THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE 1 REVIEWER
ELEMENTS OF DESIGN________________
1. FORM & SHAPE
Defined as a two or more dimensional area that stands out from the
space next to or around it due to a defined or implied boundary, or 5. VALUE
because of differences of value, color, or texture. o The relative lightness or darkness of a color
Any three-dimensional object. Form can be measured, from top to o Shade – Degree of darkness of a color
bottom (height), side to side (width), and from back to front (depth). o Tint – A pale or faint variation of a color
There are two types of form,
1) geometric (man-made)
2) Natural (organic form)
6. DIRECTION
• Vertical, Horizontal, Diagonal &Curved
Form: (3D) the shape and structure of something as distinguished
from its substance or material.
Shape: (2D) the two-dimensional contour that characterizes an 7. TEXTURE
object or area. Smooth Surface – Reflects more light and therefore is a more
intense color.
Rough Surface – Absorbs more light and therefore appears darker.
2. LINE
is an element of art defined by a point moving in space
Vertical -dignity, formality, stability, and strength
Horizontal-calm, peace, and relaxation
PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN_________________________
Diagonal-action, activity, excitement, and movement
1. BALANCE
Curved- Freedom, the natural, having the appearance of softness,
-Parts of the design are equally distributed to create a sense of
and creates a soothing feeling or mood. Feminine curved lines
stability. Both physical and visual balance exist.
TYPES:
3. SPACE • Symmetrical or formal balance: The elements within
Types: the design are identical in relation to a centerline or
Open, uncluttered spaces axis.
Cramped, busy spaces • Asymmetrical or informal balance: Parts of the design
Unused vs. good use of space (DEAD SPACE) are not identical but are equal in visual weight.
In design, space is concerned with the area deep within the moment of designated design,
• Radial balance: Design elements radiate outward from
the design will take place on. For a two-dimensional design, space concerns creating the the center.
illusion of a third dimension on a flat surface: • Vertical balance: The top and bottom parts are equal.
• Overlap is the effect where objects appear to be on top of each other. This illusion • Horizontal balance: The parts on the left and right
makes the top element look closer to the observer. There is no way to determine the
depth of the space, only the order of closeness. sides are equal.
• Shading adds gradation marks to make an object of a two-dimensional surface seem
three-dimensional.
• Highlight, Transitional Light, Core of the Shadow, Reflected Light, and Cast
2. RYTHYM
Shadow give an object a three-dimensional look. - Repeated use of line, shape, color, texture or pattern
• Linear Perspective is the concept relating to how an object seems smaller the farther Types:
away it gets. • Regular rhythm: An element is repeated at the same
• Atmospheric Perspective is based on how air acts as a filter to change the appearance
repetition/interval each time.
of distant objects.
• Graduated rhythm: Repeated element is identical with
the exception of one detail increasing of decreasing
4. COLOR
gradually with each repetition.
o Can affect how humans feel and act
o Warm Colors: Reds, oranges, yellows • Random rhythm: The beats of the element are random
o Cool Colors: Blues, purples, greens or are at irregular intervals.
• Gradated rhythm: The repeated element is identical
Blue: feeling of positivity, confidence, and security commercial and business spaces, with the exception of one detail increasing or
such as banking agencies, offices and companies. decreasing gradually with each repetition.
Yellow: optimism, curiosity, joviality and a bright atmosphere. Used in commercial
spaces or restaurants to gain the attention of pedestrians.
Red: shows energy, excitement, impulse. Therefore, it is regularly used in commercial 3. CONTRAST
spaces, such as stores or fast food outlets, as it portrays a certain compulsivity and
consumer desire.
Noticeably different -> can be created with
Green: calm, tranquility, serenity and well-being spaces associated with health and • Color
well-being, such as hospitals and relaxation centers. • Proportion and scale
Orange: intensity, creativity, euphoria, and enthusiasm. Used in creative environments, • Shape
such as offices, studios, and schools. If used together with blue, it conveys the idea of
impulsivity and trust, and so is adopted by banking agencies and offices. • Texture
Violet: well-being, calmness, and softness. • Etc.
5. UNITY & HARMONY
4. SCALE & PROPORTION –Unity is achieved by the consistent use of lines, color, material,
–Comparative relationships between elements in a design with and/or texture within a design.
respect to size
3:5 ratio is known as the Golden Mean
o GRAND –Huge, big, wide, spacious 6. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
o INTIMATE –Small, compressed –Character-defining elements include the overall shape of the
building, its materials, craftsmanship, decorative details, interior
spaces and features, as well as the various aspects of its site and
environment. (via google)
–Character influenced by: Culture
7. EMPHASIS & SUBERDENATION
–Emphasis is defined as an area or object within the artwork that draws attention and becomes a focal point. Subordination is defined
as minimizing or toning down other compositional elements in order to bring attention to the focal point. ... Therefore, the red circle
is the focal point of the composition
PHRASES USED_____________________________ Buildings had curved forms, decorative
elements, asymmetry, bright colors, and
DD – (Down payment) features often borrowed from earlier periods.
SDP –(Schematic Design Phase) Colors and textures unrelated to the structure or
DVP –(Design Development Phase) function of the building.
CDP –(Contract Document Phase) “form follows function”
RF –(Retainer’s Fee) III. PARAMETIC DESIGN
ASMEPF –(Architectural, Structural, Mechanical, Electrical, Method of intelligently designing based on
Plumbing, Fire protection) “computer rules” ;software
RCP –(Reflected Ceiling plan)
process based on algorithmic thinking that enables
SODW –(Scheduled of doors & windows)
the expression of parameters and rules that,
together, define, encode and clarify the relationship
between design intent and response
4 MASTERS OF ARCHITECTURE_________
1) Frank Lloyd Wright IV. FUTURISTIC DESIGN
2) Walter Gropius Bold, bio-inspired & sustainable
3) Le Corbusier
4) Ludwig Mies van der Rohe CONSTRUCTION METHOD
1) ARCHES –Vertical Curved
ARCHITECTURE:_______________________ 2) ASSEMBLR –Roof, wall or floor
–A passion, vocation, calling, a science & business 3) BASE CONSTRUCTION –Erect basic
–Firmness, commodity & delight elements
–UTILITAS, FIRMITAS, VENUSTAS 4) EXCAVATION –moving earth/rock beneath
–Increase productivity; support
5) BARREL VAULT –tunnel vault/ wagon vault
community/neighborhood/health/decrease crime
6) BLOCK WORK –concrete cement blocks
THEORY:_______________________________ 7) BRICK
–Supposition of system of ideas intended to explain something
CONCEPTS OF DESIGN______________________
ARCHITECTURAL THEORY______________ 1) IDEAS –concrete thoughts; result in
–process of discussing, thinking & writing about architecture understanding insight or observation
2) NOTIONS –ideas that are presumed to be
I. DECONSTRUCTIVISM unsubstantial, unsubstained or often trivial;
characterised by surface manipulation, fragmentation,
and non-rectilinear shapes which distort and dislocate
common of randomness
architectural conventions concerning structure and 3) CONCEPTS & IDEAS –similar to ideas but
envelope. specific thoughts we have as a result of an
Breaks all rules of construction theory understanding this particular characteristic;
Bits & pieces in haphazard manner. several elements of characteristic = one thing
4) CONCEPTUAL SCENARIOS –identify how
II. POST MODERNISM all important ideas & issues that might be let
out in a briefer brought together in a longer FILIPINO ARCHITECTS__________________
prose statement. Scenarios
5) ANALOGIES –possible, literal relationships 1) JUAN FELIPE NAKPIL
between things; act of comparing 2 things that May 26 1899-May 7, 1986
are alike in some way; identify possible literal –Juan Felipe de Jesus Nakpil
–SON OF: Julio Nakpil and Gregorio de
relationships Jesus (Andres Bonifacio's widow).
6) METAPHOR & SIMILIES –“like” or “as” to –Lessons from artistic masters Fabian dela
express relationship; identify possible patterns Rosa and Fernando Amorsolo.
of parallel relationships
–Founded the “Philippine Architects Society”1933 (Philippine
7) ESSENCES –“De Stijl” & concentrate of more Institute of Architects)
complex issues into terse, explicit statements; –Pioneer and innovator of the Philippine Architecture
result of discovering & identifying the roots of –Dean of Filipino Architects
an issue –First National Artist for Architecture.
8) DIRECT RESPONSE & SOLVING
PROBLEM –can be developed more
2) PABLO S. ANTONIO
pragmatic issues January 25, 1901-June 14, 1975
9) IDEALS –look inside the problem to discover –1901born: Binondo, Manila
appropriate concepts; inappropriate -> –Studied architecture in Mapua Institute of
preconception basic competence is questioned Technology and later transfer to University
of London
DESIGN PROCESS__________________________ –Pioneer of modern Philippine architecture
–An approach for breaking down large projects into manageable –Art Deco technique
chunks. METHODS: –1976, -> National Artist (2ND to be honored)
1) PROGRAMMING
–set of needs that a building needs to fulfill
overall design 3) LEANDRO V. LOCSIN
2) SCHEMATIC DESIGN August 15, 1928 – November 15, 1994
–Leandro "Lindy" V. Locsin
3) –“Focus on the scheme” –concrete, floating volume and simplistic
4) DESIGN DEVELOPMENT design in his various projects
5) CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENT –mastery of scale and volume
____________________________________________
–duality of light and heavy, buoyant and
___________ANTHROPOMETRICS____________ massive running in his major works.
–Comparative study of the measurements and –National Artist of the Philippines for Architecture in 1990 by the
capabilities of the human body late President Corazon C. Aquino.
–Greek words ‘anthropos’ (Human) & ‘metron’
(measure) 4) ILDEFONSO P. SANTOS JR.
–Building designs that adapt & suit the human body September 5, 1929-January 29, 2014
ldefonso "IP" Santos
son of Filipino poet Ildefonso Santos and
1) Static Anthropometry Asuncion Paez
"Father of Philippine Landscape
2) Functional Anthropometry Architecture.
____________________________________________ awarded with the title of "national artist" for his outstanding
achievement in architecture and allied arts on June 9, 2006.
________________ERGONOMICS______________
4) FRANCISCO MAÑOSA
____________________________________________
_________________SEMIOTICS________________
CULTURAL ARCHITECTURE________________
BEHAVIOR & PSYCHOLOGICAL
DESIGN
ARCHITECTURE STUDIES OF VARIOUS
BUILDINGS
I. COLOSSEUM (FLAVIAN
AMPHITHEATRE)
LOCATION: Piazza del Colosseo, Rome, Italy
Center of the City of Rome, Italy
ARCHITECT:
ARCHITECTURE STYLE: Classical and Roman Styles >
Modern Fascist Architecture
ELEMENTS:
PRINCIPLES:
II. TEMPIETTO (SAN PIETRO)
LOCATION:
ARCHITECT:
ARCHITECTURE STYLE:
ELEMENTS:
PRINCIPLES:
III. PANTHEON
LOCATION:
ARCHITECT:
ARCHITECTURE STYLE:
ELEMENTS:
PRINCIPLES:
IV. PANTHEON (ATHENS)
LOCATION:
ARCHITECT:
ARCHITECTURE STYLE:
ELEMENTS:
PRINCIPLES:
V. TEMPLE I, TIKAL
LOCATION:
ARCHITECT:
ARCHITECTURE STYLE:
ELEMENTS:
PRINCIPLES:
VI. CATHEDREAL OF NOTRE DAME
LOCATION:
ARCHITECT:
ARCHITECTURE STYLE:
ELEMENTS:
PRINCIPLES:
VII. CATHEDRAL OF SANTA MARIA DEL
FIORE
VIII. THE GREAT MOSQUE OF CORDOBA
IX. ST. PETER’S BASILICA
X. SAN MARCO
XI. HAGIA-SOPHIA
XII. LA ROTONDA
XIII. LOUVRE MUSEUM
