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PHARMACY
Defined as the Profession which is
concerned with the art and science of
preparing drugs from natural and synthetic
sources, and from suitable and convenient
dosage form for administration for the
treatment and prevention of diseases both
of man and of animals

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 Embraces the knowledge of the
• identification,
• selection,
• pharmacologic action,
• preservation,
• analysis, and
• standardization
of drugs & medicine.
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Fromthe Greek word
“Pharmakon”– drug or
medicine

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Person considered the
expert on drugs or
considered as the medication expert.
It is his legally granted
responsibility to handle drugs and
to know all about those drugs.

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 Ancient Through Early Modern Era:
Human prehistory to AD 1500
 Empiric Era: 1600 to 1940
 Industrialization Era: 1940 to 1970
 Patient Care Era: 1970 to present
 Biotechnology and genetic
engineering: The new horizon

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BEFORE THE DAWN OF HISTORY
 Ancient man learned from instinct
from observation of birds and
beasts.
 Cool water, a leaf, dirt, or mud
was his first soothing application.
 Why people got sick before
◦ victim of evil forces
◦ god’s anger
◦ disease as a punishment of
god
 Use for treating ailment before
◦ Supernatural
◦ Natural resources
 Healer during the early days
Ancient Era ◦ Shaman
◦ Priest 7
PHARMACY IN ANCIENT BABYLONIA
Babylon, jewel of ancient
Mesopotamia, often called the
cradle of civilization, provides
the earliest practice of the art
of the apothecary.

Practitioners of healing of this

era were priest, pharmacist
and physician, all in one.

Medical texts on clay tablets

record first the symptoms of
illness, the prescription and
directions for compounding,
then an invocation to the gods.
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 Asipu- magical healer –rely on
spells and magical stones
 Asu-empirical healer -make use
of plant materials- drew from
large collections of drugs and
manipulated them into several
dosage forms

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• Shen Nung, an emperor who
investigated the medicinal
value of several hundred
herbs.
• He have tested many of them
on himself and written the first
Pen T-Sao or native herbal,
with 350 different drugs.
• Medicinal plants included
podophyllum, rhubarb,
ginseng, stramonium,
cinnamon bark, ephedra, ma
huang etc. 10
 • discovered of various dosage forms,
(enemas, infusions, inhalations,

lotions etc.)

• plant drugs such as acacia, onions,

aloe, castor oil, opium etc.

• They prepared drugs with mortar

and pestle, hand mills and weighing
balances etc.

• The best known and most important

pharmaceutical record is the
"Papyrus Ebers" (1500 B.C.), a
collection of 800 prescriptions,
mentioning 700 drugs.
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 “During the superstition era,
 Asclepius, (god of the healing art) was
believed to impact healing by
touching one with his staff or serpent.
 His daughter, Hygeia (the goddess of
health, cleanliness and sanitation),
was also believed to have a healing
portion
 the international symbol of the
pharmacy profession “BOWL OF
HYGEIA”

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 Hippocrates, a Greek
physician
 introduction of scientific
pharmacy and medicine.
 He showed in his writing
and practices the
fundamental of scientific
method of research.
 starts with observation
and classification,
 rejection of unsupported
theory, superstition
 Wrote the oath of
hypocrites 13
THEOPHRASTUS – FATHER OF BOTANY
• Theophrastus -
Greek philosopher
and natural scientists.
• known to be the
“Father of Botany."
• deals with the
medical qualities and
peculiarities of herbs

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 Pedanios Dioscorides,
Greek Physician and
Botanist,
 deal with botany as an
applied science of
pharmacy.
 published De Materia
Medica, or, "On Medicinal
Substances" in five
volumes. The books have
recorded what he
observed, promulgated
excellent rules for
collection of drugs, their
storage and use.
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 • He make the art of
poisoning, (
preventing and
counteracting
poisoning)
• he used himself as
well as his prisoners
as "guinea pigs" on
which to test poisons
and antidotes.
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GALEN
EXPERIMENTER IN DRUG COMPOUNDING
 • Claudius Galen Greek
pharmacist–physician
• practiced and taught both
Pharmacy and Medicine
• His principles of preparing and
compounding medicines
• associated with that class of
pharmaceuticals compounded
by mechanical means -
galenicals.
• originator of the formula for a
cold cream.

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 • advantage of trademarks as a
means of identification of source and
of gaining customers' confidence.

• Terra Sigillata (Sealed Earth), a
clay tablet originating in the
Mediterranean island of Lemnos
before 500 B.C.
• One day each year clay was dug
from a pit on a Lemnian hillside in
the presence of governmental and
religious dignitaries.
• Washed, refined, rolled to a mass of
proper thickness, the clay was
formed into pastilles and impressed
with an official seal by priestesses,
then sun-dried.
• The tablets were then widely
distributed commercially.
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DAMIAN AND COSMAS -PATRON SAINTS

Twinship of the health

professions

•Damian, the
apothecary (Pharmacy)

•Cosmas, the physician

(Medicine)

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MONASTIC PHARMACY
 The monks gathered
herbs and simples in the
field, or raised them in
their own herb gardens.
 These they prepared
according to the art of
the apothecary for the
benefit of the sick and
injured.
 Manuscripts from many
islands were translated
or copied for monastery
libraries

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 ARABIAN ERA
THE FIRST APOTHECARY SHOPS
 The Arabs separated the
arts of apothecary and
physician,
 first privately owned
drug stores.
 developing with the aid
of their natural resources
syrups, confections,
conserves, distilled
waters and alcoholic
liquids.

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AVICENNA - THE "PERSIAN GALEN"

 Persian, Ibn Sina called

Avicenna
 He was a pharmacist,
poet, physician,
philosopher and
diplomat.
 He gave contribution to
the sciences of
pharmacy and
medicine by his
pharmaceutical
teachings. 22
SEPARATION OF PHARMACY AND MEDICINE
 in Sicily and southern Italy, Pharmacy
was separated from Medicine.
 Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, who
was Emperor of Germany as well as
King of Sicily, was In his palace in
Palermo, he presented subject
Pharmacists with the first European
edict, which is known as the Magna
Carta of Pharmacy .
 The three decrees of the Magna Carta
1) The pharmaceutical profession was
to be separated from the medical
profession (2) The pharmaceutical
profession should be supervised
officially (3) Pharmacists should take
an oath to prepare drugs reliably,
according to skilled art and in a
uniform suitable quality.
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 discovered oxygen,
chlorine, prussic acid,
tartaric acid, tungsten,
molybdenum, glycerin,
nitroglycerin, and
countless other organic
compounds

 He is known as the
Father of Modern Plant
Chemistry.
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 A Swiss physician and
chemist who influenced the
transformation of pharmacy
from a profession based
primarily on botanical
science to one based on
chemical science.
 He believed it was possible
to prepare a specific
medicinal agent to combat
each specific disease and
introduced a host of
chemical substances to
internal therapy.
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THE FIRST OFFICIAL PHARMACOPOEIA
 The idea of a pharmacopoeia
with official status, to be
followed by all apothecaries,
originated in Florence.
 The Nuovo Receptario,
originally written in Italian,
was published and became
the legal standard for the
city-state in 1498.
 It was the result of
collaboration of the Guild of
Apothecaries and the Medical
Society - one of the earliest
manifestations of
constructive
interprofessional relations.

Empiric Era
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THE SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES OF
LONDON

 In 1617, Francis Bacon

(philosopher-politician)
formed a separate
company known as the
"Master, Wardens and
Society of the Art and
Mystery of the
Apothecaries of the City
of London".
 This was the first
organization of
pharmacists in the
Anglo-Saxon world.
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THE GOVERNOR WHO HEALED THE SICK
 John Winthrop
 He is a politician-physician
and first governor of
Massachusetts Bay Colony
with broad interests in
chemistry, metallurgy,
astronomy, botany, and
Materia Medica.
 He developed “sovereigne
remedy” that he called
“rubila,” which he believed
was effective in the treatment
of measles, colics,
headaches, sciatica and
many other ailment
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THE MARSHALL APOTHECARY
 Christopher Marshall, established
his apothecary shop in Philadelphia
in 1729.
 During 96 years, this pioneer
pharmaceutical enterprise became
a leading retail store, nucleus of
large-scale chemical manufacturing;
a "practical" training school for
pharmacists; an important supply
depot during the Revolution;
 and finally, it was managed by
granddaughter Elizabeth, America's
first woman pharmacist.
 Christopher earned the title of "The
fighting Quaker" during the
Revolution; his sons, Charles and
Christopher, Jr.
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FIRST HOSPITAL IN COLONIAL AMERICA
 Colonial America's first
hospital (Pennsylvania) was
established in Philadelphia in
1751.
 The first Hospital Pharmacy
began in 1752.
 The first Hospital Pharmacist
was Jonathan Roberts;
 but it was his successor, John
Morgan, whose practice as a
hospital pharmacist (1755-
56), First as pharmacist, later
as physician, he advocated
prescription writing and
championed independent
practice of two profession.

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CRAIGIE –
AMERICA'S FIRST APOTHECARY GENERAL
 The first man to hold the rank
of a commissioned
pharmaceutical officer in an
American army was the
Bostonian apothecary,
Andrew Craigie.
 His duties included
procurement, storage,
manufacture, and distribution
of the Army's drug
requirements.
 He also developed an early
wholesaling and
manufacturing business.

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Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner
FIRST OF THE ALKALOID CHEMISTS

 German apothecary,
discovered opium's
chief narcotic principle,
morphine;
 recognize and prove
the importance of a
new class of organic
substances: alkaloids

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CAVENTOU, PELLETIER AND QUININE
 French pharmacists,
 Messrs. Pierre-Joseph
Pelletier and Joseph-
Bienaimé Caventou,
 isolated emetine from
ipecacuanha in 1817;
 strychnine and brucine
from nux vomica
 Peruvian barks that were
so useful against malaria.
 separation of quinine and
cinchonine from the
cinchona barks;

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AMERICAN PHARMACY BUILDS ITS
FOUNDATIONS
 Faced with two major
threats; deterioration of the
practice of pharmacy, and a
discriminatory classification
by the University of
Pennsylvania medical
faculty,
 the pharmacists of
Philadelphia formed an
association, which became
The Philadelphia College
of Pharmacy, a school of
pharmacy, and a self-
policing board.
 Sixty-eight pharmacists
signed the Constitution of
the first pharmaceutical
association in the United
States.
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THE SHAKERS AND MEDICINAL HERBS
 Shakers - First U.S.
industry in medicinal
herbs (in 1820).
 The Shakers gathered or
cultivated some 200
varieties; dried, chopped,
and pressed them into
"bricks"; wrapped,
labeled, and sold them to
pharmacists and
physicians world-wide.
 The Shaker label was
recognized for reliability
and quality for more than
a century.
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THE AMERICAN PHARMACEUTICAL
ASSOCIATION
 Under the leadership of its
first President, Daniel B.
Smith, and first Secretary,
William Procter, Jr.,
 twenty delegates launched
The American
Pharmaceutical Association
and opened membership to
"all pharmaceutists and
druggists"

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THE FATHER OF AMERICAN PHARMACY

 William Procter, Jr.,

graduated from The
Philadelphia College of
Pharmacy in 1837
 leader in founding The
American
Pharmaceutical
Association
 served that
organization as its
first secretary; later, as
its president.
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A REVOLUTION IN PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION
 Dr. Albert B. Prescott launched the
pharmacy course at the University of
Michigan in 1868,
 he abandoned the traditional
requirement of pre graduation
apprenticeship.
 At the 1871 convention of the
American Pharmaceutical
Association, he was denied
credentials and the Michigan course
pioneered other major changes:
laboratory pharmacy, a definite
curriculum that included basic
sciences, and a program that
demanded students' full-time
attention.
 During the next thirty years, Dr.
Prescott had the satisfaction of
seeing his once revolutionary
innovations generally adopted by
pharmaceutical faculties.

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THE PHARMACOPOEIA COMES OF AGE
 The first "United States
Pharmacopoeia" (1820) was the work
of the medical profession.
 It was the first book of drug
standards from a professional source
to have achieved a nation's
acceptance.
 In 1877, the "U.S.P." was in danger of
dissolution due to the lack of interest
of the medical profession.
 Dr. Edward R. Squibb, manufacturing
pharmacist as well as physician, took
the problem to The American
Pharmaceutical Association
convention.
 Pharmacists formed a "Committee on
Revision" chair manned by hospital
pharmacist Charles Rice, assisted by
pharmacist-educator Joseph P.
Remington, and by Dr. Squibb, their
indefatigable collaborator. The "U.S.
Pharmacopoeia" surged to new
importance.

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THE STANDARDIZATION OF PHARMACEUTICALS

 Parke Davis & Company

introduced standardized
"Liquor Ergotae Purificatus" in
1879.
 Dr. Albert Brown Lyons, as the
firm's Chief Chemist, further
developed methods of
alkaloidal assay.
 Messrs. Parke and Davis
recognized the value of his
work, and in 1883, announced
a list of twenty standardized
"normal liquids.
 " Parke-Davis also pioneered
in developing pharmacologic
and physiologic standards for
pharmaceuticals.

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STANISLAS LIMOUSIN - PHARMACAL INVENTOR
 Stanislas Limousin -french retail
pharmacist, combining scientific
knowledge with technical skill and
with inventive genius
 Among the many devices which he
introduced to Pharmacy and Medicine
◦ medicine dropper;
◦ the system of coloring poisons
(such as corrosive sublimate);
◦ wafer cachets (which found favor
prior to mass production of the
gelatin capsule).
 His greatest contributions,
◦ apparatus for the inhalation and
therapeutic administration of
oxygen;
◦ glass ampoules that could be
sealed and sterilized for
preservation of solutions for
hypodermic use.
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THE ERA OF BIOLOGICALS
• 1894, Behring and Roux
announced the effectiveness
of diphtheria antitoxin,
• Parke Davis & Company was
among the pioneers. The
serum became available in
1895, and lives of thousands
of children were saved.
• 1903, Parke-Davis received
U.S. Biological License No. 1.
• New, improved biological
products have continued to
become available, climaxed in
1955 by poliomyelitis vaccine.

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THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMOTHERAPY
 Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau -
French pharmacist
 Research in the development of new
chemical compounds specifically
created to fight disease-causing
organisms in the body
 headed chemical laboratories in the
world-renowned Institut Pasteur, in
Paris.
 His early work with bismuth and
arsenic compounds advanced the
treatment of syphilis.
 He broke the German secret of a
specific for sleeping sickness; paved
the way for the life-saving
sulfonamide compounds; and from
his laboratories came the first group
of chemicals having recognized
antihistaminic properties. His work
led other investigators to broad
fields of chemotherapeutic research.
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 Large numbers of war-related injuries led to
the growth of industrial manufacturing in
order to meet the need for pharmaceutical
products
 Firms other than the pharmacies themselves
began centralized manufacturing of medicinal
preparations

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 The periods of development of manufacturing
pharmacy began as follows:
◦ Formative (1867)
◦ Botanical (1875)
◦ Standardization (1882)
◦ Biological (1895)
◦ Organic Chemical Synthesis (1883)
◦ Hormones (1901)
◦ Vitamins (1909)
◦ Antibiotics (1940)

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THE ERA OF ANTIBIOTICS
 Antibiotics are not new. Their
actions probably were first
observed by Pasteur in 1877
 Fleming's discovery of penicillin in
1929 went undeveloped and Florey
and Chain studied it in 1940.
 Under pressure of World War II, the
pharmaceutical manufacturers
rapidly adapted mass production
methods to penicillin; have reduced
costs to 1/1000th the original.
 Antibiotic discoveries came rapidly
in the '40's. Intensive research
continues to find antibiotics that
will conquer more of men's
microbial enemies.

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Many retail pharmacists protested the
industrialization of manufacturing

Industrialization brought about:

Biologically prepared products
Complex chemical synthesis
Increased use of parenteral medications
Standardized manufacturing

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 Increased concentration on rational, targeted
research through the use of computers
 Well-coordinated teams of scientists and
other professions such as statisticians and
financial managers worked together
 Multiple drug therapy led to adverse
reactions, interactions, and therapeutic
outcomes that were greater than or less than
desired
 Patient-focused drug therapy evolved,
centered on drug control or drug monitoring
 C.D. Hepler established the concept of
pharmaceutical in the late 1980s
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 Area of pharmacy concerned with science and
practice of rational medication use.

 Patient centered services that promote the

appropriate selection, utilization and
monitoring of medications.
 Its objectives is to optimize individual
improve therapeutic outcome

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 Biotechnology is the use of microorganisms
to produce drugs, hormones, and other
products
 Genetic engineering is the scientific alteration
of the structure of genetic material in a living
organism
 Research into gene therapy and genetic
defects has greatly increased
 Genetic research is involved in the pursuit of
cures for major diseases such as cancer

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 1871,the University of Santo Tomas
which was founded in 1611, offered
the course in BS Pharmacy and
licentiate in pharmacy.
 first Filipino to study pharmacy was
Don Leon Ma. Guerrero-Father of
Philippine Pharmacy

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First Drugstore In The Philippines
Botica Boie, the first drugstore in the Philippines is
an institution that served as a soda fountain and
drug company at the old Escolta. It was founded by
a young physician-pharmacist named Dr. Lorenzo
Negrao.

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Our company, BOIE Incorporated is a distinguished pharmaceutical company for it's
over a century of a strong commitment in providing quality medicines to consumers.

We are a pioneer in the manufacture and marketing of phytomedicines and is now

focused on promoting natural plant-based products from reputable European
research-based manufacturers and supported by substantial scientific literature.

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54
 The Professional Function
 Technical Function
 Administrative, supervisory, and
managerial functions
 Entrepreneurial functions

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 Practicing
Pharmacists are among
others ensuring the safe, effective
and appropriate use of drugs by
patients.

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 Selecting drug product source of supply
 Participating in the practice of drug use
decisions
 Selecting the drug product dosage form
 Determining the dose and dosage
schedule
 Preparing the drug product for patient’s
use

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 Dispensing the drug with proper instruction
 Counseling patient on the appropriate
utilization of medication
 Providing drug information to the patient
 Monitoring the patient to maximize
compliance
 Monitoring the patient to detect adverse
drug reactions and interactions
 Monitoring the patient to enhance the
outcomes of drug therapy

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 Essential to practice which may not be
restricted to pharmacists include a
large variety of manipulative or
mechanical tasks that must be carried
out during the course of practice.
 Although these functions are often
performed by practicing pharmacists,
non-professional personnel (pharmacy
technician, pharmacy assistant) can be
involved under professional
supervision.
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 Examples:
 Functions indirectly related to
dispensing.
 Functions carried out as a
prerequisite to dispensing.
 Functions directly involved with
dispensing.

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 Employed pharmacists even with no managerial responsibility
have administrative duties related to the practice of pharmacy
such as
proper prescription interpretation,
record keeping of prescription and dangerous drug
prescription,
maintaining patients’ drug histories,
sourcing of medicines
purchase request
pricing procedures ,
inventory control,
compliance with government requirements, and
management of staff (schedule, salary, leave)
.
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 With proper planning, such tasks
including personnel scheduling and
payroll may be delegated to clerks but
supervisory responsibility remains.

 In a relatively small pharmacy, the

pharmacists usually manage the entire
operation including administrative and
supervisory functions.

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 In chain drugstores, the staff
pharmacist are confined to the
management of the prescription
department. They are under
supervisory of the branch pharmacist.
 A good manager, administrator, and
supervisor must be able to perform
well in the pharmacy without diverting
pharmacists from mainline and
professional functions.
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 Many pharmacists, especially those with
business acumen, practice as independent
professionals establishing their non-
pharmacy functions by investing personal and
borrowed funds.
 They are directly dependent on their own
skills as professionals and as managers.
 Practicing Pharmacists who become
entrepreneurs must be able to resolve
professionally the conflicts that may arise.


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Some pharmacists are not engaged in
providing pharmaceutical services directly
to patients. They are, however, engaged in
important functions related indirectly to the
practice. These include:
 Research and development
 Production
 Quality control
 Sales and marketing
 Teaching and research in academic
institutions

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 Legal and regulatory functions with regards
to drugs and pharmaceutical practice.
 Public health functions
 Association world
 Pharmaceutical journalism
Note: Each of these areas requires skills beyond those normally
taught and learned in colleges of Pharmacy; thus, those
pharmacists working in these areas must acquire skills
through additional education or by experience and on-the-
job training.

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 Pharmacists play a vital role in health care
system through medicine and information
they provide. While responsibilities vary
among the different areas of practice, The
function includes patient care, dispensing of
medication, monitoring patient health and
progress to maximize their response to
medication, disease state management
through appropriate medication therapy
management to improve patient outcomes
and decrease overall health care costs.

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 Reviewing medication regimens
 Monitoring of treatment regimens
 General health monitoring
 General health advice
 Providing specific education to patients about disease states
and medications
 Counseling and advice on optimal use of medicines
 Advice and treatment of common ailments
 Referrals to other health professionals if necessary
 Dosing drugs in renal and hepatic failure
 Pharmacokinetic evaluation
 Promoting public health by administering immunizations

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 Educating patient and consumer on the use of
prescription medication, over the counter
medication, herbal supplement and the
proper use of medical devices. Advising
physicians, nurses and other health
professionals on drug selection and use.
 Pharmacists also provide expertise on
product composition, it’s physical, chemical
and biological properties as to its use. They
ensure products are manufactured safe and
effective.

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 Report on “The Role of the Pharmacist in the Health
Care System” states that the competence of the
Pharmacists is already proven and evident:
• in the direction and administration of pharmaceutical
services;
• in drug regulation and control;
• in the formulation and quality control of pharmaceutical
products;
• in the inspection and assessment of drug manufacturing
facilities;
• in the assurance of product quality throughout the
distribution chain;
• in drug procurement agencies; and
• in national and institutional formulary committees.
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 I am a specialist in medications
 I supply medicines and
pharmaceuticals to those who need
them.
 I prepare and compound special
dosage forms.
 I control the storage and preservation
of all medications in my care.

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 I am a custodian of medical information
 My library is a ready source of drug
knowledge.
 My files contain thousands of specific drug
names and tens of thousands of facts about
them.
 My records include the medication and health
history of entire families.
 My journals and meetings report advances in
pharmacy from around the world.


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 I am a companion of the physician
 I am a partner in the case of every patient
who takes any kind of medication
 I am a consultant on the merits of different
therapeutic agents.
 I am the connecting link between physician
and patient and the final check on the safety
of medicines.

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 I am a counselor to the patient
 I help the patient understand the proper use
of prescription medication.
 I assist the patient’s choice of
nonprescription drugs or in the decision to
consult a physician.
 I advise the patient on matters of prescription
storage and potency.

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 I am a guardian of the public health
 My pharmacy is a center for health-care
information.
 I encourage and promote sound personal
health.
 My services are available to all at all time.

 THIS IS MY CALLING * THIS IS MY PRIDE

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