SYLLABUS

for

B.Sc. (Honours) BOTANY

Under Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
SCIENCE COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS),
HINJILICUT, GANJAM, ODISHA.
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SYLLABUS FOR B.SC. (HON'S) BOTANY‐2015, CHOICE BASED CREDIT SYSTEM (CBCS),
SCIENCE COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), HINJILICUT.

SEMESTER COURSE OPTED COURSE NAME Credits Marks* Hours of

instruction

Semester-I
Ability Enhancement
Compulsory Course-I English communications 2 50 30
Core course-I (Theory) Microbiology and Phycology 4 75 40
Core Course-I (Practical) Microbiology and Phycology 2 25 20
Core course-II (Theory) Biomolecules and Cell Biology 4 75 40
Core course-II (Practical) Biomolecules and Cell Biology 2 25 20
Generic Elective -1 (Theory) GE-1 - Plant Physiology & Biomolecules 4 75 40
Generic Elective -1 (Practical) GE-1 - Plant Physiology & Biomolecules 2 25 20

Sub-Total of Semester-I 20 350 210

Semester -II
Ability Enhancement
Compulsory Course-II Environmental Science( for arts &Sc.) 2 50 30
Core course-III (Theory) Mycology and Phytopathology 4 75 40
Core course-III (Practical ) Mycology and Phytopathology 2 25 20
Core course-IV (Theory) Archegoniate 4 75 40
Core course-IV (Practical) Archegoniate 2 25 20
Generic Elective -2 (Theory) GE-2 - From Chemistry Syllabus 4 75 40
Generic Elective -2 (Practical) GE-2 - From Chemistry Syllabus 2 25 20

Sub-Total of Semester-II 20 350 210

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Semester-III
Core course-V (Theory) Anatomy of Angiosperms 4 75 40
Core course-V (Practical) Anatomy of Angiosperms 2 25 20
Core course-VI (Theory) Economic Botany 4 75 40
Core course-VI (Practical) Economic Botany 2 25 20
Core course-VII (Theory) Genetics 4 75 40
Core course-VII (Prac tical) Genetics 2 25 20
Skill EnhancementCourse-1 SEC-1- From English syllabus 2 50
30
Generic Elective -3 (Theory), GE-3- Plant Anatomy & Embryology 4 75 40
Generic Elective -3 (Practical), GE-3- Plant Anatomy & Embryology 2 25 20

Sub-Total of Semester-III 26 450 270

Semester-IV
Core course-VIII (Theory) Molecular Biology 4 75 40
Core course-VIII (Practical) Molecular Biology 2 25 20
Core course-IX (Theory) Ecology 4 75 40
Core course-IX (Practical) Ecology 2 25 20
Core Course- X (Theory) Plant Systematics 4 75 40
Core Course- X (Practical) Plant Systematics 2 25 20
Skill Enhancement SEC-2- Biofrtilizer 2 50 30
Generic Elective-4 (Theory) From Chemistry Syllabus 4 75 40
Generic Elective-4 (Practical)
(As per Theory) From Chemistry Syllabus 2 25 20
Sub-Total of Semester-IV 26 450 270

Semester-V
Core-XI (Theory) Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms 4 75 40
Core course-XI (Practical) Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms 2 25 20
Core-XII (Theory) Plant Physiology 4 75 40
Core course-XII (Prac tical) Plant Physiology 2 25 20
Discipline Specific Elective -1(Theory) Natural Resource Management 4 75 40
Discipline Specific Elective -1(Practical) Natural Resource Management 2 25 20
Discpline Specific Elective - 2(Theory) Biostatistics 4 75 40
Discpline Specific Elective - 2(Practical) Biostatistics 2 25 20
 Sub-Total of Semester-V 24 400 240
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Semester-VI
Core course-XIII (Theory) Plant Metabolism 4 75 40
Core course-XIII (Practical) Plant Metabolism 2 25 20
Core course-XIV (Theory) Plant Biotechnology 4 75 40
Core course-XIV (Prac tical) Plant Biotechnology 2 25 20
Discipline Specific Elective - 3(Theory) HorticulturePractices & Post Harvest 4 75 40
Discipline Specific Elective - 3(Practical) Horticulture Practices & Post Harvest 2 25 20
Discipline Specific Elective - 4(Practical) [as per DSE-3] Dissertation 6 100 60

Sub-Total of Semester-V 24 400 240

Total Semester I + II + III + IV + V + VI 140 2400 1440

*Marks – Theory -75 marks = 15 marks Mid Semester + 60 End Semester;

Theory - 50 marks = 10 marks Mid Semester + 40 marks End Semester
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CORE COURSES
Semester-I
Core Course I: Microbiology and Phycology – 100
marks (Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 2+5 lectures

Introduction to microbial world, microbial nutrition, growth and metabolism.
Viruses:-Discovery, physiochemical and biological characteristics; classification (Baltimore), General
structure with special reference to viroids and prions; replication (general account), DNA virus (T-phage),
lytic and lysogenic cycle; RNA virus (TMV). Economic importance of viruses with reference to vaccine
production, role in research, medicine, as causal organisms of plant diseases.

Unit–II 5 lectures
Bacteria: Discovery, general characteristics, types- archaebacteria, eubacteria, wall-less forms
(mycoplasma and spheroplasts), cell structure, nutritional types, reproduction-vegetative, asexual and
recombination (conjugation, transformation and transduction). Economic importance of bacteria with
reference to their role in agriculture and industry (fermentation and medicine).

Unit-III 6 lectures
Algae:- General characteristics; Ecology and distribution; range of thallus organization; Cell structure; cell
wall, pigment system, reserve food (of only groups represented in the syllabus), flagella; and methods of
reproduction, classification; criteria, system of Fritsch, and evolutionary classification of Lee (only up to
groups); significant contributions of important phycologists (F.E. Fritsch, G.M. Smith, H.D. Kumar,
M.O.P. Iyengar). Role of algae in the environment, agriculture, biotechnology and industry.

Unit-IV 5+5 lectures

Cyanophyta:-Ecology and occurrence, range of thallus organization, cell structure, heterocyst,
reproduction; Economic importance; role in biotechnology. Morphology and life-cycle of Nostoc.
Chlorophyta:- General characteristics, occurrence, range of thallus organization, cell structure and
reproduction. Morphology and life-cycles of Chlamydomonas, Volvox, Oedogonium, Coleochaete.
Unit-V 2+3+3+4 lectures
Charophyta:- General characteristics; occurrence, morphology, cell structure and life-cycle of Chara;
evolutionary significance.
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Xanthophyta:- General characteristics; range of thallus organization. Occurrence, morphology and life-
cycle of Vaucheria.
Phaeophyta:- General Characteristics, occurrence, range of thallus organization, cell structure and
reproduction. Morphology and life-cycles of Ectocarpus and Fucus.
Rhodophyta:- General characteristics, occurrence, range of thallus organization, cell structure and
reproduction. Morphology and life-cycle of Polysiphonia.

Practical (20 classes, each class of 2 hours)

Microbiology
1. Electron micrographs/Models of viruses – T-Phage and TMV, Line drawings / Photographs of Lytic and
Lysogenic Cycle.
2. Types of Bacteria to be observed from temporary/permanent slides/photographs. Electron micrographs
of bacteria, binary fission, endospore, conjugation, root Nodule.
3. Gram staining.
4. Endospore staining with malachite green using the (endospores taken from soil bacteria).
Phycology Study of vegetative and reproductive structures of Nostoc, Chlamydomonas (electron
micrographs), Volvox, Oedogonium,Coleochaete, Chara, Vaucheria, Ectocarpus, Fucus and Polysiphonia,
Procholoron through electron micrographs, temporary preparations and permanent slides.

Suggested Readings
1. Lee, R.E. (2008). Phycology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 4th edition.
2. Prescott, L.M., Harley J.P., Klein D. A. (2005). Microbiology, McGraw Hill, India. 6th edition.
3. Kumar, H.D. (1999). Introductory Phycology. Affiliated East-West Press, Delhi.
4. Sahoo, D. (2000). Farming the ocean: seaweeds cultivation and utilization. Aravali International,
New Delhi.
5. Campbell, N.A., Reece J.B., Urry L.A., Cain M.L., Wasserman S.A. Minorsky P.V., Jackson
R.B. (2008). Biology, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, USA. 8th edition.
6. Pelczar, M.J. (2001) Microbiology, 5th edition, Tata McGraw-Hill Co, New Delhi.
7.Sharma, O.P., Text Book Of Algae, Tata McGraw-Hill Co, New Delhi.
8.Vashishta, B.R, Sinha, A.K, Singh V.P., Botany For Degree Students- Algae, S. Chand & Company
Pvt.Ltd, New Delhi.
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Semester-I
Core Course II: Biomolecules and Cell Biology – 100 marks
(Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 2+3+2+2+4 lectures

Biomolecules:- Types and significance of chemical bonds; Structure and properties of water; pH and
buffers.
Carbohydrates: Nomenclature and classification; Role of monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, sugar
alcohols – mannitol and sorbitol); Disaccharides (sucrose, maltose, lactose), Oligosaccharides and
polysaccharides (structural-cellulose, hemicelluloses, pectin, chitin, mucilage; storage – starch, inulin)
Lipids: Definition and major classes of storage and structural lipids. Storage lipids. Fatty acids structure
and functions & properties. Essential fatty acids.
Proteins: Structure of amino acids; Peptide bonds; Levels of protein structure-primary, secondary, tertiary
and quarternary; Isoelectric point; Protein denaturation and biological roles of proteins.
Nucleic acids: Structure of nitrogenous bases; Structure and function of nucleotides; Types of nucleic
acids; Structure of A, B, Z types of DNA; Types of RNA; Structure of tRNA.
Unit-II 3+4 lectures
Bioenergenetics: Laws of thermodynamics, concept of free energy, endergonic and exergonic reactions,
coupled reactions, redox reactions. ATP: structure, its role as a energy currency molecule.
Enzymes: Structure of enzyme: holoenzyme, apoenzyme, cofactors, coenzymes and prosthetic group;
Classification of enzymes; Features of active site, substrate specificity, mechanism of action (activation
energy, lock and key hypothesis, induced - fit theroy), enzyme inhibition and factors affecting enzyme
activity.
Unit-III 2+3 lectures
The cell: Cell as a unit of structure and function; Characteristics of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Origin
of eukaryotic cell (Endo-symbiotic theory).
Cell wall and plasma membrane: Chemistry, structure and function of Plant Cell Wall. Overview of
membrane function; fluid mosaic model; Chemical composition of membranes; Membrane transport –
Passive, active and facilitated transport, endocytosis and exocytosis.
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Unit-IV 3+2+2+2 lectures
Cell organelles:
Nucleus: Structure-nuclear envelope, nuclear pore complex, nuclear lamina, molecular organization of
chromatin; nucleolus.
Cytoskeleton: Role and structure of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediary filament.
Chloroplast, mitochondria and peroxisomes: Structural organization; Function; Semiautonomous nature
of mitochondria and chloroplast. Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes
Unit-V 6 lectures
Cell division: Eukaryotic cell cycle, different stages of mitosis and meiosis. Cell cycle, Regulation of cell
cycle.
Practical (20 classes, each class of 2 hours)
Practical
1. Qualitative tests for carbohydrates, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, lipids and proteins.
2. Study of plant cell structure with the help of epidermal peel mount of Onion/Rhoeo/Crinum.
3. Demonstration of the phenomenon of protoplasmic streaming in Hydrilla leaf.
4. Measurement of cell size by the technique of micrometry.
5. Counting the cells per unit volume with the help of haemocytometer. (Yeast / pollen grains).
6. Study of cell and its organelles with the help of electron micrographs.
7. Study the phenomenon of plasmolysis and deplasmolysis.
8. Study different stages of mitosis and meiosis using aceto carmine and aceto orcine
method. 9.Study of the effect of organic solvent and temperature on membrane permeability.
Suggested Readings
1. Campbell, MK (2012) Biochemistry, 7th ed., Published by Cengage Learning
2. Campbell, PN and Smith AD (2011) Biochemistry Illustrated, 4th ed., Published by Churchill
Livingstone.
3. Tymoczko JL, Berg JM and Stryer L (2012) Biochemistry: A short course, 2nd ed., W.H.Freeman
4. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL and Stryer L (2011) Biochemistry, W.H.Freeman and Company
5. Nelson DL and Cox MM (2008) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, 5th Edition., W.H. Freeman
and Company.
6. Karp, G. (2010). Cell Biology, John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A. 6th edition.
7. Hardin, J., Becker, G., Skliensmith, L.J. (2012). Becker’s World of the Cell, Pearson Education
Inc. U.S.A. 8th edition.
8. Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. 2009 The Cell: A Molecular Approach. 5th edition. ASM Press
& Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.
9. Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. 2009 The World of the Cell. 7th
edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco
10. Gupta, P.K. Cell and Molecular Biology, Rastogi publications, sivaji road, Meerut.
11. Singh, S.P, Tomar, B.S, Cell Biology, Rastogy Publications, Meerut.
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Semester-II
Core Course III: Mycology and Phytopathology – 100
marks (Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]
Unit-I 5+4+5 lectures
Introduction to true fungi: Definition, General characteristics; Affinities with plants and animals; Thallus
organization; Cellwall composition; Nutrition; Classification.
Chytridiomycetes: General account
Zygomycota: General characteristics; Ecology; Thallus organisation; Life cycle with reference to
Rhizopus.
Ascomycota: General characteristics (asexual and sexual fruiting bodies); Ecology; Life cycle,
Heterokaryosis and parasexuality; life cycle and classification with reference to Saccharomyces,
Aspergillus, Penicillium, Alternaria and Neurospora, Peziza.
Unit-II 5+3+4 lectures
Basidiomycota: General characteristics; Ecology; Life cycle and Classification with reference to black
stem rust on wheat Puccinia (Physiological Specialization), loose and covered smut (symptoms only),
Agaricus; Bioluminescence, Fairy Rings and Mushroom Cultivation.
Allied Fungi: General characterises; Status of Slime molds, Classification; Occurrence; Types of
plasmodia; Types of fruiting bodies.
Oomycota: General characteristic; Ecology; Life cycle and classification with reference to Phytophthora,
Albugo.
Unit-III 4 lectures
Symbiotic associations: Lichen – Occurrence; General characteristics; Growth forms and range of thallus
organization; Nature of associations of algal and fungal partners; Reproduction. Mycorrhiza-
Ectomycorrhiza, Endomycorrhiza and their significance.
Unit-IV 5 lectures
Applied Mycology: Role of fungi in biotechnology, Application of fungi in food industry (Flavour &
texture, Fermentation, Baking, Organic acids, Enzymes, Mycoproteins); Secondary metabolites
(Pharmaceutical preparations); Agriculture (Biofertilizers); Mycotoxins; Biological control
(Mycofungicides, Mycoherbicides, Mycoinsecticides, Myconematicides).
Unit-V 5 lectures
Phytopathology: Terms and concepts; General symptoms; Geographical distribution of diseases;
symptomology; Host- Pathogen relationships; disease cycle and environmental relation; prevention and
control of plant diseases, and role of quarantine. Bacterial diseases – Citrus canker and angular leaf spot
 10
disease of Cotton. Viral diseases – Tobacco Mosaic viruses, vein clearing. Fungal diseases – Early blight of
potato, Black stem rust of wheat, white rust of crucifers.

Practical (20 classes, each class of 2 hours)

Practical
1. Introduction to the world of fungi (Unicellular, coenocytic/septate mycelium, asocarps & basidiocarps).
2. Rhizopus: study of asexual stage from temporary mounts and sexual structures through permanent slides.
3. Aspergillus and Penicillium: study of asexual stage from temporary mounts. Study of Sexual stage from
permanent slides/photographs.
4. Peziza: sectioning through ascocarp.
5. Alternaria: Specimens/photographs and temporary mounts.
6. Puccinia: Herbarium specimens of Black Stem Rust of Wheat and infected Barberryleaves; sections/
mounts of spores on wheat and permanent slides of both the hosts.
7. Agaricus: Specimens of button stage and full grown mushroom; sectioning of gills of Agaricus, fairy
rings and bioluminescent mushrooms to be shown.
8. Albugo: Study of symptoms of plants infected with Albugo; asexual phase study through section/
temporary mounts and sexual structures through permanent slides.
9. Lichens: Study of growth forms of lichens (crustose, foliose and fruticose) on different substrates. Study
of thallus and reproductive structures (soredia and apothecium) through permanent slides. Mycorrhizae:
ectomycorrhiza and endo mycorrhiza (Photographs)
10. Phytopathology: Herbarium specimens of bacterial diseases; Citrus Canker; Viral diseases: TMV,
Fungal diseases: Early blight of potato, and White rust of crucifers.

Suggested Readings
1. Agrios, G.N. 1997 Plant Pathology, 4th edition, Academic Press, U.K.
2. Alexopoulos, C.J., Mims, C.W., Blackwell, M. (1996). Introductory Mycology, John Wiley &
Sons (Asia) Singapore. 4th edition.
3. Webster, J. and Weber, R. (2007). Introduction to Fungi, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3rd edition.
4. Sethi, I.K. and Walia, S.K. (2011). Text book of Fungi and Their Allies, Macmillan Publishers Indiam
Ltd.
5. Sharma, P.D. (2011). Plant Pathology, Rastogi Publication, Meerut, India.
6. Singh, R.P, Plant pathology, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana.
7.
8.
9
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Semester-II
Core Course IV: Archegoniate – 100 marks
(Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 2 lectures
Introduction: Unifying features of archegoniates; Transition to land habit; Alternation of generations.
Unit-II 12 lectures
Bryophytes: General characteristics; Adaptations to land habit; Classification (up to family). General
characters, Morphology, anatomy and Reproduction (Developmental details not to be included) of Riccia,
Marchantia, Pellia, Porella, Anthoceros, Sphagnum. Ecological and economic importance of bryophytes
with special reference to Sphagnum.
Unit-III 10 lectures
Pteridophytes: General characteristics, classification. (up to family), morphology, anatomy and
reproduction of Psilotum, Selaginella, Equisetum and Pteris.(Developmental details not to be included).
Apogamy, and apospory, heterospory and seed habit, telome theory, stellar evolution. Ecological and
economic importance.
Unit-IV 8 lectures
Gymnosperms: General characteristics, classification (up to family), morphology, anatomy and
reproduction of Cycas, Pinus, Ginkgo and Gnetum. (Developmental details not to be included). Ecological
and economic importance.
Unit-V 8 lectures
Fossils: Geographical time scale, fossils and fossilization process. Morphology, anatomy and affinities of
Rhynia, Calamites, Lepidodendron, Lyginopteris and Cycadeoidea.

Practical (20 classes, each class of 2 hours)

Practical
1. Riccia – Morphology of thallus.
2. Marchantia- Morphology of thallus, whole mount of rhizoids & Scales, vertical sectionof thallus
through Gemma cup, whole mount of Gemmae (all temporary slides), vertical section of Antheridiophore,
Archegoniophore, longitudinal section of Sporophyte (all permanent slides).
3. Anthoceros- Morphology of thallus, dissection of sporophyte (to show stomata, spores,pseudoelaters,
columella) (temporary slide), vertical section of thallus (permanent slide).
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4. Pellia, Porella- Permanent slides.

5. Sphagnum- Morphology of plant, whole mount of leaf (permanent slide only).
6. Psilotum- Study of specimen, transverse section of synangium (permanent slide).
7. Selaginella- Morphology, whole mount of leaf with ligule, transverse section of stem,whole mount of
strobilus, whole mount of microsporophyll and megasporophyll (temporary slides), longitudinal section of
strobilus (permanent slide).
8. Equisetum- Morphology, transverse section of internode, longitudinal section ofstrobilus, transverse
section of strobilus, whole mount of sporangiophore, whole mount of spores (wet and dry) (temporary
slide), transverse section of rhizome (permanentslide).
9. Pteris- Morphology, transverse section of rachis, vertical section of sporophyll, wholemount of
sporangium, whole mount of spores (temporary slides), transverse section of rhizome, whole mount of
prothallus with sex organs and young sporophyte (permanent slide).
10. Cycas- Morphology (coralloid roots, bulbil, leaf), whole mount of microsporophyll,transverse section
of coralloid root, transverse section of rachis, vertical section of leaflet, vertical section of microsporophyll,
whole mount of spores (temporary slides), longitudinal section of ovule, transverse section of root
(permanent slide).
11. Pinus- Morphology (long and dwarf shoots, whole mount of dwarf shoot, male andfemalecones),
transverse section of Needle, transverse section of stem, longitudinal section of transverse section of male
cone, whole mount of microsporophyll, whole mount of Microspores (temporary slides), longitudinal
section of female cone, tangential longitudinal section & radial longitudinal sections stem (permanent
slide).
12. Gnetum- Morphology (stem, male & female cones), transverse section of stem, verticalsection of ovule
(permanent slide)
13. Botanical excursion.

Suggested Readings
1. Vashistha, P.C., Sinha, A.K., Kumar, A. (2010). Pteridophyta. S. Chand. Delhi, India.
2. Bhatnagar, S.P. & Moitra, A. (1996). Gymnosperms. New Age International (P) Ltd Publishers,
New Delhi, India.
3. Parihar, N.S. (1991). An introduction to Embryophyta: Vol. I. Bryophyta. Central Book
Depot. Allahabad.
4. Raven, P.H., Johnson, G.B., Losos, J.B., Singer, S.R. (2005). Biology. Tata McGraw Hill, Delhi.
5. Vander-Poorteri 2009 Introduction to Bryophytes. COP.
6. Vashistha, P.C., Sinha, A.K., Kumar, A. (2010). Bryophyta. S. Chand. Delhi, India.
7. Sharma, O.P., Pteridophytes, Tata McGraw Hill, Delhi.
8. Sharma, O.P., Bryophytes, Tata McGraw Hill, Delhi.
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Semester-III
Core Course V: Anatomy of Angiosperms – 100 marks
(Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 2+5 lectures

Introduction and scope of Plant Anatomy: Applications in systematics, forensics and pharmacognosy.
Tissues: Classification of tissues; Simple and complex tissues (no phylogeny); cytodifferentiation of
tracheary elements and sieve elements; Pits and plasmodesmata; Wall ingrowths and transfer cells, Ergastic
substances.
Unit-II 5+4+4 lectures
Stem: Organization of shoot apex (Apical cell theory, Histogen theory, Tunica Corpus theory, continuing
meristematic residue, cytohistological zonation); Types of vascular bundles; Structure of dicot and
monocot stem.
Leaf: Structure of dicot and monocot leaf, Kranz anatomy.
Root: Organization of root apex (Apical cell theory, Histogen theory, Korper-Kappe theory);
Quiescentcentre; Root cap; Structure of dicot and monocot root; Endodermis, origin of lateral root.
Unit-III 4+5+3 lectures
Vascular Cambium: Structure, function and seasonal activity of cambium; Secondary growth in root and
stem.
Wood: Axially and radially oriented elements; Types of rays and axial parenchyma; Cyclic aspects and
reaction wood; Sapwood and heartwood; Ring and diffuse porous wood; Early and late wood, tyloses;
Dendrochronology.
Periderm: Development and composition of periderm, rhytidome and lenticels.
Unit –IV 5 Lectures
Adaptive and Protective Systems Epidermal tissue system, cuticle, epicuticular waxes, trichomes(uni-and
multicellular, glandular and non-glandular, two examples of each), stomata (classification);
Anatomical adaptations of xerophytes and hydrophytes.
Unit - V 3 Lectures
Secretory System: Hydathodes, cavities, lithocysts and laticifers.
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Practical (20 classes, each class of 2 hours)

Practical

1. Study of anatomical details through permanent slides/temporary stain mounts/macerations/ museum

specimens with the help of suitable examples.
2. Apical meristem of root, shoot and vascular cambium.
3. Distribution and types of parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma.
4. Xylem: Tracheary elements-tracheids, vessel elements; thickenings; perforation plates; xylem fibres.
5. Wood: ring porous; diffuse porous; tyloses; heart- and sapwood.
6. Phloem: Sieve tubes-sieve plates; companion cells; phloem fibres.
7. Epidermal system: cell types, stomata types; trichomes: non-glandular and glandular.
8. Root: monocot, dicot, secondary growth.
9. Stem: monocot, dicot - primary and secondary growth; periderm; lenticels.
10. Leaf: isobilateral, dorsiventral, C4 leaves (Kranz anatomy).
11. Adaptive Anatomy: xerophytes, hydrophytes.
12. Secretory tissues: cavities, lithocysts and laticifers.

Suggested Readings
1. Dickison, W.C. (2000). Integrative Plant Anatomy. Harcourt Academic Press, USA.
2. Fahn, A. (1974). Plant Anatomy. Pergmon Press, USA.
3. Mauseth, J.D. (1988). Plant Anatomy. The Benjammin/Cummings Publisher, USA.
4. Esau, K. (1977). Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Delhi.
5. Pandey B.P
6. Tayal, M.S. Plant anatomy, Rastogy Publications, Meerut.
7. Roy, Pijush,Plant Anatomy,New Central Book Agency (p) Ltd.
8. Vasishsta, P.C. Plant Anatomy, Pradeep Publications, Jalandhar.
 15
Semester-III
Core Course VI: Economic Botany – 100
marks (Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 3 lectures

Origin of Cultivated Plants: Concept of Centers of Origin, their importance with reference to Vavilov’s
work. Examples of major plant introductions; Crop domestication and loss of genetic diversity; evolution
of new crops/varieties, importance of germplasm diversty.
Unit-II 3+3+3 lectures
Cereals: Wheat and Rice (origin, morphology, processing & uses), brief account of millets.
Legumes: General account, importance to man and ecosystem.
Sugars & Starches: Morphology and processing of sugarcane, products and by-products of sugarcane
industry. Potato – morphology, propagation & uses.
Unit-III 4+4+4+2 lectures
Spices: Listing of important spices, their family and part used, economic importance with special reference
to fennel, saffron, clove and black pepper.
Beverages: Tea, Coffee (morphology, processing & uses) .
Drug-yielding plants: Therapeutic and habit-forming drugs with special reference to Cinchona, Digitalis,
Papaver and Cannabis.
Tobacco: Tobacco (Morphology, processing, uses and health hazards).
Unit-IV 2+4+4 lectures
Oils & Fats: General description, classification, extraction, their uses and health implications groundnut,
coconut, linseed and Brassica and Coconut (Botanical name, family & uses)
Essential Oils: General account, extraction methods, comparison with fatty oils & their uses.
Unit-V 2+2+2 lectures
Natural Rubber: Para-rubber: tapping, processing and uses.
Timber plants: General account with special reference to teak and pine.
Fibres: Classification based on the origin of fibres, Cotton and Jute (morphology, extraction and uses).
 16

Practical (20 classes, each class of 2 hours)

Practical
1. Cereals: Rice (habit sketch, study of paddy and grain, starch grains, micro-chemical tests).
2. Legumes: Soya bean, Groundnut, (habit, fruit, seed structure, micro-chemical tests).
3. Sugars & Starches: Sugarcane (habit sketch; cane juice- micro-chemical tests), Potato(habit sketch,
tuber morphology, T.S. tuber to show localization of starch grains, w.m. starch grains, micro-chemical
tests).
4. Spices: Black pepper, Fennel and Clove (habit and sections).
5. Beverages: Tea (plant specimen, tea leaves), Coffee (plant specimen, beans).
6. Oils & Fats: Coconut- T.S. nut, Mustard–plant specimen, seeds; tests for fats in crushed seeds.
7. Essential oil-yielding plants: Habit sketch of Rosa, Vetiveria, Santalum and Eucalyptus
(specimens/photographs).
8. Rubber: specimen, photograph/model of tapping, samples of rubber products.
9. Drug-yielding plants: Specimens of Digitalis, Papaver and Cannabis.
10. Tobacco: specimen and products of Tobacco.
11. Woods: Tectona, Pinus: Specimen, Section of young stem.
12. Fibre-yielding plants: Cotton (specimen, whole mount of seed to show lint and fuzz; whole mount of
fibre and test for cellulose), Jute (specimen, transverse section of stem, test for lignin on transverse section
of stem and fibre).

Suggested Readings
1. Kochhar, S.L. (2012). Economic Botany in Tropics, MacMillan & Co. New Delhi, India.
2. Wickens, G.E. (2001). Economic Botany: Principles & Practices. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, The Netherlands.
3. Chrispeels, M.J. and Sadava, D.E. (2003). Plants, Genes and Agriculture. Jones & Bartlett
Publishers. 4.Singh, V., Pande, P.C., Jain,D.K., Economic Botany, Rastogy Publications, Meerut.
 17
Semester-III
Core Course VII: Genetics – 100 marks
(Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 16 lectures
Mendelian genetics and its extension Mendelism: History; Principles of inheritance; Chromosome theory
of inheritance; Autosomes and sex chromosomes; Probability and pedigree analysis; Incomplete
dominance and codominance; Multiple alleles, Lethal alleles, Epistasis, Pleiotropy, Recessive and
Dominant traits, Penetrance and Expressivity, Numericals; Polygenic inheritance.
Unit-II 6 lectures
Extra chromosomal Inheritance: Chloroplast mutation: Variegation in Four o’clock plant; Mitochondrial
mutations in yeast; Maternal effects-shell coiling in snail; Infective heredity- Kappa particles in
Paramecium.
Unit-III 12 lectures
Linkage, crossing over and chromosome mapping: Linkage and crossing over-Cytological basis of
crossing over; Recombination frequency, two factor and three factor crosses; Interference and coincidence;
Numericals based on gene mapping; Sex Linkage.
Unit-IV 8+6 lectures
Variation in chromosome number and structure: Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation,
Position effect, Euploidy and Aneuploidy
Gene mutations: Types of mutations; Molecular basis of Mutations; Mutagens – physical and chemical
(Base analogs, deaminating, alkylating agents); Detection of mutations: CIB method. Role of Transposons
in mutation.DNA repair mechanisms.
Unit-V 6+6 lectures
Fine structure of gene: Classical vs molecular concepts of gene; Cis-Trans complementation test for
functional allelism; Structure of Phage T4, r II Locus.
Population and Evolutionary Genetics: Allele frequencies, Genotype frequencies, Hardy-Weinberg Law,
role of natural selection, mutation, genetic drift. Genetic variation and Speciation.

Practical (20 classes, each class of 2 hours)

Practical
1. Meiosis through temporary squash preparation.
2. Mendel’s laws through seed ratios. Laboratory exercises in probability and chi-squareanalysis.
3. Chromosome mapping using test cross data.
 18

4. Pedigree analysis for dominant and recessive autosomal and sex linked traits with floral chart.
5. Incomplete dominance and gene interaction through seed ratios (9:7, 9:6:1, 13:3, 15:1, 12:3:1, 9:3:4).
6. Blood Typing: ABO groups & Rh factor.
7. Study of aneuploidy: Down’s, Klinefelter’s and Turner’s syndromes.
8. Photographs/Permanent Slides showing Translocation Ring, Laggards and Inversion Bridge.

Suggested Readings
1. Gardner, E.J., Simmons, M.J., Snustad, D.P. (1991). Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & sons,
India. 8th edition.
th
2. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., India. 5
edition.
3. Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2012). Concepts of Genetics. Benjamin Cummings,
U.S.A. 10th edition.
4. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Carroll, S.B., Doebley, J. (2010). Introduction to Genetic Analysis. W.
H. Freeman and Co., U.S.A. 10th edition.
5. Singh, B.D. Genetics, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana.
Gupta, P.K. Genetics, Rastogy Publications, Meerut.
6. Arora, Mohon P., Gurudarshan, S. Sandhu,Himalaya Publishing HouseMumbai.
 19
Semester-IV
Core Course VIII: Molecular Biology – 100 marks
(Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 4 lectures
Nucleic acids : Carriers of genetic information: Historical perspective; DNA as the carrier of genetic
information (Griffith’s, Hershey & Chase, Avery, McLeod & McCarty, Fraenkel-Conrat’s experiment.
Unit-II 8+6 lectures
The Structures of DNA and RNA / Genetic Material: DNA Structure: Miescher to Watson and Crick-
historic perspective, DNA structure, Salient features of double helix, Types of DNA, Types of genetic
material, denaturation and renaturation, cot curves; Organization of DNA Prokaryotes, Viruses,
Eukaryotes. RNA Structure- Organelle DNA - mitochondria and chloroplast DNA. The Nucleosome -
Chromatin structure- Euchromatin, Heterochromatin- Constitutive and Facultative heterochromatin.
The replication of DNA: Chemistry of DNA synthesis (Kornberg’s discovery); General principles –
bidirectional, semi-conservative and semi discontinuous replication, RNA priming; Various models of
DNA replication, including rolling circle, θ (theta) mode of replication, replication of linear ds-DNA,
replication of the 5’end of linear chromosome; Enzymes involved in DNA replication.
Unit-III 2+4+5 lectures
Central dogma and genetic code: Key experiments establishing-The Central Dogma (Adaptor hypothesis
and discovery of mRNA template), Genetic code (deciphering & salient features)
Mechanism of Transcription: Transcription in prokaryotes; Transcription in eukaryotes
Processing and modification of RNA: Split genes-concept of introns and exons, removal of introns,
spliceosome machinery, splicing pathways, group I & group II intron splicing, alternative splicing
eukaryotic mRNA processing(5’ cap, 3’ poly A tail); Ribozymes, exon shuffling; RNA editing and mRNA
transport.
Unit-IV 6 lectures
Translation (Prokaryotes and eukaryotes): Ribosome structure and assembly, mRNA; Charging of
tRNA, aminoacyl tRNA synthetases; Various steps in protein synthesis, proteins involved in initiation,
elongation and termination of polypeptides; Fidelity of translation; Inhibitors of protein synthesis; Post-
translational modifications of proteins.
Unit-V 5 lectures
Regulation of transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Principles of transcriptional regulation;
Prokaryotes: Regulation of lactose metabolism and tryptophan synthesis in E.coli. Eukaryotes: transcription
factors, heat shock proteins, steroids and peptide hormones; Gene silencing.
 20

Practical (20 classes, each class of 2h)

Practical
1. Preparation of LB medium and raising E.Coli.
2. Isolation of genomic DNA from E.Coli.
3. DNA isolation and RNA estimation by orcinol method.
4. DNA estimation by diphenylamine reagent/UV Spectrophotometry.
5. Study of DNA replication mechanisms through photographs (Rolling circle, Theta replication and semi-
discontinuous replication).
6. Study of structures of prokaryotic RNA polymerase and eukaryotic RNA polymerase II through
photographs.
7. Photographs establishing nucleic acid as genetic material (Messelson and Stahl’s, Avery et al, Griffith’s,
Hershey & Chase’s and Fraenkel & Conrat’s experiments)
8. Study of the following through photographs: Assembly of Spliceosome machinery; Splicing mechanism
in group I & group II introns; Ribozyme and Alternative splicing.
Suggested Readings
1. Watson J.D., Baker, T.A., Bell, S.P., Gann, A., Levine, M., Losick, R. (2007). Molecular Biology
of the Gene, Pearson Benjamin Cummings, CSHL Press, New York, U.S.A. 6th edition.
2. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons Inc., U.S.A.
5th edition.
3. Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2009). Concepts of Genetics. Benjamin
Cummings. U.S.A. 9th edition.
4. Russell, P. J. (2010). iGenetics- A Molecular Approach. Benjamin Cummings, U.S.A. 3rd edition.
5. Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Carroll, S.B., Doebley, J. (2010). Introduction to Genetic Analysis.
W. H. Freeman and Co., U.S.A. 10th edition.
6. Gupta , P.K., Cell and Molecular Biology, Rastogy Publications, Meerut.
7.
8.
 21
Semester-IV
Core Course IX: Plant Ecology and Phytogeography – 100 marks
(Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 2 lectures
Introduction: Concept of ecology, Autoecology, Synecology, system ecology, Levels of organization.
Inter-relationships between the living world and the environment, the components of environmental,
concept of hydrosphere and lithosphere and dynamism, homeostasis.
Unit-II 5+2+4 lectures
Soil: Importance; Origin; Formation; Composition; Physical; Chemical and Biological components; Soil
profile; Role of climate in soil development.
Water: Importance: States of water in the environment; Atmospheric moisture; Precipitation types (rain,
fog, snow, hail, dew); Hydrological Cycle; Water in soil; Water table.
Light, temperature, wind and fire: Variations; adaptations of plants to their variation.
Unit-III 2+4+4 lectures
Biotic interactions: Trophic organization, basic source of energy, autotrophy, heterotrophy; symbiosis,
commensalism, parasitism; food chains and webs; ecological pyramids; biomass, standing crop. 2 lectures
Population ecology: Characteristics and Dynamics .Ecological Speciation
Plant communities: Concept of ecological amplitude; Habitat and niche; Characters: analytical and
synthetic; Ecotone and edge effect; Dynamics: succession – processes, types; climax concepts.
Unit-IV 4+5 lectures
Ecosystems: Structure; Processes; Trophic organisation; Food chains and Food webs; Ecological pyramids.

Functional aspects of ecosystem: Principles and models of energy flow; Production and productivity;
Ecological efficiencies; Biogeochemical cycles; Cycling of Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus.
Unit-V 8 lectures
Phytogeography: Principles; Continental drift; Theory of tolerance; Endemism; Brief description of
major terrestrial biomes (one each from tropical, temperate & tundra); Phytogeographical division of India;
Local Vegetation.
 22

Practical (20 classes, each class of 2hours)

Practical
1. Study of instruments used to measure microclimatic variables: Soil thermometer, maximum and
minimum thermometer, anemometer, psychrometer/hygrometer, rain gauge and lux meter.
2. Determination of pH of various soil and water samples (pH meter, universal indicator/Lovibond
comparator and pH paper)
3. Analysis for carbonates, chlorides, nitrates, sulphates, organic matter and base deficiency from two soil
samples by rapid field tests.
4. Determination of organic matter of different soil samples by Walkley & Black rapid titration method.
5. Comparison of bulk density, porosity and rate of infiltration of water in soils of three habitats.
6. Determination of dissolved oxygen of water samples from polluted and unpolluted sources.
7. (a). Study of morphological adaptations of hydrophytes and xerophytes (four each).
(b). Study of biotic interactions of the following: Stem parasite (Cuscuta), Root parasite (Orobanche)
Epiphytes, Predation (Insectivorous plants).
8. Determination of minimal quadrat size for the study of herbaceous vegetation in the college campus, by
species area curve method (species to be listed).
9. Quantitative analysis of herbaceous vegetation in the college campus for frequency and comparison with
Raunkiaer’s frequency distribution law.
10. Quantitative analysis of herbaceous vegetation for density and abundance in the college campus.
11. Field visit to familiarise students with ecology of different sites.

Suggested Readings
1. Odum, E.P. (2005). Fundamentals of ecology. Cengage Learning India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5th
edition.
2. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P., Gupta, S. (2006). Ecology Environment and Resource Conservation.
Anamaya Publications, New Delhi, India.
3. Sharma, P.D. (2010). Ecology and Environment. Rastogi Publications, Meerut, India. 8th edition.
4. Wilkinson, D.M. (2007). Fundamental Processes in Ecology: An Earth Systems Approach.
Oxford University Press. U.S.A.
5. Kormondy, E.J. (1996). Concepts of ecology. PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, India. 4th edition.
 23

Semester-IV
Core Course X: Plant Systematics – 100 marks
(Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 2+5 lectures

Significance of Plant systematic : Plant identification, Classification, Nomenclature; Biosystematics.
Identification: Field inventory; Functions of Herbarium; Important herbaria and botanical gardens of the
world and India; Virtual herbarium; E-flora; Documentation: Flora, Monographs, Journals; Keys: Single
access and Multi-access
Unit-II 5+5 lectures
Taxonomic hierarchy: Concept of taxa (family, genus, species); Categories and taxonomic hierarchy;
Species concept (taxonomic, biological, evolutionary).
Botanical nomenclature: Principles and rules (ICN); Ranks and names; Typification, author citation, valid
publication, rejection of names, principle of priority and its limitations; Names of hybrids.
Unit-III 6+6 lectures
Systematics- an interdisciplinary science: Evidence from palynology, cytology, phytochemistry and
molecular data.
Systems of classification: Major contributions of Theophrastus, Bauhin, Tournefort, Linnaeus, Adanson,
de Candolle, Bessey, Hutchinson, Takhtajan and Cronquist; Classification systems of Bentham and Hooker
(upto series) and Engler and Prantl (upto series); Brief reference of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG
III) classification.
Unit-IV 4 lectures
Biometrics, numerical taxonomy and cladistics: Characters; Variations; OTUs, character weighting and
coding; cluster analysis; Phenograms, cladograms (definitions and differences).
Unit-V 7 lectures
Phylogeny of Angiosperms: Terms and concepts (primitive and advanced, homology and analogy,
parallelism and convergence, monophyly, Paraphyly, polyphyly and clades).origin& evolution of
angiosperms; coevolution of angiosperms and animals; methods of illustrating evolutionary relationship
(phylogenetic tree, cladogram).
 24

Practical (20 classes, each class of 2hours)

Practical
1. Study of vegetative and floral characters of the following families (Description, V.S.flower, section of
ovary, floral diagram/s, floral formula/e and systematic position according to Bentham & Hooker’s system
of classification):
Ranunculaceae - Ranunculus, Delphinium
Brassicaceae - Brassica, Alyssum / Iberis
Myrtaceae - Eucalyptus, Callistemon
Umbelliferae - Coriandrum /Anethum / Foeniculum
Asteraceae - Sonchus/Launaea, Vernonia/Ageratum, Eclipta/Tridax
Solanaceae - Solanum nigrum/Withania
Lamiaceae - Salvia/Ocimum
Euphorbiaceae - Euphorbia hirta/E.milii, Jatropha
Liliaceae - Asphodelus/Lilium/Allium
Poaceae - Triticum/Hordeum/Avena
2. Field visit (local) – Subject to grant of funds from the university.
3. Mounting of a properly dried and pressed specimen of any wild plant with herbarium
label (to be submitted in the record book)

Suggested Readings
1. Singh, G. (2012). Plant Systematics: Theory and Practice. Oxford & IBH Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi. 3rdedition.
2. Jeffrey, C. (1982). An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
3. Judd, W.S., Campbell, C.S., Kellogg, E.A., Stevens, P.F. (2002). Plant Systematics-A
Phylogenetic Approach. Sinauer Associates Inc., U.S.A. 2nd edition.
4. Maheshwari, J.K. (1963). Flora of Delhi. CSIR, New Delhi.
5. Radford, A.E. (1986). Fundamentals of Plant Systematics. Harper and Row, New York.
 25
Semester-V
Core Course XI: Reproductive Biology of Angiosperms – 100 marks
(Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 2 lectures
Introduction: History (contributions of G.B. Amici, W. Hofmeister, E.Strasburger, S.G. Nawaschin, P.
Maheshwari, B.M. Johri, W.A. Jensen, J. Heslop-Harrison) and scope
Unit-II 2+5 lectures
Anther: Anther wall: Structure and functions, microsporogenesis, callose deposition and its significance.
Pollen biology: Microgametogenesis; Pollen wall structure, MGU (male germ unit) structure, NPC system;
Palynology and scope (a brief account); Pollen wall proteins; Pollen viability, storage and germination;
Abnormal features: Pseudomonads, polyads, massulae, pollinia.
Unit-III 5+3+6 lectures
Ovule: Structure; Types; Special structures–endothelium, obturator, aril, caruncle and hypostase; Female
gametophyte– megasporogenesis (monosporic, bisporic and tetrasporic) and megagametogenesis (details of
Polygonum type); Organization and ultrastructure of mature embryo sac.
Endosperm: Types, development, structure and functions.
Embryo: Six types of embryogeny; General pattern of development of dicot and monocot embryo;
Suspensor: structure and functions; Embryo- endosperm relationship; Nutrition of embryo;Unusual
features; Embryo development in Paeonia.
Unit-IV 4+5 lectures
Pollination and fertilization: Pollination types and significance; adaptations; structure of stigma and
style; path of pollen tube in pistil; double fertilization.
Self incompatibility: Basic concepts (homomorphic, heteromorphic, GSI and SSI); Methods to overcome
selfincompatibility: mixed pollination, bud pollination, stub pollination, Intraovarian and in vitro
pollination, Modification of stigma surface, parasexual hybridization;Cybrids, in vitro fertilization.
Unit-V 3+4+4 lectures
Seed: Structure, importance and dispersal mechanisms
Polyembryony and apomixes: Introduction; Classification; Causes and applications.
Germline transformation: Pollen grain and ovules through pollen tube pathway method/ Agrobacterium/
electrofusion/floral dip/biolistic.
 26

Practical (20 classes, each class of 2hours)

Practical
1. Anther: Wall and its ontogeny; Tapetum (amoeboid and glandular); MMC, spore tetrads, uninucleate,
bicelled and dehisced anther stages through slides/micrographs, male germ unit (MGU) through
photographs and schematic representation.
2. Pollen grains: Fresh and acetolyzed showing ornamentation and aperture, psuedomonads, polyads,
pollinia (slides/photographs,fresh material), ultrastructure of pollen wall(micrograph); Pollen viability:
Tetrazolium test.germination: Calculation of percentage germination in different media using hanging drop
method.
3. Ovule: Types-anatropous, orthotropous, amphitropous/campylotropous, circinotropous, unitegmic,
bitegmic; Tenuinucellate and crassinucellate; Special structures: Endothelium, obturator, hypostase,
caruncle and aril (permanent slides/specimens/photographs).
4. Female gametophyte through permanent slides/ photographs: Types, ultrastructure of mature egg
apparatus.
5. Intra-ovarian pollination; Test tube pollination through photographs.
6. Endosperm: Dissections of developing seeds for endosperm with free-nuclear haustoria.
7. Embryogenesis: Study of development of dicot embryo through permanent slides; dissection of
developing seeds for embryos at various developmental stages; Study of suspensor through electron
micrographs.

Suggested Readings
1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). The Embryology of Angiosperms, Vikas Publishing
House. Delhi. 5th edition.
2. Shivanna, K.R. (2003). Pollen Biology and Biotechnology. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
Delhi.
3. Raghavan, V. (2000). Developmental Biology of Flowering plants, Springer, Netherlands.
4. Johri, B.M. l (1984). Embryology of Angiosperms, Springer-Verlag, Netherlands.
 27
Semester-V
Core Course XII: Plant Physiology – 100
marks (Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 6+5 lectures

Plant water relationship: Water Potential and its components, water absorption by roots, pathway of
water movement, symplast, apoplast, transmembrane pathways, root pressure,. Ascent of sap– cohesion-
tension theory.Transpiration and factors affecting transpiration, mechanism of stomatal movement,
antitranspirants, guttation.
Translocation in the phloem: Experimental evidence in support of phloem as the site of sugar
translocation. Pressure–Flow Model; Phloem loading and unloading; Source–sink relationship.
Unit-II 5 lectures
Mineral nutrition: Essential and beneficial elements, macro and micronutrients, methods of study and use
of nutrient solutions, criteria for essentiality, mineral deficiency symptoms, roles of essential elements,
chelating agents.
Unit-III 5 lectures
Nutrient Uptake: Soil as a nutrient reservoir, transport of ions across cell membrane, passive absorption,
electrochemical gradient, facilitated diffusion, active absorption, role of ATP, carrier systems, proton
ATPase pump and ion flux, uniport, co-transport, symport, antiport.
Unit-IV 10 lectures
Plant growth regulators: Discovery, chemical nature (basic structure), bioassay and physiological roles
of Auxin, Gibberellins, Cytokinin, Abscisic acid, Ethylene.
Unit-V 4+5 lectures
Physiology of flowering: Photoperiodism, flowering stimulus, Florien Concept, vernalization, seed
dormancy.
Phytochrome: Discovery, chemical nature, role of phytochrome in photo morphogenesis, low energy
responses (LER) and high irradiance responses (HIR), mode of action.

Practical (20 classes, each class of 2hours)

Practical
1. Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method.
2. Determination of water potential of given tissue (potato tuber) by weight method.
 28
3. Study of the effect of wind velocity and light on the rate of transpiration in excised twig/leaf.
4. Calculation of stomatal index and stomatal frequency from the two surfaces of leaves of a mesophyte
and xerophyte.
5. To calculate the area of an open stoma and percentage of leaf area open through stomata in a mesophyte
and xerophyte (both surfaces).
6. To study the phenomenon of seed germination (effect of light).
7. To study the induction of amylase activity in germinating barley grains.
Demonstration experiments
1. To demonstrate suction due to transpiration.
2. Fruit ripening/Rooting from cuttings (Demonstration).
3. Bolting experiment/Avena coleptile bioassay (demonstration).

Suggested Readings
1. Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, A. (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and Sons. U.S.A.
4th edition.
2. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., MØller, I.M. and Murphy, A (2015). Plant Physiology and Development.Sinauer
Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition.
3. Bajracharya D. (1999). Experiments in Plant Physiology-A Laboratory Manual. Narosa Publishing
House, New Delhi.
 29

Semester-VI
Core Course XIII: Plant Metabolism – 100 marks
(Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 5+1 lectures

Concept of metabolism: Introduction, anabolic and catabolic pathways, regulation of metabolism, role of
regulatory enzymes (allosteric, covalent modulation and Isozymes).
Carbohydrate metabolism: Synthesis and catabolism of sucrose and starch.
Unit-II 10 lectures
Carbon assimilation: Historical background, photosynthetic pigments, role of photosynthetic pigments
(chlorophylls and accessory pigments), antenna molecules and reaction centres, photochemical reactions,
photosynthetic electron transport, PSI, PSII, Q cycle, CO2 reduction, photorespiration, C4pathways;
Crassulacean acid metabolism; Factors affecting CO2 reduction.
Unit-III 6+4 lectures
Carbon Oxidation: Glycolysis, fate of pyruvate, regulation of glycolysis, oxidative pentose phosphate
pathway, oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, regulation of PDH, NADH shuttle; TCA cycle,amphibolic
role, anaplerotic reactions, regulation of the cycle, mitochondrial electron transport, oxidative
phosphorylation, cyanideresistant respiration, factors affecting respiration.
ATP-Synthesis: Mechanism of ATP synthesis, substrate level phosphorylation, chemiosmotic mechanism
(oxidative and photophosphorylation), ATP synthase, Boyers conformational model, Racker’s experiment,
Jagendorf’s experiment; role of uncouplers.
Unit-IV 5 lectures
Lipid metabolism: Synthesis and breakdown of triglycerides, β-oxidation, glyoxylate cycle,
gluconeogenesis and its role in mobilisation of lipids during seed germination, α oxidation.
Unit-V 5+4 lectures
Nitrogen metabolism: Nitrate assimilation, biological nitrogen fixation (examples of legumes and non-
legumes); Physiology and biochemistry of nitrogen fixation; Ammonia assimilation and transamination.
Mechanisms of signal transduction: Calcium, phospholipids, cGMP, NO.
 30

Practical (20 classes, each class of 2hours)

Practical
1. Chemical separation of photosynthetic pigments.
2. Experimental demonstration of Hill’s reaction.
3. To study the effect of light intensity on the rate of photosynthesis.
4. Effect of carbon dioxide on the rate of photosynthesis.
5. To compare the rate of respiration in different parts of a plant.
6. To demonstrate activity of Nitrate Reductase in germinationg leaves of different plant sources.
7. To study the activity of lipases in germinating oilseeds and demonstrate mobilization of lipids during
germination.
8. Demonstration of fluorescence by isolated chlorophyll pigments.
9. Demonstration of absorption spectrum of photosynthetic pigments.

Suggested Readings
1. Hopkins, W.G. and Huner, A. (2008). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley and Sons.
U.S.A. 4th edition.
2. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., MØller, I.M. and Murphy, A (2015). Plant Physiology and Development.
Sinauer Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition.
3. Harborne, J.B. (1973). Phytochemical Methods. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
 31
Semester-VI
Core Course XIV: Plant Biotechnology – 100
marks (Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 3 lectures
Plant Tissue Culture: Historical perspective; Aseptic tissue culture techniques, Composition of media;
Nutrient and hormone requirements (role of vitamins and hormones).
Unit-II 7 lectures
Totipotency; Organogenesis; Embryogenesis (somatic and zygotic); Protoplast isolation, culture and
fusion; Tissue culture applications (micro propagation, androgenesis, virus elimination, secondary
metabolite production, haploids, triploids and hybrids; Cryopreservation; Germplasm Conservation).
Unit-III 10 lectures
Recombinant DNA technology-I: Restriction Endonucleases (History, Types I-IV, biological role and
application); Restriction Mapping (Linear and Circular); Cloning Vectors: Prokaryotic (pUC 18 and
pUC19, pBR322, Ti plasmid, BAC); Lambda phage, M13 phagemid, Cosmid, Shuttle vector; Eukaryotic
Vectors (YAC and briefly PAC, MAC, HAC).Gene Cloning (Recombinant DNA, Bacterial Transformation
and selection of recombinant clones, PCR-mediated gene cloning).
Unit-IV 10 lectures
Recombinant DNA technology-II: Gene Construct; construction of genomic and cDNA libraries,
screening DNA libraries to obtain gene of interest by genetic selection; complementation, colony
hybridization; Probes-oligonucleotide, heterologous, PCR; Methods of gene transfer- Agrobacterium-
mediated, Direct gene transfer by Electroporation, Microinjection, Micro projectile bombardment;
Selection of transgenics– selectable marker and reporter genes (Luciferase, GUS, GFP).
Unit-V 10 lectures
Applications of Biotechnology: Pest resistant (Bt-cotton); herbicide resistant plants (RoundUp Ready
soybean); Transgenic crops with improved quality traits (Flavr Savr tomato, Golden rice); Improved
horticultural varieties (Moon dust carnations); Role of transgenics in bioremediation (Superbug); edible
vaccines; Industrial enzymes (Aspergillase, Protease, Lipase); Genetically Engineered Products–Human
Growth Hormone; Humulin; Biosafety concerns.

Practical (20 classes, each class of 2hours)

Practical
1. (a) Preparation of MS medium.
(b) Demonstration of in vitro sterilization and inoculation methods using leaf and nodal explants of
tobacco, Datura, Brassica etc.
 32

2. Study of anther, embryo and endosperm culture, micropropagation, somatic embryogenesis & artificial
seeds through photographs.
3. Isolation of protoplasts.
4. Construction of restriction map of circular and linear DNA from the data provided.
5. Study of methods of gene transfer through photographs: Agrobacterium-mediated, direct gene transfer
by electroporation, microinjection, microprojectile bombardment.
6. Study of steps of genetic engineering for production of Bt cotton, Golden rice, Flavr Savr tomato
through photographs.
7. Isolation of plasmid DNA.
8. Restriction digestion and gel electrophoresis of plasmid DNA.

Suggested Readings
1. Bhojwani, S.S. and Razdan, M.K., (1996). Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice. Elsevier Science
Amsterdam. The Netherlands.
2. Glick, B.R., Pasternak, J.J. (2003). Molecular Biotechnology- Principles and Applications of
recombinant DNA. ASM Press, Washington.
3. Bhojwani, S.S. and Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). The Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas Publication House
Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 5th edition.
th
4. Snustad, D.P. and Simmons, M.J. (2010). Principles of Genetics. John Wiley and Sons, U.K. 5 edition.
5. Stewart, C.N. Jr. (2008). Plant Biotechnology & Genetics: Principles, Techniques and Applications.
John Wiley & Sons Inc. U.S.A.
6. Chawla, H.S. (2010). Introduction to Plant Biotechnology.Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.Pvt. Ltd., New
Delhi.
7. Singh, B. D. (2010) Biotechnology: Expanding Horizon. Kalyani Publishers. New Delhi.
8. Dubey, R.C., A Text Book Of Biotechnology, S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi.
9. Gupta, P.K., Biotechnology And Genomics, Rastogy Publications, Meerut.
 33

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE COURSES

Semester-V
Discipline Specific Elective (DSE –1):
Natural Resource Management – 100 marks
(Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 2+5 lectures

Natural resources: Definition and types.
Sustainable utilization: Concept, approaches (economic, ecological and socio-cultural).
Unit-II 5+4 lectures
Land: Utilization (agricultural, pastoral, horticultural, silvicultural); Soil degradation and management.
Water: Fresh water (rivers, lakes, groundwater, aquifers, watershed); Marine; Estuarine; Wetlands;
Threats and management strategies.
Unit-III 8+4 lectures
Biological Resources: Biodiversity-definition and types; Significance; Threats; Management strategies;
Bio-prospecting; IPR; National Biodiversity Action Plan.
Forests: Definition, Cover and its significance (with special reference to India); Major and minor forest
products; Depletion; Management.
Unit-IV 4+6 lectures
Energy: Renewable and non-renewable sources of energy.
Contemporary practices in resource management: Participatory Resource Appraisal, Ecological
Footprint with emphasis on carbon footprint.
Unit-V 4 lectures
Resource Accounting; Waste management. National and international efforts in resource management and
conservation
 34
Practical (20 classes, each class of 2hours)
Practical
1. Estimation of solid waste generated by a domestic system (biodegradable and non-biodegradable) and its
impact on land degradation.
2. Collection of data on forest covers of specific area.
3. Measurement of dominance of woody species by DBH (diameter at breast height) method.
4. Calculation and analysis of ecological footprint.
5. Ecological modeling.

Suggested Readings
1. Vasudevan, N. (2006). Essentials of Environmental Science. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
2. Singh, J. S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S. (2006). Ecology, Environment and Resource
Conservation. Anamaya Publications, New Delhi.
3. Rogers, P.P., Jalal, K.F. and Boyd, J.A. (2008). An Introduction to Sustainable Development.
Prentice Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi.
 35
Semester-V
Discipline Specific Elective (DSE –2):
Biostatistics – 100 marks (Credits-6:
Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem. 15 + End Sem. 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 8+8 lectures

Biostatistics- Definition; statistical methods; basic principles. Variables-measurements, functions,
limitations and uses of statistics.
Unit-II 8 lectures
Collection of data primary and secondary - types and methods of data collection procedures - merits and
demerits. Classification - tabulation and presentation of data – sampling methods.
Unit-III 10 lectures
Measures of central tendency - mean, median, mode, geometric mean - merits & demerits. Measures of
dispersion - range, standard deviation, mean deviation, quartile deviation - merits and demerits; Co-
efficient of variations.
Unit-IV 8 lectures
Correlation - types and methods of correlation, regression, simple regression equation, fitting prediction,
similarities and dissimilarities of correlation and regression.
Unit-V 6 lectures
Statistical inference - hypothesis - simple hypothesis - student’t’ test – chi square test.
Practical (20 classes, each class of 2hours)
Practical :
1) Calculation of mean, standard deviation and standard error
2) Calculation of correlation coefficient values and finding out the probability
3) Calculation of ‘F’ value and finding out the probability value for the F value.

Suggested Readings :
1. Biostatistics, Danniel, W.W., 1987.New York, John Wiley Sons.
2. An introduction to Biostatistics, 3rd edition, Sundarrao, P.S.S and Richards, J. Christian Medical
College, Vellore
3. Statistical Analysis of epidemiological data, Selvin, S., 1991. New York University Press. 4. Statistics
for Biology, Boston, Bishop, O.N. Houghton, Mifflin.
5. The Principles of scientific research, Freedman, P. New York, Pergamon Press.
6. Statistics for Biologists, Campbell, R.C., 1998.Cambridge University Press.
7. Prasad, S., Elements of Biostatistics, Rastogi Publications, Meerut.
 36
Semester-VI
Discipline Specific Elective (DSE –3):
Horticultural Practices and Post-Harvest Technology – 100 marks
(Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 2+3 lectures

Introduction: Scope and importance, Branches of horticulture; Role in rural economy and employment
generation; Importance in food and nutritional security; urban horticulture and ecotourism.
Ornamental plants: Types, classification (annuals, perennials, climbers and trees); Identification and
salient features of some ornamental plants [rose, marigold, gladiolus, carnations, orchids, poppies,
gerberas, tuberose, sages, cacti and succulents (opuntia, agave and spurges)] Ornamental flowering trees
(Indian laburnum, gulmohar, Jacaranda, Lagerstroemia, fishtail and areca palms, semul, Coral tree).
Unit-II 4+6 lectures
Fruit and vegetable crops: Production, origin and distribution; Description of plants and their economic
products; Management and marketing of vegetable and fruit crops; Identification of some fruits and
vegetable varieties (citrus, banana, mango, chilies and cucurbits).
Horticultural techniques: Application of manure, fertilizers, nutrients and PGRs; Weed control; bio-
fertilizers, bio-pesticides; Irrigation methods (drip irrigation, surface irrigation, furrow and border
irrigation); Hydroponics; Propagation Methods: asexual (grafting, cutting, layering, budding), sexual (seed
propagation), Scope and limitations.
Unit-III 4+4 lectures
Landscaping and garden design : Planning and layout (parks and avenues); gardening traditions -
Ancient Indian, European, Mughal and Japanese Gardens; Urban forestry; policies and practices.
Floriculture: Cut flowers, bonsai, commerce (market demand and supply); Importance of flower shows
and exhibitions.
Unit- IV 6+5 lectures
Post-harvest technology: Importance of post harvest technology in horticultural crops; Evaluation of
quality traits; Harvesting and handling of fruits, vegetables and cut flowers; Principles, methods of
preservation and processing; Methods of minimizing loses during storage and transportation; Food
irradiation - advantages and disadvantages; food safety.
Disease control and management : Field and post-harvest diseases; Identification of deficiency
symptoms; remedial measures and nutritional management practices; Crop sanitation; IPM strategies
(genetic, biological and chemical methods for pest control); Quarantine practices; Identification of
common diseases and pests of ornamentals, fruits and vegetable crops.
 37
Unit-V 6 lectures
Horticultural crops - conservation and management: Documentation and conservation of germplasm;
Role of micropropagation and tissue culture techniques; Varieties and cultivars of various horticultural
crops; IPR issues; National, international and professional societies and sources of information on
horticulture.
Field trip: Field visits to gardens, standing crop sites, nurseries, vegetable gardens and horticultural fields
at IARI or other suitable locations.

Practical (20 classes, each class of 2hours)

Practical
Practical related to theory

Suggested Readings
1. Singh, D. & Manivannan, S. (2009). Genetic Resources of Horticultural Crops. Ridhi
International, Delhi, India.
2. Swaminathan, M.S. and Kochhar, S.L. (2007). Groves of Beauty and Plenty: An Atlas of
Major Flowering Trees in India. Macmillan Publishers, India.
3. NIIR Board (2005). Cultivation of Fruits, Vegetables and Floriculture. National Institute of Industrial
Research Board, Delhi.
4. Kader, A.A. (2002). Post-Harvest Technology of Horticultural Crops. UCANR Publications, USA.
5. Capon, B. (2010). Botany for Gardeners. 3rd Edition. Timber Press, Portland, Oregon.
 38

GENERIC ELECTIVE ELECTIVE COURSES

Semester- I
Generic Elective (GE –1):
Plant physiology and Metabolism – 100 marks
(Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 4+4+4 lectures

Plant-water relations: Importance of water, water potential and its components; Transpiration and
its significance; Factors affecting transpiration; Root pressure and guttation.
Mineral nutrition: Essential elements, macro and micronutrients; Criteria of essentiality of elements; Role
of essential elements; Transport of ions across cell membrane, active and passive transport, carriers,
channels and pumps.
Translocation in phloem.: Composition of phloem sap, girdling experiment; Pressure flow model; Phloem
loading and unloading
Unit-II 8 lectures
Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic Pigments (Chl a, b, xanthophylls, carotene); Photosystem I and II, reaction
center, antenna molecules; Electron transport and mechanism of ATP synthesis; C3, C4 and CAM
pathways of carbon fixation; Photorespiration.
Unit-III 4 lectures
Respiration: Glycolysis, anaerobic respiration, TCA cycle; Oxidative phosphorylation, Glyoxylate,
Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway.
Unit-IV 3+3 lectures
Enzymes: Structure and properties; Mechanism of enzyme catalysis and enzyme inhibition.
Nitrogen metabolism: Biological nitrogen fixation; Nitrate and ammonia assimilation.
Unit-V 5+5 lectures
Plant growth regulators: Discovery and physiological roles of auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA,
ethylene.
Plant response to light and temperature: Photoperiodism (SDP, LDP, Day neutral plants); Phytochrome
(discovery and structure), red and far red light responses on photomorphogenesis; Vernalization.
 39
Practical (20 classes, each class of 2hours)

Practical :
1. Determination of osmotic potential of plant cell sap by plasmolytic method.
2. To study the effect of two environmental factors (light and wind) on transpiration by excised twig.
3. Calculation of stomatal index and stomatal frequency of a mesophyte and a xerophyte.
4. Demonstration of Hill reaction.
5. Demonstrate the activity of catalase and study the effect of pH and enzyme concentration.
6. To study the effect of light intensity and bicarbonate concentration on O2 evolution in photosynthesis.
7. Comparison of the rate of respiration in any two parts of a plant.
8. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography.
Demonstration experiments (any four)
1. Bolting.
2. Effect of auxins on rooting.
3. Suction due to transpiration.
4. R.Q.
5. Respiration in roots.

Suggested Readings :

1. Taiz, L., Zeiger, E., MØller, I.M. and Murphy, A (2015). Plant Physiology and Development. Sinauer
Associates Inc. USA. 6th edition.
th
2. Hopkins, W.G., Huner, N.P., (2009). Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley & Sons, U.S.A. 4
Edition.
3. Bajracharya, D., (1999). Experiments in Plant Physiology- A Laboratory Manual. Narosa
Publishing House, New Delhi.
 40

Semester-III
Generic Elective (GE –2)
Plant Anatomy and Embryology – 100 marks
(Credits-6: Theory-4, Practical-2)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour): PRACTICAL (Each class 2 hours)
[75 marks (Mid Sem 15 + End Sem 60)]
Lectures: 60 [40 Theory + 20 Practical classes]

Unit-I 5+3 lectures

Meristematic and permanent tissues : Root and shoot apical meristems; Simple and complex tissues
Organs : Structure of dicot and monocot root stem and leaf.
Unit-II 6+5 lectures
Secondary Growth : Vascular cambium – structure and function, seasonal activity. Secondary growth in
root and stem, Wood (heartwood and sapwood)
Adaptive and protective systems: Epidermis, cuticle, stomata; General account of adaptations in
xerophytes and hydrophytes.
Unit-III 5+6 lectures
Structural organization of flower : Structure of anther and pollen; Structure and types of ovules; Types
of embryo sacs, organization and ultrastructure of mature embryo sac.
Pollination and fertilization : Pollination mechanisms and adaptations; Double fertilization; Seed-
structure appendages and dispersal mechanisms.
Unit-IV 5 lectures
Embryo and endosperm : Endosperm types, structure and functions; Dicot and monocot embryo; Embryo
endosperm relationship
Unit-V 5 lectures
Apomixis and polyembryony : Definition, types and Practical applications

Practical (20 classes, each class of 2hours)

Practical
1. Study of meristems through permanent slides and photographs.
2. Tissues (parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma); Macerated xylary elements, Phloem (Permanent
slides, photographs)
3. Stem: Monocot: Zea mays; Dicot: Helianthus; Secondary: Helianthus (only Permanent slides).
 41
4. Root: Monocot: Zea mays; Dicot: Helianthus; Secondary: Helianthus (only Permanent slides).
5. Leaf: Dicot and Monocot leaf (only Permanent slides).
6. Adaptive anatomy: Xerophyte (Nerium leaf); Hydrophyte (Hydrilla stem).
7. Structure of anther (young and mature), tapetum (amoeboid and secretory) (Permanent slides).
8. Types of ovules: anatropous, orthotropous, circinotropous, amphitropous/ campylotropous.
9. Female gametophyte: Polygonum (monosporic) type of Embryo sac Development (Permanent
slides/photographs).
10. Ultrastructure of mature egg apparatus cells through electron micrographs.
11. Pollination types and seed dispersal mechanisms (including appendages, aril, caruncle) (Photographs
and specimens).
12. Dissection of embryo/endosperm from developing seeds.
13. Calculation of percentage of germinated pollen in a given medium.

Suggested Readings
1. Bhojwani, S.S. & Bhatnagar, S.P. (2011). Embryology of Angiosperms. Vikas Publication House
Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 5th edition.
2. Mauseth, J.D. (1988). Plant Anatomy. The Benjamin/Cummings Publisher, USA.
 42

SKILL ENHANCEMENT COURSES

Semester-III
Skill Enhancement Courses (SEC –I):
Biofertilizers – 50 marks (Credits-2:
Lectures: 30 ) THEORY (Each class
1 hour)
[50 marks (Mid Sem 10 + End Sem 40)]

Unit-I 4 lectures
General account about the microbes used as biofertilizer – Rhizobium – isolation, identification, mass
multiplication and carrier based inoculants, Actinorrhizal symbiosis.
Unit-II 8 lectures
Azospirillum: isolation and mass multiplication – carrier based inoculants, associative effect of different
microorganisms. Azotobacter: classification, characteristics – crop response to Azotobacter inoculums,
maintenance and mass multiplication.
Unit-III 4 lectures
Cyanobacteria (blue green algae), Azolla and Anabaena azollae association, nitrogen fixation, factors
affecting growth, blue green algae and Azolla in rice cultivation.
Unit-IV 8 lectures
Mycorrhizal association, types of mycorrhizal association, taxonomy, occurrence and distribution,
phosphorus nutrition, growth and yield – colonization of VAM – isolation and inoculums production of
VAM, and its influence on growth and yield of crop plants.
Unit-V 6 lectures
Organic farming – Green manuring and organic fertilizers, recycling of biodegradable municipal,
agricultural and Industrial wastes – bio-compost making methods, types and method of vermin-composting
– field Application.
Suggested Readings
1. Dubey, R.C., 2005 A Text book of Biotechnology S.Chand & Co, New Delhi.
2. Kumaresan, V. 2005, Biotechnology, Saras Publications, New Delhi.
3. John Jothi Prakash, E. 2004. Outlines of Plant Biotechnology. Emkay _Publication, New Delhi.
4. Sathe, T.V. 2004 Vermiculture and Organic Farming. Daya publishers.
5. Subha Rao, N.S. 2000, Soil Microbiology, Oxford & IBH Publishers, New _Delhi.
6. Vayas,S.C, Vayas, S. and Modi, H.A. 1998 Bio-fertilizers and organic _Farming Akta Prakashan,
Nadiad
 43

ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COMPULSORYCOURSES

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
(FOR ARTS/SCIENCE/COMMERCE)
Semester-I (Commerce) &Semester-II (Arts & Science)
ABILITY ENHANCEMENT COMPULSORY COURCE (SEC –II):
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES – 50 marks
(Credits-2: Lectures: 30)
THEORY (Each class 1 hour)
[50 marks (Mid Sem. 10 + End Sem. 40)]

Unit 2 : (4 lectures)
Ecosystems
What is an ecosystem? Structure and function of ecosystem; Energy flow in an ecosystem: food
chains, food webs and ecological succession. Case studies of the following ecosystems : a) Forest
ecosystem b) Aquatic ecosystems (ponds, streams, lakes, rivers, oceans, estuaries)
Unit 3: (7 lectures)
Natural Resources :
Renewable and Non--‐renewable Resources

Land resources and landuse change; Land degradation, soil erosion and desertification.
Deforestation: Causes and impacts due to mining, dam building on environment, forests.
Water : Use and over---exploitation of surface and groundwater, floods, droughts.
Energy resources: Renewable and non renewable energy sources, use of alternate energy
sources, growing energy needs, case studies.
Unit 4 : (6 lectures)
Biodiversity and Conservation
Levels of biological diversity : genetic, species and ecosystem diversity; global biodiversity hot
spots. India as a mega---biodiversity nation; Endangered and endemic species of India
Threats to biodiversity : Habitat loss, poaching of wildlife, man---wildlife conflicts, biological
invasions; Conservation of biodiversity : In---situ and Ex---situ conservation of biodiversity.
Ecosystem and biodiversity services: Ecological, economic, social, ethical, aesthetic
and Informational value.
Scope and importance; Concept of sustainability and sustainable development.
 44

Unit 5 : (7 lectures)
Environmental Pollution
Environmental pollution : types, causes, effects and controls; Air, water, soil and noise
pollution Nuclear hazards and human health risks
Solid waste management : Control measures of urban and industrial waste.
Unit 6 : (2 lectures)
Environmental Policies & Practices
Climate change, global warming, ozone layer depletion, acid rain and impacts on
human communities and agriculture.
Nature reserves, tribal populations and rights, and human wildlife conflicts in Indian context.
Unit 7 : (4 lectures)
Human Communities and the Environment
Human population growth: Impacts on environment, human health and
welfare. Disaster management : floods, earthquake, cyclones and landslides.
Environmental movements: Chipko, Silent valley, Bishnois of Rajasthan.
Environmental ethics: Role of Indian and other religions and cultures in environmental conservation.

Suggested Readings:
1. Carson, R. 2002. Silent Spring. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
2. Gadgil, M., & Guha, R. 1993. This Fissured Land: An Ecological History of India. Univ. of California Press.
3. Gleeson, B. and Low, N. (eds.) 1999. Global Ethics and Environment, London, Routledge.
4. Gleick, P. H. 1993. Water in Crisis. Pacific Institute for Studies in Dev., Environment & Security.
Stockholm Env. Institute, Oxford Univ. Press.
5. Groom, Martha J., Gary K. Meffe, and Carl Ronald Carroll. Principles of Conservation Biology.
Sunderland: Sinauer Associates, 2006.
6. Grumbine, R. Edward, and Pandit, M.K. 2013. Threats from India’s mHimalaya dams. Science, 339: 36---37.
7. McCully, P. 1996. Rivers no more: the environmental effects of dams(pp. 29---64). Zed Books.
8. McNeill, John R. 2000. Something New Under the Sun: An Environmental History of the TwentiethCentury.
9. Odum, E.P., Odum, H.T. & Andrews, J. 1971.Fundamentals of Ecology. Philadelphia: Saunders.
10. Pepper, I.L., Gerba, C.P. & Brusseau, M.L. 2011. Environmental and Pollution Science., Academic Press.
 45

11. Rao, M.N. & Datta, A.K. 1987. Waste Water Treatment. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd.
th
12. Raven, P.H., Hassenzahl, D.M. & Berg, L.R. 2012. Environment. 8 edition. John Wiley & Sons.
13. Rosencranz, A., Divan, S., & Noble, M.L. 2001.Environmental law and policy in India. Tripathi 1992.
14. Sengupta, R. 2003. Ecology and economics: An approach to sustainable development.OUP.
15. Singh, J.S., Singh, S.P. and Gupta, S.R. 2014. Ecology, Environmental Science and Conservation. S.
Chand Publishing, New Delhi.
16. Sodhi, N.S., Gibson, L. & Raven, P.H. (eds). 2013. Conservation Biology: Voices from the Tropics. John
Wiley & Sons.
17. Thapar, V. 1998. Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent.
18. Warren, C. E. 1971. Biology and Water Pollution Control. WB Saunders.
19. Wilson, E. O. 2006. The Creation: An appeal to save life on earth. mNew York:Norton.
20. World Commission on Environment and Development. 1987. Our Common Future. OxfordUniversity
21. Panigrahi, A.K., Sahu, Alaka, Text Book On Environmental Studies, Giribala Publishing House,
Brahmapur, Odisha.
22. Rana, S.V.S.,Environmental Studies, Rastogi Publications, Meerut.