J. Environ. Res. Develop.

Journal of Environmental Research And Development Vol. 7 No. 2A, October-December 2012
MOMENT-CURVATURE RELATIONSHIP OF GLASS
FIBER REINFORCED SELF COMPACTING
RECYCLED AGGREGATE CONCRETE
Prasad M. L. V.* and Kumar Rathish P.
Department of Civil Engineering, NIT, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh (INDIA)

Received September 10, 2012 Accepted December 10, 2012

ABSTRACT
This paper presents an analytical Moment-Curvature behaviour of statically determinate Glass
Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Recycled Aggregate Concrete (GFRSCRAC) beams, taking
into consideration, the confinement offered by lateral ties to concrete in compression zone. A
confinement model was developed based on the axial compressive strength studies on Tie
Confined GFRSCRAC prisms. The confinement model thus developed from the investigation
was used as a stress block for confined GFRSCRAC to generate the complete analytical
Moment-Curvature behaviour. The Moment-Curvature behaviour obtained using the selected
confinement model was compared with experimental results. It was observed that there was a
considerable change in the values of moment curvature due to the addition of glass fiber. The
benefit was more clearly in case of recycled aggregate based SCC beams. The result obtained
from the predicted model is close to the experimental values.
Key Words : Building demolished waste, Self compacting concrete, Recycled aggregate,
Glass fiber, Confinement, Stress block parameters and Moment–curvature

INTRODUCTION fibers in the mix. The fibers help to transfer loads

at the internal micro-cracks. Such concrete is
Self compacting concrete is a special concrete
popularly known as Fiber Reinforced Concrete
aimed at improving the quality and efficiency of
(FRC).6,7 The construction of modern structures
the building industry.1 Sustainable development
calls for the attention of the use of materials with
aims at preservation of the environment and
improved properties in respect of strength,
conservation of rapidly diminishing natural
stiffness, toughness and durability.6 The fact that
resources.2 The enormous amounts of
the inclusion of fibers is more beneficial in
demolished concrete produced from deteriorated
improving the crack resistance, flexural strength
and obsolete structures create severe ecological
and energy absorption capacity of concrete,
and environmental problems. One of the ways to
rather than other properties, is well-established.8,9
solve this problem is to use this Building The most fundamental requirement in predicting
Demolished Waste (BDW) concrete as the behaviour of Fiber Reinforced Self
aggregates in new concrete.3,4 Addition of fibers Compacting Concrete (FRSCC) made using
enhances the ductility of an otherwise brittle Recycled Aggregate (RA) is the knowledge of
recycled aggregate concrete. stress-strain behaviour of the constituent
Self Compacting Concrete (SCC) is a highly materials. As concrete is basically used to resist
flow able, stable concrete which flows readily compression, the knowledge of its behaviour in
into place, filling formwork without any compression is very important. If the behaviour
consolidation and without undergoing any of unconfined and confined concrete in uniaxial
significant segregation.5 The presence of micro- compression is known, its flexural behaviour can
cracks at the mortar aggregate interface is be predicted. The addition of fibers in the
responsible for the inherent weakness of plain presence of lateral ties was found to improve the
concrete and results in poor ductility. This deformation characteristics and especially the
weakness can be rectified by the inclusion of the integrity of concrete. Therefore, over the few
*Author for correspondence decades, a considerable volume of research has
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been directed towards generating stress-strain satisfy these conditions EFNARC11 has
relationships of compressed concrete both in formulated certain test procedures. The details of
confined and unconfined condition. mix proportions adopted in the present study are
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES designed as per Nansu method of mix design12 is
shown in Table 1 and the fresh properties of
In the present work the M - ø behaviour of GFRSCRAC are shown in Table 2. Companion
GFRSCRAC is proposed based on the analytical cube specimens of standard dimensions 150mm
model developed for the material in x 150mm were also cast and tested for the
compression. The flexural behaviour of this strength. The results of the compressive strength
material is then validated. This will help the are also presented in Table 2.
designers to use the stress-strain behaviour and
flexural behaviour of SCC based on RA with Analytical stress – strain model for confined
Glass Fiber inclusions. From the axial fiber reinforced self compacting concrete
compressive studies on GFRSCRAC, the stress – A structural reinforced concrete member can
block parameters for confined concrete without be theoretically analyzed if the stress-strain
and with fiber were obtained and an analyti behaviour of its constituent materials i.e.
-cal model suiting the behaviour is proposed. The steel and concrete is known. Stress strain
validation of this analytical model was then done relation of steel is not a big problem as there
by casting and testing beams in flexure. is very less material variation compared to
that of concrete. Concrete being produced at
MATERIAL AND METHODS site has very much uncertainty moreover,
Fiber reinforced self compacting concrete there is significant variation in the behaviour
Fresh SCC must possess the key properties of SCC. Also, there is much variation in
including filling ability, passing ability and behaviour of confined and unconfined
resistance to segregation at required level.10 To concrete as well.
Table 1 : Details of mix proportions for M20 and M40 grade concrete
Grade Fly– Glass
Cement C.A F.A Water S.P VMA
S/N Designaiton of ash fiber
in Kg Kg Kg (Lit) (lit) lit
concrete Kg (Kg)
1 GFRSCRAC1 M20 276 735 978 170 1.00 200 11.20 0.45

2 GFRSCRAC2 M40 412 707 944 166 1.00 193 16.0 0.48

Table 2 : Fresh and hardened properties of SCC with glass fiber

Slump Cone V Funnel
L Box Test
Test Test
Comp.
Time for T5 Time Time
S/N Designaiton T50 Strength
H-Flow complete min for 0- for 0-
(time H /H (Mpa)
(mm) discharge in 200 mm 400 mm 2 1
in Sec)
Sec Sec spread spread
1 GFRSCRAC1
675 5.10 11.08 14.21 3.10 6.34 0.82 32.87
2 GFRSCRAC2
680 5.12 12.05 15.0 4.40 6.60 0.81 54.26

The developed stress – strain relationship is stress-strain model proposed is as show below.
adopted to predict the behaviour of Confined The Confinement index (Ci), Fiber index (Fi)
Fiber Reinforced Self Compacting Recycled were taken as the parameters, which includes
Aggregate Concrete (CFRSCRAC).13The basic all factors affecting the behaviour of concrete

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confined with lateral ties and fibers.14 The Pbb =Ratio of the volume of the binder to the
factors considered were concrete strength, volume of the confined concrete, when the
spacing, strength, percentage of fibers and pitch of the binder is equal to 1.2 times the
arrangement of ties, limiting pitch of ties and least lateral dimension of the specimen
the core are. Thus, for square column with rectilinear ties
The equation for stress-strain curve as per Volume of the binder = Π d2a
Saenz’s model is given as :
Volume of the confined concrete = a2s
A   …………….......(1)
f  2
Volume of the confined concrete, when the pitch
1  B    C   of the binder is equal to 1.2 times the least lateral
dimension of the specimen. = 1.2 a2 b.
where, f = Stress in fiber reinforced
Confined concrete,  d 2 a
Pb 
 = Strain in fiber reinforced confined and a2s
concrete.
 d 2 a
fu Pb b  2 ………………………………(5)
A = A1 ( ), where, 1.2 a b
u
d = diameter of tie
1 a = size of the tie measured outside the stirrup
B= B1 ( ),
u fv = yield strength of the stirrup steel; b = side
1 of the prism;
C = C1 ( 2 ) s = spacing of the stirrups.
 u Fiber Index (Fi ) =product of weight fraction of
A1 = 1.55, B1= -0.45, C1= 1.0 (for ascending
fibre (Wf ) and aspect ratio of fiber(l/d)
portion) and A1= 0.777, B1= -1.22, C1= 1.0
(for descending portion). From the stress- strain behaviour it was noted
where, that a single equation cannot predict the
complete behaviour of GFRSCRAC. Hence, it
f u = peak stress of confined prism,
is proposed to give two separate equations
 u = strain at peak stress of confined prism. based on Saenz’s model for ascending and
The increase in strength and strain at peak descending portion of the stress-strain curve
stress is given by : separately. The same is shown in equations (6)
fu and (7) below,
 (1  0.523Ci )(1  0.228Fi ) ………(2)
1.55( 
f' f u ) ..............(6)

u fu 2
 (1  4 .142 C i )(1  0 . 838 Fi )……...(3)  
' 1  0.45(  )  1.0 
u
where, u 
f ' = Strength of plain SCC prism, 0 . 78 (  )
f u ………..(7)
 ' = strain at peak stress of unconfined SCC  2
1( 0.4 )
fu   
prism.(taken as 0.005 f ) 1  1 .22 (  )  1 .0  
u
Confinement Index u 
fv b
C i  ( Pb  Pbb ) ………………….(4) Where f is the stress in confined concrete.
f c' s
Analytical moment curvature (m-)
where,
Pb = Ratio of the volume of the binder to the relationship
volume of the confined concrete based on the Based on the above developed analytical
mean lateral dimension of the binder. model for the behaviour of GFRSCRAC in
compression, it is now proposed to predict the

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analytical M – ø behaviour of GFRSCRAC. In d) Idealized stress-strain relation for the tensi-
deriving the expressions of the moments and on and compression steel was used
curvatures for concrete section confined with e) The steel is perfectly bonded.
rectilinear ties, the following assumptions were f) An imaginary leg of stirrup is considered at
made : neutral axis to simulate the triaxial state of stress
a) The stress-strain relationship proposed in a in compression concrete. In addition to the above
selected model is taken as a stress block. assumptions, the three basic relationship viz.,
b) The tensile strength of concrete is (i) equilibrium of forces
neglected. (ii) compatibility of strains
c) The variation of strain across the section is (iii) stress-strain relationship of the materials
linear up to failure. have to be satisfied.

Fig. 1 : Stress–strain distribution of a member in flexure

From the above diagram (Fig 1) plot, both before and after the maximum were
b = width of the beam, d = effective depth of obtained. The procedure used in computation
the tension steel, nd = neutral axis depth, is given below :
fc=stress in extreme compression fiber, εc = 1. The extreme fiber concrete compressive train
extreme compression fiber strain, εs = steel ( εc) was assumed. In present study the
strain and γ and α are reduction factors for values of εc was in the range of 0.0001 to the
failure strain (ie 0.01).
distance between CG from neutral axis and
2. The neutral axis depth, nd was assumed
area under stress-strain curve respectively.
initially as 0.5 times the effective depth (i.e.
Compressive force (Cc) 0.5d)

b . nd 3. For this value of neutral axis depth, the
C C 
 c 
o
fd  --------------------(8) compressive force in the concrete, ‘Cc’ was
calculated from the respective stress-strain
and, moment of compressive force (Cc) about model.
neutral axis (Mc) 4. The strain in tension and compression steel
2 C
 nd  was calculated, based on the strain
M C  b 

 c 

 
f .  . d  ------(9)
o
compatibility.
5. Based on the strains in tension steels. The
Thus, if the area under concrete stress-strain corresponding stresses were taken from
curve and moment of area under the stress- stress- stress curve of steel.
strain curve is known the compressive force 6. The total tensile force (T) in tensile steel was
(Cc) and its moment about neutral axis (Mc) calculated.
can be evaluated. 7. Same process was repeated for compressive
For obtaining the complete moment–curvature steel to calculate the compressive force (Cs)
relationship for any cross-section, discrete in compression steel.
values of concrete strains ( εc) were selected 8. The total compressive force C acting in the
such that even distributions of points on the section was calculated as C = Cc + Cs.

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9. If C = T, then the assumed value of neutral and tested. Similarly with fiber based under-
axis depth (nd) was correct, and the moment reinforced beams (GFUR1, GFUR2) and over
(M) and the corresponding curvature (φ) was reinforced (GFOR1, GFOR2) beams were cast
calculated. Otherwise, the neutral axis depth and tested. The details of the beams are given in
was modified until the condition C = T was Table 3. The balanced reinforcement required
achieved. Now, the total moment about the for a particular strength of concrete was arrived
N.A. was given by M = Mt (moment of force based on the stress–strain curve as suggested by
in tensile steel about the neutral axis) + Mc IS 456 : 200015, without considering the partial
(moment of compressive force in concrete safety factors.
about the neutral axis) + Mcs (moment of
The size of the beam was 120mm × 200mm ×
force in compression steel about the neutral
axis) + Mf (moment of force due to fibers). 1800mm, with an effective span of 1600mm.53
The corresponding curvature () was given grade OPC cement conforming to IS
by 12269:198716, Zone II sand and 20 mm well
graded coarse aggregate confirming to IS-383:
c 197017-19 was used in the study for casting all
 .……………………………..(10)
nd the beams. Potable water was used for mixing
as well as curing of concrete. 8mm diameter
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION steel was used for stirrups. The spacing of 100
An experimental program was designed to mm, 75 mm was provided for M20 grade with
validate the above analytical procedure and without fibrous concretes and 75 mm, 50
suggested for obtaining the moments and mm was provided for M40 grade with and
corresponding curvatures. The experimental without fibrous concrete to prevent the shear
programme consisted of casting eight beams failure of beams. The beams thus cast were
of two different concrete strengths, without and tested under two-point symmetrical loading,
with fiber. For each grade, without fiber under- with constant moment zone of 400 mm, in order
reinforced beams (WFUR1, WFUR2) and over to ensure the flexural failure. The schematic
reinforced (WFOR1, WFOR2) beams were cast sketch of test setup is given in Fig. 2.
Table 3 : Details of SCC and GFRSCC beams tested (recycled aggregate)

Required Provided 8 mm
Top Bottom
Designaition Beam steel steel stirrups
bar bar
(mm2) (mm2) spacing
WFUR1 2-4 mm 2-12 mm 226 100 mm
M20 grade
without fiber 2-12 mm 378.60
WFOR1 2-4 mm 628 75 mm
2-16 mm
WFUR2 2-4 mm 2-16 mm 402 75 mm
M40 grade
without fiber 2-16 mm 757.00
WFUR2 2-4 mm 1030 50 mm
2-20 mm
WGUR1 2-4 mm 2-12 mm 226 100 mm
M20 grade
with glass fiber 2-12 mm 378.60
WGOR1 2-4 mm 628 75 mm
2-16 mm
WGUR2 2-4 mm 2-16 mm 402 75 mm
M40 grade
with glass fiber 2-16 mm 757.00
WGOR2 2-4 mm 1030 50 mm
2-20 mm

Comparison of analytical and experimental with the experimental moment curvature data
behaviour both graphically and numerically. Fig. 3 and
The predicted moment curvature obtained using Fig. 4 show graphical comparison of the
the proposed confinement model was compared moment curvature behaviour. For the numerical

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400 mm

Fig 2 : Schematic sketch of the test set up

comparison three significant points were chosen The analytical moments and curvatures
namely ultimate moment and corresponding corresponding to the experimental strains in
curvature (Mu and φu), moment and concrete and steel were considered for
corresponding curvature at 85 % of the ultimate comparison. In general, it was noticed that
moment in ascending portion (M0.85a and strain in steel was the governing criteria in
φ0.85a ) and the moment and corresponding under-reinforced self compacting concrete,
curvature at 85% of the ultimate moment in while it was the concrete strain in over-
descending portion (M0.85d and φ0.85d ). The reinforced self compacting concrete. Even in
experimental strain in concrete ( εc ) and steel glass fiber reinforced concrete beams it was
(εs) at the above mentioned points and their noticed that strain in steel was the governing
corresponding moment and curvature values criteria in under-reinforced self compacting
were taken as the comparison criteria. Fig. 5 and concrete beams, while it was the concrete
Fig. 6 show the M – ø relationship for the cases strain in over-reinforced self compacting
of without and with fiber respectively for under concrete beam and the effect of fiber is more
reinforced and over reinforced SCC beams with on curvature values when compared to non
RA. fibrous beams.
Tables 4 to Table 6 show the experimental A comparison of the analytical moment and
moments, corresponding curvatures, strains in curvature obtained using the predicted model
steel and concrete at ultimate moment, 85 % with the experimental moment curvature is
of the ultimate moment in ascending portion studied. To validate the analytical results
and 85 % of the ultimate moment in quantitatively the analytical/experimental
descending portion. The experimental and ratios were obtained for the proposed model
analytical values thus obtained were used for regarding ultimate moment and corresponding
the numerical comparison. The ratio of curvature (Mu and Øu), 85% of ultimate
analytical/experimental values was calculated moment and corresponding curvature in
at all the significant points. The average of ascending portion (M0.85a and Ø0.85a) and
analytical to experimental ratios and mean 85% of ultimate moment and corresponding
error in prediction was taken for the curvature in descending portion(M0.85d and
comparison. Table 4 to Table 6 show a Ø0.85d).
comparison of moment and corresponding Ultimate moment and corresponding
curvature at the three significant points for the curvature
predicted model. The average and mean error Table 4 shows the comparison of ultimate
in the prediction is also listed at the bottom of moment and corresponding curvature for the
each table. predicted analytical model under consideration.
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The average mean error value of peak moment imate moment and corresponding curvature in
predicted by proposed analytical model is close ascending portion for the proposed analytical
to 5% and while it is 19% in case of curvature. model under consideration. The average value
85% of ultimate moment and corresponding of mean error at 85% of ultimate moment in
curvature in ascending portion ascending portion predicted by the proposed
Table 5 shows the comparison of 85% of ult- model was close to 9%.

7
0 EXP-RAWUR
70 EXP-RAGOR
ANA ANA
6
0 EXP-RAWOR 60 ANS
5 ANA EXP-RAGUR
0 50
Moment(kN-m)

Moment (Kn-M)
4
0 40
3
0 30
2
0 20
1
0 10

0
0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300

-6 -6
Curvature x 10 Curveture x 10

Fig. 3 : M20 Grade without Fiber (under rein- Fig. 4 : M20 grade with glass fiber (under rein-
forced and over reinforce SCC beams using RA) forced and over reinforce SCC beams using RA)
70 EXP-RBWOR EXP-RBGOR
70 ANA
ANA
EXP-RBWUR 65 EXP-RBGUR
60 ANA ANA
60
55
50
50
Moment (Kn-m)

Moment(kN-m)

45
40
40
35
30
30
25
20 20
15
10 10
5
0 0
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300 0 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250 275 300
-6
Curvature x 10
Curvature x 10 -6

Fig. 5 : M40 grade without fiber (under rein- Fig. 6 : M40 grade with glass fiber (under rein-
forced and over reinforce SCC beams using RA) forced and over reinforce SCC beams using RA)
In general, proposed model underestimated the in descending portion for the proposed model
value of curvature corresponding to 85% of under consideration.
ultimate moment in ascending portion. The The proposed model showed a mixed result
mean error prediction made by the proposed while predicting the 85% of ultimate moment in
model for curvature corresponding to 85% of descending portion. The prediction of 85% of
ultimate moment in ascending portion was 11%. ultimate moment in descending portion by the
85% of ultimate moment and corresponding proposed model was with a mean error closer to
curvature in descending portion 14%. The selected model underestimated the
Table 6 shows the comparison of 85% value of curvature corresponding to 85% of
ultimate moment and corresponding curvature ultimate moment in the descending portion.

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Table 4 : Comparison of experimental and analytical values of moment and curvature at
ultimate of simply supported recycled aggregate concrete beams
Experimental Analytical values

Beam M Ø Єc Єs M Ø Єc Єs Mana  ana

(kN-m) x10-6 x 10-6 x 10-6 (kN-m) x 10-6 x 10-6 x 10-6 Mexp  exp

RAWUR 14.82 95.27 2865.45 9520.00 14.17 85.73 5000.00 9659.98 0.956 0.900

RAWOR 28.56 59.82 5806.36 1970.00 26.11 46.677 5800 2041.812 0.914 0.780

RBWUR 27.51 74.15 2274.91 6622.55 25.24 64.6 4400 6517.07 0.917 0.871

RBWOR 59.42 75.64 6152.73 2923.64 57.82 54.96 6200.00 2977.59 0.973 0.727

RAGUR 16.69 99.63 2712.73 10240.00 16.44 89.99 5000.00 10388.28 0.985 0.903

RAGOR 33.65 79.98 6955.64 3312.00 35.01 61.31 7000.00 3268.80 1.040 0.767

RBGUR 30.04 88.55 2750.91 7874.55 29.00 77.07 4600.00 8424.49 0.965 0.870

RBGOR 63.56 83.45 7019.09 2995.45 64.67 59.16 7000.00 2850.48 1.017 0.709
Average 0.97 0.830

% Mean error 4.30 18.42

Table 5 : Comparison of experimental and analytical values of moment and curvature at

0.85 ascending of simply supported recycled aggregate concrete beams

Experimental 0.85 ascending Analytical values 0.85 ascending

Beam Mana  ana

M Ø Єc Єs M Ø Єc Єs
Mexp  exp
(kN-m) x10-6 x 10-6 x 10-6 (kN-m) x10-6 x 10-6 x 10-6

RAWUR 12.60 34.40 836.00 3636.00 13.05 37.93 3000.00 3485.24 1.036 1.103

RAWOR 24.30 33.12 3819.27 1012.00 19.21 31.48 3900.00 1389.41 0.791 0.950

RBWUR 23.40 36.84 767.64 2566.18 23.10 32.85 2900.00 2650.77 0.987 0.892

RBWOR 52.99 41.92 4821.03 1087.37 52.18 37.53 4800.00 1448.75 0.985 0.895

RAGUR 13.88 31.52 1146.55 2952.00 15.12 39.30 2900.00 3820.32 1.089 1.247

RAGOR 28.71 34.65 3673.45 1068.00 25.25 29.36 3700.00 1217.78 0.879 0.847

RBGUR 25.50 20.51 862.19 1598.91 22.68 22.03 2000.00 1722.73 0.889 1.074

RBGOR 53.94 35.30 2157.27 1966.36 48.03 34.24 4400.00 1300.90 0.890 0.970
Average 0.943 0.997

% Mean error 8.80 10.90

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Table 6 : Comparison of experimental and analytical values of moment and curvature at
0.85 descending of simply supported natural aggregate SCC beams
Analytical values 0.85
Experimental 0.85 descending
descending
Beam M Ø M Mana  ana
Єc Єs Ø Єc Єs
(kN x 10- (kN- Mexp  exp
6 x 10-6 x 10-6 x 10-6 x 10-6 x 10-6
-m) m)
RAWUR 12.60 147.13 7350.44 12511.64 14.4 107.57 5800.00 12594.63 1.143 0.731
RAWOR 24.30 128.84 11920.73 4828.00 27.11 106.97 11900.00 6073.40 1.116 0.830
RBWUR 23.40 157.21 6954.18 11922.91 26.83 106.52 6100.00 11901.46 1.147 0.678
RBWOR 50.47 131.67 12461.45 3339.27 58.05 136.20 12500.00 4892.16 1.150 1.034
RAGUR 13.88 163.35 5162.91 16072.00 16.22 143.25 6900.00 17597.28 1.169 0.877
RAGOR 28.71 146.55 13090.91 5960.00 33.99 126.76 6800.00 4523.56 1.184 0.865
RBGUR 25.50 162.36 5047.27 15248.18 29.47 130.91 6600.00 15524.16 1.156 0.806
RBGOR 54.24 164.02 10158.73 6654.82 58.69 93.10 10200.00 5294.35 1.082 0.568
Average 0.143 0.799
% Mean error 14.30 20.01
The model underesti-mated the value of model incorporates the method for evaluating the
curvature corresponding to 85% of the ultimate strain and the corresponding stress in
moment in the descending portion and had a transverse steel at peak confined concrete
higher value of mean error of 20%. strength were more efficient in predicting the
overall Moment-curvature behaviour. In
CONCLUSION predicting the curvature at ultimate moment,
Form the studies on the confined glass fiber 85% of ascending portion and 85% of
reinforced self compacting recycled aggregate descending portion the proposed model was
concrete the following conclusions can be drawn. found to be more efficient. The average mean
With the addition of glass fiber the ascending error value of peak moment predicted by the
portion of the load–deflection changed very proposed model was close 5% and curvature
slightly, but the descending portion becomes less corresponding to the ultimate moment with a
steep, which resulted in a higher ductility and mean error of around 19%.
toughness of the material. The toughness and The average mean error value of 85% of ultimate
ductility of the glass fiber reinforced self moment in ascending portion predicted by the
compacting concrete beams increased with an proposed model was close 9% and curvature
increase in the fiber content. The ductility ratio is corresponding to the 85% of ultimate moment in
greater with optimum dosage of fiber in fiber- ascending portion with a mean error of around
reinforced concrete beams compared to non 11%. The average mean
fiber-reinforced beams. error value of 85% of ultimate moment in
Addition of fiber increased both the ductility and descending portion predicted by the proposed
energy absorption capacity. The proposed model was close 14% and curvature
analytical expressions using analytical model, for corresponding to the 85% of ultimate moment in
moment–curvature relationship, load–deflection descending portion with a mean error of around
response provided good comparison between the 20%.
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