Namma Kalvi

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1. Matrices and Determinants

8 −6 2
Example 1.1 If A = [−6 7 −4] verify
2 −4 3
that A (adj A) = (adj A) A = | A |. I3

8 −6 2
Solution: A = [−6 7 −4]
2 −4 3
8 −6 2
|𝐴| = |−6 7 −4|
2 −4 3
7 −4 −6 −4 −6 7
=8| | +6 | | +2 | |
DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS −4 3 2 3 2 −4
SRI RAMAKRISHNA MHSS – ARCOT
= 8(21 – 16) +6(– 18 +8) + 2(24 – 14)
VELLORE DT -632503

= 8(5) +6(– 10) + 2(10)

UNIT – 1
= 40 – 60 + 20

Matrices and Determinants = 60 – 60

|𝐴| = 0

7 −4 −6 7
8 −6 2
−4 3 2 −4
A = [−6 7 −4]
−6 2 8 −6
2 −4 3
7 −4 −6 2

5 10 10
Cofactor of A Aij = [10 20 20]
10 20 20
Adj A = AijT

5 10 10
Adj A = [10 20 20]
10 20 20
8 −6 2 5 10 10
A (adj A) =[−6 7 −4] [10 20 20]
2 −4 3 10 20 20
0 0 0
= [0 0 0] ……… (1)
0 0 0
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5 10 10 8 −6 2 3 1 −5 1 −5 3
=2| | +1 | | +3 | |
(adj A) A =[10 20 ] [
20 −6 7 −4] 2 3 −3 3 −3 2
10 20 20 2 −4 3
= 2(9 – 2) +1(– 15 + 3) + 3(– 10 + 9)
0 0 0
= [0 0 0] ……… (2) = 2(7) +1(– 12) +3(– 1)
0 0 0
= 14 – 12 – 3
1 0 0
| A |. I = 0 [0 1 0] = 14 – 15
0 0 1
= – 1 ≠ 0, hence A-1 exists.
0 0 0
= [0 0 0] ……… (3) 3 1 −5 3
0 0 0 2 3 −3 2
−1 3 2 −1
From (1), (2) and (3)
3 1 −5 3
A (adj A) = (adj A) A = | A | I3 is verified. 7 12 −1
Cofactor of A Aij = [ 9 15 −1]
𝑎 𝑏
Example 1.2 If A =[ ]is non singular, −10 −17 1
𝑐 𝑑
find A-1 Adj A = AijT
𝑎 𝑏 7 9 −10
Solution: A =[ ]
𝑐 𝑑 = [ 12 15 −17]
−1 −1 1
|𝐴|= |𝑎 𝑏
|
𝑐 𝑑 1
A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴
= ad – bc
7 9 −10
1
𝑑 −𝑏 = – 1 [ 12 15 −17]
adj A = [ ]
−𝑐 𝑎 −1 −1 1
1 7 9 −10
A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴
= −1 [ 12 15 −17]
1 𝑑 −𝑏 −1 −1 1
= ad – bc [ ]
−𝑐 𝑎 −7 −9 10
A-1 = [−12 −15 17 ]
Example 1.3 Find the inverse of the
1 1 −1
2 −1 3 Example 1.4 If A is a non-singular matrix
matrix [−5 3 1]
−3 2 3 of odd order, prove that |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| is positive.
2 −1 3
Solution: A = [−5 3 1] Solution: Let A be a non-singular matrix of
−3 2 3
order 2m +1, where m = 0,1,2,3,. . .
2 −1 3
|𝐴| = |−5 3 1| Then, we get |𝐴| ≠ 0 and, by property (ii),
−3 2 3 we have |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = |𝐴|(2𝑚+1) − 1 = |𝐴|2𝑚 .
 Since |𝐴|2𝑚 is always positive, we get that A= ±
1
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)
√𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| is positive.
Example 1.5 Find a matrix A 42 − 84 126
1
7 7 −7 =± 42 [ 84 126 − 42]
if 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [−1 11 7] −126 42 84
11 5 7 1 −2 3
7 7 −7
Solution: 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [−1 11 7] A=± [ 2 3 −1]
11 5 7 −3 1 2
7 7 −7
|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = |−1 11 7| −1 2 2
Example 1.6 If 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 1 1 2]
11 5 7
2 2 1
11 7 −1 7 −1 11 find A-1
=7| | −7 | |–7| | −1 2 2
5 7 11 7 11 5
Solution: 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 1 1 2]
= 7(77 – 35) – 7 (– 7 – 77) – 7(– 5 – 121) 2 2 1
−1 2 2
= 7(42) – 7 (– 84) – 7(– 126) |𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = | 1 1 2|
2 2 1
= 7(42 + 84 + 126)
1 2 1 2 1 1
= – 1| | −2 | |+2| |
2 1 2 1 2 2
= 7(252)
= – 1(1 – 4) – 2 (1 – 4) + 2(2 – 2)
= 7(7× 36)
= – 1(– 3) – 2 (– 3) + 2(0)
2 2
=7 ×6
=3+6+0
√𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 7 × 6 = 42
= 9 ⟹ √𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 3
1
We know, A = ± 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)
√𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 1
We know, A-1 = ± (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)
√𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
7 7 −7
Given: 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [−1 11 7] −1 2 2
1
11 5 7 Hence, A-1 = ± 3 [ 1 1 2]
2 2 1
11 7 −1 11
5 7 11 5 Example1.7 If A is symmetric, prove that
7 −7 7 7
11 7 −1 11 then adj A is also symmetric.
Solution: Given A is symmetric. ∴ 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴
42 84 −126
Cofactor of adj A = [−84 126 42 ] By the property, 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴𝑇 ) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝑇
126 − 42 84
So, 𝑎𝑑𝑗 (𝐴) = (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)𝑇 hence adj A is
42 − 84 126
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)= [ 84 126 − 42] symmetric.
−126 42 84
Example 1.8 Verify the property 0 −3 −2 −3
A= [ ] and B = [ ]
(𝐴𝑇 )−1= (𝐴−1 )𝑇 with A = [2 9] 1 4 0 −1
1 7
2 9 0 −3 −2 −3
Solution: A = [ ] AB = [ ][ ]
1 7 1 4 0 −1
2 1
𝐴𝑇 = [ ] 0+0 0+3
9 7 AB = [ ]
−2 + 0 −3 − 4
2 1
|𝐴𝑇 | = | | 0 3
9 7 AB = [ ]
−2 −7
= 14 – 9
|𝐴𝐵|= | 0 3
|
=5 −2 −7

7 −1 =0+6=6
Adj(𝐴𝑇 ) = [ ]
−9 2
−7 −3
adj (AB) = [ ]
(𝐴𝑇 −1
)
1
= |𝐴𝑇 | 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 𝑇 2 0
1
(AB)-1 = |𝐴𝐵|
𝐴𝑑𝑗 (𝐴𝐵)
1 7 −1
= [ ] …….(1)
5 −9 2 1 −7 −3
=6 [ ] ………. (1)
2 0
2 9
A= [ ] 0 −3
1 7 A= [ ]
1 4
|𝐴|= |2 9|
1 7 |𝐴|= |0 −3|
1 4
= 14 – 9
=0+3
=5
=3
7 −9
adj A = [ ] 4 3
−1 2 adj A =[ ]
−1 0
1
A-1 = |𝐴|
𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 1
A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴
1 7 −9
=5 [ ] 1 4 3
−1 2 =3 [ ]
−1 0
1 7 −1
(𝐴−1 )𝑇 = [ ] …….(1) −2 −3
5 −9 2 B= [ ]
0 −1
From (1) and (2)
|𝐵|= |−2 −3|
(𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇 is verified. 0 −1

Example1.9 Verify that (AB)−1 = B−1 A−1 = 2 +0

0 −3 −2 −3 =2
with A = [ ] and B = [ ]
1 4 0 −1
−1 3
adj B = [ ]
0 −2
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1 18
B-1 = |𝐵| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐵 𝑥=– 2

1 −1 3 𝑥=–9
B-1 = 2 [ ]
0 −2
Substituting, 𝑥 = – 9 in
−1
1 3 1 4 3
B-1 A-1 = 2[ ] [ ]
0 −2 2 −1 0 22 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0
1 −4 − 3 −3 + 0
=6[ ] 22 + 4(−9) + 𝑦 = 0
0+2 0+0
1 −7 −3 22 – 36 +𝑦 = 0
= [ ] …… (2)
6 2 0
– 14 +𝑦 = 0
From (1) and (2)
𝑦 = 14
(AB)−1 = B−1 A−1 is verified.
Hence, Substituting 𝑥 = – 9 and 𝑦 = 14 in
4 3
Example 1.10 If A = [ ], find x and y
2 5 𝐴2 + 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑦𝐼2 = 02
such that 𝐴2 + 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑦𝐼2 = 02 .
Hence, find A−1. 𝐴2 − 9𝐴 + 14𝐼2 = 02
4 3
Solution: A = [ ]
2 5 Post-multiplying this equation by A−1
4 3 4 3
𝐴2 = [ ][ ] We get, 𝐴 − 9𝐼 + 14A−1 = 02
2 5 2 5
14A−1 = 9𝐼 − 𝐴
16 + 6 12 + 15
=[ ]
8 + 10 6 + 25 1
A−1 = (9𝐼 − 𝐴)
14
22 37
𝐴2 = [ ] 1 1 0 4 3
18 31 = [9 ( )−( )]
14 0 1 2 5
𝐴2 + 𝑥𝐴 + 𝑦𝐼2 = 02 1 9 0 4 3
= [( )−( )]
14 0 9 2 5
22 37 4 3 1 0 0 0
[ ]+𝑥[ ]+𝑦[ ]= [ ] 1 5 −3
18 31 2 5 0 1 0 0 A−1 = [ ]
14 −2 4
22 37 4𝑥 3𝑥 𝑦 0 0 0 cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
[ ]+[ ]+[ ]= [ ] Example 1.11 Prove that [ ]is
18 31 2𝑥 5𝑥 0 𝑦 0 0 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
orthogonal.
22 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 37 + 3𝑥 + 0 0 0
[ ]= [ ] cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
18 + 2𝑥 + 0 31 + 5𝑥 + 𝑦 0 0 Solution: Let A = [ ]then,
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
22 + 4𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0, 37 + 3𝑥= 0,
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
𝐴𝑇 = [ ]
18 + 2𝑥 = 0, 31 + 5𝑥 + 𝑦 = 0 −sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃

18 + 2𝑥 = 0 gives cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃

𝐴𝐴𝑇 = [ ][ ]
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 −sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
2𝑥 = – 18
=[ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃] 45 + 𝑎2 = 49 gives
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 − cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 𝑎2 = 49 − 45 ⟹ 𝑎2 = 4, and
1 0
=[ ]=𝐼 𝑏 2 + 40 = 49 gives
0 1
𝑏 2 = 49 − 40 ⟹ 𝑏 2 = 9 and
Similarly we can prove 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐼.
𝑐 2 + 13 = 49 gives
Hence the given matrix is orthogonal. 𝑐 2 = 49 − 13 ⇒ 𝑐 2 = 36

Example 1.12 6𝑏 + 6 + 6𝑎 = 0
6 −3 𝑎
1 6𝑏 + 6𝑎 = −6 gives
If A = 7 [𝑏 −2 6] is orthogonal, find a, b
2 𝑐 3 𝑏 + 𝑎 = −1 ……..(1)
−1
and c and hence 𝐴 .
12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎 = 0
Solution: Given A is called orthogonal,
−3𝑐 + 3𝑎 = −12 gives
hence AAT = ATA = I
−𝑐 + 𝑎 = −4 ……..(2)
6 −3 𝑎 6 𝑏 2
1 1 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18 = 0
AAT =7 [𝑏 −2 6] × 7 [ −3 −2 𝑐 ]
2 𝑐 3 𝑎 6 3
2𝑏 − 2𝑐 = −18 gives
1
36 + 9 + 𝑎2 6𝑏 + 6 + 6𝑎 12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎
=
49
[ 6𝑏 + 6 + 6𝑎 𝑏 2 + 4 + 36 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18] 𝑏 − 𝑐 = −9 ……..(3)
12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18 4 + 𝑐2 + 9
45 + 𝑎2 6𝑏 + 6 + 6𝑎 12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎 From (2) and (3)
1
=
49
[ 6𝑏 + 6 + 6𝑎 𝑏 2 + 40 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18]
12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18 𝑐 2 + 13 𝑎 − 𝑐 = −4
AAT = I 𝑏 − 𝑐 = −9
45 + 𝑎2 6𝑏 + 6 + 6𝑎 12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎
1
[ 6𝑏 + 6 + 6𝑎 𝑏 2 + 40 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18]
𝑎−𝑏 = 5
49
12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18 𝑐 2 + 13
𝑎 + 𝑏 = −1 ……..(1)
1 0 0
= [0 1 0] 2a = 4 which is
0 0 1

45 + 𝑎2 6𝑏 + 6 + 6𝑎 12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎 a=2
[ 6𝑏 + 6 + 6𝑎 𝑏 2 + 40 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18]
12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18 𝑐 2 + 13 Substituting a = 2 in 𝑎 + 𝑏 = −1
1 0 0
= 49 [0
2 + 𝑏 = −1
1 0]
0 0 1
𝑏 = −1 − 2
45 + 𝑎2 6𝑏 + 6 + 6𝑎 12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎
[ 6𝑏 + 6 + 6𝑎 𝑏 2 + 40 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18] 𝒃 = −𝟑
12 − 3𝑐 + 3𝑎 2𝑏 − 2𝑐 + 18 𝑐 2 + 13

49 0 0 Substituting a = 2 in 𝑎 − 𝑐 = −4
= [0 49 0]
0 0 49 2 − 𝑐 = −4
 −𝑐 = −4 − 2 2 2 1
1
(iii) 3 [−2 1 2]
−𝑐 = −6 1 −2 2

𝒄= 𝟔 2 2 1
1
Solution: Let A = 3 [−2 1 2]
6 −3 2 1 −2 2
1
So A = 7 [−3 −2 6] 2 2 1
2 6 3 3 3 3
2 1 2
That is A-1 = AT A = −3 3 3
1 2 2
[ −3
6 −3 2 3 3]
1
=7 [−3 −2 6]
1 2 2 1
2 6 3 −
3 3 3 3
2 2 1 2
− −
3 3 3 3
EXERCISE 1.1 2 1 2 2
3 3 3 3
1. Find the adjoint of the following: 1 2 2 1
−
−3 4 3 3 3 3
(i) [ ]
6 2 6 6 3

−3 4 9 9 9
Solution: Let A = [ ] 6 3 6
6 2 Cofactor of A Aij = − 9 9 9
3 6 6
2 −4 [ −9
adj A = [ ] 9 9]
−6 −3
2 2 1
3 3 3
2 1 2
= − 3 3 3
2 3 1 1 2 2
(ii) [3 4 1] [ −
3 3 3]
3 7 2
2 2 1
Solution: 1
= 3 [−2 1 2]
1 −2 2
4 1 3 4
2 3 1
7 2 3 7 Adj A = AijT
Let A = [3 4 1]
3 1 2 3
3 7 2
4 1 3 4 2 −2 1
1
=3 [ 2 1 −2]
1 −3 9 1 2 2
Cofactor of A Aij = [ 1 1 −5]
−1 1 −1
2. Find the inverse (if it exists) of the
Adj A = AijT
following:
1 1 −1 −2 4
(i) [ ]
Adj A = [−3 1 1] 1 −3
9 −5 −1
−2 4
Let A = [ ]
1 −3
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−2 4 1
|𝐴|= | | A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴
1 −3
=6–4 24 −4 −4
1
= 112 [−4 24 −4]
= 2 ≠ 0, hence A-1 exists. −4 −4 24

−3 −4 6 −1 −1
1(4)
adj A =[ ] = [−1 6 −1]
−1 −2 112
−1 −1 6
1
A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 6 −1 −1
1
A-1 = [−1 6 −1]
28
1 −3 −4 −1 −1 6
=2 [ ]
−1 −2
2 3 1
5 1 1 (iii) [3 4 1]
(ii) [1 5 1] 3 7 2
1 1 5
2 3 1
5 1 1 Solution: A = [3 4 1]
Solution: A = [1 5 1] 3 7 2
1 1 5
2 3 1
5 1 1 |𝐴| = |3 4 1|
|𝐴| = |1 5 1| 3 7 2
1 1 5
4 1 3 1 3 4
5 1 1 1 1 5 =2| | −3 | | +1| |
=5| | −1 | | +1| | 7 2 3 2 3 7
1 5 1 5 1 1
= 2(8 – 7) −3 (6 – 3) + 1(21–12)
= 5(25 – 1) −1 (5 – 1) + 1(1–5)
= 2(1) −3(3) +1(9)
= 5(24) −1(4) +1(– 4)
=2–9+9
= 120 – 4 – 4
=2
= 120 – 8
= 2 ≠ 0, hence A-1 exists.
= 112 ≠ 0, hence A-1 exists.
4 1 3 4
5 1 1 5 7 2 3 7
1 5 1 1 3 1 2 3
1 1 5 1 4 1 3 4
5 1 1 5
1 −3 9
24 −4 −4 Cofactor of A Aij = [ 1 1 −5]
Cofactor of A Aij = [−4 24 −4] −1 1 −1
−4 −4 24
Adj A = AijT
Adj A = AijT
1 1 −1
24 −4 −4 = [−3 1 1]
= [−4 24 −4] 9 −5 −1
−4 −4 24
 A-1 =
1
𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 cos 𝛼 0 − sin 𝛼
|𝐴| =[ 0 1 0 ]
1 1 −1 sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼
1
= [−3 1 1] 1
2 F(𝛼) -1 = 𝐴𝑑𝑗 F(𝛼)
9 −5 −1 |F(𝛼) |

1 1 −1 cos 𝛼 0 − sin 𝛼
1 1
A-1 = [−3 1 1] = [ 0 1 0 ]
2 1
9 −5 −1 sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼
cos 𝛼 0 sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 0 − sin 𝛼
3. If F(𝛼) = [ 0 1 0 ], F(𝛼) -1 = [ 0 1 0 ] ……(1)
− sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼 sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼
cos 𝛼 0 sin 𝛼
show that [𝐹(α)]−1 = 𝐹(−𝛼)
F(𝛼) = [ 0 1 0 ]
cos 𝛼 0 sin 𝛼 − sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼
Solution: F(𝛼) = [ 0 1 0 ] cos(−𝛼) 0 sin(−𝛼)
− sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼 𝐹(−𝛼) = [ 0 1 0 ]
−sin(−𝛼) 0 cos(−𝛼)
cos 𝛼 0 sin 𝛼
|F(𝛼)| = | 0 1 0 | We know cos(−𝛼) = cos 𝛼
− sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼
and sin(−𝛼) = − sin 𝛼
1 0 0 0
= cos 𝛼 | | −0 | |
0 cos 𝛼 − sin 𝛼 cos 𝛼 cos 𝛼 0 − sin 𝛼
𝐹(−𝛼) = [ 0 1 0 ] ……(1)
0 1 sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼
+sin 𝛼 | |
− sin 𝛼 0 From (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)
= cos 𝛼 (cos 𝛼) + sin 𝛼 (sin 𝛼) [𝐹(α)]−1 = 𝐹(−𝛼), hence proved.
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 5 3
4. If A = [ ], show that
−1 −2
= 1 ≠ 0, hence F(𝛼)-1 exists.
𝐴2 − 3𝐴 − 7𝐼2 = 02 . Hence find A−1.
1 0 0 1
5 3
0 cos 𝛼 −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 0 Solution: A = [ ]
−1 −2
0 sin 𝛼 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 0
1 0 0 1 5 3 5 3
𝐴2 = [ ][ ]
−1 −2 −1 −2
Cofactor of F(𝛼)
25 − 3 15 − 6
cos 𝛼 0 sin 𝛼 =[ ]
−5 + 2 −3 + 4
=[ 0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼
2
0 ]
−sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼 22 9
𝐴2 = [ ]
−3 1
cos 𝛼 0 sin 𝛼
=[ 0 1 0 ]
−sin 𝛼 0 cos 𝛼 𝐴2 − 3𝐴 − 7𝐼2 =

Adj F(𝛼) = F(𝛼)T 22 9 5 3 1 0

[ ] − 3[ ]− 7[ ]
−3 1 −1 −2 0 1
 22 9 15 9 7 0 81 0 0
=[ ]−[ ]−[ ] 1
−3 1 −3 −6 0 7 = 81 [ 0 81 0]
0 0 81
22 9 22 9
=[ ]−[ ] 1 0 0
−3 1 −3 1 81
= 81 [0 1 0]
0 0 0 0 1
=[ ] = 02 Hence Proved.
0 0 1 0 0
= [0 1 0]= I.
So, 𝐴2 − 3𝐴 − 7𝐼2 = 02 0 0 1

Post-multiplying this equation by A−1 That is 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐼 hence A is orthogonal.

−1
Therfore 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇
We get, 𝐴 − 3𝐼 − 7A = 02
8 −4
−1
6. If A = [ ] verify that
𝐴 − 3𝐼 = 7A −5 3
A (adj A) = (adj A) A = | A |. I2
7A−1 = 𝐴 − 3𝐼
8 −4
Solution: A = [ ]
A−1 =
1
(𝐴 − 3𝐼) −5 3
7

|𝐴| = | 8 −4|
1 5 3 1 0 −5 3
= [( ) − 3( )]
7 −1 −2 0 1
= 24 – 20
1 5 3 3 0
= [( )−( )] |𝐴| = 4
7 −1 −2 0 3

1 5−3 3−0 3 4
= [( )] Adj A = [ ]
7 −1 − 0 −2 − 3 5 8

1 2 3 8 −4 3 4
A−1 = [ ] A (adj A) = [ ][ ]
7 −1 −5 −5 3 5 8

−8 1 4 24 − 20 32 − 32
1 =[ ]
5. If A=9[ 4 4 7] 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐴−1 = 𝐴𝑇 −15 + 15 −20 + 24
1 −8 4
4 0
=[ ] ……… (1)
−8 1 4 0 4
1
Solution: A = 9 [ 4 4 7]
1 −8 4 3 4 8 −4
(adj A) A = [ ][ ]
5 8 −5 3
−8 1 4 −8 4 1
1 1
𝐴𝐴𝑇 = [ 4 4 7] 9 [ 1 4 −8] 24 − 20 −12 + 12
9 =[ ]
1 −8 4 4 7 4 40 − 40 −20 + 24
64 + 1 + 16 −32 + 4 + 28 −8 − 8 + 16 4 0
=
1
[−32 + 4 + 28 16 + 16 + 49 4 − 32 + 28] =[ ] ……… (1)
81 0 4
−8 − 8 + 16 4 − 32 + 28 1 + 64 + 16
1 0
| A |. I = 4 [ ]
0 1
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4 0 1
=[ ] ……… (3) A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴
0 4
From (1), (2) and (3) 1 5 −2
=1 [ ]
−7 3
A (adj A) = (adj A) A = | A | I2 is verified.
5 −2
3 2 −1 −3 A-1 = [ ]
7. If A = [ ] and B = [ ] −7 3
7 5 5 2
−1 −3
Verify that (AB)−1 = B−1 A−1 B=[ ]
5 2

3 2 −1 −3
A= [ ] and B = [ ] |𝐵|= |−1 −3|
7 5 5 2 5 2

3 2 −1 −3 = – 2 +15
AB = [ ][ ]
7 5 5 2
= 13
−3 + 10 −9 + 4
AB = [ ]
−7 + 25 −21 + 10
2 3
adj B = [ ]
7 −5 −5 −1
AB = [ ]
18 −11 1
B-1 = |𝐵|
𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐵
|𝐴𝐵|= | 7 −5
|
18 −11 1 2 3
B-1 = [ ]
13 −5 −1
= – 77 + 90 = 13
2 3 1 5 −2
−11 5 B-1 A-1 = [ ] [ ]
adj (AB) = [ ] −5 −1 13 −7 3
−18 7
1 10 − 21 −4 + 9
1 = 13 [ ]
(AB)-1 = |𝐴𝐵| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 (𝐴𝐵) −25 + 7 10 − 3

1 −11 5
1 −11 5 = [ ] …… (2)
= 13 [ ] ………. (1) 13 −18 7
−18 7
From (1) and (2)
3 2
A= [ ]
7 5
(AB)−1 = B−1 A−1 is verified.
|𝐴|= |3 2|
7 5 2 −4 2
8. If 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [−3 12 −7] Find A
= 15 – 14 −2 0 2
2 −4 2
=1 Solution: 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [−3 12 −7]
−2 0 2
5 −2
adj A =[ ]
−7 3
 2 −4 2 0 −2 0
|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = |−3 12 −7| 9. If 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 6 2 −6] find A-1
−2 0 2 −3 0 6

12 −7 −3 −7 −3 12 0 −2 0
= 2| | +4 | |+2| |
0 2 −2 2 −2 0 Solution: 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 6 2 −6]
−3 0 6
= 2(24 – 0) +4 (– 6 –14) + 2(0+24) 0 −2 0
|𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴| = | 6 2 −6|
= 2(24) +4 (–20) + 2(24) −3 0 6

= 48 – 80 + 48 = 96 – 80 2 −6 6 −6 6 2
= 0| | +2 | | + 0| |
0 6 −3 6 −3 0
= 16 ⇒ √𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 4 = 0 + 2 (36 – 18) + 0
1
We know, A = ± 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = 2 (36 – 18)
√𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴

2 −4 2 = 2 (18)
Given: 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [−3 12 −7]
−2 0 2 = 36

12 −7 −3 12 √𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = 6
0 2 −2 0
−4 2 2 −4 1
12 −7 −3 12 We know, A-1= ± (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)
√𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴

24 20 24
0 −2 0
Cofactor of adj A = [ 8 8 8] 1
Hence, A-1 =± 6 [ 6 2 −6]
4 8 12
−3 0 6
24 8 4
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)= [20 8 8] 1 0 1
24 8 12 10. Find 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) 𝑖𝑓𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 0 2 0]
−1 0 1
1
A= ± 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)
√𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
1 0 1
Given: 𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴 = [ 0 2 0]
24 8 4 −1 0 1
1
= ± 4 [20 8 8]
24 8 12 2 0 0 2
6 2 1 0 1 −1 0
1 0 1 1 0
A=± (4) [5 2 2]
4
6 2 3 2 0 0 2

6 2 1 2 0 2
A = ± [5 2 2] Cofactor of adj A = [0 2 0]
6 2 3 2 0 2
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) = (Cofactor of adj A )T
 2 0 2 cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥
=[ ]
𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)= [0 2 0] sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
2 0 2
Since 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 = cos 2𝑥 and
1 tan 𝑥
11. If A = [ ]show that
− tan 𝑥 1 2sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥
cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 12. Find the matrix A for which
𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1= [ ]
sin 2𝑥 cos 2𝑥
5 3 14 7
𝐴[ ]=[ ]
1 tan 𝑥 −1 −2 7 7
Solution: A = [ ]
− tan 𝑥 1 5 3 14 7
Solution: 𝐴 [ ]=[ ]
−1 −2 7 7
|𝐴| = | 1 tan 𝑥
|
− tan 𝑥 1 𝑎 𝑏
Let A= [ ]
𝑐 𝑑
= 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
14 7
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝐴𝐵 = [ ] gives
7 7
1 −tan 𝑥
adj A = [ ] 𝑎 𝑏 5 3 14 7
tan 𝑥 1 [ ][ ]=[ ]
𝑐 𝑑 −1 −2 7 7
1
We know, A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴
5𝑎 − 𝑏 3𝑎 − 2𝑏 14 7
[ ]=[ ]
5𝑐 − 𝑑 3𝑐 − 2𝑑 7 7
1 1 −tan 𝑥
= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2𝑥 [ ]
tan 𝑥 1
5𝑎 − 𝑏 = 14 …… (1)
1 −tan 𝑥
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 [ ]
tan 𝑥 1 3𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 7
sin 𝑥
1 − cos 𝑥 5𝑐 − 𝑑 = 7
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 [ sin 𝑥 ]
1
cos 𝑥
3𝑐 − 2𝑑 = 7
2
A-1 = [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥]
cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 Solving (1) × 2
1 tan 𝑥 10𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 28
A=[ ]
− tan 𝑥 1
sin 𝑥
3𝑎 − 2𝑏 = 7
1 − cos 𝑥
𝐴𝑇 = [ sin 𝑥 ]
1 7𝑎 = 21 ⟹ 𝑎 = 3
cos 𝑥

𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 Substituting 𝑎 = 3 𝑖𝑛 (1)

sin 𝑥
1 − cos 𝑥 2 5𝑎 − 𝑏 = 14
= [ sin 𝑥 ] [ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥]
1 cos 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥
cos 𝑥 5(3) − 𝑏 = 14
2 2
= [𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 2sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 ] 15 − 𝑏 = 14
2sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
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−𝑏 = 14 − 15 6𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 2, and −4𝑎 + 2𝑏 =2

−𝑏 = −1 ⇒ 𝑏 = 1 3𝑎 − 3𝑐 + 𝑏 − 𝑑 = 1 and

−2𝑎 + 2𝑐 + 𝑏 − 𝑑=1
Solving (3) × 2
10𝑐 − 2𝑑 = 14 Solving 6𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 2

−4𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 2
3𝑐 − 2𝑑 = 7
10a = 0 gives a = 0
7𝑐 = 7 ⟹ 𝑐 = 1
Substituting a = 0 in
Substituting 𝑐 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (3)
−4𝑎 + 2𝑏 = 2
5𝑐 − 𝑑 = 7
2𝑏 = 2 gives b = 1
5(1) − 𝑑 = 7
Substituting a = 0 and b = 1 in
5−𝑑 =7
3𝑎 − 3𝑐 + 𝑏 − 𝑑 = 1
−𝑑 = 7 − 5
0 −3𝑐 + 1 − 𝑑 = 1
−𝑑 = 2 ⇒ 𝑑 = −2
−3𝑐 + 1 − 𝑑 = 1
3 1
Hence A = [ ]
1 −2 −3𝑐 − 𝑑 = 1 − 1
1 −1 3 −2
13. Given A=[ ], B=[ ]and −3𝑐 − 𝑑 = 0 and
2 0 1 1
1 1 −2𝑎 + 2𝑐 + 𝑏 − 𝑑=1
C=[ ] find a matrix X such that AXB=C
2 2
0 + 2𝑐 + 1 − 𝑑=1
Solution: AXB=C
2𝑐 + 1 − 𝑑=1
𝑎 𝑏
Let X=[ ] then 2𝑐 − 𝑑=1 –1
𝑐 𝑑

1 −1 𝑎 𝑏 3 −2 1 1 2𝑐 − 𝑑=0
[ ][ ][ ]=[ ]
2 0 𝑐 𝑑 1 1 2 2
Solving −3𝑐 − 𝑑 = 0 and
𝑎−𝑐 𝑏−𝑑 3 −2 1 1 2𝑐 − 𝑑=0 we get
[ ][ ]=[ ]
2𝑎 2𝑏 1 1 2 2
c=0
3(𝑎 − 𝑐) + 1(𝑏 − 𝑑) −2(𝑎 − 𝑐) + 1(𝑏 − 𝑑)
[ ]
3(2𝑎) + 1(2𝑏) −2(2𝑎) + 1(2𝑏) Substituting c = 0 in
1 1 2𝑐 − 𝑑=0
=[ ]
2 2
3𝑎 − 3𝑐 + 𝑏 − 𝑑 −2𝑎 + 2𝑐 + 𝑏 − 𝑑 1 1
d=0
[ ]=[ ]
6𝑎 + 2𝑏 −4𝑎 + 2𝑏 2 2
Substituting a= 0, b = 1, c = 0 and d = 0
in X matrix 0 1 1 0 1 1
𝐴2 = [1 0 1] [1 0 1]
𝑎 𝑏 1 1 1 1 1 1
X=[ ] we get
𝑐 𝑑
2 1 1
0 1 = [1 2 1]
X=[ ]
0 0 1 1 2
0 1 1 2 1 1 1 0 0
14. If 𝐴 = [1 0 1], 𝐴2 − 3𝐼= [1 2 1] − 3 [ 0 1 0]
1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 1
1
show that 𝐴−1 = 2 (𝐴2 − 3𝐼) 2 1 1 3 0 0
= [1 2 1] − [0 3 0]
0 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 3
Solution: Given 𝐴 = [1 0 1] 2−3 1−0 1−0
1 1 0 = [1 − 0 2 − 3 1 − 0]
0 1 1 1−0 1−0 2−3
|𝐴| = |1 0 1| −1 1 1
1 1 0 1 1
(𝐴2 − 3𝐼)= [ 1 −1 1 ] …… (2)
2 2
0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 −1
= 0| | −1 | | +1| |
1 1 1 0 1 1 1
From (1)and (2) 𝐴−1 = 2 (𝐴2 − 3𝐼), 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑.
= 0 −1(0 – 1) + 1(1–0)

= −1(– 1) +1(1) 15. Decrypt the received encoded message

=1+1 [2 −3][20 4]with the encryption matrix
−1 −1
|𝐴| = 2 ≠ 0, hence A-1 exists. [ ] and the decryption matrix as its
2 1
0 1 1 0 inverse, where the system of codes are
1 0 1 1
described by the numbers 1−26 to the
1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0 letters A−Z respectively, and the number 0
−1 1 1 to a blank space.
Cofactor of A Aij = [ 1 −1 1]
1 1 −1 Solution: Given Encoding matrix
Adj A = AijT −1 −1
A=[ ]
2 1
−1 1 1
= [ 1 −1 1]
1 1 −1 |𝐴|= |−1 −1|
2 1
1
A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =–1+2

−1 1 1 =1
1
A-1 = 2 [ 1 −1 1 ] …… (1)
1 1 −1 1 1
adj A = [ ]
−2 −1
 1
A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 This is also a row-echelon form of the given
matrix.
1 1 1
=1 [ ] Example 1.14 Reduce the matrix
−2 −1
0 3 16
1 1
A-1 =[ ] [−1 0 25] to a row – echelon form.
−2 −1
4 2 00
Decoding matrix 0 3 1 6
Let A = [−1 0 2 5]
1 1 4 2 0 0
A-1 =[ ]
−2 −1
Given encoded message is 1 3 0 6
→ [2 0 −1 5] 𝐶1 ↔ 𝐶3
[2 −3], [20 4] 0 2 4 0
1 3 0 6
→ [0 6 1 7] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1
Coded Decoding Decoded
0 2 4 0
row matrix matrix row matrix
1 3 0 6
[2 −3] [ 1 1
] = [2 + 6 2 + 3 ] → [0 6 1 7 ] 𝑅3 = 3𝑅3 − 𝑅2
−2 −1
0 0 11 −7
[20 1 1
4] [ ] = [20 − 8 20 − 4] This is also a row-echelon form of the given
−2 −1
matrix.
So, the sequence of decoded row matrices is
Example 1.15
[8 5][12 16]. Thus, the receiver reads Find the rank of each of the following
the message as “HELP”. 3 2 5
matrices: (i) [1 1 2]
Example 1.13 Reduce the matrix 3 3 6
3 −1 2
[−6 3 2 5
2 4] to a row – echelon form.
Let A = [1 1 2]
−3 1 2
3 3 6
3 −1 2
Let A = [−6 2 4] 1 1 2 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
−3 1 2 → [3 2 5] 𝑅2
3 3 6 𝑅3
3 −1 2 𝑅1
→ [0 0 8] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 + 2𝑅1 1 1 2 𝑅1
0 0 4 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 + 𝑅1 → [0 −1 −1] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1
0 0 0 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
3 −1 2
→ [0 0 8] 𝑅3 = 2𝑅3 − 𝑅2 The Matrix is in Echelon form.
0 0 4
The number of non zero rows are 2.
3 −1 2
→ [0 0 8] ∴ 𝜌(𝐴)= 2
0 0 0
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4 3 1 −2 The number of non zero rows are 2.

(ii) [−3 −1 −2 4]
6 7 −1 2 ∴ 𝜌(𝐴)= 2
4 3 1 −2 Example 1.17
Let A = [−3 −1 −2 4]
6 7 −1 2 1 2 3
Find the rank of the matrix [2 1 4]
1 3 4 −2 3 0 5
→ [−2 −1 −3 4 ] 𝐶1 ↔ 𝐶3 by reducing it to a row-echelon form.
−1 7 6 2
1 2 3
1 3 4 −2 Let A = [2 1 4]
→[ 0 5 5 0 ] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 + 2𝑅1 3 0 5
−1 7 6 2
1 2 3 𝑅1
1 3 4 −2 → [0 −3 −2] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1
→ [0 5 5 0 ] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 + 𝑅1 0 −6 −4 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
0 10 10 0
1 2 3 𝑅1
1 3 4 −2
→ [0 −3 −2] 𝑅2
→ [0 5 5 0 ] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
0 0 0 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
0 0 0 0
The Matrix is in Echelon form. The Matrix is in Echelon form.

The number of non zero rows are 2. The number of non zero rows are 2.

∴ 𝜌(𝐴)= 2 ∴ 𝜌(𝐴)= 2

Example 1.16 Find the rank of the following Example 1.18 Find the rank of the
matrices which are in row-echelon form: 2 −2 4 3
matrix [−3 4 −2 −1] by reducing it
2 0 −7 6 2 −1 7
(i) [0 3 1]
to a row-echelon form.
0 0 1
2 −2 4
3
The number of non zero rows are 3. Let A = [−3 4 −2 −1]
6 2 −1 7
∴ 𝜌(𝐴)= 3
2 −2 4 3
−2 2 −1 →[ 0 −2 8 7] 𝑅2 = 2𝑅2 + 3𝑅1
(ii) [ 0 5 1] 6 2 −1 7
0 0 0
2 −2 4 3
The number of non zero rows are 2. →[ 0 −2 8 7] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
0 8 −13 −2
∴ 𝜌(𝐴)= 2
2 −2 4 3
6 0 −9 →[ 0 −2 8 7] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 + 4𝑅2
0 0 19 26
(iii) [ 0 2 0]
0 0 0
0 0 0 The no. of non zero rows are 3. ∴ 𝜌(𝐴)= 3
Example 1.19 Show that the matrix 0 51 0
Solution:(𝐴|𝐼2 ) = ( | )
−1 60 1
3 1 4 −1 60 1
[2 0 −1] is non-singular and reduce it to →( | ) 𝑅 ↔ 𝑅2
0 51 0 1
5 2 1
the identity matrix by elementary row 1 −6 0 −1 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 (−1)
→( | )
0 51 0 𝑅2
transformations.
1 −6 0 −1 𝑅1
3 1 4 →( |1 )
Let A = [2 0 −1] 0 1 5 0 𝑅2 = 1 𝑅2
5
5 2 1
6
1
1 4
𝑅1 = 𝑅1 ÷ 3 1 0 5 −1 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 + 6𝑅2
3 3 →( | )
→ [2 𝑅2 0 11 𝑅2
0 −1] 5
0
5 2 1 𝑅3
6
1 4 −1
1 Hence A-1 = [51 ]
3 3 𝑅1
2 11 0
→ 0 −3 − 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 5
3
1 17 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 5𝑅1
[0 − 3] 1 6 −1
3 A-1 = 5 [ ]
1 0
1 4
1 𝑅1 Example 1.21 Find the inverse of
3 3
11 3
→ 0 1 2
𝑅2 = 𝑅2 (− 2) 2 1 1
1 17 𝑅3 A = [3 2 1] by Gauss-Jordan method.
[0 3
− ]
3 2 1 2
1 1
2 1 11 0 0
1 0 − 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 − 3 𝑅2 Solution:(𝐴|𝐼3 ) = (3 2 1|0 1 0)
2
11
→ 0 1 𝑅2 2 1 20 0 1
2
1
− ] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 3 𝑅2
15 1 1 1
[0 0
2
1
2 2 2
0 0
→ (3 2 1|0 1 0) 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 ÷ 2
1
1 0 − 𝑅1 2 1 20 0 1
2

→ 0 1
11 𝑅2
2 2
→
15 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 (− 15) 1 1 1
[0 0 − ] 1 0 0 𝑅1
2 2 2 2
(0 1 0) 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1
1 1| 3
1 − −
2 2 2 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 2𝑅1
1 0 0 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 + 2 𝑅3 0 0 1 −1 0 1
→ [0 1 0] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 11 𝑅3
2 1 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 0
𝑅3 2 2 2
→ (0 1 −1| −3 2 0) 𝑅2 = 2𝑅2
0 0 1 −1 0 1
Example 1.20 Find the inverse of the
1 0 1 2 −1 0 1
0 5 → (0 1 −1| −3 2 0) 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 − 𝑅2
non-singular matrix A = [ ], 2
−1 6 0 0 1 −1 0 1
by Gauss-Jordan method.
 1 0 0 3 −1 1 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 𝑅 1 −2 −1 0
1 1 3 (iii) [ ]
→ (0 1 0| − 4 2 1) 𝑅 = 𝑅 + 𝑅 3 −6 −3 1
0 0 1 −1 0 1 2 2 3
1 −2 −1 0
Let A = [ ]
3 −1 1 3 −6 −3 1
Hence A-1 = [ −4 2 1]
−1 0 1 A is a matrix order of 2× 4,

∴ 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 2
EXERCISE 1.2
We find that there is a second order minor,
1. Find the rank of the following matrices by
−1 0
minor method: | |
−3 1
2 −4
(i) [ ] = −1 + 0
−1 2
= −1 ≠ 0
2 −4
Let A = [ ]
−1 2 ∴ 𝜌(𝐴)= 2

|𝐴|= | 2 −4| 1 −2 3
−1 2 (iv) [2 4 −6]
5 1 −1
=4–4
1 −2 3
Let A = [2 4 −6]
=0 5 1 −1

A is a matrix order of 3× 3,
∴ 𝜌(𝐴)= 1

−1 3 ∴ 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 3
(ii) [ 4 −7]
1 −2 3
3 −4 |𝐴| = |2 4 −6|
−1 3 5 1 −1
Let A = [ 4 −7]
4 −6 2 −6 2 4
3 −4 = 1| | +2 | | +3| |
1 −1 5 −1 5 1
A is a matrix order of 3× 2,
= 1(– 4+6) +2(– 2+30) + 3(2–20)
∴ 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 2
= 1(2) +2(28) +3(– 18)
We find that there is a second order minor, = 2 + 56 – 54
−1 3
| | = 58 – 54
4 −7
= 7 − 12 =4

= −5 ≠ 0 |𝐴| = 4 ≠ 0,

∴ 𝜌(𝐴)= 2 ∴ 𝜌(𝐴) = 3
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0 1 2 1 The Matrix is in Echelon form.

(v) [0 2 4 3]
8 1 0 2 The number of non zero rows are 2.
0 1 2 1 ∴ 𝜌(𝐴)= 2
Let A = [0 2 4 3]
8 1 0 2 1 2 −1
(ii) [ 3 −1 2]
A is a matrix order of 3× 4, 1 −2 3
1 −1 1
∴ 𝜌(𝐴) ≤ 3
1 2 −1
We find that there is a third order minor, Let A = [ 3 −1 2]
1 −2 3
1 2 1 1 −1 1
|2 4 3|
1 2 −1 R1
1 0 2
R2
→ [ 0 −7 5]
4 3 2 3 2 4 0 0 8 R 3 = 7R 3 − 4R 2
= 1| | −2 | | +1| | 0 0 1 R 4 = 7R 4 − 3R 2
0 2 1 2 1 0
= 1(8 – 0) −2(4 – 3) + 1(0 – 4) 1 2 −1 R1
R2
→ [ 0 −7 5]
R
= 1(8) −2(1) +1(– 4) 0 0 8 3
0 0 0 R 4 = 8R 4 − R 3
=8–2−4
The Matrix is in Echelon form.
=8−6
The number of non zero rows are 3.
= 2 ≠ 0,
∴ 𝜌(𝐴)= 3
∴ 𝜌(𝐴) = 3
3 −8 5 2
(iii) [ 2 −5 1 4]
2. Find the rank of the following matrices by −1 2 3 −2

row reduction method: 3

−8 5 2
Let A = [ 2−5 1 4]
1 1 1 3 −1 2 3 −2
(i) [2 −1 3 4]
3 −8 5 2
5 −1 7 11
→[ 0 1 −7 8 ] 𝑅2 = 3𝑅2 − 2𝑅1
1 1 1 3 −1 2 3 −2
Let A = [2 −1 3 4 ]
3 −8 5 2
5 −1 7 11
→ [0 1 −7 8 ] 𝑅3 = 3𝑅3 + 𝑅1
1 1 1 3 𝑅1 0 −2 14 −4
→ [0 −3 1 −2] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1
3 −8 5 2
0 −6 2 −4 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 5𝑅1 → [0 1 −7 8] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 + 2𝑅2
1 1 1 3 𝑅1 0 0 0 12
→ [0 −3 1 −2] 𝑅2 The Matrix is in Echelon form, since the
0 0 0 0 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
number of non zero rows are 3, 𝜌(𝐴)= 3
3. Find the inverse of each of the following −2 −3 1
Hence A-1 = [−3 −3 1]
by Gauss-Jordan method: −2 −4 1

2 −1 1 2 3
(i) [ ] (iii) [2 5 3]
5 −2
1 0 8
2 −1
Let A = [ ] 1 2 31 0 0
5 −2
Solution:(𝐴|𝐼3 ) = (2 5 3|0 1 0)
2 −1 1 0 1 0 80 0 1
Solution:(𝐴|𝐼2 ) = ( | )
5 −2 0 1
1 2 3 1 0 0 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 2𝑅
1 1
1 −2 0 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 ÷ 2 → (0 1 −3|−2 1 0) 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 𝑅 1
→( |2 ) 3 3 1
5 −2 0 1 𝑅2 0 −2 5 −1 0 1

1 1 1 2 3 1 0 0
1 −2 2 0 𝑅1 → (0 1 −3|−2 1 0) 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 + 2𝑅2
→( 1| 5 ) 0 0 −1 −5 2 1
0 −2 𝑅
1 2 = 𝑅2 − 5𝑅1
2
1 2 3 1 0 0
1 0 −2 1 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 → (0 1 −3|−2 1 0 ) 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 (−1)
→ (0 1| 5
− 2 1) 0 0 1 5 −2 −1
2
𝑅2
1 2 3 1 0 0
1 0 −2 1 𝑅1 (0
→( | ) → 1 0| 13 −5 −3) 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 + 3𝑅3
0 1 −5 2 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 × 2 0 0 1 5 −2 −1
−2 1 1 2 0 −14 6 3
Hence A-1 = [ ]
−5 2 → (0 1 0| 13 −5 −3) 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 − 3𝑅3
1 −1 0 0 0 1 5 −2 −1
(ii) [1 0 −1] 1 0 0 −40 16 9
6 −2 −3 → (0 1 0| 13 −5 −3) 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 − 2𝑅2
0 1
0 0 1 5 −2 −1
1 −1 0 0
Solution:(𝐴|𝐼3 ) = (1 0 −1|0 1 0) −40 16 9
6 −2 −3 0 0 1 Hence A-1 = [ 13 −5 −3]
5 −2 −1
1 −1 0 1 0 0 𝑅 =𝑅 −𝑅
→ (0 1 −1|−1 1 0) 𝑅 2 = 𝑅 2− 4𝑅1 Example 1.22 Solve the following system of
3 3 1
0 4 −3 −6 0 1
linear equations, using matrix inversion
1 −1 0 1 0 0 𝑅 method: 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3,3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 .
→ (0 1 −1|−1 1 0) 𝑅 = 𝑅 2 − 4𝑅
3 3 2
0 0 1 −2 −4 1 Solution:5𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 3,3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 5 .
1 −1 0 1 0 0 𝑅 =𝑅 +𝑅
5 2 𝑥 3
−3 1) 2 𝑅 2 1
→ (0 1 0|−3 A =[ ] X=[𝑦]B=[ ]
0 0 1 −2 −4 1 3 3 2 5

1 0 0 −2 −3 1
|𝐴|= |5 2|
→ (0 1 0|−3 −3 1) 𝑅1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 3 2
0 0 1 −2 −4 1
= 10 – 6 = 4
 2 −2 −2 1 1 −2
adj A = [ ] 2 3 3
−3 5 −1 −2 3 −1
A = [1 −2 1]
3 3 2 3
1
A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 3 −1 −2
−2 1 1 −2

1 2 −2
=4 [ ] 5 5 5
−3 5
Cofactor of A Aij = [3 −13 11 ]
1 2 −2 9 1 −7
A-1 = 4 [ ]
−3 5
Adj A = AijT
−1
𝑋= 𝐴 ×𝐵
5 3 9
1 2 −2 3 Adj A = [5 −13 1]
= [ ][ ]
4 −3 5 5 5 11 −7
𝑥 1 6 − 10 1
[𝑦]= [ ] A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴
4 −9 + 25
𝑥 1 −4 5 3 9
[𝑦]= [ ] 1
4 16 = 40 [5 −13 1]
5 11 −7
(x, y) = (−1,4)
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 × 𝐵
Example 1.23 Solve the following system of
5 3 9 5
equations, using matrix inversion method: 1
= 40 [5 −13 1 ] [−4]
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 5, 𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −4 5 11 −7 3
25 − 12 + 27
and 3𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 3 1
= 40 [ 25 + 52 + 3 ]
25 − 44 − 21
Solution: 2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 3𝑥3 = 5
52 − 12
1
𝑥1 − 2𝑥2 + 𝑥3 = −4 = 40 [ 80 ]
25 − 65
3𝑥1 − 𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 = 3
40
2 3 3 𝑥1 5 = 40
1
[ 80 ]
A = [1 −2 1 ] X = [ 𝑥2 ] B = [ −4] −40
3 −1 −2 𝑥3 3
𝑥1 1
2 3 3 [𝑥2 ] = [ 2 ]
|𝐴| = |1 −2 1| 𝑥3 −1
3 −1 −2
(𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 ) = (1, 2, –1)
−2 1 1 1 1 −2
=2| | − 3| | +3 | |
− 1 −2 3 −2 3 −1 Example 1.24
= 2(4 + 1) −3(– 2 − 3) + 3(– 1+ 6) −4 4 4
If A = [−7 1 3 ] and
= 2(5) −3(− 5) + 3(5) 5 −3 −1

= 10 + 15 +15 = 40
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1 −1 1 Writing the given system of equations in

B = [1 −2 −2], find the products matrix form, we get
2 1 3
AB and BA and hence solve the system of 1 −1 1 𝑥 4
[1 −2 −2] [𝑦]= [9]
equations x − y + z = 4, x − 2y − 2z = 9 2 1 3 𝑧 1
and 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 1. 𝑥 4
Solution: So [𝑦] = 𝐵 −1 [9]
𝑧 1
−4 4 4 1 −1 1 4
A = [−7 1
1 3 ], B = [1 −2 −2] = 8 (𝐴) [9]
5 −3 −1 2 1 3 1
−4 4 4 1 −1 1 −4 4 4 4
1
AB =[−7 1 3 ] [1 −2 −2] = 8 [−7 1 3 ] [9]
5 −3 −1 2 1 3 5 −3 −1 1
−4 + 4 + 8 4 − 8 + 4 −4 − 8 + 12 −16 + 36 + 4
1
= [−7 + 1 + 6 7−2+3 −7 − 2 + 9 ] = 8 [ −28 + 9 + 3 ]
5−3−2 −5 + 6 − 1 5+6−3 20 − 27 − 1
12 − 4 8 − 8 12 − 12 −16 + 40
1
= [−7 + 7 10 − 2 −9 + 9 ] =8 [ −28 + 12 ]
5−5 −6 + 6 11 − 3 20 − 28
8 0 0 24
1
AB = [0 8 0] = [−16]
8
0 0 8 −8
1 −1 1 −4 4 4 𝑥 3
and BA =[1 −2 −2] [−7 1 3] [𝑦] = [−2]
2 1 3 5 −3 −1 𝑧 −1
−4 + 7 + 5 4−1−3 4−3−1
= [−4 + 14 − 10 4 − 2 + 6 4 − 6 + 2] EXERCISE 1.3
−8 − 7 + 15 8+1−9 8+3−3 1. Solve the following system of linear
12 − 4 4−4 4−4 equations by matrix inversion method:
= [−14 + 14 6 − 6 6 − 6 ]
15 − 15 9 − 9 11 − 3 (i) 2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −2, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −3 .

8 0 0 Solution:2𝑥 + 5𝑦 = −2, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −3 .
BA = [0 8 0]
0 0 8 2 5 𝑥 −2
A =[ ] X=[𝑦]B=[ ]
1 2 −3
So, we get AB = BA = 8𝐼3 .
|𝐴|= |2 5|
1 1 1 2
That is (8 𝐴)B = 𝐵 (8 𝐴) = 𝐼3 .
=4–5
1
∴ B-1 = 8 (𝐴)
=–1
 2 −5 𝑥 1 16 − 2
adj A = [ ] [𝑦]= [ ]
−1 2 7 −24 − 4
1 𝑥 1 14
A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 [𝑦]= [ ]
7 −28
1 2 −5 (x, y) = (2, −4)
= −1 [ ]
−1 2
2 −5
A-1 = −1 [ ] (iii) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 9, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 9
−1 2
and 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧 = −1.
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 × 𝐵 Solution:

2 −5 −2 2 3 −1 𝑥 9
= −1 [ ][ ] A = [1 1 1 ] X = [𝑦 ] B = [ 9 ]
−1 2 −3
3 −1 −1 𝑧 −1
𝑥 −4 + 15
[ 𝑦 ] = −1 [ ] 2 3 −1
2−6
|𝐴| = |1 1 1|
𝑥 11 3 −1 −1
[ 𝑦 ] = −1 [ ]
−4
1 1 1 1 1 1
=2| | − 3| |–1| |
(x, y) = (−11, 4) −1 −1 3 −1 3 −1

(ii) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 8, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −2 . = 2(– 1+1) −3(– 1 − 3) – 1(– 1− 3)

Solution: 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 8, 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 = −2 . = 2(0) −3(− 4) – 1(− 4)

2 −1 𝑥 8 = 0 +12 +4
A =[ ] X=[𝑦]B=[ ]
3 2 −2
= 16
|𝐴|= |2 −1|
3 2 1 1 1 1
2 3 −1
−1 −2 3 −1
= 4 +3 A = [1 1 1]
3 −1 2 3
3 −1 −1
1 1 1 1
=7

2 1
adj A = [ ] 0 4 −4
−3 2
Cofactor of A Aij = [4 1 11]
1
A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 4 −3 −1
Adj A = AijT
1 2 1
=7 [ ]
−3 2 0 4 4
Adj A = [ 4 1 −3]
1 2 1 −4 11 −1
A-1 = 7 [ ]
−3 2
1
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 × 𝐵 A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴

1 2 1 8 0 4 4
=7[ ][ ] 1
= 16 [ 4 1
−3 2 −2 −3]
−4 11 −1
 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 × 𝐵 1 1 1
−4 5 6 −4
2 2 5 2
0 4 4 9 A = [6 −4 5]
1 1 1 1
1
= 16 [ 4 1 −3] [ 9 ] 5 2 2
−4 5 6 −4
−4 11 −1 −1
−18 13 32
0 + 36 − 4 Cofactor of A Aij = [ 0 −3 3]
1
= 16 [ 36 + 9 + 3 ] 9 1 −10
−36 + 99 + 1
Adj A = AijT
36 − 4
1
= 16 [ 48 ] −18 0 9
−36 + 100 Adj A = [ 13 −3 1]
32 3 −10
32
1
= 16 [48] 1
A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴
64
𝑥 2 −18 0 9
1
[𝑦] = [3] = 27 [ 13 −3 1]
𝑧 4 32 3 −10

(x, y, z) = (2, 3, 4) 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 × 𝐵

(iv) 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 − 2 = 0, −18 0 9 2
1
6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 − 31 = 0 = 27 [ 13 −3 1 ] [31]
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13 32 3 −10 13
−36 + 0 + 117
Solution: 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 1
= 27 [ 26 − 93 + 13 ]
6𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 31 64 + 93 − 130
5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 13
117 − 36
1 1 1 𝑥 2 1
= 27 [ 39 − 93 ]
A = [6 −4 5] X = [𝑦 ] B = [ 31] 157 − 130
5 2 2 𝑧 13
81
1 1 1 1
= 27 [−54]
|𝐴| = |6 −4 5| 27
5 2 2
𝑥 3
−4 5 6 5 6 −4 [𝑦] = [−2] →(x, y, z)= (3,−2, 1)
=1| | − 1| |+1| |
2 2 5 2 5 2 𝑧 1
= 1(– 8 −10) −1(12 − 25)+1(12+20) −5 1 3
2.If A = [ 7 1 −5 ] and
= 1(−18) −1(− 13) +1(32) 1 −1 1
1 1 2
= −18+13 + 32 B = [3 2 1], find the products
2 1 3
= −18 + 45 AB and BA and hence solve the system of
= 27 equations 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1,3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7
and 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2.
 www.nammakalvi.in

Solution: 𝑥 1
So [𝑦] = 𝐵 −1 [7]
−5 1 3 1 1 2 𝑧 2
A=[ 7 1 −5 ], B = [3 2 1]
1 −1 1 2 1 3 1
1
= 4 (𝐴) [7]
−5 1 3 1 1 2
2
AB =[ 7 1 −5 ] [3 2 1]
1 −1 1 2 1 3 −5 1 3 1
1
=4 [ 7 1 −5 ] [7]
−5 + 3 + 6 −5 + 2 + 3 −10 + 1 + 9
1 −1 1 2
= [ 7 + 3 − 10 7 + 2 − 5 14 + 1 − 15 ]
1−3+2 1−2+1 2−1+3 −5 + 7 + 6
1
= 4 [ 7 + 7 − 10 ]
−5 + 9 −5 + 5 −10 + 10
1−7+2
= [10 − 10 9−5 15 − 15 ]
3−3 2−2 3−3 −5 + 13
1
=4 [ 14 − 10 ]
4 0 0
3−7
AB = [0 4 0]
0 0 4 8
1
=4 [ 4]
1 1 2 −5 1 3
−4
and BA =[3 2 1] [ 7 1 −5 ]
2 1 3 1 −1 1 𝑥 2
[𝑦] = [ 1 ]
−5 + 7 + 2 1+1−2 3−5+2 𝑧 −1
= [−15 + 14 + 1 3 + 2 − 1 9 − 10 + 1]
−10 + 7 + 3 2+1−3 6−5+3 3. A man is appointed in a job with a
−5 + 9 2−2 5−5 monthly salary of certain amount and a
= [−15 + 15 5 − 1 10 − 10] fixed amount of annual increment. If his
−10 + 10 3 − 3 9−5 salary was Rs. 19,800 per month at the end
of the first month after 3 years of service
4 0 0
BA = [0 4 0] and Rs. 23,400 per month at the end of the
0 0 4 first month after 9 years of service, find his
starting salary and his annual increment.
So, we get AB = BA = 4𝐼3 .
(Use matrix inversion method to solve the
1 1 problem.)
That is (4 𝐴)B = 𝐵 (4 𝐴) = 𝐼3 .
Solution:
1
∴ B-1 = 4 (𝐴)
Let the monthly salary be Rs. 𝑥
Writing the given system of equations in
Let the annual increment be Rs. 𝑦
matrix form, we get
Then from the given data
1 1 2 𝑥 1
[3 2 1] [𝑦]= [7] 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 19,800
2 1 3 𝑧 2
𝑥 + 9𝑦 = 23,400

Solving by matrix inversion method,

 1 3 𝑥 19800 Solution:
A =[ ], X = [ 𝑦 ], B = [ ]
1 9 23400
Let 1 man can do the work in 𝑥days
|𝐴|= |1 3|
1 9 1
In 1 day he completes of the work
𝑥
=9–3
Let 1 woman can do the work in 𝑦 days
=6
1
In 1 day she completes of the work
9 −3 𝑦
adj A = [ ]
−1 1 1
4 men and 4 women can finish 3 piece of
1
A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 4 4 1
work jointly in 1day is +𝑦 =
𝑥 3
1 9 −3
=6 [ ] 2 men and 5 women can finish 4 piece of
1
−1 1
2 5 1
1 9 −3 work jointly in 1day is +𝑦 =
A-1 =6 [ ] 𝑥 4
−1 1
4 4 1 2 5 1
Solving +𝑦 = and 𝑥 + 𝑦 =
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 × 𝐵 𝑥 3 4

1 1
1 9 −3 19,800 Let = 𝑎 and 𝑦 = 𝑏 then
=6 [ ][ ] 𝑥
−1 1 23,400
1
𝑥 1 1,78,200 − 70,200 4𝑎 + 4𝑏 =
[𝑦]= [ ] 3
6 −19,800 + 23,400
1
𝑥 1 1,08,000 2𝑎 + 5𝑏 = 4
[𝑦]= [ ]
6 3,600
1
𝑥 4 4 𝑎
[𝑦]= [
18,000
] A =[ ] X = [ ] B = [ 31 ]
600 2 5 𝑏
4

Hence,
|𝐴|= |4 4|
2 5
Monthly salary 𝑥 = Rs.18,000
= 20 – 8
Annual increment 𝑦 = Rs.600
= 12

5 −4
adj A = [ ]
4. 4 men and 4 women can finish a piece of −2 4
work jointly in 3 days while 2 men and 5 1
A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴
women can finish the same work jointly in
1 5 −4
4 days. Find the time taken by one man = 12 [ ]
−2 4
alone and that of one woman alone to finish 1 5 −4
A-1 = 12 [ ]
the same work by using matrix inversion −2 4
method. 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 × 𝐵
 1 Solution: Given the prices of three
1 5 −4 3
= 12 [ ][ ] commodities A, B and C are Rs x, y, and z
−2 4 1
4
per units.
5 4
𝑎 1
−4
3
[ ]= [ 4]
From the data given,
𝑏 12 2
−3+4
−4𝑦 + 2𝑥 + 5𝑧 = 15,000
20 − 12
𝑎 1 12 −2𝑧 + 3𝑥 + 𝑦 = 1,000
[ ]= [ − 8+12 ]
𝑏 12
12 and −𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4,000

8 In standard form
𝑎 1
[ ]= [ 12
4 ] 2𝑥 − 4𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 15,000
𝑏 12
12
3𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1,000
1 8 1 2 1 1
a = 12 × 12 = 12 × 3 = 6 × 3 = = 18 −𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4,000
1 1 2 −4 5 𝑥 15000
𝑎 = 𝑥 = 18 gives 𝑥 = 18 A=[ 3 1 −2] X = [𝑦] B = [ 1000 ]
−1 3 1 𝑧 4000
1 4 1 1 1 1
b = 12 × 12 = 12 × 3 = 12 × 3 = = 36
2 −4 5
1 1 |𝐴| = | 3 1 −2|
𝑏 = 𝑦 = 18 gives 𝑦 = 36
−1 3 1
1 man can do the work in 𝑥 = 18 days 1 −2 3 −2 3 1
=2| | +4 | |+5| |
3 1 −1 1 −1 3
1 woman can do the work in 𝑦 = 36 days
= 2(1+6) +4 (3 − 2) + 5 (9 +1)

5. The prices of three commodities A, B and = 2(7) + 4(1) + 5(10)

C are Rs x, y, and z per units respectively. A = 14 + 4 + 50

person P purchases 4 units of B and sells
= 68
two units of A and 5 units of C. Person Q
1 −2 3 1
purchases 2 units of C and sells 3 units of A 2 −4 5
3 1 −1 3
A=[ 3 1 −2]
and one unit of B. Person R purchases one −4 5 2 −4
−1 3 1
1 −2 3 1
unit of A and sells 3 unit of B and one unit of
C. In the process, P, Q and R earn Rs 15,000,
7 −1 10
Rs 1,000 and Rs 4,000 respectively. Find the Cofactor of A Aij = [19 7 −2]
3 19 14
prices per unit of A, B and C. (Use matrix
inversion method to solve the problem.) Adj A = AijT
 7 19 3 1 −1 0
Adj A = [−1 7 19] ∆ = |2 3 4|
10 −2 14 0 1 2
1 3 4 2 4 2 3
A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴 =1| | + 1| | +0 | |
1 2 0 2 0 1
7 19 3 = 1(6 – 4) +1(4 – 0) + 0
1
= 68 [−1 7 19]
10 −2 14 = 1(2) +1(4) +0
𝑋 = 𝐴−1 × 𝐵 =2+4+0

=6≠0
7 19 3 15000 3 −1 0
1
= 68 [−1 7 19] [ 1000 ] ∆𝑥1 = |17 3 4|
10 −2 14 4000 7 1 2
1,05,000 + 19,000 + 12,000 3 4 17 4 17 3
1 =3| | + 1| | +0 | |
= 68 [ −15,000 + 7,000 + 76,000 ] 1 2 7 2 7 1
15,000 − 2,000 + 56,000
= 3(6 – 4) +1(34 – 28) + 0
1,36,000
1
= 68 [ 68,000 ] = 3(2) +1(6) +0
2,04,000
=6+6+0
2,000
= [1,000] = 12
3,000
1 3 0
𝑥 2,000 ∆𝑥2 = |2 17 4|
[𝑦] = [1,000] 0 7 2
𝑧 3,000
17 4 2 4 2 17
=1| |− 3| | +0 | |
The price of the commodity A = Rs. 2,000 7 2 0 2 0 7

The price of the commodity B = Rs. 1,000 = 1(34 – 28) −3 (4 – 0) + 0

The price of the commodity C = Rs. 3,000 = 1(6) −3 (4) +0

Example 1.25 Solve, by Cramer’s rule, the = 6 −12 + 0

system of equations 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 = 3, = −6
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 17 and 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 7.
1 −1 3
∆𝑥3 = |2 3 17|
Solution: Given 𝑥1 − 𝑥2 + 0𝑥3 = 3, 0 1 7
2𝑥1 + 3𝑥2 + 4𝑥3 = 17 3 17 2 17 2 3
=1| |+ 1| | +3 | |
1 7 0 7 0 1
0𝑥1 + 𝑥2 + 2𝑥3 = 7
= 1(21 – 17) +1 (14 – 0) +3 (2 – 0)
 www.nammakalvi.in

= 1(4) +1 (14) +3(2) = 100(20 – 40) −10(400 – 1600)

= 4 + 14 + 6 + 1(16000 − 32000)

= 24 = 100(−20) − 10(−1200) +1(−16000)

By Cramer’s rule, we get = −2000 + 12000−16000

∆ 𝑥1 12 = − 18000 +12000
𝑥1 = = =2
∆ 6

∆ 𝑥2
= − 6000
−6
𝑥2 = = = −1
∆ 6 8 10 1
∆ 𝑥3 24 ∆𝑎 = |16 20 1|
𝑥3 = = =4 22 40 1
∆ 6

Example 1.26 In a T20 match, Chennai 20 1 16 1 16 20

=8| | − 10 | | +1 | |
40 1 22 1 22 40
Super Kings needed just 6 runs to win with
1 ball left to go in the last over. The last ball = 8(20 – 40) −10(16 – 22) + 1(640 − 440)
was bowled and the batsman at the crease
= 8(−20) − 10(−6) +1(200)
hit it high up. The ball traversed along a
path in a vertical plane and the equation of = −160 + 60 + 200
the path is 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 with respect to
a xy -coordinate system in the vertical plane = − 160 + 260
and the ball traversed through the points
= 100
(10,8), (20,16), (40,22), can you conclude
that Chennai Super Kings won the match? 100 8 1
Justify your answer. (All distances are ∆𝑏 = | 400 16 1|
measured in metres and the meeting point 1600 22 1
of the plane of the path with the farthest = 100 |
16 1
|− 8|
400 1
| +1 |
400 16
|
boundary line is (70,0).) 22 1 1600 1 1600 22
= 100(16 – 22) −8(400 – 1600) + 1(8800 − 25600)
Solution: The path 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 passes
through the points (10,8), (20,16), (40,22). = 100(−6) − 8(−1200) +1(−16800)

So, we get the system of equations = −600 + 9600−16800

100a +10b+ c = 8 = − 17400 +9600
400a +20b+ c = 16
= − 7800
1600a +40b+ c = 22
100 10 8
To apply Cramer’s rule, we find ∆𝑐 = | 400 20 16|
100 10 1 1600 40 22
∆ = | 400 20 1|
1600 40 1 20 16 400 16
= 100 | | − 10 | |
40 22 1600 22
20 1 400 1 400 20 400 20
= 100 | | − 10 | | +1 | | +8 | |
40 1 1600 1 1600 40 1600 40
 =100(440 – 640) −10(8800 – 25600) the ball. Hence the ball went for a super six
and the Chennai Super Kings won the
+8(16000 − 32000)
match.
= 100(−200) − 10(−16800) + 8(−16000)
EXERCISE 1.4
= −20000 + 168000−128000 1. Solve the following systems of linear
equations by Cramer’s rule:
= 168000 − 148000
(i)5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 16 = 0, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7 = 0
= 20000
Solution: 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 16 = 0
By Cramer’s rule, we get
𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 7 = 0 gives
∆𝑎 100 1
𝑎= = =−
∆ −6000 60 5𝑥 − 2𝑦 = −16
∆𝑏 − 7800 78 13
𝑏= = = = 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 7
∆ −6000 60 10

∆𝑐 20000 20 10 5 −2
𝑐= = =− =− ∆= | |
∆ −6000 6 3 1 3

So, the equation of the path is = 15+2

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 becomes
= 17≠ 0
1 13 10
𝑦 = − 60 𝑥 2 + 10 𝑥 − −16 −2
3 ∆𝑥 = | |
7 3
substituting the point (70,0)
= − 48 +14
When x = 70, in
= − 34
1 2 13 10
𝑦 = − 60 𝑥 + 10 𝑥 − 3 5 −16
∆𝑦 = | |
1 13 10
1 7
= − 60 × 70 × 70 + 10 × 70 − 3
= 35 +16
490 10
=− + 91 − = 51
6 3

245 10
=− + 91 − By Cramer’s rule, we get
3 3

255 ∆𝑥 −34
=− + 91 𝑥= = = −2
3 ∆ 17

∆𝑦 51
= −85 + 91 𝑦= = =3
∆ 17
=6 3 2
ii) 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12, 𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 13
We get y = 6. So, the ball went by 6 metres
3
high over the boundary line and it is Solution: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 12
impossible for a fielder standing even just
2
before the boundary line to jump and catch + 3𝑦 = 13
𝑥
 1 −1 2 2 2 2 −1
Let 𝑥 = 𝑎, then equation is =3| |− 3| | −1 | |
3 2 4 2 4 3
3𝑎 + 2𝑦 = 12 = 3(−2 – 6) −3(4 – 8) −1(6 + 4)
2𝑎 + 3𝑦 = 13 = 3(− 8) −3(– 4) −1(10)
3 2 = − 24 +12 −10
∆= | |
2 3
= − 34 +12
=9–4
= − 22 ≠ 0
=5≠0
11 3 −1
12 2
∆𝑎 = | | ∆𝑥 = | 9 −1 2|
13 3
25 3 2
= 36 − 26
−1 2 9 2 9 −1
= 11 | | − 3| | −1 | |
= 10 3 2 25 2 25 3
= 11(−2 – 6) −3(18 – 50) −1(27 + 25)
3 12
∆𝑦 = | |
2 13 = 11(− 8) −3(– 32) −1(52)
= 39 − 24
= − 88 +96 − 52
= 15
= − 140 +96
By Cramer’s rule, we get
= − 44
∆𝑎 10
𝑎= = =2 3 11 −1
∆ 5
∆𝑦 = |2 9 2|
∆𝑦 15 4 25 2
𝑦= = =3
∆ 5
9 2 2 2 2 9
1 1 =3| | − 11 | | −1 | |
𝑎=2= 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑥 = 25 2 4 2 4 25
𝑥 2
= 3(18 – 50) −11(4 – 8) −1(50 − 36)
𝑦=3
= 3(− 32) −11(– 4) −1(14)
(iii) 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 11, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 9
= − 96 + 44 − 14
and 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 25
= − 110 + 44
Solution : 3𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 11
= − 66
2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 9
3 3 11
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 25 ∆𝑧 = |2 −1 9|
4 3 25
To apply Cramer’s rule, we find
3 3 −1 −1 9 2 9 2 −1
=3| | − 3| | +11 | |
∆ = |2 −1 2| 3 25 4 25 4 3
4 3 2
 www.nammakalvi.in

= 3(−25 – 27) −3(50 – 36) +11(6 + 4) = − 9− 24 +18

= 3(− 52) −3(14) +11(10) = − 33 +18

= − 156 − 42 + 110 = − 15 ≠ 0

= − 198 + 110 1 −4 −2
∆𝑎 = | 2 2 1|
= − 88 −1 −5 −4

By Cramer’s rule, we get 2 1 2 1 2 2

=1| | +4 | | −2 | |
−5 −4 −1 −4 −1 −5
∆𝑥 − 44
𝑥= = =2 = 1(−8 +5) +4(− 8+1) −2(−10 + 2)
∆ −22

∆𝑦 − 66 = 1(− 3) + 4(– 7) −2(−8)

𝑦= = =3
∆ −22
= − 3− 28 +16
∆𝑧 − 88
𝑧= = =4
∆ −22
= − 31 +16
3 4 2 1 2 1
(iv) − − − 1 = 0, + + − 2 = 0 = − 15
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

2 5 4
− − +1=0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
3 1 −2
3 4 2
Solution: − − −1=0 ∆𝑏 = |1 2 1|
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
2 −1 −4
1 2 1
+ + −2=0 2 1 1 1 1 2
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 =3| | −1 | | −2 | |
−1 −4 2 −4 2 −1
2 5 4
− − +1=0 = 3(−8 +1) −1(−4 − 2) −2(−1 − 4)
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

1 1 1 = 3(− 7) −1(– 6) −2(−5)

Let = 𝑎, 𝑦 = 𝑏 and 𝑧 = 𝑐
𝑥
= − 21+6 +10
3𝑎 − 4𝑏 − 2𝑐 = 1
= − 21 +16
𝑎 + 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = 2
=−5
2𝑎 − 5𝑏 − 4𝑐 = −1
3 −4 1
To apply Cramer’s rule, we find ∆𝑐 = |1 2 2|
3 −4 −2 2 −5 −1
∆ = |1 2 1|
2 2 1 2 1 2
2 −5 −4 =3| | +4 | | +1 | |
−5 −1 2 −1 2 −5
2 1 1 1 1 2
=3| | +4 | | −2 | | = 3(−2 +10) +4(−1 − 4) +1(−5 − 4)
−5 −4 2 −4 2 −5
= 3(−8 +5) +4(− 4 – 2) −2(−5 − 4) = 3(8) +4(– 5) +1(−9)

= 3(− 3) + 4(– 6) −2(−9) = 24 − 20 −9

 = 24 − 29 100 1
∆𝑥 = | |
320 −1
=−5
= −100 − 320
By Cramer’s rule, we get
= − 420
∆𝑎 −15 1
𝑎= = =1= 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑥 = 1 1 100
∆ −15 𝑥 ∆𝑦 = | |
4 320
∆𝑏 −5 1 1
𝑏= = = = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑦 = 3
∆ −15 3 𝑦 = 320 − 400
∆𝑐 −5 1 1
𝑐= = = = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑧 = 3 = − 80
∆ −15 3 𝑧
By Cramer’s rule, we get
2. In a competitive examination, one mark is
1 ∆𝑥 −420
awarded for every correct answer while 𝑥= = = 84
4 ∆ −5
mark is deducted for every wrong answer. ∆𝑦 − 80
A student answered 100 questions and got 𝑦= = = 16
∆ −5
80 marks. How many questions did he
answer correctly? (Use Cramer’s rule to The student answered 84 questions
solve the problem). correctly.
Solution: Let the number of correctly 3. A chemist has one solution which is 50%
answered questions = 𝑥 acid and another solution which is 25%
Let the number of not correctly answered acid. How much each should be mixed to
questions = 𝑦 make 10 litres of a 40% acid solution ? (Use
Cramer’s rule to solve the problem).
Given mark for each correct answers =1
Solution:
1
Mark for each wrong answers = − 4 Let A be the solutions which is 50% acid
has 𝑥 litres and B be the solutions which is
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 100 and 25% acid has 𝑦 litres.
𝑦 4𝑥 − 𝑦 50 𝑥
𝑥− = 80 ⇒ = 80 [𝑥 × 50% = 𝑥 × 100 = 2]
4 4

4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 320 25 𝑦
[𝑦 × 25% = 𝑦 × 100 = 4 ]
Solving 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 100
40
[10 × 40% = 10 × 100 = 4]
4𝑥 − 𝑦 = 320
∴ 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 10 and
1 1
∆= | |
4 −1 𝑥 𝑦
+ =4
2 4
= −1 − 4
1 1
= −5 ≠ 0 ∆ = |1 1|
2 4
 1 1
=4−2 Solution:

2−4 Let the pump A can fill the tank in 𝑥

= 8 minutes and the pump B can fill the tank in
−2 𝑦 minutes.
= 8
1
1
In 1 minute pump A can fill part
𝑥
=−4 ≠ 0
1
In 1 minute pump B can fill part
10 1 𝑦
∆𝑥 = | 4 1|
4 1 1 1
By the data 𝑥 + =
𝑦 10
10
= −4 1 1 1
4
− =
𝑥 𝑦 30
10 − 16
= 1 1
4
To solve let = 𝑎, =𝑏
𝑥 𝑦
6
=−4
1
𝑎+ 𝑏= 10
1 10
∆𝑦 = | 1 4| 1
2 𝑎 − 𝑏= 30
10
=4− 1 1
2 ∆= | |
1 −1
=4−5
= −1 − 1
= −1
= −2 ≠ 0
By Cramer’s rule, we get 1
1
−
6 ∆𝑎 = |10
1 |
∆𝑥 4 6 4 −1
𝑥= = 1 = × =6 30
∆ − 4 1
4
1 1
∆𝑦 −1 4
= − 10 − 30
𝑦= = 1 = 1 × =4
∆ − 1
4 −3 − 1
= 30
4. A fish tank can be filled in 10 minutes
4
using both pumps A and B simultaneously. =−
30

However, pump B can pump water in or out 2

= − 15
at the same rate. If pump B is inadvertently
1
run in reverse, then the tank will be filled in 1 10
∆𝑏 = | 1|
30 minutes. How long would it take each 1 30
pump to fill the tank by itself ? (Use
1 1
= − 10
Cramer’s rule to solve the problem). 30
 www.nammakalvi.in

1−3
= To apply Cramer’s rule, we find
30 2 3 2
2 ∆ = |2 2 4|
= − 30 5 4 2

= − 15
1 2 4 2 4 2 2
=2| | − 3| | +2 | |
4 2 5 2 5 4
By Cramer’s rule, we get = 2(4 – 16) −3(4 – 20) +2(8 − 10)
2
∆𝑎 − 2 1 1 = 2(− 12) −3(– 16) +2(−2)
15
𝑎= = = × =
∆ −2 15 2 15

1
= − 24 +48 −4
∆𝑏 − 1 1 1
15
𝑏= = = × = = − 28 + 48
∆ −2 15 2 30

1 1
𝑎= = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑥 = 15 = 20 ≠ 0
15 𝑥

1 1 150 3 2
𝑏= = 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑦 = 30 ∆𝑥 = |200 2 4|
30 𝑥
250 4 2
Hence the pump A can fill the tank in 15
2 4 200 4 200 2
minutes and the pump B can fill the tank in = 150 | | − 3| | +2 | |
4 2 250 2 250 4
30 minutes.
= 150(4 – 16) −3(400 – 1000)
5. A family of 3 people went out for dinner
+2(800 − 500)
in a restaurant. The cost of two dosai, three
idlies and two vadais is Rs.150. The cost of = 150(− 12) −3(– 600) +2(300)

the two dosai, two idlies and four vadais is = − 1800 +1800 + 600
Rs.200. The cost of five dosai, four idlies
= − 1800+ 2400
and two vadais is Rs. 250. The family has
= 600
Rs. 350 in hand and they ate 3 dosai and six
idlies and six vadais. Will they be able to 2 150 2
∆𝑦 = |2 200 4|
manage to pay the bill within the amount 5 250 2
they had? 200 4 2 4 2 200
=2| | − 150 | | +2 | |
250 2 5 2 5 250
Solution: Let the cost of a dosai = Rs. 𝑥
= 2(400 – 1000) −150(4 – 20) +2(500 − 1000)
The cost of a idly = Rs. 𝑦
= 2(− 600) −150(– 16) +2(−500)
The cost of a vadai = Rs. 𝑧
= − 1200 +2400 −1000
Given 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 150
= − 2200 + 2400
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 200
= 200
5𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 250
 2 3 150 Solution: Given
∆𝑧 = |2 2 200|
5 4 250 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 25
2 200 2 200 2 2 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 13
=2| | − 3| | +150 | |
4 250 5 250 5 4
2𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
= 2(500 – 800) −3(500 – 1000) +150(8 − 10)
Transforming the augmented matrix to
= 2(− 300) −3(– 500) +150(−2)
echelon form, we get
= − 600 +1500 −300
4 3 6 25
= − 900 + 1500 [𝐴𝐵] = [1 5 7 13] 𝑅1 ↔ 𝑅2
2 9 1 1
= 600
1 5 7 13
→ [4 3 6 25]
By Cramer’s rule, we get
2 9 1 1
∆𝑥 600
𝑥= = = 30 1 5 7 13 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 4𝑅
∆ 20 2 2 1
→ [0 −17 −22 −27] 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 2𝑅
∆𝑦 200 0 −1 −13 −25 3 3 1
𝑦= = = 10
∆ 20
1 5 7 13
∆𝑧 600 → [0 −17 −22 −27 ] 𝑅3 = 17𝑅3 − 𝑅2
𝑧= = = 30 that is
∆ 20 0 0 −199 −398

The cost of a dosai = Rs. 30 The equivalent system is written by using

the echelon form: 𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 13
The cost of a idly = Rs. 10
−17𝑦 − 22𝑧 = −27
The cost of a vadai = Rs. 30
−199𝑧 = − 398
The family ate 3 dosai and six idlies and six
vadais. We get, 199𝑧 = 398

3𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 3(30) + 6(10) + 6(30) 398

z=
199
= 90 + 60 +180
=2
= 330 Rs.
Substituting z = 2 in −17𝑦 − 22𝑧 = −27
The family has Rs. 350 so they are able to
manage to pay the bill. −17𝑦 − 22(2) = −27

Example 1.27 Solve the following system of −17𝑦 − 44 = −27

linear equations, by Gaussian elimination −17𝑦 = −27 + 44

method: 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 25, −17𝑦 = 17
𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 13, 2𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
17
y= = −1
−17
 Substituting z = 2 and y = −1 in 9 3 1 64 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 4𝑅
= [0 −6 −3 −123] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 9𝑅1
𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 13 0 −18 −8 −368 3 3 1

9 3 1 64
𝑥 + 5(−1) + 7(2) = 13
= [0 −6 −3 −123] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 3𝑅2
𝑥 − 5 + 14 = 13 0 0 1 1
The equivalent system is written by using
𝑥 + 9 = 13
the echelon form: 9𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐 = 64
𝑥 = 13 − 9
−6𝑏 − 3𝑐 = −123
𝑥=4
𝑐=1
So the solution is 𝑥 = 4, 𝑦 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2
Substituting c = 1 in −6𝑏 − 3𝑐 = −123
Example 1.28 The upward speed v (t) of a
rocket at time t is approximated by −6𝑏 − 3(1) = −123
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐, 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 100 where
−6𝑏 − 3 = −123
a, b and c are constants. It has been found
that the speed at times t = 3. t = 6 and t = 9 −6𝑏 = −123 + 3
seconds are respectively, 64, 133, and 208
miles per second respectively. Find the −6𝑏 = −120
speed at time t =15 seconds. (Use Gaussian
elimination method.) 6𝑏 = 120
Solution: 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐
120
2 𝑏=
At t = 3, 𝑣(3) = 𝑎(3) + 𝑏(3) + 𝑐 = 64 6

𝑎(9) + 𝑏(3) + 𝑐 = 64 = 20

9𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐 = 64 . . . …(1) Substituting c = 1 and b = 20 in

At t = 6, 𝑣(6) = 𝑎(6)2 + 𝑏(6) + 𝑐 = 133 9𝑎 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 64

𝑎(36) + 𝑏(6) + 𝑐 = 133 9𝑎 + 3(20) + 1 = 64

36𝑎 + 6𝑏 + 𝑐 = 133 . . . …(2) 9𝑎 + 60 + 1 = 64

At t = 9, 𝑣(9) = 𝑎(9)2 + 𝑏(9) + 𝑐 = 208 9𝑎 + 61 = 64

𝑎(81) + 𝑏(9) + 𝑐 = 208 9𝑎 = 64 − 61

81𝑎 + 9𝑏 + 𝑐 = 208 . . . …(3) 9𝑎 = 3

3
Transforming the augmented matrix to 𝑎=
9
echelon form, we get
1
9 3 1 64 =
3
[𝐴𝐵] = [36 6 1 133]
81 9 1 208 1
So substituting 𝑎 = , 𝑏 = 20 and 𝑐 =1 in
3
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𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑎𝑡 2 + 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑐 we get −6𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −4

1 −5𝑧 = − 20
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑡 2 + 20𝑡 + 1
3
We get, 5𝑧 = 20
The speed at t = 15 minutes
20
1 z=
𝑣(15) = 3 (15)2 + 20(15) + 1 5

1
=4
= 3 (225) + 300 + 1
Substituting z = 4 in −6𝑦 + 5𝑧 = −4
= 75 +301
−6𝑦 + 5(4) = −4
= 376.
−6𝑦 + 20 = −4
EXERCISE 1.5
−6𝑦 = −4 − 20
1. Solve the following systems of linear
−6𝑦 = −24
equations by Gaussian elimination method:
(i) 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 6𝑦 = 24

3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 24
y=
6

Solution: 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 2, =4
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, Substituting
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1
z = 4 and y = 4 in 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
Transforming the augmented matrix to
𝑥 + 2(4) − 4 = 3
echelon form, we get
𝑥+8−4 =3
2 −2 3 2
[𝐴𝐵] = [1 2 −1 3] 𝑥+4=3
3 −1 2 1
𝑥 =3−4
1 2 −1 3
→ [2 −2 3 2] 𝑅1↔ 𝑅2 𝑥 = −1
3 −1 2 1
So the solution is 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 4
1 2 −1 3 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 2𝑅
→ [0 −6 5 −4] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1 (ii) 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 22, 3𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 27,
0 −7 5 −8 3 3 1
−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2
1 2 −1 3 Solution: 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 22
→ [0 −6 5 −4 ] 𝑅3 = 6𝑅3 − 7𝑅2
0 0 −5 −20 3𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 27

The equivalent system is written by using −𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2

the echelon form: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3 (1) 𝑖𝑠 ÷ 2, then
 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 11 𝑥 + 8 = 11
3𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 27 𝑥 = 11 − 8
−𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2
Transforming the augmented matrix to 𝑥=3
echelon form, we get So the solution is 𝑥 = 3, 𝑦 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 2
1 2 3 11
[𝐴𝐵] = [ 3 8 5 27] 2. If 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 is divided by x+3, x – 5
−1 1 2 2 and x −1, the remainders are 21,61 and
1 2 3 11 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 3𝑅
→ [0 2 −4 −6] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 + 𝑅 1 9 ,and respectively. Find a, b and c.
3 3 1
0 3 5 13
(Use Gaussian elimination method.)
1 2 3 11
→ [0 2 −4 −6] 𝑅3 = 2𝑅3 − 3𝑅2 Solution: Let 𝑃(𝑥) = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
0 0 22 44
is divided by x+3, x – 5 and x −1 then the
The equivalent system is written by using
the echelon form: 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 11 remainder is 𝑃(−3), 𝑃(5) and 𝑃(1).

2𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −6 From the data given,

22𝑧 = 44 𝑃(−3) = 𝑎(−3)2 + 𝑏(−3) + 𝑐 = 21

44 9𝑎 − 3𝑏 + 𝑐 = 21 … . . (1)
We get, z =
22
𝑃(5) = 𝑎(5)2 + 𝑏(5) + 𝑐 = 61
=2
25𝑎 + 5𝑏 + 𝑐 = 61 … . . (2)
Substituting z = 2 in 2𝑦 − 4𝑧 = −6
𝑃(1) = 𝑎(1)2 + 𝑏(1) + 𝑐 = 9
2𝑦 − 4(2) = −6
𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 9 … . . (3)
2𝑦 − 8 = −6
Transforming the augmented matrix to
2𝑦 = −6 + 8 echelon form, we get
2𝑦 = 2 9 −3 1 21
[𝐴𝐵] = [25 5 1 61]
2
y= 1 1 1 9
2
1 1 1 9
=1 → [25 5 1 61] 𝑅1↔ 𝑅3
9 −3 1 21
Substituting
1 1 1 9 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 25𝑅
z = 2 and y = 1 in 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 11 → [0 −20 −24 −164] 2 2 1
𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 9𝑅1
0 −12 −8 −60
𝑥 + 2(1) + 3(2) = 11

𝑥 + 2 + 6 = 11
 1 1 1 9 𝑅 = 𝑅 ÷ (−4) the second bond. Determine the price of
41 ] 2 2
→ [0 5 6 each bond. (Use Gaussian elimination
𝑅3 = 𝑅3 ÷ (−4)
0 0 −8 −48 method.)
The equivalent system is written by using
Solution:
the echelon form: 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 9
Let the prices of each bond is Rs. 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧.
5𝑏 + 6𝑐 = 41
By the data, 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 65,000 ….(1)
−8𝑐 = −48
6𝑥 8𝑦 9𝑧
We get, 8𝑐 = 48 + 100 + 100 = 4800 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
100

48 6𝑥 + 8𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 4,80,000 …..(2)
c=
8
8𝑦 9𝑧
− 100 + 100 = 600 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠
=6

Substituting c = 6in 5𝑏 + 6𝑐 = 41 − 8𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 60,000 …..(3)

5𝑏 + 6(6) = 41 Transforming the augmented matrix to

echelon form, we get
5𝑏 + 36 = 41
1 1 1 65,000
5𝑏 = 41 − 36 [𝐴𝐵] = [6 8 9 4,80,000]
0 −8 9 60,000
5𝑏 = 5
1 1 1 65,000
5 → [0 2 3 90.000] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 6𝑅1
b= = 1
5 0 −8 9 60,000

Substituting 1 1 1 65,000
→ [0 2 3 90.000 ] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 + 4𝑅2
c = 6 and b = 1 in 𝑎 + 𝑏 + 𝑐 = 9 0 0 21 4,20,000

𝑎 + (1) + (6) = 9 The equivalent system is written by using

the echelon form: 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 65,000
𝑎+1+6=9
2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 90,000
𝑎+7=9
21𝑧 = 4,20,000
𝑎 =9−7
4,20,000
𝑎=2 We get, z =
21

So the solution is 𝑎 = 2, 𝑏 = 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐 = 6 =20,000

3. An amount of Rs.65,000 is invested in Substituting z = 20,000 in 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 90,000

three bonds at the rates of 6%, 8%, and 9 %
2𝑦 + 3(20,000) = 90,000
per annum respectively. The total annual
income is Rs. 4,800. The income from the 2𝑦 + 60,000 = 90,000
third bond is Rs. 600 more than that from
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2𝑦 = 90,000 − 60,000 Transforming the augmented matrix to

echelon form, we get
2𝑦 = 30,000
36 −6 1 8
30,000 [𝐴𝐵] = [ 4
y= −2 1 −12]
2 9 3 1 8
=15,000 36 −6 1 8 𝑅 = 9𝑅 − 𝑅
→ [ 0 −12 8 −116] 𝑅2 = 4𝑅2 − 𝑅1
Substituting 0 18 3 24 3 3 1

z = 20,000 and y = 15,000 in 36 −6 1 8 𝑅 ÷ (−2)

→[0 6 −4 58] 2
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 65,000 𝑅3 ÷ (3)
0 6 1 8
𝑥 + 15,000 + 20,000 = 65,000 36 −6 1 8
→[0 6 −4 58] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
𝑥 + 35,000 = 65,000 0 0 −5 50

𝑥 = 65,000 − 35,000 The equivalent system is written by using

the echelon form: 36 𝑎 − 6𝑏 + 𝑐 = 8
𝑥 = 30,000
The prices of each bond is Rs.30,000 6𝑏 − 4𝑐 = 58

Rs.15,000and Rs.20,000 respectively. −5𝑐 = 50

50
4. A boy is walking along the path We get, c= −5

𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 through the points = −10

(– 6 ,8),(– 2, –12 ) and (3, 8) . He wants to Substituting c = −10 in 6𝑏 − 4𝑐 = 58
meet his friend at P(7, 60) . Will he meet his
friend? (Use Gaussian elimination method.) 6𝑏 − 4(−10) = 58

Solution: 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 6𝑏 + 40 = 58

Substituting the given points (– 6 ,8), 6𝑏 = 58 − 40

(– 2, –12 ) and (3, 8) in the above equation 6𝑏 = 18

18
we get 8 = 𝑎(−6)2 + 𝑏(−6) + 𝑐 𝑏=
6

8 = 36𝑎 − 6𝑏 + 𝑐 𝑏=3
36𝑎 − 6𝑏 + 𝑐 = 8 …..(1) Substituting c = −10 and 𝑏 = 3 in
Similarly 36 𝑎 − 6𝑏 + 𝑐 = 8
4𝑎 − 2𝑏 + 𝑐 = −12 …..(2)
36 𝑎 − 6(3) + (−10) = 8
9𝑎 + 3𝑏 + 𝑐 = 8 …..(3)
36 𝑎 − 18 − 10 = 8
 36 𝑎 − 28 = 8 1 2 −1 3 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 3𝑅
2 2 1
→ [0 −7 5 −8] 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 𝑅
3 3 1
36 𝑎 = 8 + 28 0 −4 4 0
𝑅4 = 𝑅4 − 𝑅1
0 −3 2 −4
36 𝑎 = 36
1 2 −1 3
36 0 −7 5 −8 𝑅 × (−1)
𝑎 = 36 →[ ] 3
0 4 −4 0 𝑅4 × (−1)
0 3 −2 4
𝑎=1
→
Substituting 𝑎 = 1, 𝑏 = 3 and 𝑐 = −10 in 1 2 −1 3
[0 −7 5 −8 ] 𝑅3 = 7𝑅3 + 4𝑅1
𝑦 = 𝑎𝑥 2 + 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 it becomes 0 0 −8 −32 𝑅4 = 4𝑅3 − 3𝑅1
0 0 4 16
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 10
1 2 −1 3
substituting the point P(7, 60) →[ 0 −7 5 −8 ] 𝑅4 = 2𝑅4 + 𝑅3
0 0 −8 −32
60 = (7)2 + 3(7) − 10 0 0 0 0

60 = 49 + 21 − 10 There are three non-zero rows in the row-

echelon form of [AB ]. So, 𝜌[𝐴𝐵]= 𝜌[𝐴] = 3
60 = 70 − 10
𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3, 𝑛 = 3 The given
60 = 60 equation is consistent, has unique solution.
So the boy meets his friend. – 8z = – 32
Example 1.29 Test for consistency of the −32
z= =4
following system of linear equations and if −8
possible solve:
sub z = 4 in
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1
– 7y + 5z = – 8
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 3 and 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 + 1 = 0
– 7y + 5(4) = – 8
Solution
– 7y + 20 = – 8
Here the number of unknowns is 3.
The matrix form of the system is 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 , – 7y = – 8 −20
where
– 7y = −28
1 2 −1 𝑥 3
𝐴 = [ 3 −1 2 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦 ] , 𝐵 = [ 1 ] 7y = 28
1 −2 3 3
𝑧 28
1 −1 1 −1 y= =4
7
The augmented matrix to echelon form,
sub z = 4 and y = 4 in 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3
1 2 −1 3
we get [𝐴𝐵] = [ 3 −1 2 1] 𝑥 + 2(4) − 4 = 3
1 −2 3 3
1 −1 1 −1 𝑥+8−4= 3
 𝑥+4=3 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −1 . . . . (1)

𝑥 =3−4 −6𝑦 + 18𝑧 = 12 . . . . (2)

𝑥 = −1 (2) ÷ −6

So the solution is 𝑥 = −1, 𝑦 = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 = 4 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −2 . . . . (2)

Example 1.30 To solve the equations let z = t,

Test for consistency of the following system then 𝑦 − 3𝑡 = −2
of linear equations and if possible solve:
𝑦 = −2 + 3𝑡 ⇒ 3𝑡 − 2
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6𝑧 = 8, 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −1 substituting
15𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 9𝑧 = 21. 𝑧 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 3𝑡 − 2 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 3𝑧 = −1
Solution 𝑥 + 3𝑡 − 2 − 3𝑡 = −1
Here the number of unknowns is 3.
The matrix form of the system is 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 , 𝑥 + 6𝑡 − 2 = −1
where
𝑥 = −1 − 6𝑡 + 2
4 −2 6 𝑥 8
𝐴=[ 1 1 −3] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [−1] 𝑥 = 1 − 6𝑡
15 −3 9 𝑧 21
So the solution
The augmented matrix to echelon form,
𝑥 = 1 − 6𝑡, 𝑦 = 3𝑡 − 1, 𝑧 = 𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅
4 −2 6 8
we get [𝐴𝐵] = [ 1 1 −3 −1] Example 1.31 Test for consistency of the
15 −3 9 21 following system of linear equations and if
1 1 −3 −1 possible solve:
→[ 4 −2 6 8 ] 𝑅1↔ 𝑅2
15 −3 9 21 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −9, 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −18

1 1 −3 −1 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 4𝑅 3𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 27 = 0.
2 2 1
→ [0 −6 18 12 ]
𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 15𝑅1 The augmented matrix to echelon form,
0 −18 54 36
1 1 −3 −1 1 −1 1 −9
→ [0 −6 18 12 ] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 3𝑅2 we get [𝐴𝐵] = [2 −2 2 −18]
0 0 0 0 3 −3 3 −27
There are two non-zero rows in the row- 1 −1 1 −9 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 2𝑅
→ [0 0 0 0 ] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1
echelon form of [AB ]. So, 𝜌[𝐴𝐵]= 𝜌[𝐴] = 2 0 0 0 0 3 3 1

𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 2, 𝑛 = 3 The given There is one non-zero row in the row-
echelon form of [AB ]. So, 𝜌[𝐴𝐵]= 𝜌[𝐴] = 1
equation is consistent, has infinitely many
solutions.
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𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 1, 𝑛 = 3 The given 1 −1 1 −9

equation is consistent, has infinitely many → [0 1 −1 22 ] 𝑅 𝑅
3↔ 4
solutions. 0 0 1 −23
0 0 0 −11
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −9 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌(𝐴) = 3
To solve the equations let 𝑦 = 𝑠, 𝑧 = 𝑡, 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴) The given equation is
then 𝑥 − 𝑠 + 𝑡 = −9 inconsistent, has no solutions.
𝑥 = −9 + 𝑠 − 𝑡 Example 1.33
Find the condition on a,b and c so that the
So the solution
following system of linear equations has
𝑥 = −9 + 𝑠 − 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑠, 𝑧 = 𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅 one parameter family of solutions:

Example 1.32 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 𝑎, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 𝑏
Test for consistency of the following system
3𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 𝑐
of linear equations and if possible solve:
Solution:
𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = −9, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
Here the number of unknowns is 3.
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 6 and 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7
The matrix form of the system is 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ,
Solution where
Here the number of unknowns is 3.
1 1 1 𝑥 𝑎
The matrix form of the system is 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 , 𝐴 = [1 2 ] , 𝑋 = [𝑦 ] , 𝐵 = [ 𝑏]
3
where 3 5 7 𝑧 𝑐
1 −1 1 𝑥 −9 The augmented matrix to echelon form,
𝐴 = [2 −1 1] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [ 4 ]
3 −1 1 6 1 1 1 𝑎
𝑧
4 −1 2 7 we get [𝐴𝐵] = [1 2 3 𝑏]
3 5 7 𝑐
The augmented matrix to echelon form,
→
1 −1 1 −9 1 1 1 𝑎
𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 𝑅1
we get [𝐴𝐵] = [2 −1 1 4] [0 1 2 𝑏 − 𝑎 ] 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 3𝑅
3 −1 1 6
0 2 4 𝑐 − 3𝑎 3 3 1
4 −1 2 7
1 −1 1 −9 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 2𝑅
2 2 1
→ [0 1 −1 22 ] 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 3𝑅
3 3 1 1 1 1 𝑎
0 2 −2 33 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 4𝑅 → [0 1 2 𝑏 − 𝑎 ] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
4 4 1
0 3 −2 43
0 0 0 𝑐 − 2𝑏 − 𝑎
1 −1 1 −9
1 −1 22 ] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2 In order that the system should have one
→ [0 parameter family of solutions, we must
0 0 0 −11 𝑅4 = 𝑅4 − 3𝑅2
0 0 1 −23 have 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 2. So, the third row
in the echelon form should be a zero row.
So, 𝑐 − 2𝑏 − 𝑎= 0 hence 𝑐 = 2𝑏 + 𝑎= 0.
 (iii) If 𝜆 = 7 and 𝜇 = 9, then
Example 1.34
Investigate for what values of λ and μ the 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 2, 𝑛 < 3.
system of linear equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7,
The given equation is consistent,
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇 , 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 5 has
has infinite solutions.
(i) no solution (ii) a unique solution
EXERCISE 1.6
(iii) an infinite number of solutions.
1. Test for consistency and if possible, solve
Solution: the following systems of equations by
Here the number of unknowns is 3. rank method.
The matrix form of the system is 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 , (i) 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2, 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 7
where 4𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 4
1 2 1 𝑥 7
Solution:
𝐴 = [1 1 𝜆 ] , 𝑋 = [ 𝑦 ] , 𝐵 = [𝜇 ]
Here the number of unknowns is 3.
1 3 −5 𝑧 5
The augmented matrix to echelon form, The matrix form of the system is 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 ,

1 2 1 7 where
we get [𝐴𝐵] = [1 1 𝜆 𝜇] 𝑥
1 −1 2 2
1 3 −5 5 𝐴 = [2 1 4] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [7]
1 1 1 𝑎 4 −1 1 𝑧 4
𝑅 = 𝑅2 − 𝑅1
→ [0 −1 𝜆 − 1 𝜇 − 7] 2
𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 𝑅1 The augmented matrix to echelon form,
0 1 −6 −2
1 1 1 𝑎 1 −1 2 2
→ [0 2 −6 −2 ] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 + 𝑅2 we get [𝐴𝐵] = [2 1 4 7]
0 0 𝜆−7 −9
𝜇 4 −1 1 4

(i) If 𝜆 = 7 and 𝜇 ≠ 9, then 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 1 −1 2 2 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 2𝑅

→ [0 3 0 3 ] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 4𝑅1
𝜌(𝐴) = 2. 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴) 0 3 −7 −4 3 3 1

1 −1 2 2
The given equation is inconsistent, has → [0 3 0 3 ] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
nosolution. 0 0 −7 −7
There are three non-zero rows in the row-
echelon form of [AB ]. So, 𝜌[𝐴𝐵]= 𝜌[𝐴] = 3
(ii) If 𝜆 ≠ 7 and 𝜇 has any value, then
𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3, 𝑛 = 3 The given
𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3, 𝑛 = 3. equation is consistent, has unique solution.

The given equation is consistent, – 7z = – 7 ⇒ 7z = 7

7
has unique solution. z= =1
7
 sub z = 1 in 1 −3 2 1
→ [0 10 −5 −1] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
3y + 0z = 3 0 0 0 0

3y = 3 There are two non-zero rows in the row-

echelon form of [AB ]. So, 𝜌[𝐴𝐵]= 𝜌[𝐴] = 2
3
y= =1
3 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 2, 𝑛 = 3 The given
equation is consistent, has infinitely many
sub z = 1and y = 1 in 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 2
solutions.
𝑥 − 1 + 2(1) = 2
𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 . . . . (1)
𝑥−1+2= 2
10𝑦 − 5𝑧 = −1 . . . . (2)
𝑥+1=2
To solve the equations let z = t,
𝑥 =2−1
then 10𝑦 − 5𝑡 = −1
𝑥=1
10 𝑦 = −1 + 5𝑡 ⇒ 5𝑡 − 1
So the solution is 𝑥 = 1. 𝑦 = 1, and 𝑧 = 1.
5𝑡−1
𝑦=
(ii) 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1 10

7𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 5 substituting
5𝑡−1
Solution: 𝑧 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1
10
Here the number of unknowns is 3.
5𝑡−1
𝑥 − 3( ) + 2𝑡 = 1
The matrix form of the system is 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 , 10

5𝑡−1
where 𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑡 + 3 ( )
10

3 1 1 𝑥 2 15𝑡−3
= 1 − 2𝑡 +
𝐴 = [1 −3 2] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [1] 10
7 −1 4 𝑧 5 10−20𝑡+15𝑡−3
=
The augmented matrix to echelon form, 10

7−5𝑡
3 1 1 2 𝑥=
10
we get [𝐴𝐵] = [1 −3 2 1]
7 −1 4 5 Solution:
1 −3 2 1 7−5𝑡 5𝑡−1
→ [3 1 1 2] 𝑅1↔ 𝑅2 𝑥= ,𝑦 = and z = t where 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅
10 10
7 −1 4 5
1 −3 2 1 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 3𝑅 (iii) 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 5, 𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1
→ [0 10 −5 −1] 2 2 1
𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 7𝑅1 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4
0 20 −10 −2
Solution:
Here the number of unknowns is 3.
 www.nammakalvi.in

The matrix form of the system is 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 , 2 −1 1 2 𝑅 = 𝑅 ÷ 3

→ [2 −1 1 2] 2 2
𝑅3 = 𝑅3 ÷ 2
where 2 −1 1 2

2 2 1 𝑥 5 2 −1 1 2 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 𝑅
𝐴 = [1 −1 1] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [1] → [0 0 0 0] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 𝑅1
3 1 2 𝑧 4 0 0 0 0 3 3 1

The augmented matrix to echelon form, There is one non-zero row in the row-
echelon form of [AB ]. So, 𝜌[𝐴𝐵]= 𝜌[𝐴] = 1
2 2 1 5
we get [𝐴𝐵] = [1 −1 1 1] 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 1, 𝑛 = 3 The given
3 1 2 4 equation is consistent, has infinitely many
1 −1 1 1 solutions.
→ [2 2 1 5] 𝑅1↔ 𝑅2
3 1 2 4 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2

1 −1 1 1 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 2𝑅 To solve the equations let 𝑦 = 𝑠, 𝑧 = 𝑡,

→ [0 4 −1 3] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1
0 4 −1 1 3 3 1 2𝑥 − 𝑠 + 𝑡 = 2

1 −1 1 1 2𝑥 = 2 + 𝑠 − 𝑡
→ [0 4 −1 3 ] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
0 0 0 −2 2+𝑠−𝑡
𝑥=
2
𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌(𝐴) = 2
So the solution
𝜌(𝐴𝐵) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴) The given equation is
2+𝑠−𝑡
𝑥= ,𝑦 = 𝑠, 𝑧 = 𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑠, 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅
inconsistent, has no solutions. 2

2. Find the value of k for which the

(iv) 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2, 6𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 6
equations 𝑘𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 1,
4𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 4 𝑥 − 2𝑘𝑦 + 𝑧 = −2, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑘𝑧 = 1, have
Solution: (i) no solution (ii) unique solution

Here the number of unknowns is 3. (iii) infinitely many solution.

The matrix form of the system is 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 , Solution: Here the number of unknowns

where is 3.The matrix form of the system is

𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 , where
2 −1 1 𝑥 2
𝐴 = [6 −3 3] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [6] 𝑘 −2 1 𝑥 1
4 −2 2 𝑧 4 𝐴 = [1 −2𝑘 𝑦
1] , 𝑋 = [ ] , 𝐵 = [−2]
1 −2 𝑘 𝑧 1
The augmented matrix to echelon form,
The augmented matrix to echelon form,
2 −1 1 2
we get [𝐴𝐵] = [6 −3 3 6] 𝑘 −2 1 1
4 −2 2 4 we get [𝐴𝐵] = [1 −2𝑘 1 −2]
1 −2 𝑘 1
 1 −2 𝑘 1 2 3 5 9
→ [1 −2𝑘 1 −2] 𝑅1↔ 𝑅3 we get [𝐴𝐵] = [7 3 −5 8]
𝑘 −2 1 1 2 3 𝜆 𝜇
1 −2 𝑘 1 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 2 3 5 9
→ [0 2 − 2𝑘 1−𝑘 −3 ] 𝑅 = 2𝑅2 − 7𝑅1
𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 𝑘𝑅1 → [0 −15 −45 −47 ] 2
0 −2 + 2𝑘 1 − 𝑘2 1−𝑘 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
0 0 𝜆−5 𝜇−9
1 −2 𝑘 1
→ [0 2 − 2𝑘 1−𝑘 −3 ] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 + 𝑅2 (i)When 𝜆 =5, 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌(𝐴) = 2
0 0 2 − 𝑘 − 𝑘2 −2 − 𝑘
𝜌(𝐴𝐵) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴) The given equation is
1 −2 𝑘 1
→ [0 2(1 − 𝑘) (1 − 𝑘) −3 ] inconsistent, has no solutions.
0 0 (2 + 𝑘)(1 − 𝑘) −(2 + 𝑘)
(ii) 𝜆 ≠ 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 ≠ 9 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3
(i)When k =1, 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌(𝐴) = 2
and 𝑛 = 3 The given equation is
𝜌(𝐴𝐵) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴) The given equation is
consistent, has unique solution.
inconsistent, has no solutions.
(iii) 𝜆 = 5 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜇 = 9, 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 2
(ii) 𝑘 ≠ 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 ≠ −2 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3
and 𝑛 = 3 The given equation is
and 𝑛 = 3 The given equation is
consistent, has infinitely many solutions.
consistent, has unique solution.
Example 1.35 Solve the following system:
(iii) 𝑘 = −2, 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 2
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 3𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0,
and 𝑛 = 3 The given equation is
7𝑥 + 10𝑦 + 12𝑧 = 0.
consistent, has infinitely many solutions. Solution
3. Investigate the values of λ and 𝜇 the Here the number of equations is equal to
system of linear equations the number of unknowns.
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 9, 7𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 5𝑧 = 8, Transforming into echelon form, the
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 𝜇, have (i) no solution augmented matrix becomes
(ii) a unique solution (iii) an infinite 1 2 3 0
number of solutions. [3 4 4 0]
7 10 12 0
Solution: Here the number of unknowns
1 2 3 0 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 3𝑅
is 3. The matrix form of the system
→ [0 −2 −5 0] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 7𝑅1
0 −4 −9 0 3 3 1

is 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵 where 1 2 3 0
→ [0 −2 −5 0] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
2 3 5 𝑥 9 0 0 1 0
𝐴 = [7 3 −5] , 𝑋 = [𝑦] , 𝐵 = [8] So, 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3 and 𝑛 = 3.
2 3 𝜆 𝑧 𝜇

The augmented matrix to echelon form,

Hence, the system has a unique solution. substituting
Since 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 , is always a 8𝑡
𝑧 = 𝑡, 𝑦 = 7 𝑖𝑛 𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0
solution of the homogeneous system, the
8𝑡
only solution is the trivial solution 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3 ( 7 ) − 2𝑡 = 0
0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0.
24𝑡
𝑥 + 7 − 2𝑡 = 0
Example 1.36 Solve the following system: 24𝑡
𝑥 = 2𝑡 − 7
𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 0,
𝑥 − 11𝑦 + 14𝑧 = 0. 14𝑡−24𝑡
𝑥= 7
Solution
10𝑡
Here the number of equations is equal to 𝑥=− 7

the number of unknowns. So the solution is

Transforming into echelon form, the 10𝑡 8𝑡
𝑥=− 7 ,𝑦= and z = t where 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅
7
augmented matrix becomes
1 3 −2 0 Example 1.37 Solve the following system:
[2 −1 4 0]
𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0, 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0,
1 −11 14 0
1 3 −2 0 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 2𝑅 3𝑥 − 7𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 0, 6𝑥 − 9𝑦 + 10𝑧 = 0.
→ [0 −7 8 0] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 𝑅 1 Solution
0 −14 16 0 3 3 1

1 3 −2 0 Here the number of equations is equal to

→ [0 −7 8 0] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2 the number of unknowns.
0 0 0 0
Transforming into echelon form, the
So, 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 2 and 𝑛 = 3.
augmented matrix becomes
Hence, the system has a one parameter
1 1 −2 0
family of solutions. Writing the equations [2 −3 1 0]
3 −7 10 0
using the echelon form, we get 6 −9 10 0
1 1 −2 0 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 2𝑅
𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0 and −7𝑦 + 8𝑧 = 0 2 2 1
→ [0 −5 5 0] 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 3𝑅
0 −10 16 0 3 3 1
To solve the equations let z = t, 𝑅4 = 𝑅4 − 6𝑅1
0 −15 22 0
then −7𝑦 + 8𝑡 = 0 1 1 −2 0
→ [0 −5 5 0] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 2𝑅2
−7𝑦 = −8𝑡 0 0 6 0 𝑅4 = 𝑅4 − 3𝑅2
0 0 7 0
7𝑦 = 8𝑡 1 1 −2 0
8𝑡 → [0 −5 5 0] 𝑅 = 6𝑅 − 7𝑅
𝑦= 0 0 6 0 4 4 3
7 0 0 0 0
 www.nammakalvi.in

So, 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3 and 𝑛 = 3. 1 0 1

→ (3𝜆 − 2) |3 3𝜆 − 11 0 |=0
Hence, the system has a unique solution. 3 0 3𝜆 − 11
Since 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 , is always a
(3𝜆 − 2)(3𝜆 − 11)2 = 0
solution of the homogeneous system, the
only solution is the trivial solution 3𝜆 − 2 = 0 and 3𝜆 − 11= 0
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0.
Gives
Example 1.38 Determine the values of λ for
which the following system of equations 2 11
3𝜆 = 2 ⟹ 𝜆 = 3 and 3𝜆 = 11 ⟹ 𝜆 = 3
(3𝜆 − 8)𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0,
3𝑥 + (3𝜆 − 8)𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, Example 1.39 By using Gaussian

3𝑥 + 3𝑦 + (3𝜆 − 8)𝑧 = 0. elimination method, balance the chemical

reaction equation: 𝐶5 + 𝐻8 → 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝐻2 𝑂
Solution
Here the number of unknowns is 3. So, if the Solution
system is consistent and has a non-trivial We are searching for positive integers

solution, then the rank of the coefficient 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 and 𝑥4 such that

matrix is equal to the rank of the 𝑥1 𝐶5 + 𝑥2 𝐻8 → 𝑥3 𝐶𝑂2 + 𝑥4 𝐻2 𝑂 ….(1)
augmented matrix and is less than 3. So the
The number of carbon atoms on the left-
determinant of the coefficient matrix
hand side of (1) should be equal to the
should be 0. number of carbon atoms on the right-hand
Hence we get side of (1). So we get a linear homogenous
(3𝜆 − 8) 3 3 equation
| 3 (3𝜆 − 8) 3 |=0
(3𝜆 − 8) 5𝑥1 = 𝑥3 gives 5𝑥1 − 𝑥3 = 0 …….(2)
3 3
Similarly, considering hydrogen and oxygen
𝑅1 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 atoms, we get respectively,

3𝜆 − 2 3𝜆 − 2 3𝜆 − 2 8𝑥2 = 2𝑥4 gives 4𝑥2 − 𝑥4 = 0 …….(3)

→| 3 (3𝜆 − 8) 3 |=0
3 3 (3𝜆 − 8) 2𝑥2 = 2𝑥3 + 𝑥4 gives

2𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 − 𝑥4 = 0 …….(4)

Taking (3𝜆 − 2)from 𝑅1
Equations (2), (3), and (4) constitute a
1 1 1
homogeneous system of linear equations in
→ (3𝜆 − 2) |3 (3𝜆 − 8) 3 |=0
four unknowns. The augmented matrix is
3 3 (3𝜆 − 8)
5 0 −1 0 0
𝐶2 = 𝐶1 and 𝐶3 = 𝐶1 [𝐴𝐵] = [4 0 0 −1 0]
0 2 −2 −1 0
 5 0 −1 0 0 Let us choose t = 4. Then
→ [0 0 4 −5 0] R 2 = 5R 2 − 4R1
0 2 −2 −1 0 𝑥1 = 1, 𝑥2 = 7, 𝑥3 = 5 and 𝑥4 = 4
So the balanced equation is
5 0 −1 0 0
→ [0 2 −2 −1 0] 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3 𝐶5 + 7𝐻8 → 5𝐶𝑂2 + 4𝐻2 𝑂.
0 0 4 −5 0
Example 1.40 If the system of equations
𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3, 𝑛 = 4 The given
𝑝𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0, 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0 and
equation is consistent, has infinitely many
solutions. Writing the equations using the 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑟𝑧 = 0, has a non-trivial solution
and p ≠a, q ≠b and r ≠c, prove that
echelon form, we get
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
5𝑥1 − 𝑥3 = 0, 2𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 − 𝑥4 = 0 and + + =2
𝑝−𝑎 𝑞−𝑏 𝑟−𝑐
4𝑥3 − 5𝑥4 = 0.
Solution
Substituting 𝑥4 = 𝑡 in 4𝑥3 − 5𝑥4 = 0
The system 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0,
4𝑥3 − 5𝑡 = 0
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 0 and 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑟𝑧 = 0 has
4𝑥3 = 5𝑡 a non-trivial solution. So we have
5𝑡
𝑥3 = 𝑝 𝑏 𝑐
4
5𝑡 |𝑎 𝑞 𝑐| = 0
Substituting 𝑥4 = 𝑡 and 𝑥3 = in 𝑎 𝑏 𝑟
4

2𝑥2 − 2𝑥3 − 𝑥4 = 0 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 𝑅1 , 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 𝑅1
5𝑡
2𝑥2 − 2 ( 4 ) − 𝑡 = 0 𝑝 𝑏 𝑐
5𝑡 |𝑎 − 𝑝 𝑞−𝑏 0 |=0
2𝑥2 − −𝑡 =0 𝑎−𝑝 0 𝑟−𝑐
2
5𝑡
2𝑥2 = 2
+𝑡 𝑝 𝑏 𝑐
5𝑡+2𝑡 |−(𝑝 − 𝑎) 𝑞 − 𝑏 0 |=0
= 2 −(𝑝 − 𝑎) 0 𝑟−𝑐
7𝑡
= 2 Dividing 𝐶1 by (𝑝 − 𝑎), 𝐶2 by (𝑞 − 𝑏) and
7𝑡
𝑥2 = 𝐶3 by (𝑟 − 𝑐)
4
5𝑡
Substituting 𝑥3 = in 𝑝 𝑏 𝑐
4
𝑝−𝑎 𝑞−𝑏 𝑟−𝑐
5𝑥1 − 𝑥3 = 0 | −1 1 0 |=0
5𝑡 −1 0 1
5𝑥1 − =0
4
𝑝 1 0 𝑏 −1 0 𝑐 −1 1
5𝑡 | | −𝑞−𝑏| |+ 𝑟−𝑐| |=0
5𝑥1 = gives 𝑝−𝑎 0 1 −1 1 −1 0
4
𝑡 𝑝 𝑏 𝑐
𝑥1 = 4 (1 − 0) − 𝑞 − 𝑏 (−1 − 0) + 𝑟 − 𝑐 (0 + 1) = 0
𝑝−𝑎

𝑡 7𝑡 5𝑡 𝑝 𝑏 𝑐
So, 𝑥1 = 4, 𝑥2 = , 𝑥3 = and 𝑥4 = 𝑡 (1) − (−1) + (1) = 0
4 4 𝑝−𝑎 𝑞−𝑏 𝑟−𝑐
 𝑝 𝑏 𝑐 To solve the equations let z = t,
+ 𝑞−𝑏 + 𝑟−𝑐 = 0
𝑝−𝑎

𝑝 𝑞−(𝑞−𝑏) 𝑟−(𝑟−𝑐)
then −17𝑦 − 34𝑡 = 0
+ + =0
𝑝−𝑎 𝑞−𝑏 𝑟−𝑐
−17𝑦 = 34𝑡
𝑝 𝑞 𝑞−𝑏 𝑟 𝑟−𝑐
+ 𝑞−𝑏 − 𝑞−𝑏 + 𝑟−𝑐 − 𝑟−𝑐 = 0 34𝑡
𝑝−𝑎 𝑦=− 17
𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
+ 𝑞−𝑏 − 1 + 𝑟−𝑐 − 1 = 0 𝑦 = −2𝑡
𝑝−𝑎

𝑝 𝑞 𝑟
+ 𝑞−𝑏 + 𝑟−𝑐 − 2 = 0 Substituting 𝑧 = 𝑡 and 𝑦 = −2𝑡 in
𝑝−𝑎

𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0
+ 𝑞 − 𝑏 + 𝑟 − 𝑐 = 2. Hence proved.
𝑝−𝑎
We get 3𝑥 + 2(−2𝑡) + 7𝑡 = 0
EXERCISE 1.7
1. Solve the following system of 3𝑥 − 4𝑡 + 7𝑡 = 0
homogenous equations.
3𝑥 + 3𝑡 = 0
(i) 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0, 4𝑥 − 3𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0
3𝑥 = −3𝑡
5𝑥 + 9𝑦 + 23𝑧 = 0, 3𝑡
𝑥=− 3
Solution
𝑥 = −𝑡
Here the number of equations is equal to
the number of unknowns. So the solution is

Transforming into echelon form, the 𝑥 = −𝑡, 𝑦 = −2𝑡 and z = t where 𝑡 ∈ 𝑅

augmented matrix becomes (ii) 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 0
3 2 7 0 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0,
[4 −3 −2 0]
5 9 23 0 Solution
3 2 7 0 𝑅 = 3𝑅 − 4𝑅 Here the number of equations is equal to
2 2 1
→ [0 −17 −34 0]
𝑅3 = 3𝑅3 − 5𝑅1 the number of unknowns. Transforming
0 17 34 0
into echelon form, the augmented matrix
3 2 7 0
→ [0 −17 −34 0] R 3 = R 3 + R 2 becomes
0 0 0 0
2 3 −1 0
So, 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 2 and 𝑛 = 3. [1 −1 −2 0]
3 1 3 0
Hence, the system has a one parameter
1 −1 −2 0
family of solutions. Writing the equations → [2 3 −1 0] 𝑅1↔ 𝑅2
3 1 3 0
using the echelon form, we get
1 −1 −2 0 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 2𝑅
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 7𝑧 = 0 and −17𝑦 − 34𝑧 = 0 → [0 5 3 0] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 3𝑅1
0 4 9 0 3 3 1
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1 −1 −2 0 3. By using Gaussian elimination method,

→ [0 5 3 0] 𝑅3 = 5𝑅3 − 4𝑅2
0 0 33 0 balance the chemical reaction equation:

So, 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3 and 𝑛 = 3. 𝐶2 𝐻6 + 𝑂2 → 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2.

Hence, the system has a unique solution.
Solution
Since 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0 , is always a We are searching for positive integers
solution of the homogeneous system, the
𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 and 𝑥4 such that
only solution is the trivial solution
𝑥1 𝐶2 𝐻6 + 𝑥2 𝑂2 → 𝑥3 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑥4 𝐶𝑂2. ….(1)
𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = 0, 𝑧 = 0.
2. Determine the values of λ for which the The number of carbon atoms on the left-
following system of equations hand side of (1) should be equal to the
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 0, 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝜆𝑧 = 0,
number of carbon atoms on the right-hand
2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 0,has (i) a unique solution
side of (1). So we get a linear homogenous
(ii) a non-trivial solution.
equation
Solution :Here the number of equations is
2𝑥1 = 𝑥4 gives 2𝑥1 − 𝑥4 = 0 …….(2)
equal to the number of unknowns.
Transforming into echelon form, the Similarly, considering hydrogen and

augmented matrix becomes oxygen atoms, we get respectively,

1 1 3 0
[4 3 𝜆 0] 6𝑥1 = 2𝑥3 gives 6𝑥1 − 2𝑥3 = 0 …….(3)
2 1 2 0
2𝑥2 = 𝑥3 + 2𝑥4 gives
1 1 3 0 𝑅 = 𝑅 − 4𝑅
→ [0 −1 𝜆 − 12 0] 𝑅2 = 𝑅2 − 2𝑅1 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 − 2𝑥4 = 0 …….(4)
0 −1 −4 0 3 3 1
Equations (2), (3), and (4) constitute a
1 1 3 0 homogeneous system of linear equations in
→ [0 −1 𝜆 − 12 0] 𝑅3 = 𝑅3 − 𝑅2
0 0 𝜆−8 0 four unknowns. The augmented matrix is

(i) 𝜆 ≠ 8, 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3 and 𝑛 = 3 2 0 0 −1 0

[𝐴𝐵] = [3 0 −1 0 0]
The given equation is consistent, has 0 2 −1 −2 0
unique solution. 2 0 0 −1 0
→ [0 0 −2 3 0] R 2 = 2R 2 − 3R1
(ii) 𝜆 = 8, 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 2 and 𝑛 = 3 0 2 −1 −2 0

The given equation is consistent, has a 2 0 0 −1 0

→ [0 2 −1 −2 0] 𝑅2 ↔ 𝑅3
non-trivial solution. 0 0 −2 3 0
 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 3, 𝑛 = 4 The given EXERCISE 1.8
equation is consistent, has infinitely many Choose the Correct answer:
solutions. Writing the equations using the
1. If |𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴)| = |𝐴|9 then the order of
echelon form, we get
the square matrix A is . . . . .
−2𝑥3 + 3𝑥4 = 0, 2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 − 2𝑥4 = 0 and (1) 3 (2) 4 (3) 2 (4) 5
2𝑥1 − 𝑥4 = 0.
2. If A is a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such
Substituting 𝑥4 = 𝑡 in 2𝑥1 − 𝑥4 = 0
that A 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 and B = 𝐴−1 𝐴𝑇 ,
2𝑥1 − 𝑡 = 0 then BBT = . . . . . .
2𝑥1 = 𝑡 (1) A (2) B (3) I (4) BT
𝑡
𝑥1 = 2 3 5
3. If A = [ ] , B = adj A and C = 3A,
1 2
Substituting 𝑥4 = 𝑡 in −2𝑥3 + 3𝑥4 = 0
|𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐵|
−2𝑥3 + 3𝑡 = 0 the
|𝐶|
=......

−2𝑥3 = − 3𝑡 1 𝟏 1
(1) (2) (3) (4) 1
3 𝟗 4
2𝑥3 = 3𝑡
1 −2 6 0
4. If A [ ]=[ ], then A = . . . . . .
𝑥3 =
3𝑡 1 4 0 6
2 1 −2 1 2
(1) [ ] (2) [ ]
𝑡 3𝑡 1 4 −1 4
Substituting 𝑥1 = 2, 𝑥3 = and 𝑥4 = 𝑡 in
2
𝟒 𝟐 4 −1
2𝑥2 − 𝑥3 − 2𝑥4 = 0 (3) [ ] (4) [ ]
−𝟏 𝟏 2 1
3𝑡
2𝑥2 − − 2𝑡 = 0 7 3
2 5. If A = [ ], then 9I − A =
3𝑡
4 2
2𝑥2 = + 2𝑡 𝐴−1
2
(1) 𝐴−1 (2) (3) 3𝐴−1 (4) 2 𝑨−𝟏
2
3𝑡+4𝑡
2𝑥2 = 2 2 0 1 4
6. If A = [ ] and B = [ ] then
7𝑡 1 5 2 0
2𝑥2 = 2
| adj (AB ) | =
7𝑡
𝑥2 =
4 (1) −40 (2) −80 (3) −60 (4) −20
𝑡 7𝑡 3𝑡
So, 𝑥1 = 2, 𝑥2 = , 𝑥3 = and 𝑥4 = 𝑡 1 𝑥 0
4 2
7. If P = [1 3 0 ] is the adjoint of
Let us choose t = 4. Then 2 4 −2
𝑥1 = 2, 𝑥2 = 7, 𝑥3 = 6 and 𝑥4 = 4 3 × 3 matrix A and | A | = 4, then 𝑥 is
So the balanced equation is (1) 15 (2) 12 (3) 14 (4) 11

2 𝐶2 𝐻6 + 7𝑂2 → 6𝐻2 𝑂 + 4𝐶𝑂2. 3 1 −1

8. If A = [2 −2 0 ] and
1 2 −1
 𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13 3 4
𝐴 −1
= [𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ] then the 13. If A = [ 5 5
and 𝐴𝑇 = 𝐴−1, then the
3]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 𝑥 5

value of 𝑎23 is . . . . . value of x is . . . . .

𝟒 3 3 4
(1) − (2) − (3) (4)
(1) 0 (2) −2 (3) −3 (4) −1 𝟓 5 5 5

𝜃
1 tan 2
9. If A, B and C are invertible matrices of 14. If A = [ 𝜃
]and AB = I,
− tan 2 1
some order, then which one of the
then B= . . . .
following is not true?
𝜃 𝜽
(1) adj A = | A| 𝐴−1 1 (1) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2) 𝐴 (2) (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐) 𝑨𝑻
(2) adj (AB) = adj (A)adj (B ) 𝜃
(3) (𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)𝐼 (4) (𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2) 𝐴
(3) det 𝐴−1 = (𝑑𝑒𝑡𝐴)−1
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃
15. If A = [ ] and
(4) (𝐴𝐵𝐶)−1 =𝐶 −1 −1 −1
𝐵 𝐴 − sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
𝑘 0
12 −17 A(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) = [ ], then k is . . . .
10. If (𝐴𝐵)−1 =[ ] and 0 𝑘
−19 27
(1) 0 (2) sinθ (3) cosθ (4) 1
1 −1
𝐴−1 = [ ], then 𝐵 −1 = . . . .
−2 3 2 3
16. If A = [ ]be such that 𝐴−1 ,
𝟐 −𝟓 8 5 5 −2
(1) [ ] (2) [ ] then λ is . . . . .
−𝟑 𝟖 3 2
(1) 17 (2) 14 (3) 19 (4) 21
3 1 8 −5 2 3
(3) [ ] (4) [ ] 17. If adj A = [ ]and
2 1 −3 2 4 −1
1 −2
adjB = [ ]then adj(𝐴𝐵) is . . . . .
−3 1
11. If 𝐴𝑇 𝐴−1 is symmetric, then 𝐴2 =. . . . . . −7 −1 −𝟔 𝟓
(1) [ ] (2) [ ]
(1) 𝐴−1 (2) (𝑨𝑻 )𝟐 7 −9 −𝟐 −𝟏𝟎
−7 7 −6 −2
(3) [ ] (4) [ ]
(3) 𝐴𝑇 (4) (𝐴−1 )2 −1 −9 5 −10

18. The rank of the matrix

12. If A is a non-singular matrix such that 1 2 3 4
5 3 [ 2 4 6 8 ] is . . . . . .
𝐴−1 = [ ] , then (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = . . . .
−2 −1 −1 −2 −3 −4
−5 3 5 3
(1) [ ] (2) [ ]
2 1 −2 −1 (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 4 (4) 3
−1 −3 𝟓 −𝟐
(3) [ ] (4) [ ] 𝑚 𝑏
2 5 𝟑 −𝟏 19. If 𝑥 𝑎 𝑦 𝑏 = 𝑒 𝑚 , 𝑥 𝑐 𝑦 𝑑 = 𝑒 𝑛 , ∆1 = | |,
𝑛 𝑑
𝑎 𝑚 𝑎 𝑏
∆2 = | | , ∆3 = | | then
𝑐 𝑛 𝑐 𝑑
 the values of x and y are respectively
∆2
⁄
∆3
⁄ 2 −1 1
(1) 𝑒 ∆1 , 𝑒 ∆1 24. Let A = [−1 2 −1] and
(2) log(∆1⁄∆3 ), log(∆2 ⁄∆3 ) 1 −1 2
(3) log(∆2 ⁄∆1 ), log(∆3 ⁄∆1 ) 3 1 −1
∆𝟏
⁄∆
∆𝟐
⁄∆ 4B = [ 1 3 𝑥 ]. If B is the inverse
(4) 𝒆 𝟑, 𝒆 𝟑
−1 1 3
of A, then the value of x is . . . . . .
20. Which of the following is/are correct?
(1) 2 (2) 4 (3) 3 (4) 1
(i) Adjoint of a symmetric matrix is also
a symmetric matrix. 3 −3 4
(ii) Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is also a 25. If A = [2 −3 4]then adj(𝑎𝑑𝑗𝐴) is . . . .
diagonal matrix. 0 −1 1
𝟑 −𝟑 𝟒 6 −6 8
(iii) If A is a square matrix of order n and (1) [𝟐 −𝟑 𝟒] (2) [4 −6 8]
λ is a scalar, then adj(𝜆𝐴) = 𝟎 −𝟏 𝟏 0 −2 2
𝜆𝑛 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴). −3 3 −4 3 −3 4
(iv) A(adjA)= (adjA)= |A | I (3) [−2 3 −4] (4) [0 −1 1]
0 1 −1 2 −3 4
(1) Only (i) (2) (ii) and (iii)
(3) (iii) and (iv) (4) (i), (ii) and
Formulae:
(iv)
1. For 2x 2 matrix, adj A is obtained by
21. If 𝜌(𝐴) = (𝐴𝐵), then the system AX =B
i) Interchange of main diagonal elements
of linear equations is
(1) consistent and has a unique solution ii) Change the sign of other elements.
(2) consistent
2. Cofactor Matrix of A = Aij
(3) consistent and has infinitely
many solution 3. Adjoint Matrix of A = AijT
(4) inconsistent
1
4. A-1 = |𝐴| 𝐴𝑑𝑗 𝐴
22. If 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 𝜋 and the system of
equations 𝑥 + (sin 𝜃)𝑦 − (cos 𝜃)𝑧 = 0, 5. A (adj A) = (adj A) A = | A | In
(cos 𝜃)𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0,(sin 𝜃)𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 1
6. A = ± 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴) and
has a non-trivial solution then 𝜃 is . . . . √𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
2𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 𝝅
(1) (2) (3) (4) 1
3 4 6 𝟒 A-1= ± (𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴)
√𝑎𝑑𝑗 𝐴
23. The augmented matrix of a system of
1 2 7 3 7. (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇
linear equations is [0 1 4 6 ]
0 0 𝜆−7 𝜇+5 8. (AB)−1 = B−1 A−1 and (𝐴−1 )−1 = 𝐴
The system has infinitely many
9. If the Matrix is in Echelon form, then the
solutions if . . . . . .
(1) = 7, 𝜇 ≠ −5, (2) 𝜆 = −7, 𝜇 = 5, number of non zero rows is the rank of
(3) 𝜆 ≠ 7, 𝜇 ≠ −5, (4) 𝝀 = 𝟕, 𝝁 = −𝟓
the matrix and it is denoted by 𝜌(𝐴).
10. A square matrix A is called orthogonal

if AAT = ATA = I

11. A is called orthogonal if and only if

A is non singular and A-1 = AT

12. cos 2𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 and

sin 2𝑥 = 2sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥

1
14. (i) |𝐴−1 | = |𝐴| (ii) (𝐴𝑇 )−1 = (𝐴−1 )𝑇

1
(iii) (𝜆𝐴)−1 = 𝐴−1, 𝜆 is a scalar.
𝜆

15. Methods to solve the system of linear

equations A X B =

(i) By matrix inversion 𝑋 = 𝐴−1 𝐵

(ii) By Cramer’s rule if ∆ ≠ 0

∆𝑥 ∆𝑦 ∆𝑧
𝑥= ,𝑦 = and 𝑧 =
∆ ∆ ∆

(iii) By Gaussian elimination method

16. If 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) then the given equation

is consistent.

17. If 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) ≠ 𝜌(𝐴) then the given equation

is inconsistent.

18. If 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) = 𝑛, the number of

unknowns then the given equation is

consistent and has unique solution.

19. If 𝜌(𝐴𝐵) = 𝜌(𝐴) ≠ 𝑛, then the given

equation is consistent and has

infinitely many solutions.

20. The homogenous system of linear

equations AX = 0
(i) has the trivial solution, if | A | ≠ 0 .
(ii) has a non trivial solution, if | A | =0 .

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