Principles of Tourism

One of the attempts to define Tourism

was that od Professor Hunziker and Krapf
of Berne University, Switzerland. They
define tourism as the ‘sum of the phenomena
and relationship arising from the travel and
stay od non-residents, in so far as they do not
lead to permanent residence and are not
connected to any earning activity
The definition of the tourism society
in Britain; Tourism is the temporary
short-term movement of people to
destinations outside the places they
normally live and work and their
activities during their stay in these
destinations.
The definition of the tourism
society in Cardiff: Tourism may
be defined in terms of
particular activities selected by
choice and undertaken outside
the home environment.
Burkat and Medlik cited five main
characteristics of Tourism

Because of it’s complexity, tourism is a combination of phenomena and

relationship.
It’s essential elements: the dynamic element or the Journey and the static
element or the Stay;
The journey and the stay are-to-and –fro destinations outside the place of
residence or work.
The movement to destination is temporary and short-term, with the intention to
return within a few days, weeks, months; and
Destinations are visited for purposes not connected with paid work, that is, not to
be employed and not for business or vocational reasons.
Tourism in pure sense is essentially a pleasure
activity in which money earned in one’s adobe
is spent in places visited. In this sense, tourism
represent a particular form of leisure and
recreation, but does not include all uses of
leisure and all forms of recreation. Tourism
therefore, is distinguished from the concepts
of leisure and recreation on the other hand, and
from travel and migration on the other hand.
Tourist
A tourist is a person who, visits a country
other than that in which he usually resides for
a period of hours. This include persons
traveling to meetings or on business and
persons visiting a country on a cruise vessel
even if for less than 24 hours. –The league of
Nations 1973
In 1963, a United Nations
Conference on International Travel
and Tourism recommended a new
definition of a “ visitor” as ‘ any
person visiting a country other than
that of earning money. This
definition covers two classes of
visitors:
Tourists –temporary visitor staying at
least 24 hours, whose purpose could be
classified as;
Leisure, such as recreation, holiday,
health, study, religion or sport.
Busines
Famiy
Mission
Meeting
Excursionist –temporary
visitors staying less than 24 hours in
the destination visited and not
making an overnight stay, including
travelers, but excluding travelers in
transit.
Elements of
travel
There are four elements of
travel and this have been
used as a criteria for
defining travelers/tourists.
a. Distance
What must be considered under distance is the difference between local travel or
traveling within a person’s home community and non-local travel or traveling away
from home. It excludes commuting to and from world and change in residence.
A measure that has been used to distinguish travel away from home is the distance
traveled on a trip. A trip is defined as “ each time a person goes to a place at least 100
miles away from home and returns “
Travelers on this basis are individuals who travel at least 100 miles in one direction
from home. This definition may be applied in measuring travel by the residents of a
country.
B. Lengthof stay at
Destination
Used as criteria for defining travel used
as a criteria for defining travelers is the
length of stay at a destination. The
definition of tourist and excursionists as
proposed by the WTO is largely teased
on length of stay.
C. Residence of the traveler

The residence or origin of the

traveler is the third basic element
od travel. For business and
research purposes, it is
important to know where people
live.
D. Purpose of travel
Visiting friends and relatives
Convention, seminars and meetings
Business
Outdoor recreation- hunting fishing, boating and
camping
Entertainment- sightseeing, funeral, wedding
others
The Nature of
a tour
To analyze the nature of a tour
systematically, it will be helpful to
understand the difference between
domestic and international tourism,
as well as independent package tour.
Domestic Tourism

Refers to travel taken exclusively

within the national boundaries of the
travelers country. People find it easy
to do so because there are no
language, currency, nor
documentation barriers.
International Tourism
Involves the movement of the people across
international boundaries. It is more difficult to
travel outside ones’ own country because the
country visited has a different language, currency,
and documentation requirements such as
passports, visas, and other conditions of entry to
be met by tourist.
Inclusive Tour
Also known as the package tour is an arrangement in which transport and
accommodation is bought by the tourists at an all-inclusive price and the price of
the individual elements cannot be determined by the purchaser himself. Usually
obtaining these at a lower price because he is buying them in bulk. He then sells
the tours individually to tourist director through travel agent.
Independent Tour
Is an arrangement in which the
tourist but this facilities separately,
either making reservations in
advance through a travel agent or
en route during his tour.
Independent Inclusive Tour

(IIT) Is one in which

the tourist travels to
his destination
individually
Group Inclusive Tour

(GIT) He travel with

the company of other
tourists.
Tourist Product
Consist of what the tourist buys. In a
wider sense, the tourist product is a
combination of what the tourists
does at the destination and the
services he uses during his stay.
Characteristic of a tourist product:

Service- It is intangible item. it cannot be

inspected by prospective purchasers
before they buy as they can with
washing machines. The purchase of a
package tour involves a high degree of
trust on the part of the buyer.
Largely psychological in
its attraction
unlike the production of a television set. A
package tour cannot be consistently of equal
standard. A bumpy flight can be change an
enjoyable experience into a nightmare: a good
room in a hotel may be spoiled by poor food
and a holiday at the seaside can be destroyed
by a prolonged rainy spells
The supply of the product is fixed

The number of hotel rooms in a particular

resort cannot be varied to meet the changing
demands of tourist during a particular season.
The unsold hotel room or aircraft seat cannot
be stored for rarer sale as is the case with
tangible products.
The Tourist
Destination
Is a geographical unit where the tourist
visits and stays. It may be a village, a
town, a city, a district, a region, an island,
a country or, a continent. The success of
a tourist destination depend upon the
interrelationship of three basic factors;
amenities or facilities, and accessibility.
Attraction may be SITE or Event
attraction
A site attraction is one in which the destination itself
has appeal, while event attraction is one in which
tourist are drawn to the destination solely because
of what is taking place.
A site attraction may be a country, a geographical
region such as a city, or a resort like Boracay.
Event attraction includes congress, sports, exhibition,
festivals.
Amenities or facilities
Include accommodation, food, local,
transport, communications, and
entertainment at a site. However
attractive a destination, its potential for
tourism will be limited unless the basic
amenities, which a tourist requires are
provided.
Accessibility

Having a regular and convenience of transport in

terms of time/ distance to the destination from the
originating country at a reasonable price. The
principal tourist services are supplied by passenger
transport that means to reach the destination as well
as the movement at the destination. Distinctions in
transport are between public and private, and among
the various modes-land, sea and air.
Tourist Services
1. Passenger Transport
Provides the means to reach the destination, as well as the movement at the
destinations. distinction in transport are between public and private, domestic and
international, and among the various modes-land, sea and air.
2.Accommodation, food and
beverage and entertainment
This constitute the second group of
tourist services. Hotels are of
concern to a large proportion of
tourists. However, many stay with
friends and relatives, and in other
private accommodation in the form
of caravans and tents.
at the present time F&B is also a
criteria since eating is also a
necessity and Entertainment,
combined with amusement and
recreation is the primary reason
why million of people travel.
3. Provided by the travel agent/
by the tour operator
The Travel agent is the distributor of the product, while
the Tour operator is the manufacturer of the product.
The travel agent provides an intermediary function
between the tourist and the providers of transport and
accommodation, while the tour operator combines the
individual components of a holiday into product, which
is then sold directly to the public or through travel
agents.
Characteristics
of Tourism
1. In tourism, the product is not brought
to the consumer; rather, the consumer
has to travel and go to the product to
purchase it. In the industries, an item
manufactured in a factory is brought to
the wholesaler and retailer and
ultimately to the consumer.
2. The products of tourism are not used
up; us, they do not exhaust the country’s
natural resources. The products of other
industries have limited life and at the
end of it are either junked or replaced
with new ones.
3.Tourism is a labor –
intensive industry. It
requires more man power
than other industries.
4. Tourism is people-oriented. It
is primarily concerned with
people. One of the most
important motivations of tourists
is to me how other people live
other people and see
5. Tourism is a multi-
dimensional phenomenon. It is
dependent on many and varied
activities, which are separate but
inter-dependent.
6. The tourist industry is seasonal.
During vacation seasons, millions of
tourist travel, which result in increased
revenues for several tourism agencies;
but when vacations are over, thee
companies prepared experience a big
decline in dollars earned.
7. The industry is dynamic. It is
characterized by the changing
ideas and attitudes of its
customers and therefore must be
always prepared and willing to
adjust to these changes.
Importance of
Tourism
Tourism has become one of the
world’s major industries. Both
developing and highly developed
nations are now taking a closer
look at the following potential
benefits from tourism:
1. Contribute to the balance of
payments

Tourism can help to correct the

balance of payment deficit of
many countries by earning the
much needed foreign currency in
international trade.
2. Dispersion of Development

International tourism is the best

means to spread wealth among
countries; thus, bridging the
economic gap between the rich
and the poor nations.
4. Effects
on general
economic development
Tourism is a source of employment. It is a
service industry, which could have a
significant effect on those countries with
surplus labor such as the Philippines. For
countries where there is a high rate of
unemployment and underemployment,
tourism can provide a ready solution;
5. Social benefits
Social exchange takes place when tourists come in
contact with the inhabitants of the places they visit.
Their social background and their presence affects
the social structure and way of life of the local
residents. In the same way, tourist are also affected
by the experience so that they often carry with them
new habits and a new outlook on life when they
return home.
6, Cultural Enrichment
Tourism emphasizes a sharing appreciation
of cultures rather than the lack of trust
brought about by isolation. Through tourism,
we can appreciate the rich human and
culture diversity that the world offers and
evolve a mutual trust and respect for one
another and the dignity of life on earth.
7. Educational Significance
Tourism enhances one’s education.
International conferences, seminars, and
study tips held each year enable people of all
nations to exchange ideas, propose solutions
to problems and share their concerns. They
provide up-to-date information for exchanging
the knowledge and skill required for the
development of the tourism industry.
8. A Vital force for peace
Properly designed and developed
tourism can help bridge the
psychological and cultural distances
that separate people from different
races, colors, religion and stages of
economies social economic
development.
QUIZ1

What is the difference between tourist and excursionist?

(6) What are the nature of a tour

What are the element of travel