ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
[Document subtitle]
NAME – KUNAL AGRAWAL
ROLL NO. - 20
Electromagnetic Induction
Index
Certificate
Acknowledgement
Aim
Introduction
Theory
Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law
Apparatus
Procedure
Observations and Inference
Conclusion
Applications of EMI
Precautions
Bibliography
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
Physics teacher Mrs. Geeta Sharma as well as our Principal
ma’am Mrs. Rashmi Rekha Saha who gave me the golden
opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic
‘Electromagnetic Induction’.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my parents and friends
who helped me a lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
Electromagnetic Induction
Aim
To study the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction.
Electromagnetic Induction
Introduction
Electromagnet:
An electromagnet is a type of magnet in which the magnetic
field is produced by electric current. The magnetic field
disappears when the current is turned off.
Induction:
This process of generating current in a conductor by placing
the conductor in a changing magnetic field is called induction.
Electromagnetic Induction:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential
difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to
a varying magnetic field. Electromagnetic induction is when an
electromagnetic field causes molecule in another object to
flow. Induction can produce electricity (in coils), heat (in
ferrous metals), or waves (in a radio transmitter).
Finally, it is referring to the phenomenon where an emf is
induced when the magnetic flux linking a conductor change.
Magnetic Flux is defined as the product of the magnetic flux
density and the area normal to the field through which the
field is passing. It is a scalar quantity and its S.I. unit is the
weber (Wb).
φ=BA
Electromagnetic Induction
Principle:
Electromagnetic induction (or sometimes just induction) is a
process where a conductor placed in a changing magnetic field
(or a conductor moving through a stationary magnetic field)
causes the production of a voltage across the conductor. This
process of electromagnetic induction, in turn, causes an
electrical current - it is said to induce the current.
Electromagnetic Induction
Theory
Invention:
Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of
induction in 1831 though it may have been anticipated by the
work of Francesco Zantedeschi in 1829. Around 1830 to 1832,
Joseph Henry made a similar discovery, but did not publish his
findings until later.
Induced E.M.F:
If magnetic flux through a coil is altered, then an e.m.f. will be
generated in the coil. This effect was first observed and
explained by Ampere and Faraday between 1825 and 1831.
Faraday discovered that an e.m.f. could be generated either
by, (a) moving the coil or the source of flux relative to each
other or by (b) changing the magnitude of the source of
magnetic flux in some way. Note that the e.m.f. is only
produced while the flux is changing.
Electromagnetic Induction
Representation:
Electromagnetic induction is the production of a potential
difference (voltage) across a conductor when it is exposed to
a varying magnetic field.
Working and Construction:
Current is produced in a conductor when it is moved through
a magnetic field because the magnetic lines of force are
applying a force on the free electrons in the conductor and
causing them to move. This process of generating current in a
conductor by placing the conductor in a changing magnetic
field is called induction. This is called induction because there
is no physical connection between the conductor and the
magnet. The current is said to be induced in the conductor by
the magnetic field.
One requirement for this electromagnetic induction to take
place is that the conductor, which is often a piece of wire, must
be perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force in order to
produce the maximum force on the free electrons. The
direction that the induced current flows is determined by the
direction of the lines of force and by the direction the wire is
moving in the field.
Electromagnetic Induction
If an AC current is fed through a piece of wire, the
electromagnetic field that is produced is constantly growing
and shrinking due to the constantly changing current in the
wire. This growing and shrinking magnetic field can induce
electrical current in another wire that is held close to the first
wire. The current in the second wire will also be AC and in fact
will look very similar to the current flowing in the first wire.
It is common to wrap the wire into a coil to concentrate the
strength of the magnetic field at the ends of the coil. Wrapping
the coil around an iron bar will further concentrate the
magnetic field in the iron bar. The magnetic field will be
strongest inside the bar and at its ends (poles).
Electromagnetic Induction
Faraday’s and Lenz’s
Law
Faraday’s Law:
Faraday’s first law of electromagnetic induction states that
whenever a conductor is placed in the varying magnetic field,
electromagnetic fields are induced known as induced emf. If
the conductor circuit is closed, a current is also induced which
are called induced current.
Ways of changing the magnetic field -
By rotating the coil relative to the magnet.
By moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field.
By changing the area of a coil placed in the magnetic field.
By moving a magnet towards or away from the coil.
Faraday’s second law of electromagnetic induction states that
the induced emf in a coil is equal to the rate of change of flux
linkage. Here the flux is nothing but the product of the number
of turns in the coil and flux connected with the coil.
Faraday’s Law Formula
The formula of Faraday’s law is given below:
ε=−NΔϕΔt
Where,
Electromagnetic Induction
ε is the electromotive force
Φ is the magnetic flux
N is the number of turns
The negative sign indicates that the direction of the induced
emf and change in direction of magnetic fields have opposite
signs.
Lenz's Law:
When an emf is generated by a change in magnetic flux
according to Faraday's Law, the polarity of the induced emf is
such that it produces a current whose magnetic field opposes
the change which produces it. The induced magnetic field
inside any loop of wire always acts to keep the magnetic flux
in the loop constant.
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction
Apparatus
Magnetic bar
Galvanometer
Coil
Connecting wires
Electromagnetic Induction
Procedure
1. Take a coil of wire having many turns.
2. Connect the end of the coil to a galvanometer.
3. Take a strong bar magnet and move its north pole into
the coil and observe the changes in the galvanometer
needle.
4. Repeat earlier step with the south pole of the bar
magnet.
5. Now repeat the procedure with the coil having a different
number of turns and the variation in the deflection of the
galvanometer needle.
Electromagnetic Induction
Observations and
Inference
Observations:
1. When we move the magnet in or out of the coil, the
needle of galvanometer gets deflected in different
directions.
2. When we insert the north pole (N) of bar magnet into the
coil, the needle gets deflected in negative direction.
3. When we insert the south pole (S) of bar magnet into the
coil, the needle gets deflected in positive direction.
4. When we move the bar magnet in or out of the coil with
varying speed, the speed of deflection changes
accordingly.
5. As we increase the number of turns in the coil, the
deflection increases.
Inference:
1. The deflection of galvanometer needle indicates the
presence of current in the coil.
2. The direction of deflection gives the direction of flow of
current.
3. The speed of deflection gives the rate at which the
current is induced.
4. The deflection in galvanometer changes with the change
in number of turns in the coil - more the number of turns
in the coil greater is the deflection
Electromagnetic Induction
Conclusion
Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, first observed
and published by Michael Faraday in the mid-nineteenth
century, describes a very important electro-magnetic concept.
Although its mathematical representations are cryptic, the
essence of Faraday’s is not hard to grasp.
It relates an induced electric potential or voltage to a dynamic
magnetic field. This concept has many far-reaching
ramifications that touch our lives in many ways: from the
shining of the sun, to the convenience of mobile
communications, to electricity to power our homes. We can
all appreciate the profound impact Faraday’s Law has on us.
Electromagnetic Induction
Applications of EMI
Electrical Generator:
The EMF generated by Faraday's law of induction due to
relative movement of a circuit and a magnetic field is the
phenomenon underlying electrical generators. When a
permanent magnet is moved relative to a conductor, or vice
versa, an electromotive force is created. If the wire is
connected through an electrical load, current will flow, and
thus electrical energy is generated, converting the mechanical
energy of motion to electrical energy.
Electrical Transformer:
The EMF predicted by Faraday's law is also responsible for
electrical transformers. When the electric current in a loop of
Electromagnetic Induction
wire changes, the changing current creates a changing
magnetic field. A second wire in reach of this magnetic field
will experience this change in magnetic field as a change in its
coupled magnetic flux, d ΦB / d t. Therefore, an electromotive
force is set up in the second loop called the induced EMF or
transformer EMF. If the two ends of this loop are connected
through an electrical load, current will flow.
Magnetic Flow Meter:
Faraday's law is used for measuring the flow of electrically
conductive liquids and slurries. Such instruments are called
magnetic flow meters. The induced voltage ℇ generated in the
magnetic field B due to a conductive liquid moving at velocity
v is thus given by:
ℇ= - Blv
Where, ℓ is the distance between electrodes in the magnetic
flow meter.
Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic Induction
Precautions
Keep yourself safe from high voltage.
Use & handle lab instruments with care.
Do not scratch insulated copper wire while making loop.
Do not use digital voltmeter for above
demonstration.
Electromagnetic Induction
Bibliography
Physics NCERT Book Class 12
www.google.com
www.seminarsonly.com
