THE BASIC OPERATIONS

OF MATH
In basic mathematics there are many ways of saying the same thing:

Symbol Words used

+ Addition, Add, Sum, Plus, Increase, Total

— Subtraction, Subtract, Minus, Less, Difference, Decrease,

Take Away, Deduct

X Multiplication, Multiply, Product, By, Times, Lots of

÷ Division, Divide, Qoutient, Goes Into, How Many Times

Addition is …
Bringin two numbers (or things) together to make a new
total.

The numbers to be added together are called the addends.

Addition:

8 + 3 = 11
 (addend) + (addend) = (sum)

Subtraction is …
Taking one number away from another.

8-3=5

(Minuend) - (Subtrahend) = (Difference)

Multiplication is …
(in its simplest form) repeated addition
Here we see 6 + 6 + 6 (three 6s) make 18:

6 x 3 = 18

Factor x Factor = Product

(or multiplier) x (or multiplicand)

It can also be said that 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 (six 3s) make 18

But we can also multiply by fractions or decimals, which goes beyond

the simple idea of repeated addition:

Example: 3.5 x 5 = 17.5

which is 3.5 lots of 5, or 5 lots of 3.5

Division is …
Splitting into equal parts or groups. It is the result of “fair sharing”.

Division has its own special words to remember.

Let’s take the simple question of dividing 22 by 5. The answer is 4,

with 2 left over. Here we see the important words:

Which is the same as:

A Fraction is …

… part of a whole.

A fraction is written with the bottom part ( the denominator) telling us

how many parts the whole is divided into.
And the top part ( the numerator) telling us how many parts we have.

Rounding numbers

Rounding means making a number simpler but keeping its value close
to what is was.

The result is less accurate, but easier to use.

Example: 73 rounded to the nearest ten is 70, because 73 is closer to

70 than to 80. But 76 goes up to 80.

This is the common method:

*Decide which is the last digit to keep.

*Increase it by 1 if the next digit is 5 or more ( this is called rounding

up)

*Leave it the same if the next digit is less than 5 ( this is called
rounding down)
Similar and Dissimilar Fractions

Similar (Like) fractions are fractions with the same denominators. On

the other hand, dissimilar (Unlike) fractions are fractions with the
different denominators.

Similar Fraction:

Fractions with the same denominators (bottom numbers).

Examples: 1 5 13 19
—,—, —, —
6 6 6 6

Dissimilar Fractions:

Fractions with different denominators (bottom numbers).

Examples: 2 7 14 26
—, —, —, —
9 8 25 4

Example 1:

Are 5 and 8 similar fractions?

— —
11 11

Yes
Explanation: Since 5 and 8 have same denominator. Therefor, they
— — are similar
 11 11 fractions.

Example 2:

Are 2 and 5 similar fractions?

— —
5 2
No
Explantion: Since 2 and 5 have not the same denominators. Therefore
— — , they are dissimilar fractions.
5 2

Example 3:

Are 1 and 6 are dissimilar fractions?

— —
4 8
Yes

Explanation: Since 1 and 6 have not the same denominators. They

— — are dissimilar fractions.
4 8

How to Convert Dissimilar Fractions to Similar

Fraction
Step 1

Find LCM (least common multiple) of the denominators.

Step 2
Convert the fractions to equivalent fractions with denominators equal
to the LCM.

Example 1: Convert the below dissimilar fractions into similar

fractions.

1 and 3
— —
4 8

Explantion:

Step 1

The least common multiple of 4 are: 4, 8, 12, 16…

The least common multiple of 8 are: 8, 16, 24, 32…

Step 2

The least common multiple of 4 and 8 is 8, so our aim is to make both

denominators 8.

We achieve this by multiplying the denominator and numerator of the

first fraction 1 by 2.
—
4

1 1 x 2 2
—=— —=—
4 4 x 2 8

Similarly, we multiply the denominator and numerator of the second

fraction 3 by 1.
 —
8

3 3 x 1 3
—=— —= —
8 8 x 1 8

The new fractions, 2 and 3 are now similar fractions.

— —
8 8

Definition of Proper Fraction

A proper fraction where the numerator ( the top number )

less than the denominator ( the bottom number).

Example: 1/4 ( one quarter) and 5/6 (five sixths) are

proper fractions.

Smaller 3
—
 Larger 5

Definition of Improper Fraction

An improper fraction is a fraction where the numerator (the top
number) is greater than or equal to the denominator (the bottom
number). In other words, it is top-heavy.

Example: 5/3 (five thirds) and 9/8 nine eights) are improper fractions.

Improper fractions are NOT bad.

Larger (or equal) 9

—
Smaller (or equal) 5

Definition of Mixed Fraction

( or Mixed Numbers )
A mixed fraction is a whole number and a fraction combined into one
“mixed” number.

Example: 1 1/2 ( one and a half ) is a mixed fraction

( Also called a Mixed Number)

1
 2 —
3
mixed fraction

Mixed Numbers and Improper Fractions

A mixed number is a combination of a whole number and a fraction.
For example, if you have two apples and one half apple, you could
describe this as 2 + 1/2 apples , or 2 1/2 apples.

Writing Mixed Numbers as Fractions

The mixed number can also be expressed as a fraction. Each whole
apple contains two half apples. Your two whole apples are also four
half apples. Four half apples plus one half apple is five half apples. So
you have 5/2 apples.

To put this another way: to turn a mixed number into a fraction,

multiply the whole number by the denominator (the bottom part), and
add the result to the numerator (the top part).
2 1/2 = ?
Multiply the whole number by the denominator.
The whole number is 2.
The denominator is 2.
2x2=4
Add the result to the numerator.
4+1=5
The numerator is 5. The denominator remains 2.
2 1/2 = 5/2

Another example

5 2/3 = ?
Multiply the whole number by the denominator.
The whole number is 5.
The denominator is 3.
5 x 3 = 15
Add the result to the numerator.
15 + 2 = 17
The numerator is 17. The denominator remains 3.
5 2/3 = 17/3

Proper and Improper Fractions

A fraction in which the numerator is smaller than the denominator, like
1/3 or 2/5 is called a proper fraction. A fraction in which the numerator
is larger than or equal to the denominator, like 5/2, 17/3, or 6/6 is
called an improper fraction. (To put it another way, a fraction with a
value less than 1 is a proper fraction. A fraction with a value greater
than or equal to 1 is an improper fraction.)

As we have shown above, mixed numbers can be written as improper

fractions. Similarly, improper fractions can be written as mixed
numbers.

Writing Improper Fractions as Mixed

Numbers
To write an improper fraction as a mixed number, divide the numerator
(top part) by the denominator (bottom part). The quotient is the whole
number, and the remainder is the numerator.

How would you express 17/4 as a mixed number?

Divide the numerator by the denominator:
17 ÷ 4 =4, with a remainder of 1
The quotient, 4, is the whole number. The remainder, 1, is the
numerator. The denominator remains 4.
17/4 = 4 1/4

Two more examples

14/9 = ?
Divide the numerator by the denominator.
14 ÷ 9 = 1, with the remainder of 5
The quotient, 1, is the whole number. The remainder, 5, is the
numerator. The denominator remains 9.
14/9 = 1 5/9

If the is no remainder, just take the quotient as the whole number.

20/5 = ?
Divide the numerator by the denominator:
20 ÷ 5 = 4
The quotient, 4, is the whole number. There is no remainder.
20/5 = 4
 English Parts of Speech
1. Noun

This part of speech refers to words that are used to name

persons,things, animals, places, ideas, or events. Nouns are the
simplest among the 8 parts of speech, which is why they are the
first ones taught to students in primary school.

Examples:

* Tom Hanks is versatile.

The italicized noun refers to a name of person.

*Dogs can be extremely cute.

In this example, the italicized word is considered a noun because
it name an animal.

*It is my birthday.
The word “birthday” is a noun which refers to an event.
 There are different types of nouns namely:

*Proper- proper nouns always start with a capital letter and refers
to specific names of persons, places, or things.
Examples: Volkswagen Beetle, Shakey’s Pizza, Game of Thrones

*Common- common nouns are the opposite of proper nouns.

These are the generic names of persons, things, or places.
Examples: car, pizza parlor, TV series

*Concrete- this kind refers to noun which you can perceive through
your five senses.
Examples: folder, sand, board

*Abstract- unlike concrete nouns, abstract nouns are those which

you can’t perceive through your five senses.
Examples: happiness, grudge, bravery

*Count- it refers to anything that is countable, and has a singular

and plural form.
Examples: kitten, video, ball

*Mass- this is the opposite of count nouns. Mass nouns are also
called non-countable nouns, and they need to have “counters” to
quantify them.
Examples of Counters: kilo, cup, meter
Examples of Mass Nouns: rice, flour, garter

*Collective- refers to a group of persons, animals, or things.

Examples: faculty (group of teachers), class (group of students),
pride (group of lions)

What is a noun?
A noun is a word that identifies people, things, and places. From there
we can make two classifications: common nouns and proper nouns.

Unlike proper nouns which refers to specific names of people, things,

and places, common nouns are actually generic names of nouns. Try
to go to your local supermarket, what do you see?

You’ll probably see milk, bread, beef, coffee, egg, carts, counters,
chips, ice cream, tissue, shampoo, detergent, diapers, etc.

All the italicized words above are examples of common nouns. Aside
from naming and labeling general things, this kind of nouns can also
refer to general names of places, people, ideas, events, or animals.

Examples:

*park
*actor
*lake
*platypus
*doctor
*starfish
*festival
*museum
*chef
*puppy

When used in sentences, common nouns are introduced by the

articles “the,” “an,” or “a”.

Examples:

*I went to the park with my little brother.

*He proudly said that he is an actor.
*The lake is literally freezing.
*When i was a kid, i wanted to become a doctor.
*Spongebob’s friend, Patrick, is a starfish.
Another thing that you should know about common nouns is that they
can come in either singular or plural form. You probably already know
that “singular nouns” refer to only one person, animal, place, thing,
idea, or event, while the term “plural nouns” means that you are
talking about two or more persons, animals, things, places, ideas, or
events.

The most common rule for transforming a common noun into its plural
form is to add “s” or “es” at the end of the word.

Examples:

*cap - caps
*bottle - bottles
*speaker - speakers
*astronaut - astronauts
*dinosaur - dinosaurs
*peacock - peacocks
*beach - beaches
*island - islands
*birthday - birthdays
*street fair - street fairs

However, there are also some irregular plurals which don’t actually
follow a standard set of rules such as these:

IRREGULAR PLURAL LIST

Study these groups of words to learn how they change to plural.

Each group of words has similar changes.
US -> I

SINGULAR PLURAL
alumnus alumni
cactus cacti
focus foci/focuses
fungus fungi/funguses
nucleus nuclei
radius radii
stimulus stimuli

IS -> ES

SINGULAR PLURAL
axis axes
analysis analyses
basis bases
crisis crises
diagnosis diagnoses
ellipsis ellipses
hypothesis hypotheses
oasis oases

What are the Different Usage of Common Nouns?

Common nouns can act as the subject, the direct object, the indirect
object, or the predicate nominative.

*Common nouns are usually used as the subject in the sentence.

Simply put, the subject refers to the doer of the action or to what or
who the sentence is all about.

Examples:

*The painter sold his awesome painting for just a hundred bucks.

In the sentence above,the common noun “painter” is the one who

performed the action of selling his painting.

*A doctor must always do his best to save the lives of his patients.

The underlined common noun (doctor) is the one being talked about in
the sentence above.
Common nouns can function as the direct object in the sentence. The
direct object is the receiver of the action and answers the question
“What?”

Example:

*Luke built a treehouse.

The verb in the sentence above is “built”. Now, you can ask “What did
Luke build?” Obviously, it was a treehouse. Therefore, the underlined
common noun serves as the direct object in the sentence.

Common nouns can serve as the indirect object in the sentence.

Basically, the indirect object refers to the receiver of the direct object
and answers the question “For whom?”

Example:

*Luke built his daughter a treehouse.

The verb in the sentence above is “built” and the direct object is
“treehouse”. Now you can ask “For whom did Luke build a
treehouse?” Just by reading the sentence above, you can easily see
that it is for his daughter. Therefore, the underlined common noun is
the indirect object in the sentence.

Common nouns can function as the predicate nominative. The

predicate nominative always comes after the linking verb and is used
to restate the subject.

Example:

*Marion is an athlete.
In the sentence above, you can notice that the underlined common
noun restates or stands for the subject “Marion”. Basically, the subject
and the predicate nominative are the same thing.

2. Pronoun

A pronoun is a part of speech which functions as a replacement for a

noun. Some examples of pronoun are: I, it, he, she, mine, his, hers,
we, they, theirs, and ours.

Sample sentences:

*Janice is a very stubborn child. She just stared at me and when i told
her to stop.
*The largest slice is mine.
*We are number one.

The italicized words in the sentences above are the pronouns in the
sentences.

3. Adjectives

This part of a speech is used to describe a noun or a pronoun.

Adjectives can specify the quality, the size, and the number of nouns
or pronouns.

Sample sentences:

*The cravings are intricate.

The italicized word describes the appearance of the noun “cravings.”

*I have two hamsters.

The italicized word “two,” is an adjective which describes the number
of the noun “hamsters.”

*Wow! The doughnut is huge.

The italicized word is an adjective which describes the size of the
noun “doughnut.”

In the English Language, adjectives are known as modifiers because

they provide additional information to nouns and pronouns.

There are different kinds of adjectives namely, descriptive adjective,

adjectives of numbers/quantity, demonstrative adjectives, possessive
adjectives, and interrogative adjectives. Among these types, the most
common are the descriptive adjectives, which describe the quality of
the noun or pronoun they are referring to. On the other hand,
adjectives of number/quantity answer the questions “ How many?” or
“How much?”

Demonstrative adjectives are used to point out nouns and pronouns,

while interrogative adjectives are used to ask question. Lastly, as the
name suggests, possessive adjectives are used to show possession
or ownership.

Alphabetizing the adjectives can help you learn new vocabulary more
quickly and organize your learning process. In addition, this will also
allow you to find adjectives that start with a specific letter more
conveniently. Through this alphabetized lists, you will have an idea on
how many adjectives are there and will be able explore other options
more easily.

After organizing the adjectives of the letter, these words have been
further sorted into categories such as: romantic adjectives, positive
adjectives that can be used to describe a person, negative adjectives
that can be used to describe a person or interesting adjectives. When
multiple adjectives to describe the same noun, it is important to place
them in the correct order based on their category. This particular order
in the string of adjectives is called the royal order of adjectives.

Determiner, Observation or Opinion, Size, Shape, Age, Color, Origin,

Material, Qualifier
The determiner refer to the articles (e.g. , the; an; a), possessives
(e.g. , my; your; their;), number (e.g. , some; five; several), and
demonstratives (e.g. , that; this; those). On the other hand, the
qualifier is usually a noun used as an adjective to indicate the type of
noun (e.g. , book cover; evening gown).
4. Verb

This is the most important part of a speech, for without the verb, a
sentence would not exist. Simply put, this is a word that shows an
action (physical or mental) or state of being of the subject in the
sentence.

Examples of “State of Being Verbs” : am, is, was, are, and were

Sample sentences:

*As usual, the Stormtroopers missed their shot.

The italicized word expresses the action of the subject “Stormtrooper.”

*They are always prepared in emergencies.

The verb “are” refers to the state of being of the pronoun “they,” which
is the subject in the sentence.

5. Adverb

Just like adjective, adverbs are also used to describe words, but the
difference is that adverbs describe adjectives, verbs, or another
adverb.

The different types of adverbs are:

*Adverb of Manner - this refers to how something happens or how an

action is done.
Example: Annie danced gracefully.
The word “gracefully” tells how Annie danced.
Advern of Time - this states “when” something happens or “when” it is
done.
Example: She came yesterday.
The italicized words tells when she “came.”

*Adverb of Place - this tells something about “where” something

happens or “where” something is done.
Example: Of course, i looked everywhere!
The adverb “everwhere” tells where i “looked.”

*Adverb of Degree - this states the intensity or the degree to which a

specific things happens or is done.
Example: The child is very talented.
The italicized adverb answers the question, “To what degree is the
child talented?”

6. Preposition

This part of a speech basically refers to words that specify the location
or a location in time.

Examples of Prepositions: above, below, throughout, outside, before,

near, and since.

Sample sentences:

*Micah is hiding under the bed.

The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “under
the bed,” and tells where Micah is hiding.

*During the game, the audience never stop cheering or their team.
The italicized preposition introduces the prepositional phrase “during
the game,” and tells where the audience cheered.

7. Conjunction
The conjunction is a part of a speech which joins words, phrases, or
clauses together.

Examples of Conjunctions: and, yet, but, for, nor, or, and so

Sample sentences:

*This cup of tea is delicious and very soothing.

*Kiyoko has to start all over again because she didn’t follow the
professor’s instructions.
*Homer always wanted to join the play, but he didn’t have the guts to
audition.

The italicized words in the sentences above are some examples of

conjunctions.

8. Interjection

This parts of a speech refers to words which express emotions. Since

interjections are commonly used to convey strong emotions, they are
usually followed by an exclamation point.

Examples of Interjections : gosh! yeah! ouch! oh! oops! wow! hey!

oh,no!

Sample sentences:

*Ouch! That must have hurt.

*Hurray, we won!
*Hey! I said enough!

The bold words attached to the main sentences above are some
examples of interjections.
 Mga Bahagi ng Pananalita

1. Pangngalan
*Ang PANGNGALAN ay salitang tinutukoy ang ngalan ng tao, bagay,
pook, hayop, o pangyayari.

*Dalawang uri ng pangngalan:

1. Pangngalang Pambalana

*Karaniwang ngalan ng tao, baggy, hayop, pook, o pangyayari

Halimbawa: lapis, papel, babae, lalaki, simbahan, ibon

2. Pangngalang Pantangi

*Mga pangngalang nagsisimula sa malalaking titik na tumutukoy sa

tangi o tiyak na ngalan ng tao, hayop, bagay, lugar, kathang-isip, o
pangyayari na ibinubukod sa kauri nito.

Halimbawa: Filipino, Jose Rizal, Claro M. Recto High School, Nike at

iba pa.

2. Panghalip

*Ang panghalip ay salitang pamalit sa pangngalan.

Mga Uri ng Panghalip

1. Panghalip na Panao (Demonstrative Pronoun)

Halimbawa: ako, ko, akin, amin, kami, kayo, atin, inyo, kita, kata, mo,
siya, kanila, say, kanya

2. Panghalip na Pamatlig (Demonstrative Pronoun)

Malapit sa nagsasalita: ito, ire, niri, nito, ganito, ganire

Malapit sa Kinakausap: