that the wing box can handle the maximum bending loads?
• Based on these two analyses, what are the final properties (area, skin thickness, width, height) of
the wing box (assumed uniform with span?).
• Clearly state any simplifying assumptions you make.
Landing Gear
Location, configuration, special structure, and load analysis
Longitudinal tip-over analysis
Lateral tip-over analysis
Tail-strike analysis
Weight Estimate
center of gravity
moments and products of inertia

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 Dynamics and Control PDR
Stability and Control
 Class 1 sizing (tail volume method) of horizontal and vertical tails
 Class 1 sizing (historical data) of control surfaces (elevator, ailerons, rudder)
 surface deflection limits
 Location of aerodynamic center of aircraft and tails
 Location of aircraft c.g.
 Determination of desired static margin
 Class 2 sizing of the horizontal and vertical tail using X-plots (see Roskam Aircraft Design or Airplane Flight
Dynamics and Automatic Flight books)
 Determination of dihedral/anhedral angle

Also, consider to determine:

 Short period mode damping ratio and natural frequency
 Phugoid mode damping ratio and natural frequency
 Dutch roll mode damping ratio and natural frequency
 Roll mode time constant
 Spiral mode time constant
 Determination of desired values for the above mentioned modal parameters

Desired but not required

 Dynamic simulation of vehicle flight mechanics

Flight Performance (a topic sometimes shared with the aerodynamics group)

 Take-off performance (take-off distance)
 Climb performance (maximum climb angle, distance at which to abort the takeoff)
 Turning performance (maximum turn rate)
 Endurance mission (take-off, climb, cruise, descent, land flying the mission))
 Will your aircraft meet the endurance requirement?
 Other performance requirements
 FLIGHT ENVELOPE (Ps vs M at different H)

Description of the loop closure to be implemented in your feedback control system

Block diagram
e.g., pitch rate feedback to the elevator,
e.g., roll rate feedback to the aileron,
e.g., yaw rate feedback to the rudder
Objective of the feedback loop (e.g., to increase the damping ratio of the short period
mode from _ to _.)
Dynamic models for each block in your block diagram
Aircraft transfer function (expressed symbolically, e.g., in terms of M)
Rate gyro(s) transfer function or any other sensor
Actuators transfer function
Control law transfer function
Numerical values for all physical constants that appear in the transfer functions (e.g., M’)
Root locus of your control system as a function of the rate gyro feedback gain
Nominal feedback gain
A procedure describing how you will set the proper feedback gain in the aircraft.
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 Onboard Systems PDR

Make sure you describe the design process of each subsystem required for the aircraft. This shall include,
but is not limited to: Avionics, Air conditioning systems, Cabin and interiors, Lighting, Electrical System,
Anti-Icing, and Fire protection.

Critical Design Review (CDR)

This 50 minute, formal oral presentation will take place during the lab period and may be videotaped for
review and evaluation. Expect at least 10 minutes of questions during your 50-minute presentation. The
design is “frozen” at this point and all further efforts are associated with validating the design through
prototype fabrication and test. All team members are expected to participate in the oral presentations
during the CDR. There will be outside visitors and the presentation is open to the general public.

Presentation Outline
• 3-view
• Tabular summary of the physical properties of your design (including physical units)
• Review of each discipline (Remember some members of the audience will not have seen any of your
previous presentations. So make this a complete review. Use the PDR as a guide to what to include. You
may add material beyond the PDR but you should have no more then 25-30 transparencies for a 50-minute
presentation.)
 Presentation of your company and the main features of your product
 Aerodynamics
 Dynamics and control including discussion of the feedback control system
 Structures
 Propulsion
 Onboard systems
• Simulation and Prediction of vehicle performance
• Unique aspects as of your design
• Remaining design problems
• Your plan to resolve the problems in a timely manner
• Conclusion: Are you ready to present your proposal for serious Investors? If not, what are you going to do
about it?

Written Deliverables One paper copy of your PowerPoint slides for Professor Garibaldi and all faculty
guests who attend the CDR.

Prototype Fabrication Plan

The objective is to provide sufficient information so the aircraft can be manufactured and assembled. It
should be clearly written. Compile a list of all tasks to be accomplished in order to successfully build the airplane.
Schedule tasks to insure all tasks are completed in a time frame of 1 year. Tasks include parts ordering, component
testing, and fabrication. Make sure that every component is inside the plan. Be thoughtful of how each major
component should be assembled and connected to other parts. Your report must contain sufficient technical
drawings, sketches etc that might help the manufacturing Company accomplish what you want them to build for
you. This shall be presented in a document not longer than 15 pages. Appendix is recommendable in case you
have several tables, calculations or other information that has a large volume.

Final Design Report

This major report must contain all required changes from the draft submission as well as complete
documentation of the prototype fabrication and testing as described above. It should be considered as one
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of your first professional publications and treated as such. Each team will submit a single, unbound copy
of the report and all attachments. This report is limited to 25 pages (maximum) with unlimited appendices
and attachments. Further details concerning this report may be given in class. . In the table of contents of
your Final Design Report please indicate the primary author(s) of each section (or chapter) and any
secondary authors of each section (or chapter) if applicable. Remember to provide the corrections of the
designed aircraft presented in the last CDR, and must have same format as AIAA papers. It must include
what are the major changes of the Aircraft design, external views and any visual aid that you consider
appropriate (CAD, not hand-drawing). Make sure to provide a copy of any digital files in case of being
using any CAD, software of numerical tools.

Peer Evaluation #1
Submitted by:_____________________________________________Team_________

This form provides a confidential, professional evaluation of each member of your design team. This
evaluation is an important experience for you and an important part of the course evaluation for your
fellow engineers. Please consider each item carefully. Rate each member of the team on a scale from 1-5
(with 5 being the highest rating). Do not include an evaluation of yourself. Failure to hand in this form
will result in a lower grade for this course. Summaries of these peer reviews will be used to assess the
Program Outcomes of our School.
CATEGORY (see list below) 1a 1b 1c 2 3a 3b 3c 4 5
TEAM MEMBER NAME X X X X X X X X X TOTALS

TOTALS
CATEGORIES
1a. ability to employ computational methods and tools to formulate and solve problems;
1b. ability to employ experimental procedures and tools to formulate and solve problems;
1c. ability to solve open-ended design problems;
2. overall ability to work in a team;
3a. ability to communicate their work to others in writing;
3b. ability to communicate their work to others orally;
3c. ability to communicate their work to others graphically;
4. demonstrating a habit of professional conduct;
5. overall contribution to the team.
_______________________________________________________________________
OPTIONAL COMMENTS ABOUT TEAM MEMBERS (continue of back, if necessary)

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