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ZEEE ROAD, ANN ARBOR, Mi 28108. 1B BEDFORD ROW, LONDON WCIR AEs, ENGLAND7919420 ABERCROMBLE, JOHN ROGERS PALESTINIAN BURIAL PRACTICES FROM 1200 10 600 B.C.E. UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA, PH.D., 1979PALESTINIAN BURIAL PRACTICES FROM 1200 to 600 B.C.E. by John R. Abercrombie A DISSERTATION in ious Studies Department Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the University of Pennsylvania in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy. 1979 of iC Supervisor of ded Graduate Group Chal,TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. pe ee eee ee ee 1 CHAPTER ONE: Methods of Interment ..+.+.+++. 14 Primary burials (14) -- Jar burials (23) -- anthropoid Coffin burials (23) -- “Bathtub” and other Coffin buriais (25) -- Massive secondary burials (25) -~ Secondary burials (33) -- Pyre burials (33) -- Urn burials (34). CHAPTER THO! Burial Contexts ..-.++seee + 44 Pyre (44) -- Pit (44) ~- Grave (45) -- Cist- grave (45) ~~ Cave (48). CHAPTER THREE: Pottery Patterns. . +++ e+ ++ 56 Bowl Pattern (56) -~ Lamp-1 Pattern (99) -~ Lamp-2 Pattern (105) -- Jugiet-1 Pattern (109) -- Suglet-2 Pattern (126) -- Summary (135). CHAPTER FOUR: Non-Ceramic Grave Goods... +. + 141 Items of Personal Adornment (141) -- Weapons (147) == Tools and Cosmetic Items (152) -- Additional Grave Goods (159) -- Summary (164). CHAPTER FIVE: A Classification System for Iron Vpirerig@oes on og too a) Type One Practice (170) -- Type Two Practice (171) == Type Three Practice (172) -- Type Four Practice (172) -- Type Five Practice (173) -- Mixed Types of Practices (173) -~ Summary (175). CHAPTER SIX: General Conclusions on Palestinian Burial Practices from 1200 to 600 B.C.E. eee ee ee 178 Chronological-Changes_in Burial Practices (178) -- Regional Variations in Burial Practices (183) -- Funerary Rites and Literary Evidence (187). APPENDIX «+ + + © © eee ee eee eee eee 197 BIBLIOGRAPHY «se ee eee ee te ee ee ee e336 SUNDEK ee eee ee eel eee cen | 240)Tables & Figures Table 111 Table 1:2 Table 241 Figure 261 Figure 242 Table 311 Table 3:2 Table 3:3 Table 3:4 Table 315 Table 3:6 Table 3:7 Table 3:8 Table 3:9 Table 3110 Table 3:11 Table 3:12 Table 3:13 Table 3114 Table 3:15 Table 3:16 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES Primary Burials ++ see ee eee Massive Secondary Burials». +++ + Size of Cist-graves s+ eee eee Type R Chambers Reclassified .. ++ Type R/S Caves see eee ee ee Bowl Pattern, 500 Cemetery Farah (S) Caves se eee ee eee eee eee Bowl Pattern, Megiddo Caves and Graves Bowl Pattern, 800 Cemetery Farah (S). Bowl Pattern, 600 Cemetery Farah (S). Bowl Pattern, 500 Cemetery Farah (S). Bowl Pattern, 100 Cemetery Farah (S). Bowl Pattern, 200 Cemetery Farah (S). Bowl Pattern, Atlit Pyre Burials . . Tamp-1 Pattern ss eee eee eee Iamp-2 Pattern ss eee eee eee Suglet-1 Pattern +. +e eee eee Bowl/Juglet-1 Pattern, Saidiyeh Cemetery, Excluding LB Burials «~~ Bowi/Juglet-1 Pattern, Zeror Cists . Bowl/duglet-1 Pattern, Mt. Carmel (Romig eft eet ele o Bowl/Juglet-1 Pattern, AjjuI Burials. Bowl/duglet-1 Pattern, Lachish 100/200 Cemetery, graves see ee ee eee aad Page 15 26 47 50 51 58 61 65 a 80 85 89 97 100 106 110 114 117 118 119 121Table 3:17 Table 3118 Table 3:19 Table 411 Table 412 Table 413 Table 4:4 Table 4:5 Table 611 Figure 6:1 av. Juglet-2 Pattern, jul Cemetery « . Juglet-2 Pattern, Reqeish Cemetery . duglet-2 Pattern, Farah S 200 Cemetery ss eset eee ee eee Number and Types of Items’ 6f dormant eetetee et pees ae ies Number and Types of Weapons... +» ¢ Number and Types of Tools... +++ Number and Types of Cosmetic Items. . Additional Artifacts «6... eee Chronological Changes in Burial Practices se eee eee et eee Geographical Distribution of the Five Burin letypes) (eet pt 127 129 131 142 148 153 157 160 179 184AR AASOR ADBT ASA ABA BA BASOR BIES ENCYCLOPEDIA HUCA IDB Ed IPOS IA oA PEFQS, PEQ PEFA QDAP RB WA ABBREVIATIONS OF PUBLICATIONS American Anthropology Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan American Journal of Archaeology Australian Journal of Biblical Archaeology The Biblical Archaeologist Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society Encyclopedia of Archaeological Sites in the Holy Land Hebrew Union College Annual ‘The Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible Israel Exploration Journal The Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society Liber Annuus Oriens Antiquus Palestine Exploration Quarterly (Quarterly Statement) Palestine Exploration Fund ‘Annual Quarterly of the Department of Antiquity of Palestine Revue Biblique World ArchaeologyABU GOSH ACHZIB AFFULAH IN SHEMS ATTUN AJJUL AMMAN ASHDOD ATLIT AZOR BETHLEHEM BETH SHAN ED DAHRIYEH DHIBAN DOTHAN FARAH (S) EL-FUL GEZER HALIF IRBED EL-JIB EL-KOM KUFIN IACHISH SITE ABBREVIATIONS AND ‘CROSS-REFERENCES cnr: e1-'Enab ez-Zib, Akzibi, Tell akhziv sagetian Beth Shemesh, Rumelieh Te11 ‘Aitun Tell e1+'Ajjul tamnfin, Rabbath Ammon ‘Tell Mor, Azotus *athiit Tell Azor Beit Sahur Tell el-Husn, Beisan Ez-Zahiriye Dhiban, Dibdn Teil Dothan Tell el-Far'ah (S), Sharuhen Tell e1+Ful, Gibeah Tell Gezer, Gazara Tell Halir Irbid (Jordan) Gibeon Khirbet e1-Kom Khirbet Kufin Tell ed-Duweir viMADEBA MEGIDDO NASBEH, NASIV NEBO QASILE REQEISH SAIDIYEH SAMARIA SULTAN TAANACH ZEROR Madaba Tell et-Mutesellim Tell en-Nagbeh, Mizpah En Ha-Nasev Mount Nebo Te11 et-gavtie Te11 er-Rugeish Tell es-Sa'idiyeh, Zarethan Sebaste Tell es-Sultan Tell Ta‘anach Tell ZerorACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank the several friends and colleagues who assisted in the preparation of this study. I am especially grateful to Dr. Robert A. Kraft and Corinne A. Commoss-Abercrombie for their suggestions in the final drafts of the manuscript. I am indebted to the University (of Pennsylvania) Museum for their assistance with the Beth Shan material and also to Dr. Frances James for the loan of her private notes on the 100 and 200 cemeteries Farah (S), our discussions of burial practices, and her helpful sugges- tions on revising the final draft. Lastly, there is no way I could repay the generous and gracious assistance of Dr. James B, Pritchard for his guidance, numerous suggestions, and loan of unpublished material from Sa'idiyeh. THRs vidaINTRODUCTION To date excavators have published details on 670 burials in various journals and site reports. Several general discussions of some, but not all, of these burials have also been published. Often these general discussions are presented in relation to the literary evidence for funerary rites, or to the various known groups mentioned in the Bible (for example, the Philistines and their burial practices).? Unfortunately, few of these general discussions separate the archaeological and the literary evidence in their analysis, but attempt to harmonize both sources of information. Other scholars have approached the material on funerary practices from the literary evidence, though they occasionally refer to the archaeological remains.? These discussions have analyzed biblical and extra-biblical material in order to develop an understanding of the various funerary practices. From these efforts, one’s first impression might be that a detailed review of the archaeological material would be an unnecessary endeavor or, at the very least, one of minor importance. However, a thorough examination of the published information would indicate the necessity for such a review, As yet there is no comprehensive treatment of 1Iron Age burials comparable to recent works on the Bronze Age and Hellenistic period.4 ‘The various general studies by Trude Dothan and other scholars are limited in their analysis of Iron Age burials and fail to describe important details of a particular group of burials under consideration. Moreover, these publications do not consider the wealth of archaeological material available today. The excavators' reports on various discovered burials fail to give a total picture of the forms of Iron Age burials, though often excavators do cite parallel practices from other sites in their discussions. Thus, the primary motivation behind this research is to provide that needed comprehensive treatment. This comprehensive review may be necessary for a secofd reason. Many scholars have interpreted the archae- ological remains by the literary evidence.” These often interesting interpretations, especially the identification of various biblical groups with specific burials, might be tested indirectly by a comprehensive review of the published material. Probably no resolution to any debates over the identification of an Ammonite, Israelite, or Philistine burial will result from this study; nevertheless, a review of the material may provide some evidence (for example, the dis- tribution patterns of various groups of burials) in favor of or against any of those identifications. Certain practical limits needed to be placed on this study for the sake of a coherent and detailed review. The discussion of Iron Age burials is first limited to Palestinianburials, or burials found in what is today Israel and Jordan, References to burials outside this geographical region may occasionally appear, but those burials are not included in the analysis of Palestinian burials. Second, the review considers only burials that excavators have dated to the Iron Age, the archaeological period from 1200 to 600 B.C.E. When there is some question about an excavator's Iron Age date for a burial, I relied on William Foxwell Albright 's or G. Ernest Wright's date for that burial.© I¢ Albright or Wright did not date the burial in question, I then dated it according to Albright's and Wright's division of the Iron Age.’ Third, the review concerns the archaeological evidence for burial practices so that references to the literary evidence rarely appear in this discussion. No attempt is made to harmonize the literary with the archaeological material, as has often been done in studies of Iron Age burial practices. The reason for this approach is to arrive at a comprehensive understanding of the archaeological material before considering the literary evidence. This procedure seems a more logical approach than interpreting the partially studied archaeological remains with Bible in hand, The review of the published and available unpublished burials is accomplished in two parts: (1) a description of aspects of burials; and (2) an organization of various burials into classified types. It was necessary early on to develop a satisfactory system for describing buriais, Methods of4 description used previously by other scholars seemed somewhat inadequate in describing burials.© The main problem was that only parts of a burial were described, usually the treatment accorded the corpse or the type of structure in which the dead was interred. The grave goods, an integral part of a buriai, were often neglected in general discussions of this kind, or only mentioned in passing. Since the funerary offerings were as much a part of a burial as its structure and corporeal remains, they are included in this analysis. Four aspects of Iron Age burials are to be discussed: the method of interment, burial context, pottery pattern, and other artifacts. (1) The method of interment refers to the treatment accorded the corporeal remains. It is a detailed assessment of the various types of remains in which elements of a method of interment are described: the disposition of the skeletal remains and grave goods, the number of inter- ments per context, the sex and age of the specimens in various methods, and any other special elements of a particu- lar method. My aim is a detailed description of the method of interment from a group of burials, In some cases, these descriptions cannot be written (for example, jar burials) because of the limited amount of evidences however, in several well-documented methods one can present a general and detailed description (for examples, primary burial and secondary burial). The presentation of the various methods of interment is by types. I did not develop a new set of terminology for thevarious types of interments; instead, I resorted to the well- known terms with some modifications in order to make them more descriptive.? The methods of interment will be described by the foliowing revised categories! primary burial (traditional category, primary inhumation), secondary burial (secondary inhumation), anthropoid coffin burials, "bath- tub" and other coffin burials, jar burials, pyre burials (primary cremation), and urn burials (secondary cremation). (2) The burial context is the type of construction (man-made or natural cave and cist-grave) or excavation (grave, pit,and pyre) that houses skeletal remains. Since most of these contexts are relatively uncomplicated, little detailed discussion is needed. Both cist-graves and caves, however, receive special attention because of their variations in size and structural features. They are organized into various typological groups. In the case of man-made caves, this organization follows Stanislao loffreda's general typology with some notable differences.*° (3) The pottery pattern concerns the distribution of funerary pottery in burials. When I began analyzing the pottery, I soon noticed that the types and also the fre- quencies of various ceramic forms varied from burial to puriai.2! These variations were first thought to result from chronological changes in the pottery collections; however, further research showed the same variations among contempor- ary late Iron I and Iron II burials. I also observed that there were consistent patterns among groups of burials intheir types and frequencies of funerary pottery, Instead of each burial having its own individual pattern, there were perhaps three or four patterns among the already studied burials, These)preliminary patterns therefore seemed worth analyzing from the entire sample. This analysis proved more difficult than originally anticipated, Only about half of the published burials had inventory lists detailed enough for this research. Some purials with detailed inventory lists had minor errors in the reported number and types of ceramic pieces (for example, Farah S 100, 200, and 500 cemeteries). The errors meant that the identification of pottery patterns might prove difficult - if not impossible - unless the patterns were so pervasive that these errors would not confuse the resulting interpretations. A second problem concerned the designation of various ceramic forms. There is as yet no standard designation for various pottery pieces, though terms such as bowls, jugs, juglets, lamps, etc. are often used. Since for this comparative analysis a standard terminology was necessary, I decided to apply Ruth Amiran's designations for various ceramic forms to all the published and available 12 unpublished inventories.”* When possible, I have given the excavator's own typological designations sc that anyone who is familiar-with:a particular excavator's terms can follow this analysis, The detailed study of the published and available unpub- lished inventories located five different pottery patterns.2 The classification of each of these patterns is based on oth the frequencies (given as percentages of all vessels) and types of vessel forms. For example, the pottery collec- tions from the Dhiban tombs are classified as Lamp-1 pattern which has the following characteristics: one spouted lamps are the most common vessels (42-66 percent of all vesseis); Cypro-Phoenician bottles account for most of the remaining forms (18-25 percent); few bowls (3-17 percent ) and jugs (1-4 percent) are present; occasional censer lamps and craters occur; and the general absence of lentoid flasks and storage jars. Other pottery patterns such as the Bowl, Iamp-2, Juglet-1, and Juglet-2 patterns have a different set of characteristics that easily distinguish and identify examples of these patterns. In total, five variant patterns and several mixed patterns are described in Chapter Three. (4) The last aspect of the description, the other artifacts, includes the remaining grave goods. From the study of the, pottery collections in burials, one would naturally expect major variations among individual burials in their other artifacts. Although the study of distribution patterns for all grave goods indicates some differences, most Iron Age burials have about the same general types of artifacts: items of personal adornment, weapons, and some tools, The variations in a few artifacts may be due to one of several reasons: chronological changes in specific types of artifacts (gor example, the fibulae replaced the toggle pin as thepreferred fastener);7° variations in artifacts due to sex and age of the deceased; and perhaps variations resulting from different funerary practices. a few artifacts, those designated as “characteristic,” receive special attention in Chapter Four because of their unusual distribution among all burials. ‘The second part of the discussion of Iron Age burials organizes individual burials into logical types. Such an organization would prove beneficial for comparative pur- poses as more and more published burials became available; in fact, a useful system might simplify the process of analysis for the soon to be discovered burials. In this proposed classification system, burials are classified pri- marily by their methods of interment and pottery patterns. ‘The other two aspects of burials, the burial context and other artifacts, are used to supplement the classification process based on the methods of interment and pottery pattern. For various reasons, these two aspects should not figure promptly in the classification of burials (consult Chapter Five). By this method, five classified types of burials, or burial practices, are located. Each type is described in detail in Chapter Five, and examples can be found in the “appendix of Iron Age Burials.” This proposed system, however, should be understood as somewhat tentative given the general lack of many well-documented burials. It is important to note that only 240 burials are classified out of 700 catalogued9 examples. This low number of classified burials results from probably two factors: the general robbingsof many burials before excavation; and the general lack of detailed published information on other burials, such as the method of interment and pottery pattern, crucial to this classifi- cation system, Thus, as more material on buriais is published some refinement in the descriptions and classifications will be needed. On the other hand, this tentative system does seem use- fui in furthering our understanding of Iron age practices. Several new observations about burial practices become apparent from this classification system: chronological changes from Bronze to Iron Age practices in Iron I and early Iron IT; the regional distribution of variant burial types; and general observations on funerary rites. This classification system, in particular, indicates a fruitful area for further research in the cultural variations among different geographical regions in Palestine. A final note should be made about the “Appendix of Iron Age Burials." Here various published and available unpublished burials have been collected together, Each burial is pre- sented in the same descriptive format for comparative purposes. These descriptions include the following information: site, burial, citation, excavator‘'s date, other suggested dates, method of interment, burial context, pottery pattern, other artifacts, and classification, Both catalogued and10 classified buriais appear in the Appendix and are organized alphabetically by sites.INTRODUCTION FOOTNOTES consult the "Bibliography of Iron Age Burials" for the various published contexts. The more important sites for the analysis of practices are: Ain Shems, ‘Atlit, Beth Shan, Dhiban, Farah S, Lachish, Megiddo, Nasbeh, Nebo, Regeish, Saidiyeh, and Zeror. 27, Dothan, "Archaeological Reflections on the Philistine Problem," AS 2-3 (1957) 151-164. J. Garrow Duncan, Diaging Up Biblical History (London: MacMillan Company, 1931), pp, 165-175. K. Galling, "Die Nekropole von Jerusalem," Paldstina- jahrbuch 32 (1936) 75-101. Stanislao loffreda, “Iron Age Rock-Cut Tombs in Palestine,” LA 18 (1968) 244-287. Eric M. Meyers, “Secondary Burial," BA 38:1 (1970) 2729, P, Hugues Vincent, Canaan (Paris: J. Gabalda, 1907), pp. 225-239. 3witiiam H, Bennett, "Death and Disposal of the Dead (Jewish) ," Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics, ed. by James Hastings’ (New Yorks Charles Scribner's Sons, 1912), Vol. IV, pp. 497-500, Roland de Vaux, Ancient Israel, trans. by Darton, Longmann, & Todd Ltd. (New York! McGraw Book Company, 1961), Vol. I, pp. 56-61. Maurice H. Farbidge, Studies in Biblical and Semitic Symbols (New York: Ktav Publishing House, Inc., 1970), pp. 213-253. Yehezhel Kaufmann, The Religion of Israel, trans. by Moshe Greenberg (New York: Schocken Books, 1972), pp. 311-316. 4gric M. Meyers, Jewish Ossuaries: Reburial and Rebirth, Biblica et Orientalia, No. 24 (Rome: Biblical Institute Press, 1971). William Henry Stiebing, Burial Practices in Palestine during the Bronze Age (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 192°). 5y. P. Albright, “An Anthropoid Clay Coffin from Sahab in the Trans jordan," AJA 36 (1932) 297, “The Chronology of a Southern Palestinian City, Tell el-'ajjul,” AJSLL 55 (1938) 359 nm. 1. i12 William Culican, “The Graves at Tell er-Reqeish,” AJBA 2:2 (1973) 103-105, Dothan, “Archaeological Reflections on the Philistine Problem,” AS 2-31 151-164. C. N. Johns, “Excavations at Pilgrims’ Castle, ‘Atlit (1953): Cremated Burials of Phoenician Origin,” QDAP 6 (1936-1937) 121-152. Kathleen Kenyon, Archaeology in the Holy land, Third Edition (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970), pp. 225-227. Eliezer D. Oren, The Northern Cemetery of Beth Shan (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1973), pp. 146-150. G. Ernest Wright, “Philistine Coffins and Mercenaries Biblical Arch: ist Reader, No. 2, ed. by David Noel Freed- fan S Edvard Compete gee (han Arbor, Michigan’ Sdward Brothers Printing, 1975), pp. 59-68. uy. F. Albright, "An Anthropoid Coffin from Sahab in the Transjordan," AJA 36: 295-306. Tell Beit Mirsim I, III, Annuals of the American School of Oriental Research, Nos. 12,'21-22 (New Havent American School of Oriental Research, 1931, 1941-43). Elihu Grant and G.uErnest Wright, Ain Shems v (Haver- ford: Haverford College, 1938), pp. 127-145, G. Ernest Wright, “The Archaeology of Palestine,” The Bible and the Ancient Near Bast, ed. by G. Ernest Wright (Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1961), pp. 94-101, Tor a summary of the debate on the divisions of the Iron Age, sees John Scott Holladay, The Pottery of Northern Palestine in the Ninth and Eighth Centuries B.C. (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1965), pp. 2-17. ®rhere is as yet no standard format to the publication of Iron Age buriais, so that in many cases important informa- tion about particular burials remains unpublished, Often excavators have published some details on the burial context or method of interment, though in a number of cases this information is far from complete. The types of grave goods in burials may or may not be published or even illustrated; more important, accurate inventories of the grave goods may be missing from the discussions of burials. The absence of this material, indeed, makes the assessment of burials diffi- cult - if not impossible! -Thus it seems advisable in the future to include the following material: discussion of the method of interment with photographs; discussion of the burial context with details on construction plus scale drawing; an inventory of the grave goods and perhaps their locations in the burial; and finally comparative material for the burial among the already published burials.13 °5, Ss. Harland, “Death and Disposal of the Dead,” Eneyclosedia of Religion and Ethics, Vol. IV, pp, 420-424, Hartiand's categories are commonly used in the discussion of methods of © interment. 1ip¢freda, “Iron Age Rock-Cut Tombs in Palestine,” IA 181 244-287. Mseveral scholars have noted interesting variations in the number and types of ceramic pieces in burials: S, A. Cook, The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the Light _of Archaeology (Londons Oxford University Press, 1930), PP. 37-38. Maurice H. Farbridge, Studies in Biblical and Semitic Symbols, p. 245 n. 1, Farbridge cites F, J. Bliss, A Mound of Many Cities, but does not give a complete reference to that work. Chester Charlton McCown, Tell en-Nasheh I (New Havens American Schools of Oriental Research, 1947), p. 88. Roland De Vaux, Ancient Israel I, p. 57. auth Amiran, Ancient eottery of the Holy land. (New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1970), pp. 191-299. A few differences in classification occur here. Amiran makes no distinction between juglets and jugs in her discussion .. of Iron Age Pottery, as she had done in the Bronze Age. I’ have distinguished the two related forms according to size when data are available. (If a pottery piece is less than 15 centimeters high, it will be classified asa jugiet). Another minor difference is in the classification of cinerary urns. Amiran refers to them as jars. Ibid., p. 238, Since these vessels are similar in shape to many small piriform craters from the same cemetery, I classify them as crater-like jars. 13g, Henschel-Simon, “The Toggle-Pins in the Palestine Archaeological Museum,” QDAP 6 (1936-1937) 169-190.CHAPTER ONE Methods of Interment Each of the eight different methods of interment for Iron Age burials are described below. References to specific examples may also appear in the footnotes, especially when significant elements of a method need further documentation. In those cases one may consult the “Appendix of Iron Age Burials” and then the appropriate publications for more information. Peimary Burials Skeletons of adults, adolescents, and children lie in a supine position with limbs fully extended. The legs are seldom crossed or flexed.+ Usually the legs lie either parallel to each other or taper down and touch at the toes. The arms are either fully extended or slightly flexed so that the hands lie in the pelvic region. Out of 79 skeletons in which the exact hand positions can be determined, 72 inter- ments (or 91.1 percent) have hands near the pelvis; 48, both hands at the sides;.7 one hand on/under the pelvis and the other at the side; 17, both hands under or on the pelvis; and 7, with the hands near the mouth, across the chest, or thrown out away from the body.” The skull generally faces up in most primary burials, though 19 out of 82 skeletons (23.2 percent) have their skulls turned to one side, (See Table 1:1). 1415 xa é ta ta Taxa dé xa ata xa xEtTE & xa x s6ey spur uoTa sod pury 13430 =30 yanow 03 = 1s 30 30 1s 1s 1s ta 1s {s 1s eH xa ta Tata, Ta xa ta xa xa xa xa sway trnys Apog BuyUoTZTSog TeRTSXS qsayo uo- ueuopqe uo STATed qepim/uo eps 3e axeTs da 1s 1s dn. Ts da. da da da da da da 1s da da da da DAARHHDHmmAD ao nadnounan =u st "6r w am z soz-poz s ered 3-M @2T 70 ano p Tot S YereT ep 23-4 T eT S YereE uD -M pb JO qno T 240 g-M JO yNOT €€T § yereg ur SN T Z€T Ss yereg uo aM T 92T Ss yered apy B-M 7/30 ano IT bet s yered aM T ets ETRL eHRY a-M T zt s yereg = T Tet s wexreg ey e-m py am z bIT S yered afy a-a T LOT Ss yereg ASS-MNN T 4 Towzeg +a uo aSS-MNN z b Temreg *aN env a-M 9T7sO Jno T 6L 702¥ wD am T 95 x0zv 2a‘PY SSS-MNN Tt vLoT tHehy S-N T y UeTnSv S-N T € yerngzy S-N T z wernszy uotPY S-N z T_ueInssy aWDY z 4Sto aTZuON e6y worry squawz0qUT 3 xeg — -UaTIO FO ‘ON IXHINOO 3 SLITS aanqemy = wT pepueaxg =Xz quegur = ur Teqyeq = J PTTWD = UD euzdns = s ATRDY = PY eTeued = ¢ (3803) YANO - (PREY) URTON =S-N eT = WH (3087) seq - (PREY) ISOM =a-M hey steyang Azempaa TtT eTqeL16 suoTaTsod sTug Uy OTT STeTAN ,xsTIegse, Sy Jeu UO PTHOM STUL Tis td ope ‘96t ‘dd ‘TIT User ‘Trowany, ‘oes autdns |y3 UT TeTAng e UeauI 07 sulses FrOdeI UT TETING ,,PEpUEIxT, UL OF SOUETEZOy xa axa axa exa xa axa axa axa axa asaas aa & aa s6e1 1d td 1s 1d 1s mtd spuEH 1a da rea do. 1s da. da xa da xa da xa do xa da xa. da da da da Ta da xa do do ta do xa dn ta 1s Ta da suzy TINS oe o aa OnvngnnaH O AHHHAADH HHHAHVHH 4pog BuyuoPzTsog TeITSXS SON S-N S-N SN SN SN SN S-N S-N S-N S-N zaew SN apy eeu eeu epw apy a8 a-8 é-m ea‘Dv a-m ew aM a-M a-M afew aM wo a-M Py a-M wo am e6y uoTae9 ‘3 xas | -UaTIO “ez * Sts spapuszxe ATINZ SqUTT UFTA UOTRZTSOd T Zet USsTUoeT ‘Sb T ¥L9T USTUOET ‘by z oot ustuoel ‘ep T 6ST USTUDET ‘7h T BST USTUDET ‘Th T x2ST USTUDET ‘ob T Lot ustuoeT ‘6E t s6ET USTUDET ‘BE t #QET USTUORT “LE T sLET USTUOET *9E T #2El USTUOET “SE T OTT USTUDEI “HE D-quioy, peda “EE 6 B/L 9/5 v/E zt suoqeTous zes s weaea ze T ZbS s Were ‘TE T Bez S ube te T vEZ S UeZEL +67 T gz S were '9z % 30 4no T €@Z S ueTe "LZ % JO yo T Zz 30 qno T zzz s werer *9z T ozz, Suemea "SZ T otz s were "yz T T Loz s ueaea “ez squomz03ur FO ‘ON IXBINOD ¥ SLTS17 xa xa ts s Py gsa-MNM T z2t usdzpres *eL Taxa 1s s apy a-m T €TT wedTpTes “LL xa 1s ed uw a-M T ZTT wedTPTeS *9L a xa da s wo a-4 T TIT wedTPTeS $52 xe Ta ‘xa do s zPw a-M T 60T YeATPTeS “PL do s éPw S-N € JO OT yeATpTes "EL Taxa Ta ts s epw S-N € 30 WOT BOT WPATPTeS *7L la Ta dn s Py a-M T ASOT YPATPTES *TL @ quoz qeues *o¢ xe 1s xa s PY. MSS-3NN T LEZ OPPTHEN *69 xa oTdfts Tatxa én s PY SN-NS T TL OPPTBEN *89 xa Td¢Ts tatxa s aa‘PY — SN-aS T Z9 OPPTBEN *29 Ta‘xa oTd*Ts Ta‘xa da s py a c TQ OppTben *99 ts xa da s UD SNa-NSM T TOLE OPPTBEN *S9 s uD MNN-aSS Tr ALE OPPTHON *y9 xa 1s xa gts s a‘Dy SNG-NSM T LT OppTBen *E9 oxa dn es ae (PY z 9009 USTUSET *29 w ta es aa T L20b USTUDET *T9 xa és T *LO0b USTUDET *09 xa 1s xa 1s es aaW'DY z ZOOb USTUOET *6S xa es 244 DY b FO yno Z sTZS USTUORT "9S exa es SN T 6IS ustudeT fZ¢ xa es SN T s8TS USTUOET ‘95 axa Ts es SN T ¥9€Z USTUORT “SS axa es S-N T a#TEZ USTUDET “PS “xa td ta s S-N Tt eet ysTyoeT axa 1s s SON t *2@Z USTUOET "eS 2xa 14 Ta dao s SN T sL6T USTUOEL $75 axa td ta da es S-N T Q6t USTUSEI *TS exe td ta 1s es S-N T S6T USTUDET *OS Ta 30 Ta da s SON ic bET USTUDET ‘6 exe ta Ta da es S-N iu Z6t USTUSET ‘ab exa td ta dn es S-N T T6T USTUORT ‘Ly xa Ta da s S-N T 68T USTUDET ‘op s6ey spuey suzy tiInys Apog aby uozzez —_ SquoWz93UT BuyuoyaTsog TeyTOYS 3 xeg — -UBTIO JO ‘ON IXSINOO 3 3LIS18 aa xa xa xa xa Ta xa xa s6eT 1s spuey anova xa Td da. a Tae, da Wa da Ta do o o ohownkonon suzy Trnys Apo BupUOTaTsod TeIeTSHS Py ur pw pw Pw ur Py ur PY ur py aby 3 xes e-m e-m a-4 é-u gSg-MNM aS3-MNM 3S3-MNM a-M SNI-MSM a-m a-4 a-m a-¢ a-m a-4 a-4 a-4 woT3ea =U9T 70 70 70 70 70 Fo 70 yo yo oo wooondagy qno gyno qno 4no ano qno qno qno qno yno Added Added da squowreqUT go +ON a) eet ger get eet 62 ez s7r bet zt XI t070z TIA t070z IA z010z ‘A F0I0z 1 4os0z 1 epreues ‘yedTPTeS yadTpTes UPATPTES yedtpTes uedTpT eS yeAtpTes updTpTes wedPPTeS uedtpTes 516 "96 *S6 “06 £6 *26 116 706 68 38 718 “98 *s8 08 e8 *z8 “18 08 “6L EXHINOO ¥ LIS19 The supine extended position is characteristic of adult and child burials with few exceptions.? However, several of the smallest skeletons (under 0,5 meters in length) lie not in the supine but in a fetal position.’ somewhat larger skeletons between 0,5 to 1,0 meters.are in the supine posi- tion, but may have some minor variations from the described supine position: the body may be turned slightly on its side;> the legs may be somewhat flexed;® or the arms may be flexed with one or two hands set at the mouth.” The largest skeletons, 1,0 to 1.9 meters, are almost all in the supine extended posi- tion, These variations in skeletal position coordinate well with the size of the skeleton and probably can be explained by the age of the specimens that is, infants may be placed in the fetal position, while children and adults are generally in a supine position. Whether in a fetal or supine position primary burials vary in their orientation axis: the magnetic compass ine from head to feet. Much of this variation occurs between individual cemeteries rather than between burials in a given cemetery. Generally a cemetery's burials have one major axis with minor differences which seem to be due to topography or the season of the year when a burial occurred. At latitude 32 degrees north, the sun's rising and setting points, as seen from earth, change 21 degrees north and south of magnetic East and West in the course of a year.® 1¢ the inhabitants determine the axis of a grave and its skeleton according to the sun, burials would not necessarily lie on true West-East20 or East-West axis. Instead, they would vary from the magnetic axis and still be the same type of orientation relative to the sun.? Primary burials are often accompanied by grave goods which are placed in certain prescribed positions on or around the skeleton. Beads and cowrie shells occur around the neck and/or on one wrist, Anklets, when found in positions, are in pairs on the lower legs. Bracelets seldom occur in pairs. A bracelet - perhaps better to designate it an armlet because of its positioning - is vorn on one arm. Rings may be on or near the fingers, the nose, and sometimes on the toes. A lunate ring, usually identified as an earring, has yet to be reported near the skull of any Iron Age skeleton; nevertheless, there is no question that some lunate rings, as well as other types of rings (Saidiyeh 108), were worn as earrings (see, AtLit pyre burials). Scarabs are placed on the fingers or worn as a bead around the neck, Weapons occur in several positions: above or under the skull, near the legs, or below the feet. Like weapons, metallic bowls and decanter sets vary in their placement: near the skull, near the arm, near the pelvis or hand, or at the feet.1° Pottery is placed in prescribed positions. Large storage jars, craters, and other large jugs occur either above and sometimes beside the skull or below the feet almost as a type of grave marker. Often a bowl accompanies a large vessel and probably serves as a lid. Burials may have a collection of21 bowls and other vessels, which are occasionally placed inside a bowl. This collection may appear near or around the skull, in some instances near the pelvis, or at the feet. A single juglet or lentoid flask might be on the breast or more often near or on the hana.? Most primary burial contexts have fewer than a dozen interments. The number of skeletons in a grave may range from one to eight, but most graves have one or two interments. When a grave has more than a dozen interments, secondary burial becomes the preferred method (see,*Ashdod Area D). Cist-graves may have anywhere from one to over one hundred interments. Cist-graves with fewer than six interments usually contain pri- mary buriais.?? Those cist-graves with more than six interments may have skeletons placed in several separate layers (Azor cist 79; Farah S 222, 223; Zeror cist VI), or skeletons and secondary burials in small bone piles (Azor cist 79; Farah S 201, 220; Zeror cist I). Primary burials also may be placed in caves, though most cave burials contain massive secondary burials. The number of primary burials in caves may be from one to as many as thirty interments./4 caves with more than fifty interments contain massive secondary burials. An interesting aspect of a number of interments in various primary burial contexts is pair burial, two adult skelétons lying side by side.}> pair burial is common in the Iron Age: Achzib cist; Ashdod 1060, 1129; Farah S 1047, 1057, 114, 1167, 1247, 133, 222 223, 532; Lachish 1607,22 521, 4002, 6006; Saidiyeh 108, 118, 136; and Zeror cist VIII. Several burial contexts (for example, Farah S 532) may have more than one pairs; for this reason, pair burial instead of double burial is the preferred term, since a double burial may imply that a context has only two skeletons, Pair burial indicates both the number and the close proximity of two adult burials‘ no matter how many interments occur in a context. Purther research indicates that most pairs are the remains of an adult male and female interred together. Anatomical analysis conducted on several Late Bronze Age (1550-1200 B.C.E.) and Iron Age pairs shows the presence of a male and a female skeleton./© other support for identifying pair burial as the remains of an adult male and female may be a tomb inscrip- 7 tion from Silwan,*’ Also, the types of selected artifacts, in particular beads and weapons, favors the identification of most pairs with both adult males and semaies.?® In summary, primary burial, a common method of both the late Bronze and Iron Age, has several apparent characteristics worth repeating: (1) skeletons of adults and children lie in a supine position with their limbs fully extended. Some small infant skeletons, however, lie in a fetal position. (2) Primary burials may be oriented in various directions, though burials in a given cemetery are generally oriented in the same direction, (3) The grave goods usually are placed in certain prescribe) positions around the corpse. (4) Burial contexts containing primary buriais have fewer than a dozen interments; in most cases, one to two interments. (5) Pair23 burial, an adult male and female skeleton lying side by side, is a common practice of primary burials. gar Burials Although most discovered jar burials were disturbed before modern excavation, one can make a few preliminary remarks about this less common method of interment. The few undisturbed jar burials contain one to three skeletons of mostly infants and children.+? The exact skeletal position is unknown in all but one case; in Dothan jar burial No.1, an infant lay in the fetal position.”° A single storage jar or other large jar is usually used as the container for these burials. The rim may be broken in order to insert the corpse inside. When a tall child or an occasional adult (Amman Royal Palace Tombs Sahab Tomb D) is interred by means of a jar burial, two jars are used.” ‘The corpse extends into both jars with the openings of the jars attached. Jar burials are found in graves, cist-graves, and caves. Grave goods are rare with these burials so that disposition techniques, at the present time, are impossible to describe. The infrequency of grave goods with jar burials, in fact, may result from the use of these containers primarily for infants and children, Burials of infants and children, not placed in jars, often are the “poorest” contexts both in the number and the types of artifacts.”? Anthropoid Coffin Burials Like jar burials, Iron Age anthropoid coffin burials prove difficult to describe in detail, because almost all known2h examples are disturbed.”? Recently, excavators did discover and publish several undisturbed slipper coffins which may give a partial description of this method of interment. In the Amman Royal Palace Tomb, the anthropoid coffins contained two to three skeletons, The exact skeletal position, unfortu- nately, is unknown today, because the detailed records of the excavation were lost.*4 Other anthropoid coffin burials from Deir e1-Balah date to the end of the thirteenth century ‘B.C.E. or just before the Iron Age. If the Deir e1-Balah bear a relationship to later Iron I and II anthropoid coffins, one would expect most coffins to contain one or two pair burials lying in the supine position.?> In the Iron Age, all the discovered anthropoid coffin burials occur in caves, Although none have as yet been found in graves, it does seem possible (see Deir el-Balah) that some anthropoid coffin burials might be found in graves or even cist-graves. The burials themselves are accompanied by numerous grave goods, even though almost all examples are severely robbed. In fact, anthropoid coffin burials are some of the “richest” Iron Age burials both in the number and types of grave goods. The exact disposition of those grave goods around the skeleton and coffin in the Iron Age cannot be deter- mined, since all examples are either disturbed or only partially published; however, the disposition patterns for Deir el-Balah coffins are comparable to those for other Iron Age primary buriais.7625 “Bathtub" and Other Coffins Excavations have uncovered cther types of coffins. In Sahab Tomb D, a burnt wooden coffin containing a primary burial 27 of an adult male has been published,“’ This is the only known example of a wooden coffin in the Iron Age. Another type of coffin, the “bathtub” coffin, is better documented from late Iron II (eighth+seventh century). Excavators have uncovered several of these box-shaped clay coffins.?® Most examples were disturbed before modern excavations and thus cannot be used to amplify this method of interment. Two coffins were found intact and may indicate the probable method of inter- ment. A Megiddo coffin, deposited in a grave, lacked a 1id, but contained soil and human bones.?? a more recently published lidless “bathtub” coffin from Dothan was also deposited in a grave and contained a secondary burial of two ingants.2° Although neither burial is described in detail by their excavators, one might suggest that "bathtub" coffins, which incidentally are reminiscent of later ossuary boxes, were repositories for secondary burials. Massive Secondary Burials Massive secondary burial in bone piles is a common method of interment throughout the Iron Age. Almost all the known examples of the method occur in caves. The only examples of massive secondary burials in graves are from a group oftrot 9 WaZT-URET “more 9 UAZE-UaDT sa'ote 2 u29-076 “sore +2 wa9-U76 aot °O uaTT-uaZT sate 2 Wag, 26 swore 12 UAB tarot +2 uA9-UaL ‘xorg souag-436 eqea Tsp L1z ost Ez seoetd £203304 FO ‘ON SIT v8 wear Tuo pue ‘squaasatope ores9TOpe 46p unouxun ZS fuBaPTTUD STZ *squaosetope LE *saTMpe Of =9LE unOUyUN TL9 {uaaPTTYS BTS ‘squeosetope 9¢ ‘sqTMpe 798 =VEPZ oor seaeta 4103304 03 squeuzeqUT 30 ofzey SqoUTO WUT aqempxozddy FO ‘ON seuoq ueumy pue Teurue Butuyeqoo atid obrey aaeo ane aaeo Ax03};8000u ur eae saaqeu Sz*0 ‘q beay eae eaei6 aaez5 &a0yqs0deu anes aneo @TTa euog 3xeqU0D 1g Zez09 T ueyzog 9p ueqrua ep ueqrud 99 ueYS UIEE bITT Popysy €TT popysy 6-S sweys UTY ayzuoy quog, 3 97s stepang Axepuoas eatssey ZiT Staez27 aot 73 U6 satote *o wag 83eT saotg 73 ung 1136 aoe *o ual “wore °o uae cette +o uag-4aZ, satore 9 ws0T-UaTT ‘wotg *o W38-430T eqea got 98 te ut Tle €zs Tez seaetd 420930 yO *ON aourz3qUe pesoTD zveu souoq Teuyue pue Auew ueapTTy Sg ‘S3TMPe g9S tyoqeasez TeoTWOyRTe weuny 30 OTT seuoq, Teuyue oste pue ‘sauoq Su0T pue Toy payaTWaNs =OOST Auew PITUS T ‘same 6 iypxeesez TeOTWOyEUe oz peqyquns Auew weAPTTUD OT ‘saTMpe of tyoreasez TeOTWOREUE 303 pegqquqns = Auew Auew Aue Avew squewzequr FO *ON Trnye weuny 30 eTTd souog Teutue pue ueuny #0 OTTd souoq Teuyue pue ueuny JO eTTd ysTY sxe3eu Z°Z seuog Teuyue pue ueuny go etqd yoy $7930u 0°T seTI03}s0dey ur szo3eu otz ‘settd Suoq e63e7 ane ear ear ear aaro eae ane @aRD @UTd auog 7x87U00 8Tz USTUSET ozt usTuoeT 9TT USTUORL got usTUoRT Lot usTUDeT got UsTUoeT € ate Tr 1 37TH quiog, 3 eatsII woay -II ezuozg 33eT ‘rote so ua-tag I worry II woay tarot @ ‘9 4a6-UA0T = smote +) uag-u30T ‘ato'a 006 smote +9 fia9g-u20T ‘sorte 9.16 aqed ost Arezeuypxordde vor €9b 609 €6T bSb €T reo ot seoetd £70330 JO *ON ar HT bt seoetd 4703304 03 SqueUequT JO OTaey ayeuyxorddy sorta Suen Tereass avo Tren Buore pue ueatp duewt uo settd eno seqtaoyqsodez aaey osz Kem quoyz, — aaeo setr0z{s0dex aaey ose Kem quoy = earo Trea ua Sucre oq Kew +S atTa auog = anv Auew eneo +05 «TTA Buoy = ane Aueu ano Auew aaeo squowzequr FO tON @UTd suog 3x9q00 2 aeues a qeues be OceN oz oGeN pS weaseN ze Weqsen SOoP USTHORT Zoot usFuoeT bez USTUSET quiog, 3 eqTs29 “wore +2 uaZ-"96 *a°0"a 008 ~0se eqed g9t Are3euyxordde THz osz +0sT kuew seseqd £703304 sesetd 03 squoMzoquT 470330 JO OTZeY swoureqI JO "ON aqeuyxorddy FO “ON Trea oua Buote aTTd eu0q SuOT pue TTMs (¥ woos) woox au0 UT Apyreupad souoq BUOT pue TIMs atta auog eae ear 3x9qU00 T°HM ueqTns aqseqes ~eyzeues qos, 3 eats30 burials (Ashdod Area D) with some unusual characteristics (see below), The bone piles in caves, when found undisturbed, contain massive skeletal remains (over one hundred interments), pottery, and other artifacts. Usually these piles are one to two meters high, The remains of many adults, adolescents, children, and infants are present in the piles.» Undisturbed bone piles also have numerous artifacts. In fact, the number of pottery pieces in massive secondary burials dwarfs that in ali primary burials. Primary burials in caves generally have less than fifty pottery pieces, while most massive secondary burials may have anywhere from one hundred to six hundred pieces. This massive amount of pottery in bone piles may be explained by the number of interments, Although the ratio of interments to pottery pieces fluctuates somewhat, it is evident that one or two pieces are placed in caves with each interment. Since caves with massive secondary burials have many more interments than caves with primary burials, it follows that there would iso be many more pottery pieces.2+ as for the other arti- facts, large collections of jewelry, weapons, some tools, and other artifacts often occur in massive secondary burials. A trait thus of secondary bone piles is massive remains of pottery and other artifacts. The bone piles are set along the walls of the cave, in one room in an underground complex, or in a special recess cut into the floor or the divan. These rectangular or cylin- drical shaped recesses, called repositories, are common among many - but not all - massive secondary buriais in man-made caves. More important, these bone repositories appeara to be unique to massive secondary burials. Caves containing primary burials, in almost all cases, lack repositories.?? Such a repository further would serve no useful function in a cave containing primary burials. One must remember that caves containing massive secondary burials house ten to as many as 1500 times the number of interments as primary burials in similar caves; moreover, this accomodation of more interments is accomplished in caves with about the same surface area’as those with primary burials. (Compare the surface area of Farah S 500 caves to many of the tombs listed in Table 112.) A repository, therefore, is a necessary structure in a massive secondary burial and probably unique to this method of inter- ment 23 ‘The method of interment for massive secondary burials may now be summarized. The corpse was first laid out in the center of a cave or ona divan. The grave goods were arranged around the corpse, although the exact disposition technique cannot be determined from the published material. Some unknown time after the corpse has decayed, the bones and associated artifacts were transferred to the bone pile.?4 (This second stage of the method of interment is what is often found in the discovered massive secondary burials.) Once the bones and other artifacts were placed on thepile, the process was repeated for the next and all subsequent inter- ments. Occasionally a layer of sheep, goat, or pig bones were deposited on the growing piles.°° when the bone pile in a cave ntually reached the ceiling, a new pile was started elsewhere32 in the cave; or the cave was sealed up and a new one constructed near-by. The process was then repeated in this new structure. Massive secondary burial may be interpreted as a natural process of constant reuse of a cave over centuries rather than resulting from an unnatural catastrophe such as famine, plague, warfare, and the like. Support for this interpretation comes from the large pottery collections. These collections in many massive secondary burials do not date to one century as would be expected if the interments resulted from some catastrophe. Often the collections belong to several sequential centuries. If the burials inside the caves are then contemporary with the pottery collection - and there is no reason to think that they are not - the interments also would date over several centuries, One might then imagine a method of interment that would be one of constant reuse of the cave for each new inter~ ment. However, not all massive secondary burials have pottery collections that belong to more than one century; in fact, there are several massive secondary burials whose collections @ate to one specific period. These burials have other dis- tinguishing characteristics that separate them from most examples of massive secondary burials. They usually have fewer pottery pieces and other artifacts than are normally present in most other.undisturbed massive secondary burials. They also may be located in less elaborately prepared depositories such as natural caves or graves. These two factors, the fewer number of artifacts and the choice of location, would perhapsa be expected given the haste to dispose of numerous dead. Thus it may be that several of these massive secondary burials might have-‘resulted from some disaster rather than from a normal process of birth, life, and death over 37 centuries. Secondary Burials in Small Bone Pile: Several late tenth-ninth century cist-graves contain both primary and secondary burials: Azor cist 79; Farah S 201, 221 3 and Zeror cists I, and V. Usually at one end of these cist-graves, there is a small collection of skulls and long bones from perhaps earlier interments. This piling of the bones is similar to massive secondary burial in bone piles except that the piles here are much smaller, usually less than five individuals. For this reason, they have been distinguished from other massive secondary burials even though the method is the same. Pyre Bur: ais*® Pyre burials, cremations common only to the seventh- sixth century, contain the remains of one to three partially incinerated corpses, pottery, and other grave goods left on the burnt wooden pyre. Adults (both sexes), adolescents, children, and infants were interred on pyres. Prior to the ignition of the pyre, the corpse seems to have laid in either the supine or fetal position.°° usually bowls, small jugiets, jugs, or an occasional storage jar appear on the pyre remains. Some of these vessels are burned by the flames, while others have cracked or exploded in the heat. However, there are ottiercad whole vessels that show no signs of burning and perhaps were placed on the pyre after it had cooled. Besides pottery, pyre burials have other artifacts, mostiy items of personal adornment such as beads, lunate earrings, scarabs, and rings. Weapons also may be selected for the corpse. The exact dis- position of the pottery and the other artifacts proves diffi- cult to assess, since the remains are often completely destroyed. Yet it does seem from a few of the better preserved pyres that the disposition patterns reflect those found in primary burials. Urn Burials Urn burial, a cremation method that dates from the late thirteenth to the eighth century, differs from pyre burial in its method, even though both are cremation procedures. In urn burials, the cremated remains are not left on the pyre, jut are removed and placed inside a small or large crater, one handled jug, pithoi, or storage jar. Examinations of the anatomical remains indicate that a cinerary jar contains the remains of a single adult (both sexes), adolescent, child, or infant.“ in two published examples two interments (an adutt ¢emaie and chi1d) are in one urn.4? the skeletal remains are placed at the bottom of the urn, The few small pottery pieces inside the urns, mostly juglets, occur just above the burnt remains. Other artifacts such as items of personal adornment and weapons are generally absent from most urn burials. The aperture of the urn is closed with either35 field stones or a bowl. The sealed urn is then buried in a pit or grave some distance from the place of initial incin- eration.*? occasionally a burial context may have more than one cinerary urn.CHAPTER ONE FOOTNOTES Joniy example of crossed legs, Megiddo 61. only examples of flexed legs are: Mt. Carmel Cave 4, 7?; Farah S 133; Lachish 194; Megiddo 61; and Saidiyeh 108, 111. Site Hands at One Hand Both hands Other Sides at side; on Pelvis other on pelvis Achzib cist 1 Affulah 4 Ajjul 1? Farah S 100 cem. 2 1 1 200 cem, 6 2 2 532 9 lachish 16* 7 3 Megiddo 3 3 Sahab D 1 Saidiyeh 5S 3 4 2 Zeror 3 Totals 48 7 is Lee! iL) *See note on Table 1:1, She only known example of an adult in a fetal po! is an unpublished burial, Farah S 136. Frances James, published Notes on the 160 and 200 cemetery Farah (5), University of Mississippi, 1977. 4parah S 133; and Saidiyeh 112, 1237, 125, 128. Ssaidiyeh 111. Srarah S 133 and Saidiyeh 111. Tearah S 207, 210. ®r wish to thank the University of Pennsylvania Physics Department for their assistance, especially Dr. M. Strubell. °nhe changes in the perceived rising and setting points of the sun are useful in analyzing and perhaps explaining the variations in axes among all cemeteries. A difference up to 67 21 degrees may mean that burials lying on a WNW-ESE or ENE- WSW axes probably should be grouped with others on a more West-East or East-West axes. This group of. burials oriented to the sun's path would includes Azor cemetery; Farah S 100, 200, 500, 600, 800 cemeteries; Lachish 521; Megiddo 17, 373 Saidiyeh cemetery; S Tombs 103 Samaria; and Zeror cists. A second group, all burials set across the sun's path, would include the burials oriented 21 degrees west and east of North and South, because the location of North and South would be relative to what is perceived as East and West. The following burials fai1 into this group: Affulah 1-4; Iron Age burials at Ajjuls Mt. Carmel caves 1, 2, 4, and 73 most buriais in the 100/200 cemetery Lachish; and all other burials in the southeastern cemetery Megiddo. a reigact Location Burials Around the neck Ajjul 1074; Farah $ 107, 133; and Saidiyen 1) 111, 1368. on one wrist Ajjul 1074; ana Saidiyeh 112, 123. 2) Anklets On lower legs Ajjul 1074; Farah S 126?, 133; Lachish 110, 147; and Saidiyeh 123. 3) Armlet On lower arm Ajjul 10745 Farah S 117, 124, 12673 Megiddo 37B3 and Saidiyeh 123, 4) Rings On fingers Farah S 226 and Zeror cist Vi. Near nose Farah S 1367, On toes: Farah S 220, 226, 5) Scarabs On the fingers Farah S 220, 226 and lachish 6006, On the neck Azor 56. 6) Weapons Near skull Achzib cist; Iachish 600% Saidiyeh 113, 129; and Zeror Cist VIII. Below feet Farah S 552. 7) Metallic bowls Near skull Farah S 238 and Zeror Cist VI.38 Artifact Location Burials Near arm Farah S 532, Near pelvis Farah S 532. Below feet Megiddo 62. pottery Piece Location Burial 1) Storage jars Beside the skull Ajjul 1074; and other large Farah S 124, vessels. 532; Lachish 167, 182, 189, 191, and’ Saidiyeh 105U, Below the feet Lachish 132, 139, 147, 151; Megiddo 17, 62, 71. 2) Bowl and small Near skull Mt. Carmel cave vessel collection 3 Farah S 239, 532; Lachish 110, 132, 193, 521s Saidiyeh 113, 123, 129; and Zeror Cist VI. Near pelvis Lachish 147; and Zeror Cist I. By the feet Ajjul 1074; and Saidiyeh 123. 3) Lentoid flask On breast Megiddo 17, 625 or juglet Saidiyeh 105U; and Sultan Burial A85. Near hand Azor 59; Ajjul 1074; Farah S 222; Iachish 147, 182, 194; and Sultan A8S. 2me following burials have one or two interments: Agfulah 1-4; Ajjul 1074; Azor 59; Bir el-Gharbi; Dothan A-105; Farah S 204-205, 222, 226; Lachish 110, 132, 137, 138, 139, 147, 152, 154, 159, 160, 167, 182, 191, 194, 195, 222, 231, 236, 239, 518, 519, 4007, 4027; Megiddo 17, 61, 62, 71, 723 Saidiyeh 105, 109, 111, 112, i113, 115, 116, 118, 122, 123,, 124, 125, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 133B, 134, 135, 138, 140, 142, 143; and Tanaach shrine burial. Wachzib cist (2 interments); Farah S 105 (2), 107 (1), 114 (2), 123 (1), 133 (5), 207 (2), 210 (1), 225 (6), 230 (1), 234 (1), 238 (1); Saidiyeh 108 (2); and Zeror cists III (2+), viz (1), Ix (1).39 44yt. carme1 1 (3 interments), 2 (1), 4 (2), 7.(1)3 Farah S 542 (7), 552 (9 [sic}, 2+), 532 (2 [sic], 9), 562 Irbed Tomb C (1); Lachish 521 (4), 4002 (2), 6006 (2)5 Megiddo 37 (4+), 237 (1)3 Sahab Tomb D (30); and Samaria S Tomb 103 (4). The confusion in the number of interments between Farah S 552 and 532 seems to be a typographical error in the publication, Compare the number of skeletons illustrated on plates with reported number. 15y1most all examples of pairs are adults. There is one possible pair (Farah S 133), two skeletons lying side by side, that are children. These two interments occur in a context with other adult burials. rate Bronze Age Pairs Anatomical Results Deir el-Balah 114 coffins male + female Deir el-Balah 118 coffins male + female Megiddo 25 ? + female Iron Age Pairs Ashdod 1129 male + female Ashdod 1060 male + female Ashdod 1005 male + male Achzib. cist male? + female Farah S 124 @ > + female Lachish 521 male + smaller skeleton Iachish 4002 ? + female lachish 6006 male + female - Saidiyeh 136 ? + female 17x, avigad, “The Epitaph of a Royal Steward from Siloam Village,” IEJ 3 (1953) 137-152. 48por further information about the artifact selection according to age and sex, see Chapter Four. }®nnman Royal Palace Tomb; Azor 86; Dothan jars Nos. 1-6; Sahab Tomb Ds Megiddo 37C1; Saidiyeh 120; and Zeror Cemetery. 205oseph P. Free, “The Excavation of Dothan," BA 19:2 (May, 1956) 46, fig. 11. 24see, Amman Royal Palace Tomb and Sahab Tomb D. 22noy gurther information about the artifact selection according to age, see Chapter Four.40 ?35eth Shan cemetery; Dhiban cemetery; Farah S 500 caves; Lachish Area 500; and Sahab Tomb A. 24cnair N. Yassine, “Anthropoid Coffin from Raghdan Royal Palace Tomb in Amman,” ADAJ 20 (1975) 57-58. 25p, pothan, "Deir el-Balah," Encyclopedia of Archaeolo cal Sites in the Holy Land, ed. by Michael Avi-Yonah (Engle- wood Cliff, New Jersey! Prentice Hall, Inc., 1975), Vol. I, pe 237% 20 Srpid, Vol. I, pe 327. 27Moawiyah Ibrahim, 1972," ADAS 17 (1972) 32. "Archaeological Excavations at Sahab, 28xnman Tomb of Adoni Nur; Dhiban cemetery; Dothan; Megiddo (Schumacher); and Nebo Tombs?. 296, schumacher, Tell el-Mutsellim (Leizigs Rudo Haupt, 1908), p. 145, pl. 216. 30soseph P. Free, “The Sixth Season at Dothan.” BASOR 156 (December, 1959) 25-26, fig. 3. primary Burials in Caves No. of Pottery Mt. Carmel caves 1-7 a5 pieces Farah S 542 70 = 532 45 “ 562 38 ” . Irbed Tomb C 12 ” Iachish 521 21 ” 4002 6 “ 6006 13 ” ‘The number of pottery pieces in many disturbed cave burials may suggest the type of method of interment in those caves. Caves with more than 100 pottery pieces would more likely to have contained massive secondary burial than primary burial, Caves with less than 100 pieces could have contained either massive secondary burial or primary burial. The following caves thus may have once housed massive secondary burials: Amman Tomb E, Amman Jabal Nuzha, Irbed Tombs A and B, E1 Jib Tomb 3, and Madeba Tomb. 32mne one exception to this is Samaria S Tomb 103 which has deep cut pits that are similar in design toA repositories, but lacked human and instead have animal bones. This tomb did however contain four primary burials. As for ali other caves with primary burials, they lack any structure that could be compared to a repository pit. ‘The Samaria Tomb also shows other unique characteristics that will distinguish it further from most other primary burials. In fact, the tomb has characteristics associated with massive secondary burials at Samaria and the surrounding region. It tience will be eventually classified as a mixed type of burial practice to be discussed in Chapter Five. 33~he following cave burials with repositories probably contained massive secondary burials and will be so classified in the Appendix: Abu Gosh 1-: Ain Shems Tombs 2, 3, 4, 5-9, 16; Aitun Tombs 1-6; Dhiban Jl, J3, J6, 373 Gezer Tombs 31, 142, 149, 150; Halif Tombs 2-4; Jerusalem Tombs 1-1: Kefira Caves 1-7; E1 Kom Tombs i, 2; lachish 105; Motza Tomb 1, 25 and Nasbeh Tomb 3. 34some evidence seems to suggest that only parts of the skeleton were transferred to the bone pile; a process known as fractional burial.. If one examines, for instance, the published photographs from Lachish 120, an inordinant number of skulls and few other types of bones would be seen. See, enlargement in D, L, Risdon, “Cranial and Other Human Remains from Palestine,” Biometrika 31 (1939-1940) pl. II. An inventory of the bones submitted for anatomical research also lists mostly skullst crania (696 pieces), manibles (76), femora (80), tibiae (45), fibula (1), humeri (48), radii (14), ulnae (15), sacra (2), clavides (7), and a few vertebrae (Ibid, p. 103), Although there was an abnormally high percen- tage of skulls among all the submitted bones, Risdon concluded that this disproportion of skulls to other bones might be due to the excavator's selection process (Ibid, p. 103), Risdon's conclusion would have seemed the preferred explanation except that one can note the same disproportion among other burials where data are available about the bone piles (see Sultan Wh, 1 with its numerous skulls piled along one side of the wall), Kathleen Kenyon, Jericho II (london: British School of Archaeology, 1965), p. 490. Also, the absence of parts of the skeletons in two other contexts seems evident: Chester Chariton McCown, Tell _en-Nasbeh I (New Havent American School of Oriental Researche Tsd7)e ei: 18) and Me Dothan & David Noel Freedman, Ashdod II-III, Atigot Series Nos. 9-10 (Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1971), pl. 39. Probably the most conclusive evidence in favor of fractional burial comes from Lachish 223. Next to a reposi- tory pit was a slightly disturbed skeleton. Olga Tufnell, lachish III: Iron Age (Londons Oxford University Press, 1953), pp. 211-212. The bones of the arms and chest had been intentionally removed probably by the contemporaries of the deceased, since no intrusive pottery was present in the tomb.42 One cannot link the disturbance to animals either, because the skull was neatly wedged into the pelvis. Most important, the skeleton lacks many of the bones absent from repository pits and other bone piles, so that it may be a clear example of fractional burial. 3Synatomical research has been conducted on a few piles, and the results, although meager, are interesting to note. In most examples, there are few infant and child burials among the submitted sample, This fact is curious, because one would expect that there was a high infant mortality ate and thus many more infants should appear in the sample. Several possible explanations might account for this discrepancy. (1) Infants may have been deposited in other contexts separate from adults as is practiced by other cultures (for example, the ancient Romans). (2) The excavators may have chosen the larger bones and skulls (probably adults) for the labora tory research. Of the two possibilities, the second seems the more likely explanation, because cemeteries of infant burials have not been found at sites with massive secondary burials. For further information on anatomical research, consult: Dothan and Freedman, Ashdod II-III, pp. 2124214; Risdon, “Cranial and Other Human Remains,” Biometrika 31s 101-1665 and Fred V. Winnett & William L. Reed, The Excavation at Dibon (Dhiban) in Moab, Annual of the American School of Oriental Research, Nos. 36~37 (New Haven: American School of Oriental Research, 1964), p. 59. %see Gezer cave BI, lachish 108, 120, 218; and Samaria-Sebaste?. 37yshdod 1113, 1114; Lachish 107, 108, 120, 38, 1though one cannot be certain, pyre burials might occur at other sites. In a recently published preliminary report, A, Biran mentions finding “open cremated burials” that he jtinguishes from cremation urn burials. A. Biran, "Tell er-Rugeish to Tell er-Ridan," JEJ 24 (1974) 141. M. Prausnitz also discovered cremation burials that were not placed in urns. M, Prausnitz, “Achzib,” IEJ 9 (1959) 271, One burial at Farah S, Tomb 135, also might be a pyre burial or at least related to pyre burials, since it lacked accinerary urn. Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 12. 3%supine position - Atlit i, xiv. Fetal position - Atlit Vv. retrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 13.43 41x, pothan, "Excavation at Azor,+ IJ 11 (1961) 173, Biran, "Reqeish," IEJ 24: 141, Aon cits, p. 13.CHAPTER TWO Burial Contexts Iron Age interments are placed in one of five types of contexts: pyres, pits, graves, cist-graves, or caves. Most of these contexts (pyres, pits, and graves) are relatively uncomplicated and can be described ina few words. Cist- graves and caves, however, are more elaborate phenomena. These two contexts receive special attention in this dis- cussion in order to describe the differences among individual examples. Cave burials, in particular, are discussed in detail for a second reason, Recently, Stanislao loffreda published a study on man-made caves. His typology is reviewed in this chapter and is referred to in the "Appendix of Iron Age Burials.” res The pyre is the least elaborate of.all burial con- texts. It consists of burnt timbers on top of which are partially incinerated skeletons, burnt sherds, and unscorched whole vessels. These remains are then covered by a layer of sand.” Pits . Shaltow earthen pits contain single and sometimes several cinerary urns. The pits appear to be slightly deeper than the height of a particular urn (jug, crater, ay45 3 or storage ja: The shapes of the pits cannot be deter- mined from the published burials and in a11 but one case the pits are simply hodes dug into the ground. The one exception, Azor D 63, is a stone-encased pit, which has no known parallels among the published Iron age pit buriais.* Graves Earthen graves are one of the two most common types of burial contexts (see section on caves). The size of the grave is generally determined by the number of accommodated interments. Since most graves contain one or two interments, graves are often about 2.0 meters in length by 0.8 meters in width. A few graves (see Ashdod cemetery) larger than 2,0 meters have multiple burials, usually massive secondary burials. The shapes of individual graves are difficult to determine, because many graves appear to lack a definite shape. However, the shapes of a few graves can be noted: (1) oblong or oval shaped, (2) rectangular, and (3) rectangu- jar shaped grave with a recess for the skeleton.> Most graves lack any type of covering and are instead soil filled. A few graves may have been covered with field stones or even pithoi jars.© ‘This covering of a burial with field stones is also evident among several burials inside caves and among grave burials in Lebanon.” Cist-qraves A cist-grave is a rectangular grave with constructed sides of stone or mud-brick, The cist usually has a lid and thus is an underground box-shaped chamber which is46 entered by removing the lid. Cist-graves show notable variations in their constructions (1) the sides are composed of stone or in some cases mud- brick.® The more common stone-lined cist is constructed of large field stones or sometimes pebbles embedded into the hard- packed sides of earth. The field stones are piled in layers forming a rectangular walled structure, or in 2 few examples huge stone blocks alone comprise the sides of the cist- grave. (2) Most cist-graves have an earthen floor, although few cists have a stone-paved floor.? (3) Practically all cist-graves:are rectangular in shape; however, one example (azor third type burial) is reported to be coffin shaped. 1° ‘This unusual shaped cist-grave might be comparable to two unpublished thirteenth century cist-graves which are not rectangular but.have tapered outlines reminiscent of anthro- poid coffins.?+ (4) Unlike most earthen graves, cist-graves are roofed with large field stones or perhaps timbers that have since decayed.)* the stone or mid-brick sides support this lid, but in one example, Farah S 114, a central parti- tion gives added strength. (5) The major difference among the published cist-graves is in their size. Most cist- graves are comparable in size to earthen graves and usually contain one to six interments. A few cist-graves are much larger and contain either many skeletons in layers or skele~ tens and a small secondary bone pile. Cist-graves, in fact, could be divided into three separate groups according to4? tus ‘9g *std ‘1 FTO WISE ‘opryeg 1morz uoyey suoTqeuTxordde ore seaesb-3sTo GuTMOTTOS oy FO OZzTS Otte tm Lt0 x bz XI roI0z tm 9t0 X 08% IIA 70797 tu TIT x ptZ TA z0I0z sm gto x BIZ ‘A 20r8z su ort x StZ III 70707 sugg*g X T'Z II z070z AI_4S}9 F070 sug xX SZ 4662 S yereE SET S yerTET sw gx 8% s9€% S ered vel S: ered sw gx tz sLEZ S yered €€T Ss yereg ee eee #9€Z S YeTeT SeAPIH~JSTO peztTs uMouyUN tu 2 x 08% abEZ SS YeTeE cm 2X SZ sEEZ SS YeTeT sw gx Of stEZ S yeTeT su ott x Ze I z020z tug x SZ sTeZ S$ yerea cw og Xx Off sIbz Ss yereg jug & 08 x0EZ S URTEa ow gx Ste s0b2 Ss yered sw Lto X Bz ezz Ss yerea su TtT x Ze 6zz@ Ss yered swort x Btz “zz ss yereg tue Xx Ofe *20Z Ss yered smu to x Ez S@ s yerey cu ZT x 6fE Toz Ss wera two't x €tZ bez S ueted tu ore x OTE 6L F0z¥ x 08% s€@Z Serer sr939U O*h-0'E x LIZ aT@Z S$ yeTer seaez6 3sTo yanomuTeY x £82 s0ZZ SS yeTeT x 6 ete s ered x TZ zt@ s ered su 9°09 X S6"T IITA 3070% X Of7 abIT S) Uereg cu po XX OfT otz Ss yereg x rz s@IT S$ yereg sw L'0 x 6'T Loz Ss ered x tz s0TT S Yereg eu [to x g°T goz Ss yerer x Of% svoT S$ yerer sue Sit s€cT SS Yereg x StZ s2ol_ S§ wereg sug xX StT sTTT § yereg * Ot 3sTO ayzyoN sug x tT xLOT S$ werey 83039 66°2-0°7 sx930u 66°T-L°O SeAeTB=3STO UNTDAH sseaeab-38TO TTEUS ‘saart6-38T9 JO eZzTS "TZ STAeL48 their size: (1) small cist-graves (0.7-1.99 meters in length); (2) medium cist-graves (2.0-2.99 meters in length); and (3) mammouth cist-graves (3.0 meters in length and larger). On Table 211, cist-graves, when the data are available, are classified into one of these three groups. Further analysis of these groups is postponed until later in Chapters Five and Six; but for now, it may be said that these groups follow a chronological progression from the small and medium sized cist-graves in late Iron I (eleventh- tenth centuries B.C.E.) to the medium and mammouth cist- graves of Iron II (late tenth-ninth centuries B.C.E.). Caves Natural caves, reused Bronze Age caves (3100-1200 B.C.E.), and newly constructed Iron Age caves form the other common type of burial context (see, graves). The various man-made caves constructed in the Iron Age, furthermore, are far from uniform in construction and features. Individual man- made caves (hereafter referred to as artifical caves) may have a circular, rectangular, square, or trapezoidal shaped burial chamber. The number of underground rooms may be from one to as many as ten, The entrance is either a shaft into the burial chamber, or more often one. cut step or a hewn staircase leading inside the tomb, A variety of elaborate features are present among the sample of Iron Age caves and includes “air shafts,” body slots, divans, headrests, inscriptions, lamp sockets, ledges, niches, repository pits,49 and ‘tomb sculpture. Recently, loffreda organized the published Iron Age caves into a typology according to the shape and number of underground chambers. lIoffreda designated eight typest Type C (circular chambered with recesses), Type CC (circular chambered with divans), Type R (rectangular single chambered), ‘Type RR (rectangular multiple chambered), Type S (single square chambered), Type M (multiple chambered with square burial chambers), Type T (trapezoidal single chambered), and Type TE (trapezoidal chambered with subsidiary chambers). Since he proposed his typology, many new caves have been published, This new information indicates that although Ioffreda's typology was essentially sound, it needed refine- ment. Amihay Mazar and William Dever, for instance, observed that loffreda's Type M classified many different underground complexes as one particular type.!? Other newly published caves (Aitun tombs 1,3; Motza Tomb- 1) were difficult to classify as Type RR, Still others (for example, Ain Shems 5-9) were wrongly classified by Loffreda or were wrongly interpreted to be caves (for example, thirteenth century cist-grave Saidiyeh 102). Therefore, some adjustments were needed in order to mike loffreda's typology credible to today's data. Much of this refinement is minor. Type RR, for example, inadequately classifies many rectangular shaped caves ‘with one or more subsidiary chambers. Probably it would be50 better to subdivide Type RR according to the number of underground rooms; thus, Type R (single rectangular chambered), Type R-2 (double rectangular chambered), Type R-3 (triple rectangular chambered, et cetera. R-3 would be equivalent to Loffreda's Type RR. R-2 tomb is a rectangu- lar shaped cave which has been subdivided by a partition into two rooms on the same axis. Type R is equivalent to loffreda's Type R+ Figure 2:1, Type R Chambers reclassified: Type R, modified ‘type R-2, modified [h Halif Tomb 1 Motza Tomb Samaria-Sebaste Not drawn to scale. Any slight modification in a Type R, such as a cut niche or side repository, are noted in the classification. 4 Lloffreda's'*Type M needs serious revision, though he is correct in concluding a relationship among all tombs he classi- fies as Type M. Essentially ail his Type M tombs have a central atrium room off of which may be one to as many as seven burial chambers. Also, a rectangular room, often designated as a carnal chamber, may be cut off the central atrium. The problem with Loffreda's Type M is that the classification does not indicate the variety in design among the classified examples. A solution is to abandon the51 designation Type M in favor of a double designation, Type R-number of chambers/S~number of chambers. Figure 2:2. Type R/S cavest ] rate Type R/S-1 Type R/S-2 ‘Type R/S-3 ‘Type R-2/S-7 Jerusalem Iachish 106 El=Kom 1 Jerusalem This double designation better reflects the variety in these related tombs with rectangular or square rooms than does loffreda's general Type M designation. Ioffreda was also concerned with the chronological development of the architectural style. He,proposed approxi- mate dates for his various types Type C and CC, twelfth- eleventh centuries, Type T and TT, twelfth-eleventh centuries B.C.E.s Types R and RR, tenth-eighth centuries B.C.E.; and Types S and M, seventh-sixth centuries B.C.E. Loffreda was uncertain whether Type R predated the tenth century, though he suggested the possibility that this type occurs earlier in Tron 1.35 Since his publication, several Type R and R-2 tombs have been discovered at Aitun and date to the twelfth and eleventh centuries B.C.E. Loffreda's study of Iron Age artifical caves is a use- ful contribution to the description of Iron Age tomb construc~ tions; however, one should realize that it gives a limited52 picture of the use of caves as burial contexts in the Iron Age. His study does not deal with natural or reused Bronze Age caves, nor does it consider in detail the modifications accorded some constructed designs, It is therefore necessary to consider these modifications if one wishes to arrive at an overall view of the use of caves as burial contexts. In analyzing all types of natural, reused, and artifical Iron Age caves, one may describe the development of Iron Age cave architecture as a progression from the more simple to the more elaborate tomb design. Except for the Farah S 500 caves, most Iron I caves are small by comparison to the mach Jater Iron II complexes. They are generally cut shallow into a slope, and sometimes the roof is supported by a ceritral pillar. 16 (The inhabitants may have constructed the caves in this way, because they feared roof collapse.) There are few artifical caves in Iron I in comparison to the number of reused Bronze Age caves. This fact contrasts with Iron II when artifical caves far outnumber reused or natural caves; in fact, the infrequency of artifical caves and the reuse of earlier Bronze Age caves suggests that Iron I was not a perdod of cave construction. Iron II, on the other hand, shows a noticeable increase in cave construction as well as the development and elaboration of the tomb design. Indeed, one can see a progression an the construction and elaboration throughout Iron II, Early in Iron II, the underground complexes 17 are small and have few subsidiary chambers.*’ But by late53 in Iron II, one finds some elaborate underground complexes with more surface area and many more subsidiary rooms. ‘The elaboration in features also follows a legical progression throughout Iron II. Caves dating early in Iron II have few elaborate features, usually divans, ledges, niches, or repositories. Caves dating late in Iron II may have a wide variety of additional features (such as body slots, headrests, inscriptions, lamp sockets, and tomb inscriptions) besides divans, ledges, niches, or repositories. One might even conciude that the more elaborate a cave is in its features, the later it seems to date in Iron II,CHAPTER TWO Footnotes ioffreda, “Iron Age Rock-Cut Tombs in Palestine,” TA 18: 244-287. 2sonns, "Excavations at Pilgrim Castle, ‘Atlit,” QDAP 6 (1936-37) 121-152. Spetrie, Beth Pelet I, pl. 39A. M, Prausnitz, “Achzib,” Encyclopedia of Archaeoiogical Excavations in the Holy Iand, Vol. I, p. 31. 4n cremation urn burial, which Albright dates to the thirteenth century (Stratum C2, Tell Beit Mirsim), was deposited in a stone wall. William Foxwell Albright, E; it Mirsim II, Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 17, (New Haven: American Schools of Oriental Research, 1938), pp. 75+76. Unfortunately, one cannot know from the published information whether the urn burial context at Tell Beit Mirsim parallels that at Azor D 63. Sopiong or oval shaped (Farah S 226; Iachish 100/200 cemetery), rectangular (Ajjul Type G; Megiddo 617), and mist shaped with recess (Megiddo 17, 37B, 62; En+Ha- Nasev). rarah § 1352, Lachish Prausnitz, "Achzib," Encyclopedia of Archaeological Excavation in the Holy Land, Vol. I, D. 30. Tgurials in caves covered by field stones: Mt. Carmel caves,1, 73 and Yasur. - 7 Re Saigah, “Fouilles de Khaldé. Rapport preliminaire sur la premiGre et deuxiéme campaignes,” BMB 19 (1966) 51-90. ®the gew cist-graves with mud-brick sides are: Azor third type buria and Farah S 110, 112, 123; and Saidiyeh. 108. All other cist-graves are stone-lined. °stone paved cists: Farah S 201; and Zeror cist I, V, VI. pothan, “Azor," IEJ 111 170, ‘games B. Pritchard, “The Cemetery at Tell es-Saidiyeh Jordan)." Philadelphia, 1978. Saidiyeh burials 102, 117. Wrist of roofed cists: Azor third type; Farah S 102, 114, 120, 123, 201, 224, 228, 229, 231, 233, 237, 238, 2393 and Zeror cists I-Ix, 5455 13amihay Mazar, “Iron Age Burial Caves North of the Damascus Gate, Jerusalem,” IBS 26 (1976) 3-4. Wiliam Dever, “Iron Age Epigraphic Material from the Area of Khirbet e1-Kom," HUCA 40-41 (1970) n. 13. M4yoaitications to the general constructed shape of a tomb are noted in the Appendix. iorrreda, "Iron Age Tombs,” IA 181269-270. 18a shdod-Yam and Gezer Tomb 31. 17,itun Tombs; Ed Dahriyeh; Halif Tomb 1) Nasbeh Tomb 5; and Samaria-Sebaste. 18, ‘ain Shems Tomb 5-9; Jerusalem tombs near Damascus gate; E1 Kom Tomb 2; and Lachish Tombs 105, 106.CHAPTER THREE Pottery Patterns Method of Analysis Several factors aided in the identification of the various pottery patterns, The preliminary patterns were first identified by the most frequent ceramic forms in a burial.’ Since bowls, lamps, and juglets were the most pre~ valent forms, each burial was then grouped into three separate categories according to whether a bowl, lamp, or juglet was predominant. These preliminary groups were further assessed by examining the types and frequencies of the other ceramic forms. The presence or absence of Black-on-Red juglets, censer lamps, crater-like jars, imitated or pseudo Cypro- Phoenician bottles, lentoid flasks, storage jars, and other pieces provided a means for distinguishing various patterns from among the preliminary groups. The frequencies of indi- vidual pottery pieces, given as percentages of all vessels, alse provided another method for analysis. In total, five major patterns were located, and each will be described below. Bowl. ttern A Bowl pattern is easily identified by the prevalence of small and large bowls (see Tables 3: 1-10), Bowls, the most common vessel form, account for one third of all vessels (mean 33.3 percent and range, 27.0-39,0 percent), This 565? extremely high frequency provides a means for locating many examples of this pattern, because no other identified pattern has such a high occurrence of bowls. Other characteristics of most Bowl patterns includes the common occurrence of lentoid flasks and storage jars; the low frequency of lamps; the presence of many dipper juglets; and the great variety of common pottery forms. Lentoid flasks (mean, 15.2 percent) and storage jars (mean, 6.8 percent) are common in a Bowl pattern; most important, these forms infrequently occur (that is, below 4.0 percent) in most other pottery patterns. Stor- age jars, in particular, aid in the further identification of a Bowl pattern, since they are both infrequent in other patterns and common to almost all examples of this Bowl pattern, Len- toid flasks prove less useful for identification purposes than storage jars, simply because the form disappears in Iron I. however, flasks occur frequently among Iron I examples of this 2 pattern,” A third characteristic is the low frequency of one spouted lamps (mean, 6.9 percent). Except for a Juglet-2 pattern, the Bowl pattern has the lowest frequency of this common funerary pot. The prevalence of dipper juglets seems a fourth characteristic of the Bowl pattern. 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“YLT z SeOTTRUD SHSET PTOWUST szef a6er035 £ (steq04) s3eTSne 72430 szoThnf yorTa S8T330q susoya-o7df9 78430 2uzg AeA per-uo-yoeTE zNos 008 szeddqq (steqoz) séac peTpUeY 4O8N aytt-zeddtg sz0uDaTd AE Erté z sdurey nbz eT0z z staog Bez96 *stassea TTe JO ebeqWedzed +4 +saqou s,somep wory ueye; uoTaeMtogur + FSTST USA uy poystrandun Azeyq0d quo, xs ‘seqou s,souep org ueyey UOTFEMIOZUT y 1st L s ot “ ot STeIOy, peqeEUTaST %0°z s snosuerteostH £096 **0 T T puegs 3ep %b°0 T aexoyduy aangequTH sazz #zT € T 8709279 0% STEIOL tbe The OWT +H GET Bez97 ac c T ic z z T Tv Tv T T TOT T t T T z xT A gay eat Feqxoquon Tepang sivning ssa LrTEW uxoa3eg THE ate STARZ aoaag STeROL, seoTTeUD yod BuyH00D eezoyduy eanqepUTH s303e79 saef eber035 (steI0L) szeTbne auingzed yOeTE susoug-o2dAg 70030 paa-wo-4oeTE szeddta (stTe30L) sbne uaouxun, atpuey xoeN sjoau woosysny wOUud3 Ta sduey sTMOg suzog Tessa,98 xs*b KenZ *8"9 ws Ke°8T HLT bOI BOLT ST@SseA TTR Jo a6equeszeg bby ot s a STeI04 z@ arTAx ayax STeI01, se; TED od Buys}009 aezoyduy arnqeTUTH sr03eID szef a6ez035 (steq0n) szeTéne ‘aunziad 42eTa suecyg-o7dé9 79U30 par-uo-4OeTE szeddyq (steq0n) s6ne uaouxun, STPUeY 3DON soau woozysn qouoaTd sdurey STAR,99 percent): Bowls, juglets, jugs, lamps, lentoid flasks, and storage jars. Other vessels such as amphoriskoi, craters, Egyptian pottery forms, pyxides, and stirrup vases my also be present. This variety of forms, indeed, contrast many but not all examples of the other four patterns which generally have four common forms (bowls, juglets, jugs, and lamps) and few other pottery pieces. ‘The Bowl pattern is found in graves and cist-graves, though a few examples may be cited from caves, Many Iron I and Iron II primary burials, some anthropoid coffin and jar burials, and Iron II pyre burials are associated with the Bowl pattern. Few examples of the Bowl pattern are noted among massive secondary burials; and none occur among the published cremation urn buriais.? Iamp-1 Pattern The primary characteristic of a Lamp-1 pattern is the high frequency of one spouted lamps. Lamps, the most common ceramic form, account for one half to as much as two thirds of all vessels (mean, 56.9 percent and range, 43.2-66.8 per- cent), Other characteristics of this pattern are: the presence of few bowls (mean, 7.7 percent) and jugs (mean, 7.0 percent); numerous Cypro-Phoenician bottles (mean, 21.3 percent); the occurrence of an occasiénal crater and censer lamp; and the general absence of storage jars and lentoid flasks. In fact, the burials with a Lamp-1 pattern have basically two dominant forms, the one spouted lamp and the Cypro-Phoenician bottles.100 Most 6E b T T T ze %6:0 | ZI KOT: ob %b°99 «BET. S'S aT x% sTe304, oe ueqtud x9°0 SOT € “ mETE OS wero OT L'9T SZ 2% POT KEE OT XITO OT sua0yg-ordé9 AT ISOM ‘saseq be KErT %6"0 x8"b9 xS°S a% b or OTT “oto OT Oog “8°99 gh xXO'ZL g0T be STeIOL be OgeN BE z 0.0 20) ¥% STRIOL 4% STEROL €f ueqTud 99 UeUS WIEg uzeqqeq T-duey ete eTaeL eorTeNo sesea dnzatag sapTxhg, SNSETE PTOWUET sief eber03s (sTeqOL) szeT One spzays snosuetteostn S8T330q e7TUOUMIY sdng saeddyp peqnods saeddtq S8T330q suaoug-07d49 (sTeq0L) sBap 78UI0 pegnods exyt-azeddrq szasueg sdwey sTAOG,101 T-durey Iz atte 6 x% STEROL 9p ueqruc T-duey Teduey eon v9 HLT 8 | KOT OT eet Ok x% STRIOL *% STeIOL bs OdeN Er WeaTUC ‘sTessea TTe 30 eBequecred + T-duer/Taog ost 4% STRIOL 99 ueus Uz0d uzeqqed £10q30d 9y3 $0 UOTAROTSTSSETD sTeI0y peqaewTasE 8309229 szod Guyy¥009102 x9" %o's7 HL" 0% OTL %o"ez BLOLT a% @ quoy qeyes Se ueqtud T Ke'O |S mo |Z x70 OT Bere ob moto Oe Tv Te XE'LT TZ KULZ vot KES LT seT}30q *uscyg-ordAD OF z z seseq AT3SOm ‘TET s ot T z v t Tv “£ s : 6t at 6t or ve ME Ob HOP «BZ T 6 TT € ve € T z € “L et 2b OS weet TT Ov XzEb TS ML*6h «TOE X9°BH bE 6z %6°9T 0% M6 | LS KLIS STEIOL 4% STeION 4% STEIOL *% STeIOL 0z CPN Lp UeGTUT sqod 6uy¥o09 seoyTey sasea dnzzy3s sepTxha SHSETZ PTOWWST szef a6er035 (sTe30L) s39TBne spzeys snosuetTeosTH SeT330q 87 ;UOUMIY sdn saeddyp pegnods szeddtq seT330q ‘uacyg-ordA (sTeq0L) siue T3u30 paTpueY xeN zequeep 723eH qeuoata pagnods exyT-aeddta saesuea sdwey sTAog,103 uzeqzed £20330d 943 4% STRIOL @ quoy qeyes 40 WOTFEOTSTSSETO STe}0], peqeUyyST sz0qez9104. These two forms comprise over 85 percent of all vessels in a Lamp-1 pattern. Lamp-1 patterns are found among Iron II cave burials. These caves contain massive secondary burials in bone piles, or massive secondary burials with either anthropoid or “bath- tub" coffin burials and sometimes jar burials. No examples are known from cist-graves, graves, pits, or pyres; nor among primary burials, pyre burials, or urn burials. Also, only a few massive secondary burials in caves have a Lamp-1 pattern. Most other massive secondary burials have either a Lamp-2 oF Juglet-1 pattern.> A related pottery pattern to the Lamp-1 appears in some Iron I cave burials, Sahab Tomb C and Beth Shan Tombs 7, 66, and 90 share similar characteristics with a Lamp-1t a high frequency of lamps, few bowls or jugs, and few - if any - storage jars.© ‘These tombs patterns differ somewhat from later Lamp-1 patterns in their infrequency of juglets, the variety of ceramic forms, and the presence of numerous lentoid flasks, In fact, several of these variant characteris- tics are to be associated with a Bowl rather than a Lamp-1 pattern. Since it seems that the pottery pattern of these four tombs reflects both the Bowl and the Lamp-1 pattern, their patterns are hence classified as a mixed type, Bowl/ Iamp-1 pattern, Several other contemporary and later Iron IT cave burials, which also have characteristics of the Bowl and Iamp-1 patterns, are also classified as this mixed type.”105 Lamp-2 Pattern A second type of Lamp pattern differs from the Lamp-1 pattern in several respects. This pattern has a much lower frequency of lamps (range, 30-40 percent), though one spouted lamps are still the most common form, Other notable differences includes the higher frequency of jugs and bowls; the variety of jug types; and the high occurrence of dipper juglets and black perfume juglets, Bowls comprise just over one tenth of all vessels or slightly higher than the frequency of bowls in a Lamp-1 pattern, The frequency of jugs is also higher; moreover, there is a greater variety of jugs (the one handled, round based jug, neck handled jugs, pitchers, red slipped jugs, spouted jugs, and water decanters). This variety contrasts with most examples of a Lamp-1 pattern which usually have two major jug types, a dipper-like jug and the neck handled jug. A major difference between both Lamp patterns is the Presence of many dipper juglets and various types of black perfume juglets in the Lamp-2 pattern. These forms, although one or two pieces are found among each example of a Lamp-1 pattern, are infrequent in the Lamp-1 pattern, On the other hand, the Cypro-Phoenician bottle, the common juglet type of Juglet-1, rarely occurs in a Lamp-2 pattern. Like the Lamp-1 pattern, a Lamp-2 is associated with massive secondary burials in caves. No examples are known from cist-graves, graves, pits, or pyres. Except for a few jar burials in caves with massive secondary burials, none of the other methods of interment occur with this pattern. The106 sou qg-az"a-1S iecen Cl 2 Abou Tc maz & 6tc-6 qsou ere-sz Terenas S*b°C-ST eLtL-9 Maze GL‘OTESZTL-OT %e'Sb «POT «OTHE EST 6's OZ) METST ZL a0% STPIOL e4%_STEIOL, ¥6-S SUOUS UTY 90T YSTUORT s 9 26 L KOS 9 *sGnur 3u3 aze sus € sdeyzed-x 1 6 T It z 9 sastt Axoqueauy uo papropaz you ang pozerASNITT waos - Xx + sdwet JO Zequnu auz ynoge eqzusyoen Aq squemos ees - IT xS*Zb EZ 9 xStPT OL 0% STRIOL 44% STEIOL *T sous UTY € ate 1g uqea3eg Z-duey otte etaen, szeddtp peqnods szeddta (steqon) sénp paddtts pow qoquesep 193eH peseq punox ‘patpuey 2u0 peTpUeY 409N qayoatd pa3znods exyt-zadd za saesuep sduey STAOg107 age BO OUT over sr KOT 9@b-pzbtaN m0 OE tao KOTE OT oebtad x0 TT rots KET O€ ebro OUT KO'ZT «62 «= KOTOE BT 99e-T beetEese-z agta-¢ bre-z g*a-se 40% STEIOL x4K% STEROL *6-S sUBUS UTY 90T YSTUDET Ker0 CT T ast 8 | 4050) ce: wero OE eo Lt «%6"8Z OTST b 6 L sb 4x STEROL xe% STEIOL +T suaus UTW € ate ta snoaueTTeostH 3ef peqnods pezoyduy *uTH s7032I9 sq0d BuT¥009 seOFTEUD sopra SHSETZ PTOWST szef a6ez03s (ste20g) sgeTéne 33430 soT330q oj TuOUNY seT330q ‘usoyg-o2d4o paz-uo-yoeig sda s3eT int eungied YORTG/Pea108 ‘sTessea ITe JO ebequeoteg +e *(6-¢ suas uT¥) seqeTd quo 20 (T quoy, swoeYs UTY) SezeTd 4103300 aug uo ZayZTE WIOZ pazeISNITT JO TequMU sya ST STESSOA SOTAeA Jo Aequnu ouL + gz Thy “ze zs STEIOL PEPEUTIST ee% STPIOL 44% STPIOL eeK STRIOL 44K STEIOL #6-S SWOUS UTY 90T USTHOT xT sueys UTW € ato Ta109 identified examples of the Lamp-1 pattern date primarily to Iron II, but a few examples fall into late Iron 1.° Several earlier Iron I cave burials, such as Gezer Tonb 58 and 59 or Dothan Tomb 1, share characteristics with both the Lamp-1 and the Bowl pattern.® These patterns may be classified as a mixed type, Bowl/Lamp-2 pattern. Jualet-1 Pattern The most common ceramic form in this pattern is the jug- let (mean, 34.9 percent), Small cups, dipper juglets, and various black perfume juglets are the prevalent types. The Black-on-Red juglets and the Cypro-Phoenician bottles, jugiets common to Jugiet-2 pattern, are rare among examples of this pattern, Other identifying characteristics of a Jugiet-1 pattern include: the moderate infrequency of bowls (mean, 16.9 percent); the variety of jug types; and the general absence of storage jars and lentoid flasks. Among the earliest dated examples of a Juglet-1 pattern, one commonly finds pyxides at or about 5.0 percent of all vessels. Later Iron II examples, however, have few - if any - pyxides. Like both the Lamp-1 and Lamp-2 patterns, the Juglet-1 pattern usually has four common forms: bowls, jugs, juglets, and lamps. Other pottery pieces, such as cooking pots, craters, lentoid flasks, miniature amphorae, spouted jars, storage gars, etc., may be present but account for only a small percentage of all the vessels in this pattern. The Jugiet-1 pattern is found in caves with massive secondary burials. No examples may be cited from cist-graves,110 b ‘T's ero HL*TE OZ T9E‘OSEHSD-Z gra-e S‘b°L-ZL Bieta s9 S-T*d-6S KENZE Oe €@7'eee-z Bte-T poet zgEerse-z S'b°L-90T (sdno 28s) Li 0-bb ofetZ*e-Ts Tse we0 CT 6LE ‘OT-T'T xt'ot = Zot eT'a-e*a xO'ET 98 3% STeIOL Zoot usTyseT (0 KLITE PT KOZ +09 (948-€28) OT s (ve6-Sz6) 9 4 ‘ta (III 3 I sseto) wu 6-2 *88ta T (1 sseta) 95 6-8 *s8ta MPrOE SET. 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MOLT Ok STEIOL ¥4% STEIOL 42% STEIOL AI 4stToO *SLSIO YOUsZ TIT 3sto uz033e@ T-3eTSne/TACE ele eTaen, oaa € z STeIOG rast sTeq03, s@OTTRUD SHSETZ PTORUST saef e6ei035 (sTeIOL) szeTSne qetont woetTe szeddq per-wo-4oRTE s6np sduey sTAog,© a KOT xed wS"SE ete xS°ST %0"07 STaSseA TTR Jo ebequeoteg Sb 1 oT t z z oT 8 z 8 z ot 9 € z € o L T o 6 s € STeIOL 2 qwoy, z qwon SHOL TSHEVO LH wz833e4 T-39TSne/TAOE bIte eTaeL ot adm ano T quoy, STRIOL snooueTTeostTH szef a6er035 (sTeI0L) sjeTonr dng S8T330q suaoyg-o2dk9 73430 zen per-uo-4oeTE (steqon) sing paseq punox ‘petpuey euo peTPURY HEN seunaTa sduey sTAog,119 9069 got bMEL suep se expo eoze 7469 a9t blot €9 va‘oze £462 £90T zuze 6SOT T ° z € T z eznze ae TI@8 z v wave OE boro 9EOT E€0T 6zZOT EZOT sivrand Tacey ure3zed T-3eTSnr/TAOR sTre etary, ° v z ease zaze T z z eee 28. gaze e9ze @tot TtOT otoT STRIOL, snosueTTSOsTH s193eI9 sySeTs PToqueT szef aBex035 (steq0n) s3eTSne seTaq30q ‘us0ud soadig 70030 szeddta orem, per-uo-yoeTa, (sTeI0y) s6np uxouxuA, seT330q Jepecd sduey sTAog,120 + (@q0u anoqe aag) ezetduoouT ST a8TT Azoquaauy og esneosq ‘uoTzDeTes eTayssod yz 3e ssenb ATUO UO BUD ¥e ‘quo UT pazerZSsNTTT Zequnu ay} UeYZ SseT Tez ST SJOTOHMf Jo aoqumu ou, + L°TT 6°e xe°s %6°Z set Te LIL LIL ST@SseA TTe 30 a6equeoteg ve b bt 9 STeIO, b stass St 6ett & we zse case ztLez *ea9z ‘Oz € ert T @99 TIT STeIOL SnOsUeTTOOSTH s793eI9 SuseTZ PFOWeT szef a6er035 (stez0n) szeT6Ne seT330q ‘uecud ~ordky 30430 szeddta are peq-uo0-4oeTa (sTeI0L) sng uaouxun seT330q Jepeed sduey sTAog,121 eb @ze-T Lee-T 98z-T €0z Lot 9th ‘bTb € soppxka seoTTeuD SYSETS PTOWST oLb olb 2 ely oly T TO OT T T szef o6e2035 s z z b € € ’ (steqoy) s3eTSnc zze‘ete 60f-b 7Ze-Z @ZE-T @ZE-zZ = zE-T sqeTouf yore Bee Lee-T Lee-T LEE-Z 60E-€ — 6zE-Z pez-uo-yoeTa ZOE-T S8Z-T 962-2 szeddta T T (steqon) s6np 18z qaqURoEp 797eM uepoqusoud -oads ‘paTpuey uO punoz ‘paTpuey suo €0z zeuDaTd 6bT Tv sduey ap “THLE £6 €6‘ZT 8 Te gzt‘oz € T z T z z STAO ost 6ST pSt zsT Lot 6€T = _zeT ort SHAWUS ‘AYALANID 00Z/O0T HSTHOVT uze33eq T-39TSnl/TAOR gtte eTaeL122 Lot oot 6st pst Te zest Lot 6€T sep zet ott sTeq0y sa03eI9 zeuyeras sjod 6uyx009 aeroyduy *uTH123 szouyeras bby T s30d SuTy¥oo9 aexouduy aanqeTUTH soppha s@OTTeUD SYSETF PTOWST ob €Lb rt o saef aber03s T T T z T (steqoL) saetbne szeTont yOeTE paz-uo-4oeTE 962-T 68z-T 96z-T ToE‘esz-z 86z~ saaddta z T T T (sTeqoL) séng wequesap Teqey 6ze-T ueroyueoud sordp ‘peTpuey aug z6t-T 461-1 punox ‘petTpuey au0 €0Z-Z zayo}Tad get T sdurey oz bt = bOT 8 zet 6 16 TOT T T T c T STAOg 6zZ Lot 96T eT ZT TET 68T zet = -«69T12h 6@z Let get bet wer T6T eet zat 69t STEIOL, s7903eI9125 KET Hert wer %6rE %S*OT %Lt be ‘xS*OT wore LEZ ST@SseA TTP Jo ebequeoieg 9L at STeIOL T t T T STe-T zog-T 6Ez Tez STEROL s7032I9 wouTer3S s3od Buyy009 aeroyduy: arngeTUTH soppeka seopTeua SYSETZ PTOWST szef 26e2035 (sTeq0,) sqeTone sqetont yoeTe baz-uo-yoeTE szeddta (sTeI0L) sbne qequedep 793e uepopuscua -oxd&a ‘paTpuey uo punox ‘patpuey 2u0 qouottd sduey sThog126 graves, pits, or pyres. Only a few late Iron I-Iron IT primary burials appear to illustrate this pattern. All other methods of interment are not associated with the Juglet-1 pattern, !° However, an important mixed Bowl/Juglet-1 pattern can be cited from some Iron I and Iron II primary burials and some secondary buriais.’? This mixed type pattern shows characteristics of both the Bowl and Juglet-1 pattern. A burial with this mixed type Bowl/Juglet-1 pattern may have many bowls (range, 22-26 percent), some lentoid flasks, and several storage jars. The burial's pattern also has a higher frequency of small juglets (27-45 percent) which falls within the range of a Juglet-1 pattern. Some of the jug and juglet types may be those associated with a Juglet-1 pattern, though often examples of this mixed type have many Black-on~ Red or Cypro-Phoenician forms. The presence of these juglet types at first was thought to suggest that the pattern of these burials was a Bowl/Juglet-2 pattern (see below). Yet further analysis showed that this mixed typed shared few characteristics with the Juglet-2 pattern and was more compar- able to the Juglet-1 pattern. duqlet-2 Pattern The last type of pottery pattern has several distinctive characteristics. Juglets, the most common form, account for 40 to 50 percent of all vessels (mean, 45.7 percent). Several of the common types, such as Black-on-Red and Cypro-Phoenician bottles, differ from those common to most examples of a Juglet~1127 %0°0 ° xO'LE = OT. mstst GS %0°0 0 SUIT x% STeIOL, xo ogTt zo esTt za Istt Me 9€TT za zn za za 4 cnt z x x x x &d za T T x x T Tv T BR HB oe BREE 6 oo 9 5 8 G2 88 8 s3xeqU09 TeTANg 2 AYSLINTO TACCW uze33ed 2-3eT HNL Lise otaes, geoT xo bzor zor ee ze Te Trews szef 263035 (stez0L) szeToac gog9 snooueTTaosTH abs s3zed yoeTE ZHEg*uecyd-d&p 12430 £078 Ped-wo-yoeTE EPeL s.es saeddtq (ste30n) séne zave saayoatd THOE petpuey ase eu sdwey rez z10z paet staog sadiy, sw0g S8,87438d Tesse,128 MET EE % 6 STEROL ott estt an SIT 9erT ain sett bEIT goItT xm 4 zott a 60 4 got am bzoT sTessaq TTe Jo abequesieg zzot STe30] (sTe30L) s7ezeID nee ebreT sodky, suz0g s,eTaqed Tessen129 at at T c TOtIOT T T Cte T Tt T TOT v T z z ze tT TT OT Ce T T T T a u a T rT tet T T ote ot 0 el cet One Ge) feo) s3xequog TeTINg AATLSNIO HSTADTU uzeqqed Z-38T ONE eTte eTaeL dam sTe30% saDq TRO youatd (stea0z) 709279 euyT-rel petpuey ¢ fobreT eyyt—szef petpuey z ‘ebre7 Trews saef 26e7035 (sTe30L) SzeTSnL snosueTTeosTH sng aungazed ¥oeTE susoyg-o7d49 72430 pez-uo-4OeTE sxeddta znbe zeuo3ta ‘s6np sdwet sTAog suzog Tesson130 xStE STE %o'sz wSTe KO" Db Kes %0°0 EDT sTesseA TTe 50 aGequeozeg 9s bt sz sTeIOL &z Tz oz 6 STEIOR seoqTeuD (stea0n) s. 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(steqoL) 5: snoaueT ta aunzied 3 susoyg-o7dAg 3 pet—uo-3 S33 zope TOYDITA yourta 794RID ~7ef TET af BIT TRUS Ber095 eT Sap STH sdno jOeTS oua0 eta data ‘sinc sdwey STAOE134 zozer aytT—zel petpuey ¢ ‘ebrey Lee Mbb zMbb 33RD axqT-7ef petpuey z fe6zeT age eb6zeT a tk ee 0 ze Te Trews zaob Ta9r sief a6ei035 (sTeIO,) s3eTSa o a a a a 4 4 ” a cs) ea zw 7 be bo wa eet s.e8 SEL suaoua-o7dd9 72430 paz-u0-yoe TS vo Sek Ta 2M'bH eo WH Td H ea S.€5 szeddta T T T T T T (sTe30) sone peqnods 3230 ose @nbe @NLE ZOE ZAPE ZApE szeyoaTd PETPUEY SUD zzte T2t6 suet zaez zxoT stMog Sst wsz eSz zS2 SZ oSt 612 BIZ LTZ Me Ste sedi, s,ueounq sqxequo TeTIng 3 suiog Tessen KATLINIO 00 S HVAWE uzeq3eg 7-39THnp ett eTaeL,132 o T ssz & T sz sz zz sz osz Iz € T aiz Lz tz siz STEIO] (ste30) s703e79133 i) ea Ta zoe 697 s‘eo zn zaL9 zave 897 bo ea wea znve L9z wa z bo znbe soz € bo ea en znbe ez voz zo c a web TOT vo Td €9% 09% s € 8 T T see zaze € z € i) vo eq za ea NZS @d@S_—s Ted c Tse TH0z *gnfca rd ‘Zest 6sz 8sz ist 9 steR0y, t (sTeq0) s799~I9 493219 SHTT-1eL petpuey.¢fe5reT see wozeID eytT-zel petpuey z‘obreT abrey ge ze Te Trews sief 26e2035 € (sTeI0n) s3eTSNe vo sa sie S.EL suacyg-ordsg 39u30 per-uO-4OeTE SyEL 18zs syes szeddtq (ste30n) s6np paznods 70u30 szeyoqtd paTpuey suo sduey Lez Tet sTAog sz1394 Ke" ZT #%0'b wS°SS 6° ET KOZ 6" ET sTesseq TTe Jo ebequeoreg Tot €t 9s vt z oT STEIOL Taop va ea vo 12s ecet ee so Ta znve ae tz bIby a2° gn‘ zuet oLz STeIOL (steq0B) 709279 459eID oyTT-7ef petpuey ¢ foszer woqex9 oytT—zef petpuey ¢ ‘abreT abr8T ge ze Te Trews szef a6er035 (sTeqOL) syeTHar s.€8 S.EL suscyg-ordag 3030 par-uo-4eTE, S4EL s,€5 szeddta (sTeIOL) sine peqods Teu30 szeyo3Td petpuey suo sduey sTAog135 pattern, Another characteristic is the lack of one spouted lamps (mean, 0.7 percent). The frequency of jugs does fluctuate among cemeteries of a Juglet-2 pattern; however, many burials have one particular type of jug, a one handled pitcher (Garrow Duncan's Type 34U2).1* the frequency of bowls is consistent among all cemeteries (mean, 13.1 per- cent), and often one major type of bowl can be cited (Duncan's type 18).73 craters, either small two-handled craters or iarge two-handied crater-like jars, are characteristic of this pattern alone. Although the frequency of craters fluc- tuates among the major examples, one or two factors may explain this fluctuation, The Ajjul burials date somewhat earlier than those at Farah S and Reqeish so that the difference. may be due to chronological changes in the pottery pattern, !4 A second explanation for the fluctuation may be the size of ‘the Ajjul sample. That sample is much smaller than those at Farah S or Regeish and thus may be less representative of the “true” pottery pattern, A duglet-2 pattern can only be cited from cremation urn burials in graves or pits,15 Summary The importance of these pottery patterns may not only be in the eventual classification of burial practices (see Chapter Five), but also in the discussion of variant funerary rites. Stuart Piggott once noted that the types of grave goods in a burial are there not by chance, but selected according to some 6 unknown social behavior.1° Piggott encourages us to begin136 considering the selection process, if we are particularly interested in issues of culture, funerary practices, and religion. It may then be suggested that a possible reason for the variant pottery patterns is differences in social behavior, a point which will be explored more fully in Chapter Six. For now, one must note that among Iron I-If burials there dre demonstrable patterns in the number and types of selected funerary pottery.?7CHAPTER THREE FOOTNOTES lane analysis of the preliminary groups began by studying individual burial's pottery. This method, however, proved less informative than it was first hoped, especially because many burials have one or two pottery pieces, Statistics based on such few pieces generally were uninformative, and perhaps useless in a comparison with major caves with as many as 600 pottery pieces. I therefore decided for statistical comparison with these major caves to use the pottery collection from a cemetery of graves or cist-graves rather than statistics based on single burials. This approach gave me a large enough sample for comparative studies with other burials in caves. *amiran, Ancient Pottery of the Holy land, p. 276. 3a 1pright, "An Anthropoid Coffin from Sahab in the Trans jordan," AJA 36: 295-306, The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim I, III. ~~ Wright, “The Archaeology of Palestine the Ancient Near East, pp. 94-101. " Bible and 4ane following burials are clear examples of a Bowl Pattern: Affulah burials 1-4; Ashdod-Yam Tomb; Atlit pyre purials; 100 cemetery Farah S, specifically 102, 110, 111, 117, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 134, 131 200 cemetery Farah S, spec: cally 202, 204-20: 207, 210, 213, 214, 220, 221, 222, 223, 228, 232, 233, 236, 237, 239, 240, 241; 500 cemetery Farah S, specifically 506, 507, 509, 513, 516, 519, 524, 531, 534, 535, 536, 538, 540, 542; 500 cemetery Farah S, the caves; 600 cemetery Farah S, specifically 602, 606, 608, 609, 610, 615, 620, 623, 625, 626, 627, 630, 631, 634, 635, 637, 643, 644, 648, 656, 660, 661; 800 cemetery Farah S, specifically 801, 807, 813, 814, 822, 823, 828, 833, 838, 840, 844, 846, 849, 851, 858, 859, 860, 862; Lachish 223, 5213 Megiddo 3, 11, 17, 29, 30, 37C2, 39, 41, 62, 71, 2275 and Motza Tombs 1,2. In several other burials, the Bowl Pattern is less certain, because the inventory is only partially published, because too few vessels are published, or because the cemetery’s pattern may suggest a mixed Bowl/Juglet-1 Pattern instead of a Bowl Pattern. Neverthe- less, the following burials may be a Bowl Pattern! Achzib cist burial; Beth Shan 69, 202A; other burials in the 100, 200, 500, 600, 800 cemetery Farah S; Lachish 526, 529; Saidiyeh 116, 129, 136, 143; Samaria S Tomb 10: and Zeror cist Iv. 137138 Sthe following burials have a Lamp-1 pattern: Dhiban J3, J4, J5, J6, 37} and Nebo Tombs 20, 64. Sahab ‘Tomb B probably is a later example of this pattern which may explain some of its differences from the other exampiess such as, the lower frequency of lamps and the higher frequency of bowl and jugs. Note that Sahab Tomb's pattern varies greatly from Dhiban J3, the earliest of this type ef pattern. The frequencies of Dhiban J3 are indeed com- parable to an earlier Iron I mixed type, Bowl/Lamp-1 Pattern, from Beth Shan Tomb 66. The Sahab Tomb's pattern, however, is comparable to Dhiban J5 in many respects. This later dated tomb has a lower frequency of lamps and many more bowls, and thus is somewhat comparable to Sahab Tomb's pattern. 6rn nig :publication of Sahab Tomb C, Awni Dajani failed to provide a detailed inventory of forms. “Awni Dajani, "A Late Bronze-Iron Age Tomb Excavated at Sahabs 1968," ADAJ 15 (1970) 29-34, The statistics given in the Appendix reflect the number of published forms which might indirectiy indicate the number of discovered forms. Study of the pottery patterns from this tomb and those at Beth Shan indicate a shift from a Bowl pattern to a mixed Type Bowl/Lamp-1 pattern. Probably this shift continued at other sites in the same region and resulted in the later lamp-1 pattern. Bowl Pattern Bowl/lamp-1 — Lamp-1 Pattern Pattern late Bronze II Beth Shan Amman Jabal 27, 29, 42 Nuzha Sahab Tomb C Madeba Tomb Beth Shan 90 Iron I Beth Shan 202A, Madeba Tomb 69 Amman Jabal Nuzha Beth Shan 7, 66, 90 Iron It Adoni Nur Tomb Dhiban Cemetery Nebo Tombs 20, 84 Sahab Tomb B Tother tombs with a mixed Type pattern are: The Tomb of Adoni Nur, Amman Jabal Nuzha, and Madeba Tomb. The Late Bronze-Iron I tombs at Amman and Madeba are139 particularly informative in understanding the changes in the pottery pattern. Except for a higher frequency of lamps, the patterns are a Bowl pattern. These two tombs thus indicate the beginnings of a change in the pottery pattern that one can Clearly see at Sahab and Beth Shan. ®qombs with a Lamp-2 pattern are: Ain Shems Tombs 1, 5-9; Bethlehem Tomb (Salier); E1 Jib Tomb 35 Lachish Tomb 106; and Nasbeh Tomb 3. °one cannot be certain of this classification, Bowl/ Lamp~2 pattern, for these three tombs, because the published inventories are far from complete. However, the available evidence from the published material suggests this classifi- cation. 10m gollowing tombs have a Juglet-1 pattern or a possible Juglet-1 pattern: Ain Shems Tombs 2, 4; Halif Tomb 1; Lachish Tombs 107, 116, 117, 224, 1002; Nasbeh Tombs 5, 29, 32, 54; and Samaria-Sebaste Tomb. 1tghis mixed pattern is important to note, because it is part of the evidence for a major change in burial practices beginning in Iron I (see Chapter Six). The important cemeteries that have this mixed pattern are: Ajjul Iron Age primary burials in the XVIII Dynasty Cemetery; Mt, Carmel caves 1, 2, 73 Farah S 201, 229; primary burials in area 100/200 Lachish; burials dating to the thirteenth- twelfth and twelfth century Saidiyehs and Zeror cists I, II, Wv. 12yy first assumption was that these burials patterns should be a mixed Bowl/Juglet-2 pattern; however, more detailed analysis of the various pottery types and their frequencies showed little support for that contention. 13carrow Duncan, Corpus of Dated Palestinian Pottery (London: Egyptian Exploration Fund, 1932), Vol. 52, Type 34u2. Mqpia., Types 18. 15qhe following burials have a Juglet-2 pattern: Ajjul urn burials 1022, 1024, 1038, 1093, 1102, 1106, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1151, 1153, 1160; Farah S urn burials 214-219, 252- 272; and Regeish urn burials 1-23. Other urn burials, such as Achzib urns, Ajjul 1079, Atiit xviic, Azor D63, and the140 urns in the Megiddo Temple precinct (Schumacher), may be possible Jugiet-2 patterns. The problem with these burials is that no statisticai analysis can be given because of the presence of only a few ceramic forms. However, the types of pottery pieces in these burials are similar or the same as those in the better documented Juglet-2 patterns. stuart Piggott, "Conclusions," The Domestication and Exploitation of Plants and Animals, ed. by Peter J. Ucko and G. W. Dimbley (Iondon: Gerald Duckworth & Co., 1969), p, 558. “This is of course patently obvious in the case of evidence from burials: what goes into a grave is subject to selection not only in terms of the range of objects available within a given culture, but in terms of religious and therefore social approval. Ignorant of the religion, and informed only inferentially of the social structure of a prehistoric community, the choice may seem to us meaningless or even capricious. I would remind you in passing that the archaeological phrase “grave good” itself conceals an unveri- fiable assumption as to motive and purpose, rather than demonstrates an inference, But whatever the irrecoverable reasons for the placing of objects in a grave, their presence is far from being the product of chance, They have been Selected according to conventions of which we are ignorant.CHAPTER FOUR Other Artifacts Items of Personal Adornment Most undisturbed burials have similar types of other artifacts! items of personal adornment, some weapons, and a few tools. By far artifacts worn by the deceased, items of personal adornment, are the most common group of grave goods. Various shaped and colored beads, bronze bangles, qunate and other earrings, different finger and toe rings, and signet items (scarabs, scaraboids, seals, etc.) are pre- sent in most burials, Other adornment pieces, such as amulets, bead spacers, bone plaques, chains, cowrie shells, and fasteners (fibulae, toggle pins, and other nondescript pins), are less frequent but do occur in many contexts (see Table ani). The distribution of adornment artifacts among the various methods of interment, burial contexts, and pottery patterns indicates little signiticant differences in the general types of adornment pieces placed with the dead. Iron Age burials have similar adornment collections, though some minor variations are apparent, especially in the size of the collections. Massive secondary burials have the largest collections of adornment artifacts, occasionally over five hundred pieces, These large collections probably result from 141142 11 z oT bt be x sproqezeos /saexeos apeug xe aw vas x Pt) el x sbuyazeg © + oAnaX not m 8z X sbuyy om 4 tH00N 8 x e3 setSueg “isnt Tow z b ssnT Tou *ayzHn09 It € ayzK0o s epzH0o T epzM0o 9 TINO x @qIhoD x @yTIMOD x @TIMOD x @yaMoD x sTTeus INGWNYOGY JO SWHLT Trp aTaeg, v4 09 st oS eee rte eae 4 sprog @ qeyes *b8 OGeN eke qf peu T ¥0Z OF2N s9r ueqTud ese ueqrud abo uedtud seo ueqTud steping Arepuosds eaTssen qoraz yextpTeS stepanq Azewyaa z YSTUOeT z Opp TbOn 008 Ss YRzeg L 009 s wereg seaeo a oos s uezeg ge o0z Ss Wereg L oot s uexeg s3eThmy stepang Aremyzg WATA sepzeqouleg143 ‘sxe Jo Zequinu uaoUyUN s2qROTPUT, x spaqangsyp sea Areqeue9 TO quoz ey; SOqeOTPUT » Tv 8 € oT aia sterang ekg v T a ysebou € oz § uezeg T T Tally steping uzn T et x x 1987 bs ueqsen of x et obet ze yeqsen z L x #5 W2qseN ve et z 9 ss ot Zoot UsTUdeT L T Tt ve € bez UsTYORT Teq03 UF PT b s ot z OTT usTuoRT e aT a7 SuBUs UTY Te203 UT Zz s z ve v 90T _USTYORT 9 L 1 ss x x € otf ta s st TZ z +08 L 6-S sways UTY Teq03 UT TZ of 90T x T sueys uty steyang Axepuoses eatssei spjoqereag uyeyo sfuyazeg sBuyy setéued stroys speog sqeTnuiy /42x82S14h quepued T quepued o27a T squepued padeys-uz0y z senbetd z sonbetd Z 7230 dna mama od o et it c a ax T T SOTPEEN seTNaTE fSUFE Zoot usTuoeT bez USTUORT QtT ystuoe #@ suoUS UTY 90T asTYORT et z € ate tg x 6-S suous UTY T susys uty @ qeues +08 OGeN zeputTéo c #0Z GON soc ueqTud ssc ueqtud »be ueqtud sutd aes veo _ueqTud steyang Azepuooas eatsseH i078z, s yedtpres T steping Arewyza ysTyoeT oppT6en 008 s ¥RTer z 009 Ss wezeg sear 00s s yexed 6 00z s YeTea ' Oot s yexeg steying Arewpzg ron ad suta sTeas aTb604,145, aqtede JeATTs T quepued azuoaq T 78u30 serpeen eeTnaTa fsutd suta atTb5oy, atTaw sTeTing eakq ustabey, ooz s yerea mnttwz sTeqang wan € bS USqSeN : Ze ueqseNn #S UeqseN stepang Azepuooes eaTsseH sTeos146 the numerous interments placed in contexts of massive secondary burial. Contexts of primary burial, jar burial, pyre burial, and urn burial which have fever interments also have much smaller adornment collections.” Anthropoid coffin burials, either in contexts of primary burial or massive secondary burial, have adornment collections that sometimes are as large as those in massive secondary burial. Most of the differences in specific types of adornment pieces among burials seem to result from chronological changes in artifacts and cannot be traced to a variance in the funerary practices. For example, the change in the type of fastener from the earlier toggle pin to the later fibulae is chronological and probably does not indicate any significant difference in funerary rites among burials with toggle pins and those with fibulae.? Other minor differences in bead types, bangles, earrings, and other adornment pieces also seem chronologically determined.4 ‘There is thus little evidence that the minor differences in specific adornment pieces result from anything other than aesthetic changes over centuries. This fact is indeed, sur- prising when one considers the major variations among burials in their methods of interment, burial contexts, and pottery patterns. Of all the adornment artifacts studied, only bone pen- dants indicate an uneven distribution among burials; moreover, these incised pendants are consistently found in certain, as yet unspecified, groups of burials. Spindles, mallets, and147, calendars often occur in massive secondary burials in caves and with a Lamp-2 or Juglet~1 pattern.> Few pendants appear in primary burials; and none occur in any other methods of interment. Bone pendants are exclusive to certain cave burials with few pendants found in other contexts. Most pendants are associated with a Lamp-2 or Juglet-1 pattern, though some examples are present in burials with a mixed Bowl/Juglet-1 pattern, The distribution of these bone pendants thus appears restricted to certain burials; in fact, bone pendants may be considered characteristic of those burials. Weapons and Other Implements of Warfare Weapons occur less frequently in burials than items of adornment. This lower frequency may result from the restric— tion of weapons to a few adult male burials in primary burial cemeteries (see footnote one) as well as the general absence of weapons in other methods of interment. The following types of weapons and other implements of warfare are present in Iron Age burials! armor, arrow- and javelinheads, chariot rigging, daggers/swords, flint blades, knives, javelin or spear butts, spear points, and tridents. Arrow- or javelinheads and various types of daggers/swords and knives are the most pre- valent types of weapons.® ‘The other weapons and implements of warfare have but a few examples from the entire sample of Iron Age burials, The distribution of weapons proves to be curious. Massive secondary burials have few weapons in comparison to148 egTux T estux T seaTUy seTpuey z065ep fp saperq azTuy Z eTpuey es TUx T ex v0 ayvaad SpXOMs JO ‘sOATUX ‘ sa@bbeq 41z T z wz Buybyy speoyuyTeaee sowszy 3oTzeUD, nome | -» SNOadvaM Zp eTaeL bz USTUDET OTT YSTYORT z@ sways UTY got UsTuoRT € are ta 6-5 sueus UTE T suous uty @ quoy, qeues ve odeN Oz O4eN gr weqrud so ueqtud bo ueqrud ec ueqqud sTeqtang Arepuosss antssey zo10z wedTPTeS sTeping Areutra USTUSET oppy Ben 00g s uerer 009 Ss yereg 00s s yeTeE 00z Ss YereR Oot S Yezer steping Arewpzg149 seatuy Z sprog 70 ‘santuy SUy65qu ‘szabbeq 3OTAeUD speoyuyroare -nozI¥ ata steyang eaka ystebou 00z Ss WeTeE Torey steqaing win pS ueasen Ze yeaseN S WeqseN z Zoot USsTYSeT qouTy150 quepTa3 T Teumod T 79430 s T qwroduptaaet 3anq 33e3s 40 aeads 0 Jeads x pS ueqsen : ze yeasen . Ss YeqseN Zoot YsTYoeT bez UsTUoeT 9TT usTYoRT Z sueus UTY 9oT UsTUoRT € ape Ta 6-s swoys UT T sueus UTY @ quo, qeyes pS OqeN OZ COGN or ueqtua se ueqrud be weqyud ef ueqrud steting Arepuozes eatssen zorez, uadstRTeS t steqang Tyre Five Practice A fifth type of practice varies from the previous four in almost all of its aspects. Cremation urn burial is the method of interment. The pottery pattern associated with these urns is the Juglet-2 pattern. Type Five burials appear in both pits and graves, though sometimes they are inserted into caves and cist-graves. Few - if any - other artifacts are deposited in urn burials, and this general lack of artifacts may be a characteristic of this practice.® Mixed Types of Practices Some buriais cannot be classified as a particular type of practice; instead, they have aspects of several classified types. These burials are thus classified as mixed types of practices: Type One-Two, One-Three?, One- Four, and One-Five?. Type One-Two practice The few burials classified as One-Two have a mixed pottery pattern, Bowl/lamp-1, The methods of interment include anthropoid coffin burials, “bathtub” coffins, and massive secondary burials. All known examples of this mixed174 type are in caves, and the other collection may contain ele- ments of both Type One and Type two? Type One-Three Practice? Based on the few poorly published examples, one might suggest that there might be a mixed One-Three practice. The method of interment is massive secondary burial inside caves. ‘The pottery pattern, classified Bowl/Lamp-1, reflects traits of both Type One and Type Three. The artifact collection has characteristics of both Type One and Three.® Type One-Four Practice This better documented mixed type is common at many sites. The method of interment may be massive secondary burial, primary burial, or secondary burial and primary burial together. The identification of this mixed type is based primarily on the pottery pattern, Bowl/Juglet-1. Most examples are uncovered in medium and mammouth sized cist-graves or graves; few occur in caves. The artifact collection may have traits of hoth Type One or Type Four practice.® Type One-Five Practice The best published pyre burials from Atlit are classified as a mixed practice. Like urn burials, pyre burials are cremation buriais, even though there is some difference (see Chapter One) in the method of interment. The infrequency and general types of artifacts seems consistent with Type Five. ‘The pottery pattern, hovever, is not Type Five, but Type One. Since the Atlit burials have traits of both Type One and Five,175 it thus seems logical to classify them as a mixed Type One-Five. However, this suggested classification must be tempered with the realization that Atlit pyres have some rather unique traits, the particular method of interment and context. Perhaps it would be best to suggest, until other pyres are published in detail, that the classification may be Type One-Five?.?° Summary In total, each of 240 burials has been classified as a particular type of practice.‘+ aithough the number of classified burials accounts for less than half the number of catalogued burials, one should realize that the practices of most catalogued burials could not be classified simply because they are severely robbed or are not published in detail.CHAPTER FIVE FOOTNOTES Jyittiam L. Rathje, "Socio-political implications of Lowland Maya Burials: Methodology and Tentative Hypotheses,” WA 1 (1969-1970) 359-370. Ucko, “Ethnography and Archaeological Interpretation of Funerary Remains,” WA 11 268. 2phe following burials are classified as Type One or Type One?! Achzib cists Affulah burials 1-4; Ajjul 1112, 11395 Beth Shan 69, 202A; Farah S 104, 114, 117, 121, 122, 123, 124, 126, 131, 204-205, 207, 210, 222, 223, 230, 234, 236, 238, 513, 516, 532, 542, 552, 562, 607, 615, 623, 634, 642, 644, 645, 647, 656, 660, 661, 805, 807, 809, 812, 814, 828, 833, 834, 846, 849, 851, 853, 858, 859, 862; Megiddo 17, 37C2, 38, 62, 71, 237; Saidiyeh 129, 136, 143; and Zeror cist IV. The question mark (Type One?) indicates that the classification is less certain than for those burials listed as Type One. Neverthe- less, the available evidence for those classified Type One? favors a Type One classification on several grounds. 3the following burials are classified Type Two and Type Two?! Dhiban J3, J4, J5, J6, J7; Nebo Tombs 20, 84; and Sahab Tomb B, 4mne following burials are classified Type Three or Type Three?! Ain Shems Tombs 1, 5-9; Bethlehem Tomb (Saller); El Jib Tomb 3; Lachish Tomb 10 and Nasbeh Tomb 3. 5ume following burials are classified Type Four or Type Four?: Ain Shems Tombs 2, 4; Lachish 107, 117, 224, 1002; and Nasbeh Tombs 5, 32; 54. Same following burials are classified Type Five or Type Five? Achzib urn burials; Ajjul 1022, 1024, 1038, 1093, 1102, 1106, 1134, 1135, 1136, 1151, 1153, 1160; At1it xviics Azor D63; Farah S 214-219, 250-272; Megiddo Temple precinct (Schumacher); and Regeish 1-3, 5-21, 23 (Culican). Tnype One-Two, Tomb of Adoni Nur, Amman Jabal Nuzha, Beth Shan Tombs 7, 66, 90, Irbed Tomb B, C, Madeba Tomb, and Sahab Tomb Cy ®Snype One-Three?, Dothan Tomb 1 and Gezer Tombs 58, 59. 176cba g °nype One-Four, Ajjul 1023, 1036, 1074, Mt. Carmel Tombs 1, 2, 7, Ed Dahriyeh, Farah S 201, 202, 220, 229, Halif Tomb 1, Iachish 110, 116,/120, 132, 139, 147, 152, 154, 159, 160, 167, 182, 189, 191,192,194, 196,197,218, 223, 239, 521, 6006, Motza Tombs 1, 2, Saidiyeh 105U, 108,109,113, 115, 116,/118, 120, 123,/125, 127, 128, 142, Samaria’S Tombs 103; Samaria-Sebaste Tomb, Sultan's 85, WH.i, and Zeror cists I, III, Ve 0nype One-Five?, Atlit i, iva, ivb, v, vi, vii, viii, ix, x, xib, xii, xiib, xiv, xvib, xviia, xviib. This mixed classification for the pyre burials at Atlit seems consistent with changes in burial practices at the site. The Persian and Hellenistic burials have several aspects of Type One practice (primary burial and elements of the Bowl pattern). Cc. N. Johns, “Excavations at ‘Atlit (1930-1),” QDAP 2 (1932) 41-104, Perhaps at Atlit there is a shift from an earlier Type Five practice to Type One or rather a related later form of Type One in the Persian period. The pyre burials at Atlit would thus be transitional from Type Five to the later form of Type One, Thevurn burial at Atlit then would date some— what earlier than the pyre burials. Of course this interpreta tion is merely conjecture, but there is some supporting evidence not only from Atlit but other sites as well. Note that few - if any - urn burials, that is Type Five, date after the seventh century. Possible pyre burials from Atlit, Achzib, and maybe Sidon all date after the eighth century. Perhaps there is a shift from the more complicated urn burial method to the more simplified pyre burial some time in the seventh century, an observation which consistent with a similar shift in the Aegean at about the same time. tttypes of Practices Number of Contexts ‘Type One 69 exs. Type Two 8 exs. ‘Type Three 6 exs. Type Four 9 exs. Type Five 67 exs. Type Cne-Two 7 exss ‘Type One-Three 3 exs. Type One-Four 54 exs. Type One-Five 16 exs: Total = 240CHAPTER SIX General Conclusions on Palestinian Burial Practices from 1200 to 600 B.C.E. The advantage of the classification system presented in Chapter Five lies both in its usefulness for organizing individual burials into a coherent format and in analyzing Palestinian burial practices from 1200 to 600 B.C.E. Indeed, this typological system provides three new observa- tions about Iron Age practices that otherwise might have gone unnoticed. ‘These general observations about the chronological changes in practices, the regional variations in practices, and the funerary rites and offerings of the Iron Age inhabi- tants are discussed below. Especially noteworthy is the regional variation in practices, because those variations may relate to the cultural history of the region. Chronological Changes _in Burial Practices All of the various classified burials show a continuity in practice extending over several centuries (see, Table: 6:1), though few of these practices can be documented from the entire Iron Age. Type One, for instance, is common to Iron I (twe1fth-tenth centuries B.C.E.), but uncommon in Iron IT (aate tenth-seventh centuries B.C.E.). Types Two, Three, and Four have few examples in Iron I; most classified tombs date to Iron II, Type Five occurs both in Iron I and Iron IT; however, most urn burials date either to late Iron I (tenth 178es tes-t & ee vie sO WL aad abot owe eb-T ey-T b-TIS'T st S ‘eT S fT s s ‘2.4396 © *D UROT 2€-T T *o "ATT T eet t erect ee-t eT ee-T T at Tt T souaz—T "Oo WaET 9 _WabT seqed SHOLLOWd IVIUNG NI SHONVHO TvOTSOTONOEHO Tro sau, atTeH 39209 s wered ueyzog weapud yedtayed Pa weaeH age 7raureD "AW ueus 47°a sozy ITI weumy Tarey susys Ute YRTNSTY arzulw eats180 ab-T ab-T eb-T az ez z z efap eb-T eb-T A oo ‘ou 19 Uae b-T ap at-T és & Sb-T be to WIG et ‘o-T b ‘bot ae "2 uR0T et ‘o-T aT ‘b-T é@-1 2e-T T g@-T sOURTT «°° UAZT 2e-T et e@-T at +2 URET at 2 UIT a0107z ueqTns eyreues yedTpTes aeues yered -18 a7eq 74s yebex oaen ueqseN e230 opprsen eqepeH usTuoeT are-1a181 century B.C.E.) or early Iron II (late tenth-early eighth century B.C.E.). The various mixed practices also show an uneven distribution throughout the Iron Age. Mixed Types One-Two and One-Three are more common to Iron I than Iron II. Type One-Five dates to the end of Iron II (seventh century B.C.E.). ‘Type One-Four may occur in either Iron I or Iron II, yet most date to late Iron I or early Iron II. If one begins by considering the uneven distribution of Type One in the Iron Age, a likely explanation for the chrono- logical distribution of the various burial types may be proposed. ‘Type One is, in fact, a continuation of a late Bronze Age practice. Many of the more important cemeteries and tombs of Late Bronze II (fourteenth-thirteenth centuries B.C.E.) can be classified as a Type One practice: Ajjul Tomb 1166 and perhaps the Governor's Tomb at Ajjul: Tell Abu Hawam cemetery; perhaps the Deir el-Balah coffin burials; Farah S 900 cemetery, both graves and caves; Megiddo Tombs 877, 911, 912B; and Saidiyeh burials dating to the thirteenth century.’ Iron Age Type One thus extends back into the Bronze Age and is a continuation of an earlier practice. This continuity from Bronze to Iron Age practices can only be documented for classified Type One. Types Two, Three, and Four seem, instead, to be exclusive to the Iron Age, although an aspect of one:of these burial practices may be seen in one or two Bronze Age burials (for example, massive secondary burial in bone piles or an occasiénal clay model). These three specific types, nevertheless, prove difficult to182 find among the published Bronze Age burials. Type Five, urn burials, might occur at the endjof the Bronze Age,? but no examples can be documented before the middle of the thir- teenth century. The continuity of Type One to the Bronze Age may explain why this practice is common in early Iron I and uncommon in Iron II, In short, the burial practice of Late Bronze II does not disappear suddenly at the beginning of the Iron Age, but continues into Iron I, Some time in Iron I, the Bronze Age practice begins to change and disappear as new practices intrude or develop. This change in practice first appears at some sites in Late Bronze II (for example, Beth Shan and Sahab) and at others in Iron I (Saidiyeh) with the appearance of a mixed type of practice. The ¢hange becomes more pro- nounced late in Iron I (tenth century B.C.E.) as the mixed types replace the Bronze Age Type One practice at other sites. Also, the appearance of specific Iron Age practices (Types Two, Three, and Four) at a few sites and in regions where Type One had been the exclusive practice signals the final stage of the change to Iron Age practices. However, at many sites this final stage may not be reached, so that a mixed type of practice continues until the end of the Iron Age. On Table 611, the evidence for the change in burial practices is presented by sites, The general conclusion about the changes in practices can readily be seen by studying either individual sites or all sites together. Individual sites that best illustrate the change froma Bronze Age to183 Iron Age practices ares Achzib, Ajjul, Beth Shan, Mt. Carmel/ Tell Abu Hawam, Farah S, Irbed, lachish, Regeish/Deir e1- Balah, Sahab, Saidiyeh, and Zeror. The other sites merely supplement the changes noted at these eleven sites.4 Regional Variations in Burial Practices Although the sample of classified burials is small, an interesting result is noted if one plots on a map the various types throughout the geographical region of Palestine. One would soon discover that the various practices are unevenly distributed throughout the region; moreover, they seem restricted to certain general areas. ‘Type Five occurs along the coastal plain. No Iron Age examples are found in the hill country west of the Jordan River, the Jordan rift valley, or the Transjordan; in fact, over 85 percent of the classified examples occur in the southern coastal plain.® Type Two also shows an uneven distribution with all examples in the Trans jordan. Practices Three and Four have about the same distribution, primarily in the hill country in West Palestine. No examples appear on the coastal plains, Jezreel valley, or in the Trans jordan. Type One has the most even distribution of all five practices, though none occurs inthe hill country or Trans jordan. Examples of Type One are found along the plains, Jezreel valley, and Jordan rift valley. One of two hypotheses may account for the regional variations in burial practices. It may be that if one had a larger sample of classified burials, a more even distributionACHZIB 19, 5? Figure 6:1 Geographical Distribution of the Five Burial Types ATLIT 5? AFFULAH 1 MEGIDDO 1, 5? ZEROR x BETH SHAN 17 SAIDIYEH 1? NASBEH iy EL JIB 3t " SAHAB ‘RIN, SHEMS 22 2 BETHLEHEM See NEBO 2 DHIBAN 2 FARAH S. 1,5 05 1D 184185 of practices throughout Palestine would become apparent. This possible explanation is difficult to prove at the moment and must await further discoveries for verification. on the other hand, some additional information from the partially classified burials lends support to an uneven rather than an even distribution of practices, Although many burials are unclassified, important aspects of most catalogued burials are noted, in particular, the method of interment or the pottery pattern, These aspects from the partially classified burials are the same or similar to those of contemporary classified burials in the same geographical region, One thus sees little evidence from the partially classified burials in favor of an even distribution of burial practices; instead, there is evidence that supports the uneven distribution noted among the classified burials. A second hypothesis is that the regional variations result from cultural differences in Iron Age Palestine. If by culture we mean a characteristic group of archaeological remains, such as ‘eertain types of pots, implements, orna- ments, burial rites, and house forms, that occur :in:a*cer~ » one might understand the variations in classified burials as culturally determined. Scholars have often considered burial practices as a type of cultural indicator, especially when definite regional variations in practice are apparent.” The distri- ution patterns of the five practices may denote cultural variations in Palestine as long as one assumes the sample186 is representative of the actual distribution patterns. Some additional evidence may indicate that the material culture is not monolithic, but might vary regionally along the lines of what is:noted in the burial practices. The regionai distribution of severa). pottery styles (so-called Ammonite, Edomite, Philistine, and Phoenician), individual pottery pieces (for example, the collared -rim pithoi), and some artifacts (bone pendants and royal stamp seals) may ~- follow the regional patterns among burial practices.® Epigraphica! differences seem also to be regionally deter- mined, or at least classified into regional groupings.” Variations in city plans from the hill country and plains in Iron I (that is, the unfortified village verses the forti- fied city), regional differences in Phoenician architectural style, and the distribution of Ammonite architectural forms may lend some credence to the contention of cultural varia- tions in the Iron age.1° Until a more detailed study of the archaeological remains is conducted, one can only suggest the possibility of cul- tural variations. Such a study would focus on the continuity and discontinuity of the archaeological remains throughout Palestine. The study should determine first whether the dis- tribution patterns for various artifacts show regional varia- tions; and second whether there is regional discontinuity in some or all of the archaeological remains. On the basis of a preliminary assessment of the evidence, it may be that the general Iron Age culture is divided into several related187 sub-cultural groupings. 7+ Eunerary Rites and 2} dence Our knowledge of Iron Age funerary rites is limited to what can be deduced from not only the archaeological evidence but also the literary references to burial practices. Unfortunately, the biblical and non-biblical material adds little to the analysis of the archaeological remains. Most biblical references concern the expression of grief and sorrow at the loss of a loved one rather than a description of the disposal of the deceased. The few non-biblical funerary inscriptions merely relate a formula identifying the deceased, mentioning the lack of precious metals and other commodities in the tomb, and cursing anyone who violates the tomb owner's remains.!? There is thus a dearth of literary information to amplify or crystalize our understanding of the funerary remains even though several passages may prove informative, Few passages describe the various methods of interments employed in the Iron Age. The several references to various types of coffin burials provide little new information on these methods other than confirming their use.13 the specific method of cremation mentioned in several biblical passages cannot be determined since the citations do not describe in detail the incineration or the burial of the burnt remains./4 No references to jar burials occur among the literature, and there is but one conclusive reference to primary burial, or at least to the disposition of weapons in primary burials188 (Ezekiel 32:27). Massive secondary burial, however, may be obliquely described in many biblical passages. The burial of the dead in a common tomb for generations may reflect elements of massive secondary burials, namely multiple interments and extended use of a cave ov = centuries. > Eric Meyers has suggested that the ver. , ,X in the phrase 4YIN-OX YOR" should be understood literally and thus indicates the gathering together of bones, or secondary buria1,*6 The literary references to the types of burial contexts adds little to visualizing how the ancient inhabitants conceived of the tomb as a house for the dead, repository for bones, or in some other fashion. Even though references to burials in caves and graves parallel the-archaeological remains, there is no detailed literary description of these contexts, nor mention of cist-graves, pits, and pyre contexts.” ‘Thus an assumption, that the cave, grave, or other context was thought to be a house for the dead, remains a suggestion without literary support from Palestine. *® ‘The literary evidence does aid in explaining some funerary offering in various practices. Tobit 41:17 and the Wisdom of Ahigar 2:10 relate an offering of wine and bread for the deceased.19 aithough both sources date after the Iron age, some evidence from Type One burials indicates a wine offering. Wine decanter sets and drinking bowls occasionally occur among some Bronze and Iron Age Type One burials. The presence of large storage jars usually associated with wine trade may189 1 In the Bowl pattern be added support for a wine offering.” associated with Type One, the occurrence of numerous bowls might result from their use as both lids for wine jars and as serving bowls. The many dipper juglets in the Bowl pattern may have been used to pour the wine into the drinking bowls. Perhaps most of the dead in Type One burials could not acquire the more “exotic” metallic vessels and thus substituted clay for metal, This substitution may be indicated by the occasional presence of clay strainers among examples of Type One and One-Four burials. Finally a funerary depiction on the Ahizam sacrophagus may illustrate this funerary offering: the deceased king sits before an altar piled high with bread cakes (?) and holds a drinking bowl in one hand.?? A prohibition against food offerings (Deuteronomy 26114) could explain the general lack of animal bones in most Iron Age buriais. Yet is is curious that among a few burials (mostiy, classified Types Two, Three, and Four) goat, pig, and sheep bones occasionally occurs more often than not, only the astragali are found piled over the human bones or placed together ina jar. Although pig astragali seem some- what odd in Types Three and Four burials given their distri- bution in the hill country or area associatéd with the Israelites, the offering of pig astragali may not be a vio- lation of dietary laws (Leviticus 11:7) since the dead were also considered “unclean.” “Unclean” food, therefore, may be a suitable offering for the dead.”*190 Food offerings, however, seem a less common practice among Types Two, Three, and possibly Type Four burials than the burning of oil or spices in lamps. The common occurrence of lamps and small juglets among these practices indicates that both vessels figured promptly in the funerary rites. In some undisturbed caves the one spouted lamps appear dis- tributed evenly throughout the tomb or they may occur in hewn amp niches. Most lamps show evidence of use, that is, car- on deposits around the spout. Perhaps the inhabitants transported the lamp oil in some of the small juglets or large jugs. These jugs and juglets are often found beside the lamps, yet it should be added that none of the already discovered juglets contained any traces of their contents.?4 Several scholars have noted the importance of light in Semitic funerary rites.2° De Vaux and Johs. Pedersen both have suggested that the Israelites burned incense in their funerary ceremonies.”© Three passages (2 Chronicles 16114, 21119, and Jeremiah 34:5) form the basis of this tempting parallel to the archaeological remains. However, one should remain cautious about this interpretation of funerary offer- ings since it is not explicitly stated in any of the three passages. Jeremiah 34:5 relates the offering of incense for the dead, while 2 Chronicles 16114, 21:19 refer to the burn- ing of a fire’in the tomb, Both De Vaux and Pedersen conclude that the reference to fire is not to cremation which was reserved for the violators of Israelite law; thus, both scholars use Jeremiah 3415 to explain the uncertain passages in191 Chronicles. Of course, this is a legitimate interpretation of the materiai, but it remains one of several possible interpretations. Another possible explanation might be that there are two different rites described. Jeremiah 3415 could refer to an offering of oil, while 2 Chronicles 16114, 21:19 indicates either a funerary fire burnt for the deceased or the lighting of the tomb with lamps.CHAPTER SIX FOOTNOTES tw. M. F. Petrie, Ancient Gaza II (London: British School of Archaeology, 1932), pls. 53, 57. T, Dothan, “Anthropoid Clay Coffins from a Late Bronze Age Cemetery near Deir el-Balah (Preliminary Report),” IEJ 22 (1972) 65-72. “Anthropoid Clay Coffins from a Late Bronze Age Cemetery near Deir el-Balah (Preliminary Report II)," IEJ 23 (1973) 129-146. gd, L. Starkey and G. Lankester Harding, Beth Pelet II (londont British School of Archaeology, 1932), pp. 22-27. E. Anati, “Excavations at the Cemetery of Teil Abu Hawam (1952)," Atigot 2 (1959) 89-102, Guy, Megiddo Tombs, pp. 33-36, 64-72. Pritchard, “The Cemetery at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh (Jordan).” 2yittiam Stiebing recently noted the continuity in burial practices between the Bronze and Iron Age. Stiebing, Burial Practices in Palestine during the Bronze Age, pp. 2 ne le 3arpright, Excavation at Tell Beit Mirsim II, pp. 75-76. 4several major differences are apparent between Late Bronze and Iron Age practices. The Iron Age has a greater variety of methods of interment than does the Late Bronze Age. Massive secondary burial.is the more prevalent method in the Iron Ages primary burial and not secondary burial is the more common method in the Late Bronze Age. Cremation burials do not occur in the Late Bronze Age.except perhaps at the end ef the thirteenth century. The pottery patterns also differ between the two periods: Bowl pattern in the ate Bronze Age; and Lamp and Juglet patterns in the Iron Age. Although similar types of burial contexts occur in both periods, several new types (pits and pyres) and also new variations in caves and cist-graves can be noted. Little difference in the general types of other artifacts occurs in purials in both periodss however, the presence of clay models and rattles in some burials is more characteristic of Iron Age rather than Bronze Age practices. Ssite Number of Contexts Percentage aAjjur 12 Farah S 24 Regeish 21 Subtota1=57 85.7% 192193 Site Number of Contexts Percentage Achzib atiit Azor Megiddo this suggested definition of culture was proposed by Gordon Childe and discussed in detail by Stuart Piggott. Stuart Piggott, Approach to Archaeoloay (New York: NcGraw- Hill Book Company, 1959), pp. 81-84, This definition may differ from others proposed by either ethnographers or anthropologists. Belie? systems and social behavior are usuaiiy included in these non-archaeological definitions. For further discussion on the problems of defining culture, see: Thomas R, Hester, Robert F. Heizer, and John A. Graham, Field Methods in Archaeology, Sixth Edition (Palo Alto, California: Mayfield Publishing Company, 1975), pp. 249-257. 7, L. Kroeber challenged the relationship of culture to burial practices on the evidence for regional variations. A. L. Kroeber, "Disposal of the Dead,” AA 29 (1927) 308-315. Kroeber argued that if burial practices are culturally deter- mined, one would expect regional variations over a large geographical area that follow other evidence for cultural variations. In three studies, Kroeber found no evidence for regional variations in California, South America, and Africa. This fact led him to conclude that burial practices are not “good” cultural indicators as is often assumed. Results here seem contradictory to Kroeber's conclusion and in agreement with what most archaeologists normally would expect. These different results may, in fact, be due to a more detailed analysis of burial practices. Kroeber merely classified, it would seem, the method of interment or part of a burial practice. As Peter Ucko suggested, improved methods of analysis and classification of burials might result in evidence in support of the long-held claim for a iink between a burial practice and a culture. Ucko, “Ethnography and Archaeological Interpretation of Funerary ,” WA 1: 275. Ucko's suggestion for a detailed analysis of burial practices was taken into account and lies at the very heart of this study. ®aipright, The Excavation of Tell Beit Mirsim I, pp. 55- 56. "Archaeological Exploration and Excavation in Palestine Trans jordan, and Syria During 1936," AJA 41 (1937) 147. Amiran, Ancient Pottery of the Holy Land, pp. 266- 267, 272-275, 294-301. David Diringer, “The Royal Jar Handle Stamps of Ancient BA 12 (1949) 70-86, Paul lapp, “late Royal Seals from Judah,19% Judah," BASOR 158 (1960) 11-22. Mapping of the provenance for the seals shows that they are confined to the hill country west of the Jordan River: Beer-Sheba, Arad, Tell Beit Mirsim, Lachish, Beth-zur, Ramat Rahel, Ain Shems, Gezer, Nasbeh, Gibeon, E1-Ful, Jerusalem, and Sultan. Nelson Glueck, The Other Side of the Jordan (Cambridge American Schools of Oriental Research, 1970), pp. 179-180, Kathleen Kenyon, Archaeology in the Holy land, Third Edition (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1970), pp. 230-231. Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 182. Starry G, Herr, The Scripts of Ancient Northwest Semitic Seais (Missoula, Montanat Scholars Press, 1978), pp. 1-2. 10y, anaroni, “The Settlements of Canaan," Judaes, The World History of the Jewish People, Vol. III, ed. by Benjamin Nazar-(New Jerseyi Rutgers University Press, 1971), p. 97. George M. Landes, “Phe Material Civilization of the Ammonite,” Biblical Archaeologist Reader, No. 2, pp. 73-74. Ephraim Stern, "The Excavation at Tell Mevorach and the Late Phoenician Elements in the Architecture of Palestine,” BASOR 225 (February, 1977) 22. 14, related issue to the possible cultural variations in the material remains is the identification of individual purials with known biblical groups. Albright, Culican, Dothan, Johns, Kenyon, Oren, Petrie, Vincent, and others have identified various discovered burials with one or more biblical groups. However, I do not intend to present a new or revised list of speculative identifications in this discussion, because such identification seem speculative and might prejudge the analysis of the archaeological remains for cultural variations. 2avigad, “The Epitaph of a Royal Steward,” IEJ 3: 137-152. James B. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, Third Edition (Princeton, New Jersey; Princeton University Press, 1969), pp. 661-662. Weenesis 50126. Pritchard, Ancient Near Eastern Texts, pp. 661-662. Mgenesis 381245 Leviticus 20:14, 21:9; 1 Samuel 314125 and Amos 211. 15~he Israelite tombs appear to be family tombs (Joshua 24: 30, 32; 1 Samuel 25:1; 1 Kings 2:34; et.al.) or tombs of “stateless people" (Jeremiah 26123; and 2 Kings 2316).195 A common expression is that one wishes to sleep/lie down in the tombs of his fathers (Judges 8:32; 16:31; 2 Samuel 2, 17:23; et.al.). See also tomb inscription from El~ Kom for evidence of a family tomb, William G. Dever,"Iron Age Epigraphic Material from the Area of Kibat e1 Kom, HUCA 40 (1970) 139-189. Wyeyers, Jewish Ossuaries, pp. 12-16, esp. 14. wiitiam Frederic Bad, Some Tombs of Tell en-Nasbeh, Palestine Institute Publication, No. 2 (Berkeley, California: The Professional Press, 1931), pp. 8, 11. WAIDP, WAP are usuaiiy translated as grave or sepuichre. Francis Brown, S. R. Driver, and Charles A. Briggs, A Hebrew and English Lexicon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907), p. 868. William L. Holladay, A Concise Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament (Grand Rapids, Michigant Wm.=B. Erdmans, 1971), p. 312. However, its extra-biblical usage seems to refer to caves. For example, Avigad, "The Epitaph of the Royal Steward,” IEJ 3:144, A preferred translation might be tomb. W. L. Reed "Grave IDB (New York: Abington Press, 1962), Vol. 2, p. 471. 19prank Zimmermann, The Book of Tobit (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1958), pp. 70-71. 20sames B, Pritchard, “New Evidence for the Role of the Sea Peoples in Canaan at the Beginning of the Iron Age," The Role of the Phoenicians, ed. by William A. Ward (Beirut: American University of Beirut, 1968), pp. 101, 103-104. 2lvirginia R. Grace, “The Canaanite Jar,"The Aeqean and_the Ancient Ne: East, Hetty Goldman Festschrift, ed. by Saul S. Weinberg (New York: J. J, Augustin Publishers, 1956), pp. 80-109, 22sames B. Pritchard, Ancient Near E n Pictures, Second Edition (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969), Nos. 456, 458. For decanter set, see No. 784. For placement of bread cakes on altar! Nos. 456-458, 633, 859. ?3yumbers 19: 13-163 Leviticus 21:1~ and Ezekiel 43:7. 2 Kings 23:14,183 24, jug in Nasbeh Tomb 5 was reported to contain a sticky substance thought to be honey. McCown, Nasbeh I, p. 83.196 25zadb, Some Tombs at Tell en-Nasbeh, p. 22. Cook, The Religion of Ancient Palestine in the Light of Archaeology, pp. 37-38. Farbridge, Studies in Biblical and Semitic Symbols, pp. 245-248, J, A. Montgomery, The Samaritans (Philadelphia: J.C, Winston and Co., 1907), Dp. 43. James B. Pritchard, Gibeon: Where the Sun Stoo: Still, (Princetont Princeton University Press, 1962), Pp. 128-129, 26pe vaux, Ancient Israel, Vol. I, p. 57. Johs. Pedersen, Israel: Its Life and Culture III-IV (oxtorat University Press, 1558); pe 405.APPENDIX CLASSIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL IRON AGE BURIALS Le SITE:” ABU GOSH BURIAL! Tomb 1 on east slope of Deir e1-Azhar. PUBLICATION: AASOR 5, pp. 115, 118. DATING: Early Iron Age (Cooke, AASOR 5, p. 115). 7th-6th centuries (loffreda, IA 161249). METHOD OF INTERMENT: 7, May be massive secondary burial because of the presence of a repository. CONTEXT: Artifical cave, loffreda Type S. POTTERY PATTERN: 7? OTHER ARTIFACTS: 7? BURIAL'S CIASSIFICATION: ?, Robbed. St ABU GOSH Bt Tomb 2 on east slope of Deir el-Azhar. PBt AASOR 5, pp. 115, 118, Di Early Iron Age (Cooke), 7th-6th centuries (loffreda). INT: ?. May be massive secondary burial because of the presence of repository. CON: Artifical cave, Loffreda Type S. POT: ‘%:-fPomb was. robbed. ART: 2. CIA: 7, Robbed. 3. St ABU GOSH Br Tomb 3 on east slope of Deir el-Azhar. PB AASOR 5, pp. 115. Dt Early Iron Age (Cooke). 7th-6th centuries (lof freda). Ints 2. CON: Artifical cave, loffreda Type S. POT: 2. ART: CIA! ?. Robbed. *The following abpreviations are used throughout the Appendix: Site = S; Burial = Bs; Publication = PB; Dating = 3 Method of Interment = INT; Context = CON; Pottery Pattern = POT; Other artifacts = ART; and Classification = CIA. S 1974 5-74, 7B. 76. st Br PB: Dt INTt CON: POT: ART: CIAr st Bi PBr Dt INTt CON: Por: ARTS CIA: sa Bi PBr Dt INTs CON: POTs ARTY cla: st Br PBt Dt INTs cont POT: 198 ABU GOSH Tomb 4 at Deir el-Azhar. BB 30 (1921) 97-102. dudeo-Hellentique (Abel, RB 301102), End of Israelite Period-Persian Period (loffreda, IA 16+ 248-249). ?. May be massive secondary burial because of the presence of repository. Artifical cave, loffreda Type S with modified side repository. ?, Several bowls, lamps, water decanters, one handled round based jugs, dipper juglets, black perfume juglets, Persian bottles, and other forms on’ plates. Iron Knife (?) and figurine (Type VII). It may be worth comparing burial with tombs Type Three or Four classification. °: ACHZIB (Ben Dor) 70 tombs reported. IDB., Vol. I., pp. 27-28. PEQ (1948) 88-90, Sth-6th centuries (I. Ben Dor, IDB., Vol 1., Be 28). 2 Artifical caves with one or more chambers. Tomb inscriptions. 2 Jewelry, Scarabs, and figurines. 2 ACHZIB (Prausnitz) One of four cists under fortification wall. TEI 13: 338. United Monarchy or 10th century (Prausnitz, IEZ 13: 338). Primary burial in pair. Warrior (Male?) and Female. Stone-lined cist-grave. Bowl pattern?. 12 large and small lentoid flasks. Beads, trinkets, fibula, lancehead, double axe, iron dagger, and copper bowl. Type 17. ACHZIB (Prausnitz) One of four cists under fortification wall. IEZ 131 338, 9th century (Prausnitz, IBJ 13: 338). 2 Cist-grave. 277-78. 79. 80. 81-110 11. CON ART CIAt Ss. Br PBs Dt INTs CON: POTt ARTY cIAr St Br PBt 199 Jewelry, ivories, scarabs, and seals. See No. 75. AGHZIB (Prausnitz) Two cists under fortification wall. IEJ 13: 338, Tron II (Prausnitz). 2 Cist-graves. Re 2 2. See No. 75. ACHZIB (Prausnitz) ‘Tombs IEZ 9 (1959) 271. Iron II (Prausnitz, IEJ 9: 271). ?, Dead with funerary offerings and no trace of burning. Artifical caves? s098 ACHZIB (Prausnitz) Ong tomb in eastern cenetery :(near Gesher ha- zi). Igy 13: 338, Sth century (Prausnitz, IBJ 13: 338). ACHZIB (Prausnitz) Tomb 60/6. One of 30 tombs in southern cemetery. IB 10 (1960) 260-261. 9th-8th centuries. Reused in 6th century. (Prausnitz, IEJ 10: 260-261). Massive secondary burial. Also cremation urn burials. Artifical cave. 2 Beads, amulets, bracelets, rings, scarabs, and pottery mask. In another tomb was found a figurine. 2 ACHZIB (Prausnitz) Shallow tomb. IED 9: 271.112- 114. 115. 116, 117. Dt INTt CON: POT: ART! CIAt St Br PBt Ds INTs CON: POT: ARTE CIAr St Br PBr Dt INT: coms POT: ART? CIAt st Br BBr Dt INTs CON POT: ART? CIAr St Bt PBr Ds INTs CON 200 Iron II (Prausnitz, IBJ 9: 271). Funerary offerings in a layer of ash. 2 2 2 ee ACHZIB (Prausnitz) Cremation urn burials. At least three illus- trated. QA 5 (196) 177-168. 10th-8th centuries (Prausnitz, OA 5: 181). Cremation urn burials. Pits. Bowl pattern, Crater types similar to those among cremation urn burials at Regeish, Farah S, and Ajjul. No other artifacts mentioned. Type 5? AFFULAH Tomb 1 (Deposit 4). Atigot 1 (1955) 47; figs, 19-20. 12th century (Dothan, Atigot 1., pp. 47, 51). Primary burial in supine position. Child burial in jar. Grave. Bowl pattern. Classification based on the pottery selection of the four graves. This burial contained: 2 bowls, 2 dipper juglets. 1 lentoid flask, and 3 storage jars. None. Type 1. AFFULAH Tomb 2 (Deposit 6). Atigot 11 47-48; figs, 19-2 12th century (Dothan). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. Bowl pattern, 1 jug and 1 storage jar. Nowa. Type 1. AFFUIAH Tomb 3 (Deposit 7). Atigot 11 48-49; figs, 19-20; pl. 51:3. 12th Gentury (Dothan). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. Pl. 512.118, 119. 120, Por: ART CIAt St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ART: clas st Br PBs De INTs CON: POT: ART: car st Br PB: De INTs cons POT: ARTS CIAt 201 Bowl pattern. 2 bowls and 1 crater. None. Type 1. AFFUIAH Tomb 4 (Deposit 8) Atigot 1: 49-50; figs. 19-20; pl. 514. 12th century (Dothan). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave, Bowl pattern. 1 bowl, 1 dipper juglet, and 1 storage jar. None, Type 1. AIN SHEMS (MacKenzie) Tomb 1. PEFA 2, pp. 52-653 pls. 4, 22-32. Early Israelite Period (MacKenzie, PEFA 2, p. 99). 10th century (Wright, Ain Shems 5., PD. 7, 77» 136). 950-850 B.C. (Albright, TBM III., p. 69). 2. It might be suggested from the number of pottery pieces and other artifacts that the method of interment was massive secondary burial. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type C? Iamp-1 pattern. Note: Mackenzie indicates a high frequency of lamps (p. 58). See Chapter Three. Numerous beads, 30 bangles, many scarabs and seals, 47 amulets, whorls, 1 needle, 3 fibulae, 1 alabaster vase, 6 arrowheads, 2 figurines (Type VII), 4 quadrupeds, 1 furniture model, 1 rattle, and 28 bone pendants (23 spindles and 5 mallets), other stone pendants. ‘Type 3?. IN SHEMS (MacKenzie) Tomb 2. PEFA 2, pp. 65-69; pls. 5, 33-38. Israelite Period after Tomb 1 (MacKenzie). late 8th-7th centuries (Wright, Ain Shems 5., p. 77). Late 8th-7th centuries (Albright, TBM III., p. 146). 7. May be massive secondary burial because of the presence of a repository. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type S. Interesting feature of cave is “air shaft.” For parallels, see Sahab Tombs B & C. Juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 1+ bead, 1 fibula, 4 scarabs, and 1 quadruped. Type 47.121. 122. 123. 202 st AIN SHEMS (MacKenzie) Br Tomb 3. PB: PEFA 2, pp. 69-70; pls. 6, 38. D: Tsraelite Period after Tomb’1 (MacKenzie). 7th century (Wright, Ain-Shems 5., p. 77). 7th-6th centuries (loffreda, IA 16: 273). INT: ?. May be massive secondary burial because of the presence of a repository. CON: Artifical cave, Loffreda Type S. POT: No pottery present. ART: 3 beads, 2 rings, 1 amulet, 1 tab earring, 1 arrowhead, and 1 metal fragment. CIA: 2. Robbed. St AIN SHEMS (MacKenzie) Bi ‘Tomb 4, PBs PEFA 2., pp. 70-73; pls. 8, 39, 40. Ds Tsraelite Period after Tomb 1 (MacKenzie). 7th-6th centuries (Wright, Ain Shoms 5., p. 136). Teh-éerly 6th centuries (Ioffreda, IA 18: 275). INTs ?. May be massive secondary burial because of the presence of a repository. CONs Artifical cave, unclassified by Loffreda. However, tomb may be Type R. POT: Jugiet-1 pattern?. See Chapter Three. ART: Beads, 8 bangles, 3 needles, 1 amulet?, 1 whorl, 1 ring, 1 fibula, 4 scarabs, 1 arrowhead, and 1 ivory disk. CIA: Type 4?, Since Ain Shems Tombs 5-9 are part of one underground complex, they will be considered one tomb with five burial chambers rather than five separate tombs as is normally done;-however, each chamber will be listed separately. Bt Ain Shems 5 in complex 5-9. PBt PEFA 2., pp. 73-775 pls. 7, 41-43. Di Tsraetite Period after Tomb 1 (MacKenzie). 7th-6th centuries (Wright, Ain Shems 5., p. 77). INTs 2. CON: Artifical cave, Loffreda Type S. Abercrombie Type R-3/S-5. See Chapter Two. POT: Lamp-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. ART: 50+ beads, 1 fibula, 2 pins, 2 tab earrings, 1 lunate earring, 2 needles, 3 rings, 7 amulets, 2 scarabs, 1 arrowhead, 2 figurines (Type VII), 1 ivory disk. CLA: Tomb and chamber classification, Type 3. Bs Ain Shems 6 in complex 5-9. PB: PEFA 2., pp. 77-803 pls. 7, 9, 44. Ds Israelite Period after Tomb 1 (MacKenzie). 7th-6th centuries (Wright).124, INtr CON: Pors ART: CLA: Bs PBS Dt INTs Port ART CIA: BF PBr Dt INTt CON: POT: ART: CIA: Br PBs Dt INTs CON: Por: ARTr CLAr Bir Br PBs Dt 203 a Artifical cave, Loffreda. Type S. Abercrombie Type R-3/S-5, Iamp-2 pattern, 1 bronze bowl (pl. 44312). Tomb and chamber classification, Type 3. Ain Shems 7 in complex 5-9. PEPA 2., pp. 80-84; pls. 7, 10, 45-50, Israelite Period after Tomb 1 (MacKenzie). 7th-6th centuries (Wright). ?... May be massive secondary burial because of the presence of a repository. Artifical cave, loffreda Type M, Abercrombie Type R-3/S-5. Lamp-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. Male figurine with spout. Tomb and chamber classification, Type 3. Ain Shems 8 in complex 5-9. PEFA 2., pp. 84-925 pls. 7, 10, 51-61. Israelite Period after Tomb 1 (MacKenzie). 7th-6th centuries (Wright). 2. May be massive secondary burial because of the presence of a repository. Jar burial?. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type M. Abercrombie Type R-3/S-5. Iamp-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. 20 beads, 18 rings, 12 earrings, 3 scarabs, 1 fibula, 2 bangles, 3 pins, seals, 1 animal skull, 20+ arrowheads, 3 whorls, 2 knife blades, 1 bronze tube, 1 bronze disc, 1 rattle, and 1 horse-and-rider model, 2 shelis, 1 ivory inlay. Tomb and chamber classification, Type 3. Ain Shems 9 in complex 5-9. PEFA 2., pls. 7, 11. Israelite Period after Tomb 1 (MacKenzie). 7th-6th centuries (Wright). 2 Artifical cave, Loffreda Type M. Abercrombie Type R-3/S-5, Iamp-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 quadruped. Tomb and chamber classification, Type 3. AIN SHEMS (Grant) Tomb 15. Ain Shems 2., pp. 16, 29. 10th-early 6th centuries (Wright), 7th-6th centuries (Loffreda, IA 161 251).125, 126. 127. 128, INTs CON? POT: ARTs CIAr st Br PBr De INTt CON POT: ART: CIA: Sa Bt PBr De INTs CON: POT: ARTS CIA st Br PBr Dt INT: CoN: POT ART! CLA st Br PBr Dt INTs cons Por ART: CEA 204 IPs Artifical cave, Loffreda Type S. 2. None. 2... Robbed. AIN SHEMS (Grant) Tomb 16 Ain Shems 2., pps 10, 16, 29; pl. 17. 10th-6th centuries (Wright), 7th-6th centuries (loftreda). 2. May be massive secondary burial because of the presence of a repository. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type S. None. 2. Robbed. AITUN (Edelstein) Tomb 1, Qadmoniot 4 (1970) 86-90. 12th century (Edelstein, Qadmoniot 41 86-87). Massive secondary burial with primary burials on divans?, Artifical cave, Loffreda Type RR. Abercrombie ‘Type R-2. Rings, beads, seals, spear points, arrowheads, and bronze vessels. 2 AITUN (Edelstein) Tomb 2. Qadmoniot 4: 86-90. 22th century (Edelstein, Qadmoniot 4: 87-88). Artisicas cave, Loffreda Type R. 2 A few small finds. 2 AITUN (Edelstein) ‘Tomb Qadmoniot 4: 87-88, 12th-9th centuries (Dothan, IEJ 18 (1968)195). ?. May be massive secondary burial because of the presence of a repository. 5 Artifical cave, loffreda Type RR. Abercrombie Type R-2. Iron knives, bangles, fish hooks?. 2129. 130. 131. 132. 133. St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ART! CIAt st Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ART CLAt St Br PBr Dt INTs CON POT: ARTs CIA: St Br PBL Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTE CLAt St Br PBr 205 AITUN (Ussishkin) Tomb 1. Te1 Aviv 3 (1974) 190-227. 9th-8th centuries (Ussishkin, Tel Aviv 3: 226-227). 2, May be massive secondary burials because of the presence of a repository. Artifical cave, loffreda Type R. 2, The following pottery forms are illustrated from all four tombs: bowls, lamps, jugs, juglets, and storage jars. None. 2 AITUN (Ussishkin) Tomb 2. Tel aviv 31 190-227, 9th-8th centuries (Ussishkin). 2. May be massive secondary burial because of the presence of a repository. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type R. 2 None. 2 AIPUN (Ussishkin) Tomb 3. Tel Aviv 3: 190-227. 9th-8th centuries (Ussishkin). 2. May be massive secondary burial because of the presence of a repository. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type R. % None. mw AITUN (Ussishkin) ‘Tomb 4. Ter aviv 31 190-227. 9th-8th centuries (Ussishkin). 2. May be massive secondary burial because of the presence of a repository. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type S. 2 None. 2 AJTUL Tomb 1010 Ancient Gaza II, pls. 56; 153 93; 52.134, 135. 136. 137. INT: CON: POTt ART! CIAr sa Bt PB: Dt INTs CON: POT: ART: CIA: St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT ARTY ClaAr St Br PBr De INTs CON: POT: ART: CIAr st Br PBs 206 2. (Petrie, Ancient Gaza II, pl. 56). Iron Age (Abercrombie), Note: Albright dates Iron Age buriais in this cemetery to the 10th: early 9th centuries (Albright, AJSLL 55 (1938) 358-359), This burialprobably belongs in this time frame as do the other Iron Age burials listed here. 2 Grave. Mixed bowl/jugiet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 bangle. ?, For possible classification, see Ajjul Tomb 1074, AgJUL Tomb 1011. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 56; 713-4; 201305; 26136; 52. XVITT ‘Dynasty (Petrie, Ancient. Gaza II, ‘pl. 56). Iron Age (Abercrombie) and probably 10th-early 9th century (Albright). ° ee 2 Grave. Mixed bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 2 scarabs, 1 glazed canister, and 1 mace- head. ?. For possible classification, see Ajjul Tomb 1074, AggUL Tomb 1012, Ancient Gaza IZ, ple, 565 201336) 52s Tron age (Petrie, Ancient Gaza II, pl. 56). 10th-9th century (Albright). a 2 No pottery. 1 bangle. 2 AggUL Tomb 1022. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 56; 525 15191. ?. (Petrie). 10th-early 9th centuries (Albright). Cremation urn buria1. Suglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 bangle. Type 5?. AJIUL Tomb 1023, Ancient Gaza II, pls. 56; 20:312; 52.138, 139, 140. 141. Dt INTs con: POT: ART CIAr St Br PBt Dt CONt POT: ART ‘Char St Br PBr De INTs cont POT: ART: CIAr St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ART! CIA: St Bi PBs Dt INTs CON: POT: ART: CLAt 207 Iron Age (Petrie). 10th-early 9th century (Albright). ?. Reference to skeletal orientation might indicate primary burial. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 metallic fragment (bangle). Type 1-47, AgaUL Tomb 1024, Ancient Gaza II, pis. 56; 52. pees. l0th-early 9th centuries (Albright). ee dJlglet~2 pattern. See Chapter Three, None. Type 5. AgIUL Tomb 1029. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 56; 201306; 717; 52. Tron Age (Petrie), 10th-early 9th century (Albright), 2. Grave. Bowi/jugiet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three, L scarab, 1 knife. os AgJUL Tomb 1033. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 56; 201315; 52. Tron Age (Petrie), 10th-early 9th century (Albright). 2 Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 bangle. agoUL ‘Tomb 1036. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 56; 7:17, 18; 52. XVIII Dynasty (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie) and probably 10th-early 9th century (Albright). 2. Reference to skeletal orientation might indicate primary burial. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 2 scarabs. Type 1-47,142. 143. 144, 145. 146, St Bt PB: Dt INTs CON: POT: ART CIAt St Be PBt Dt INTs CONs POT: ART clar St Bt PBs De INTs CON: POTt ART! CIAr st Bt De inte CON: POT: ARTS CIA: st Br PBr Dt INTs CONs Pors 208 AgJUL Tomb 1038. Ancient Gaza iI, pis. 56; 52. 2. (Petrie). 10th-early 9th centuries (Albright). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. None. Type 5. AgJUL Tomb 1059. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 56; 52. ?. (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie) and probably 10th-early 9th century (Albright). Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three, None. 2 AgaUL. Tomb 1067 Anci Za II, pls. 56; 15:89; 254753 52. SECO es Age (Abercrombie) and Probably 10th-early 9th century (Albright). 2 Grave. Bowi/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 bead, 1 bangle. a AJJUL Tomb i074, Ancient Gaza II, p. 15; pls. 15186; 88; 7:42- 433 523 56; 25119, 76-92; 26:138; 53; 24119, XXI or XXII Dynasty (Petrie). l0th-early 9th century (Albright). Single primary burial in supine position, Adult?. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three, Many beads, 3 bangles, 2 scarabs, 1 amulet, 1 faience cup, and 1 bone lid. Type 1-4, AJJUL Tomb 1079. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 57; 52. 2, (Petrie). 10th-early 9th centuries (Albright). 2 Grave. Juglet-2 pattern?, A cinerary crater urn and147, 148, 149, 150, 151. ART: CLA: St Br PBr Dt Ints ART: INTt CON: 209 black-on-red juglet. See Chapter Three. . None. me AgJUL Tomb 1083. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 575 7146-4 ?. (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie) and probably 10th-early 9th century (Albright). 2. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 2 scarabs. 2. AJJUL Tomb 1093, Ancient Gaza II, pls, 57; 52. (Petrie). 10th-early 9th centuries (Albright). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern 1 arrowhead. Type 5. AgoUL Tomb 1102 Ancient Gaza II, pls. 57; 52. 2. (Petrie). 10th-early 9th centuries (Albright). Cremation urn burial. Grave. duglet-2 pattern, None. Type 5. AgJUL Tomb 1106. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 575 525 7159. a. (Petrie) 10th-early 9th centuries (Albright). Cremation urn burial. Grave. duglet-2 pattern, 1 scarab. Type 5. AgOUL Tomb 1111. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 573 171189-190; 52. ?. (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie) and probably 10th-9th century (Albright). 2, Grave.152. 153. 154, 155. 156. Port ARTY clas St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POTt ARTE CIar St Be PBr De INTs CON: Por: ART! CIAt st Br PBt Dt INTs cons POT! ART: CIAt St Bt PBr De INTs CON: POTs ARTI CIAr st Br PBs De 210 Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. 2 rings. ASIUL Tomb 1112. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 573 52. ?. (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie) and probably 10th-early 9th century (Albright). ?. Reference to skeletal orientation might indicate primary burial. Grave. Either bowl or bowl/juglet pattern. See Chapter Three. “None. Type 1? or 1-47, AggUL Tomb 1120. Ancient Gaza II, pl. 57; 52; 7166. 2, (Petrie). 10th-early 9th centuries (Albright). Cremation, Unknown, No pottery. 1 scarab. » AgIUL, Tomb 1126. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 573 52. (Petrie). ioth-cariy 9th centuries (Aibright). Cremation. Unknown. ?. 1 bowl (15M), 1 lentoid flask (85H7), and unknown vessel (84E). None. AggUL, Tomb 1134. Ancient Gaza II, Pls. 57; 52. ?, (Petrie). 10th-early 9th centuries (Albright). Cremation urn burial. Unknown. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. None. Type 5. AgJUL Tomb 1135. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 57; 52. ?, (Petrie). 10th-early 9th centuries (Albright),157, 158. 159. 160. 161. INTs cont POT: ART CIAr St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POrs ARTr CIA: st Br PBr De Inte CON: POTS ART! CIAt St Be PBr De INTt CON: Por: ARTS CIA: St Br PBry Dt INTs CON: POT: ART? CIAt St Bt PBr Dt 211 Cremation urn burial. Unknown. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. None. Type 5. AgIUL, Tomb 1136. it Gaza II, pls. 575 52. re (Petrie). i0th-carly 6th centuries (Albright). Cremation urn burial. Unknown. Juglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. None. Type 5. AgJUL Tomb 1139. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 57; 52. ?, {Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie) and probably 10th-early 9th century (Albright). 2 Grave. Either bowl or bowl/juglet pattern. See Chapter Three. None. AgJUL. Tomb 1151, Ancient Gaza II, pls. 58; 52. ?. (Petrie). 10th-early 9th centuries (Albright). Cremation urn burial. Unknown. duglet-2 pattern, None. ‘Type 5. AgJUL Tomb 1153. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 58; 52. ?. (Petrie). 10th-early 9th centuries (Albright). Cremation urn burial. Unknown. Juglet~2 pattern, See Chapter Three. None. Type 5. AJJUL Tomb. 1160. Ancient Gaza II, pls. 58; 52. 2. (Petrie). 10th-early 9th centuries (Albright).162. 163. 164. 165. INTs CON: POT: ART: Clas st Br PBr Dt INTs Cont Por: ARTE CIA: st Br PEt Dt INTr cont POT: ART cIAr st Bt PBs De INTS CON: POT: ART! CIAr st Bi PBt Dt INTs 212 Cremation urn burial. Unknown. duglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. None. ‘Type 5. AMMAN Tomb A, north side of Jebel Jofeh. QDAP 11 (1944) 67-74. 8th-7th centuries (Harding, QDAP 11: 69, 73). End of 7th century (E. Henschel-Simon, QDAP 11:80). cn Artifical cave, reused and altered in the Hellenistic period. Tamp-1/jugiet-1 pattern?. Frequencies are comparable to juglet pattern, but vessel types are those of lamp pattern, Animal bones (Knuckles), fragment,of a horse- and-rider figurine, ivory seal, 1 bronze earring, 1 pottery lantern. AMMAN Tomb B, north side of Jebel Jofeh. QDAP 11: 67-74, esp. 73-74. 8th century (Harding). End of 7th century (Hensche1-Simon). 2 Cave. Lamp-1/juglet-1 pattern? 2 stone palettes, 1 bone pin, 1 quadruped model. 2 AMMAN Tomb Cc. ADAT/1 (1951) 37-403 figs 1s pl. 14. 8th century (Harding, ADAS 1:37). 2. Cave, quarried out in Byzantine period. Iamp-1/juglet-1 pattern?. 1 mollusk shell, 3 fibulae, bangles, lunate earrings, rings, 2 stone palettes, 1 figurine with unusual headdress. 2. Robbed. AMMAN Tomb D. ADAJ 1137-40; pl. 14. 8th century (Harding). Pe166, 167. 168. CONt Port ART: CIA: St BE PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTs CIAt st Bt PBr Ds INT: CON: POT: ART cIar St Br PBr Dt INTs cont 213 Cave, quarried out in the Byzantine period. Lamp-1/juglet-1 pattern?. None. 2. AMMAN Tomb E, Jabal e1-Jofeh Al-Sharqi. ADA 11 (1966) 41-47. End of the 7th century (Dajani, ADAJ 11:47), ?, Massive secondary burial indicated by amount of pottery. Cave. 2, Impossible to determine or guess pattern, The following vessels are present: bowls (7? examples), single and double spouted lamps (24? exs.), censers (4? exs.), Ammonite bottles (many exs.), dipper juglets (several), cups (2? exs,), spouted dippers (4? exs.), cypro- phoenician bottles (8? exs.), pitcher jugs (16? exs.), dipper-like jugs, two handled jugs or jars (several), chalices (2? » and cooking pot (1 exe), Mollusk shelis, 8 bangles, 1 bronze mirror, 1 clay shrine. pls. 10-18), 1300-1150 B.C. (Dajani, ADAJ 11:49). Massive secondary burial is indicated y the amount of pottery. Bowl/lamp-1 pattern?, 60 bowls (40.2%), 29 lamps (19.5%), 20 jugs (13.4%), 17 juglets (11.4%), 14 lentoid flasks (9.4%), 1 stirrup vase (0.7%), 2 pyxides (1.4%), 1 chalice (0.7%), 2 craters (1.4%), 3 miscellaneous (2.1%), 149 = total. l earring, 2 bangles, 1 ring, 2 brass pieces, 1 toggle pin, 1 stone disc. Type 1-27, AMMAN Tomb of Adoni Nur. PEFA 6, pp. 48-71, fig. 18-23, pis. 6-7. 7eh century (Harding, PEFA 6, p. 49). 3 “bathtub” coffins, probably secondary burials. Massive secondary burial indicated by amount of pottery, Note: traces of burning reported as was the case with Nebo Tombs 20 and 84, and also Dhiban cemetery. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type R.169, 170. im. 172. POT: ART! cLar St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTS CLAr St Be PBs Dt INTt CON: POT ART CIA: St Br PBr De INTt CONt POT: ART cIar st Br PBr De INTs cONs POT ART? CIAt 214 Bowl/lamp-1 pattern?. 11 seals, 10 rings, 3 earrings, 1 bracelet, 4 fibulae, 1 bronze jug handle, 1 bronze flask, 2 chains, 2 arrowheads, 1 bronze bowi, i bronze vase, 1 silver bowl rim, 3 knives, 1 pin, 1 claw-like hook, 1 iron cup-like stand, 1 glass fragment, 30 beads, alabastron, fragments of alabaster vessels, 1 pottery lattern, 1 amulet (7). ype 1-2. AMMAN Royal Palace Tomb. ADAJ 15: 57-68; pls. 21-24, 10th-7th centuries (Yassine, ADAJ 15161). 5 anthropoid coffins, double jar burials, and secondary:burial,. coffins and jar burials contained primary burials (i.e. skeletons). Cistern-like cave. 2, Lamps mentioned as present. Cylinder seal and bronze bowls. ASHDOD Iocus 1005, Ashdod II-III, p, 212. Iron II or late 8th century (Dothan, Ashdod II- III, p. 212). Primary burials?, 8 interments, Grave. Animal bones (small cattle), cn ASHDOD Locus 1006, Ashdod 11-III, p. 212, Iron II or late 8th century (Dothan). Massive secondary burial. 45 interments. Grave. None. 2 ASHDOD Locas 1050. Ashdod II-III, p, 2124 fig. 59:8 Tron II (Dothan). Five primary burials. Two adult males and three other interments. Grave. 2. 2° bowls. No other artifacts. 2173. 174. 175. 176. 177, St Br PBs De INT: CON: POT: ARTS crar st Br PBr Dt INTt Cons: POTt ART! CIA: St Br PBs Dt INTs CON: POT: ART CIA: St Br PBs Dt INTs CON: POTs ART1 CIAr St Ba PBr De INTs 215 ASHDOD Locus 1052. Ashdod II-III, p, 212, fig. 6611. Tron II (Dothan). ?. Six interments. Grave. 1 quadruped. ASHDOD Locus 1060. Ashdod II-IIT, p. 213. Tron IT (Dothan), : PEomary SeeiBI") "nwo aduits and two chitaren. Grave. 20 None. 2 ASHDOD Tocus 1066. Ashdod II-III, p. 2134 fig. 6011. Iron II (Dothan). Three primary burials, 2 adult females and 1 adult male. Grave. AL jug. Animal bones (6 cat skeletons and bones from a donkey). ASHDOD Locus 1113. Ashdod II-III, pp. 92-94, 213, figs. 39-44, Pl. 356 Iron II or late 8th century (Dothan). Massive secondary burial. 2,434 interments. Notet Chart on p, 214 incorrectly lists the number of interments found in 1151 and not 1113, Grave. ?, Representative sample includes bowls, dipper jugiets, storage jars, and jar stand. May be a mixed Bowl/Juglet-1 pattern. 1 scaraboid, 1 burnishing tool. ASHDOD Tecus 1114, Ashdod II-III, pp. 92-94, 101-103, 213, figs. 45-49, pls. 38-39, 48, Iron II or late 8th century (Dothan), Massive secondary burial. 376 interments.178. 179. 180. 181. CON POT: ARTS CIAt se Br PBt De INTs CON: POT! ART? CIAr sa Br PEt Dt INT: CON: POT: ART! CIAr st Br PBr De INTs CON: POTs ARTY CIA: St Br PBt Dt INTs CONt POT: ARTI crar 216 Grave. 2. Representative sample includes bowls, jugs, craters, cooking pots, storage jars, incense burner, and chalice. May be a mixed Type 1-2B. 1 loom weight, 3 stone beads, 1 basalt bowl, 1 faience vessel in the shape of a skull, rings, earrings, bangles, animal bones. 2 ASHDOD Locus 1115. Ashdod II-III, p, 213, figs. 39-44; 69:6; 7112. Iron II or late 8th century (Dothan), Decapitation, Secondary burial? Ten skulls. Grave. 2, Representative sample includes bowls, crater, cooking pot, jug, storage jars, lamp, and stands. 1 wheel, 2 quadruped kernos. 2 ASHDOD Iocus 1121. Ashdod II-III, p, 92-94, 213; figs. 39, 4 pl. 1006, Iron II or late 8th century (Dothan). Secondary burial? 21 interments. Grave. 2, Representative sample includes bowl and dipper juglet. None. os ASHDOD Locus 1129. Ashdod, II-III, p. 213; figs. 39-42; pl. 3711. Tron II or 8th century (Dothan). Primary burials. Pair burial and 2 children. Grave. 2. Bowls, dipper juglet, and holemouth jar. 1 loom weight, 1 clay bath. 2. ASHDOD Iocus 1151. Ashdod II-III, p. 213; fig. 37; pls. 37:3, 100:3, 6. Iron II (Dothan). Decapitated primary burials. Seven interments. Grave. 2, 1 crater and 1 lamp. No artifacts. 2, See Ashdod 1113.182. 183. 184, 185. 186. St Br PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ARTS CIAt St Br PBt Dt INT: CON: POT: ARTE CIAr st BL PBs Dt INTs cont’: POT ART cIAr St Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ART! CIAt Ss Br PBr Dt INTs CONt POT: ARTY CIAr 217 ASHDOD-YAM Atigot 6 (1970) 1-5. Iron I (Meron, Atigot 615). 2.°ck few bones and skulls discovered on divan. Artifical cave (loffreda Type CC?. Bowl pattern. 4 bowls, 2 lamps, 2 dipper juglets, 2 storage jars, 1 lentoid flask, and 1 amphoriskos. 2 beads, 1 scarab. 2 ATLIT Burial i QDAP 61 139-130, 1263 pl. 36. ate 8th-7th centuries (Johns, QDAP 6: 137). Cremation pyre burial in extended position. Adult. Orientation: east-west. Pyre. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts Type 1-57. ATLIT Burial iii, QDAP 6s 141. Tate 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial in extended position. Child. Oréentation: east-west. Pyre. . No pottery. No other artifacts. rw ATLIT Burial iva QDAP 6+ 141-142. Tate 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial. Child?. Pyre. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-57. ATLIT Burial ivb QDAP 6+ 142-143, 6th century (Johns, QDAP 61 143), Cremation pyre burial. pyres Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 12 beads, 2 rings, 1 bronze eye hook. Type 1-57.187, 188. 189. 190, 191, St Br PBr De INT: CONs POT: ARTS CIAr st Bt PBs Dt INT: CON: POT: ART Clar st Ba PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTY cIAr st Bt PBr Dt INTs con: POT: ARTS CIAs st Br PBs De INTs CON: POT: ARTS Clas 218 ATLIT Burial v QDAP 6: 1433 Pl. 37. late 8th-7th centuries (Johns, QDAP 61 137). Cremation pyre burial, lateral position. Pyre, Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-57, ATLIT Burial vi. QDAP 61 143-144, 126, late 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial. Adult. Pyre. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-57. ATLIT Burial vi: QDAP 6+ 144-1455. pl. 37. iate 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial in lateral flexed position. Pyre. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-5?, ATLIT Burial viii QDAP 6: 145; 127, pl. 38. Tate 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial in extended position. Adult. Pyre. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-57. ATLIT Burial ix QDAP 6: 145, Zate 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial in extended position. Pyre, Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 bronze wire ring. Type 1-57.192. 193, 194, 195. 196. St Br PBt Ds INTs CON: Port ARTY cIAr Sa Bt PBr Dt INTs CON: Port ART CIAr St Br PBt Dt INTs POT s ARTE CIAr st Bt PBs Dt INTs cons POT: ARTY CIAt St Br PBt De INTs CON: POT: ARTs CIAt 219 ATLIT Burial x QDAP 6: 145-146, late 8th-7th centuries (Johns), Cremation pyre burial in contracted position. Child. Pyre, Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 stone mortar, 1 lunate earring with tab, 1 silver eyelit. ‘Type 1-57, ATLIT Burial xia QDAP 6: 146, Late 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial. Child. Pyre. No pottery. 1 lunate earring. cs ATLIT Burial xib QDAP 61 146-147, 127; pl. 38. late 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial. Child. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-57. ATLIT Burial xic QDAP 6: 147. late 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial. Pyre. No pottery No other artifacts. ATLIT Burial xii QDAP 6: 147-148. late 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial. Skeleton in contracted position, Pyre. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 bronze earring. Type 1-57.197. 198. 199. 200. 201. st Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ART! CIAt st Bt PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ART# CIAt st Br PBr Dt INTs CONt Por: ART CIAr St Ba PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTr CIAr St Br PBr De INTs CON: POT: ART: CIAr 220 ATLIT Burial xiiia QDAP 6: 148. Tate 8th-7th centuries (Johns), Cremation pyre burial. Child. Pyre. No pottery. No other artifacts. 2 ‘ATLIT Burial xiiib QDAP 6: 148, late 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial. Pyre. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 silver earring. Type 1-5?. ATLIT Burial xiv QDAP 6: 148-149; pl. 39. late 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial in extended Pyre. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 scarab. Type 1-57. ATLIT Burial xv. QDAP 61 149, Tate 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial. Child. Pyre. No pottery. No other artifacts. 2 ATLIT Burial xvia QDAP 6: 149-150. late 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial. Skeleton. Pyre. No pottery. i lunate earring. position,202. 203. 204. 205. 206. St Br PBt De INtt CON: POTS ART CIAt st Br PBs Dt INTs CON: POT: ART CIAr st Br PBr Dt INTs CONs POT: ART? clar St Br PBr Dt INTE CONs POT! ART? CIAt st Br PBs De INTs CON: POP: ART CIAs 2at ATLIT Burial xvib QDAP 6: 151. Late 8th-7th centuries (Johns), Cremation pyre burial. Pyre, Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 2 earrings, 1 ring, 1 bronze wire, 1 knife?. Type 1-57. ATLIT Burial xviia QDAP 6: 1503 Pl. 39. Tate 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial. Skeleton. Pyre. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-57. ATLIT Burial xviib QDAP 6+ 150-1525 pl. 39, Tate 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial. Pyre. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 bronze pendant, 1 knife, 1 bronze pin, 2 looped wires (tweezer?). Type 1-5 ATLIT Burial xviic QDAP 6s 153. pl. 39. late 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation urn burial. Pyre. ?. Crater and bowl reflects juglet-2 pattern. No other artifacts. Type 57. ATLIT Burial xviii QDAP 6s 152, Tate 8th-7th centuries (Johns). Cremation pyre burial. Child. Pyre. No pottery. 1 bronze earring?, 4 beads. 2207. 208. 209, 210, 211, St Bt PB: De INTs CONt POT: ARTt CIAr se Be PBra Ds INTt CON: POT s ART! CIAr St Br PBr INTs cONt POT: ARTE CIAt st Br PBt DE INTs CON: POT: ARTS CIAr st Br PBr De INTs 222 AZOR Burial 56. IBI 11: 171-172; pl. 35:1. 12th century (Dothan, IJ 111171). Primary burial in supine position. Child. Grave. ?. Bowl, crater, pyxis and stirrup vase illustrated. 1 scarab, 2 bangle. 2 AZOR Burial 86, IBJ 11: 161: 173; pl, 3513. 12th century (Dothan). Primary burial inside storage jars joined at mouth, Grave. 2. 2 storage jars. None mentioned. 2. AZOR Burial No. ?. Third type. IEJ 11: 173. 12th century (Dothan). 2. Mud-bricked coffin type cist. May be comparable to two examples from Sa‘tidiyeh 13th century as well as the cited Egyptian parallels. 2. Philistine style pottery. 2 AZOR Burial 63. TEI 11: 173; pls. 3315-6, 3582. 1ith century (Dothan), Cremation urn burial. Adult and child. Stone-lined pit. ?. 1 storage jar, bowl, several jugs, and lentoid flask. May be early type Juglet-2 patti a 1 gold foil strip, 1 bronze bowl. erm Type 57. AZOR Cist 79. IEJ 111 173-174, pl. 341 1-6, BIES 25:4 10th-9th centuries (Dothan). Primary burials in four layers, Burials in supine position, Secondary burial evident in top212, 213, CON: POTt ART! CIA: St Bs PBs Dt INTs CON: POT: ART CIA St Br PBt Dt INTs CON POT: ARTY CIAr St Bt PBs Dt 223 layer (ive. skull pile). Stone-lined cist. ?, Bowls, juglets (black-on-red and pedestal based black juglets), 1 pyxis, 1 white painted Cypriot jug. May be a Mixed bowl/juglet-1 pattern. 1 conicai seal, 1 fibula. 2 NOTE: 45 burials were excavated in this cemetery; however, only five burials are published in any detail. BETHLEHEM Tombs BB 72 (1965) 270-272. 12th-8th centuries B.C. (Bagatti, RB 72:270). cn Cave. 2 seals. 2 BETHLEHEM Tomb near School by Basilica of Nativity. IA 18 (1966) 153-180, 1000-600 B.C. (Saller, IA 18 180), ?, Massive secondary burial indicated by amount of pottery. Cave. Tamp-2 pattern. 31 bowls (19.5%) 46 lamps (28.9%) 19 jugs (11.5%)(one handled, round based and red slipped jugs). 34 juglets (21.4%) (12 blaek juglets, 21 dippers?, and’ 1 Cypro-Phoen, bottle) 4 storage jars (2.5%) 3 pyxicles (1.9%) 2 chalices (1.3%) 5 cooking pots (3.1%) 5 miscellaneous (3.1%) 159 = Total 1 bead, 1 ring. Type 3?. KHIRBET BEIT LEI Tomb 1 J, Naveh, "Old Hebrew Inscriptions in a Burial Cave." IEJ 13 (1963)1 74-96, 7th century (Naveh). Persian Period (loffreda, IA 18: 249-250). 6th century (Frank Moore Cross, Jr., “The Cave Inscription from Khirbet Beit Le: Near Eastern214, 215. 216. INTs CON: POT: ART: CIAr st Bt PBt DY INTs CON: POT: ARTS clar st Br PBs Dt INT! CON: POT: ARTS CIAr st Bs PBE 22h Archaeology in the Twentieth Century. ed. by James A, Sanders (Garden City, New York! Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1970), p. 304, Artifical cave. Loffreda Type M with divans and inscriptions, Abercrombie Type R/S-2. No pottery in cave, Persian pottery found outside of entrance, 1 ring, 1 earring, 2 nails, 1 clasp to a bracelet. 2 BETH SHAN ‘Tomb 7 Fisher, "North Cemetery." University Museum Archives. Oren, Northern Cemetery, p. 6, 101- 1503 figs. 135 415 51:12-14; 7641,25,273 7713,4,9,10,14. Iron I, late 12th-early 11th centuries (Oren, Northern Cemetery, p. 130). Anthropoid coffins probably containing primary burials. Bones found in tomb. Reused MBI cave. Bowl/lamp-1 pattern?. 9 lamps, 2 juglets (1 dipper and 1 pedestal based), 6 lentoid flasks, and 3 stirrup vases. 70 beads, 5 lunate earrings, 1 ring, 1 ivory handle, 1 game board, 1 bronze bowl, 1 cylinder seal, 2 scarabs, 1 gold foil (N.P.), 9 amulets, 1 ivory bowl, 1 comb, 2 bead spacers. Note: Inventory of artifacts is based on figures rather than inventory in text. ‘Type 1-27. BETH SHAN Tomb 66 A-C Fisher, "North Cemetery.” University Museum Archives. Oren, Northern Cemetery., pp. 9-10, 101-150; figs. 11-12; 42a-b; 51s. 535. S53 S68 2-33 60815 62523 633 7781-2; 65 11-13, 15-16; 80- 81; 84:1, 14, Iron I, late 12th-11th centuries (Oren). Anthropoid coffins probably containing primary burials and massive secondary burial in Area B (.25 meters high). Bones found in tomb. Reused MBI cave. Bowl/lamp~1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 34 beads, 1 lunate earring, 1 scarab, 2 arrowheads, 1 spatula, 1 kohl stick, 1 comb fragment, 1 shell, 4 gold strips, 3 bangles, 10 rings, 1 seal. Type 1-2. BETH SHAN Tomb 69 Fisher, "North Cemetery.” University Museum Archives, Oren, Northern Cemetery, pp. 10,-101- 150; figs. 11, 431 13-19.217. 218. Dt INT: cont POT: ART1 CIAr st Br PBs Dt INTs CON: POT! ART# crAr st Bs PBs De INTs CON: POT: 225 Iron I, late 12th-11th centuries (Oren), Anthropoid coffins probably containing primary burials. Bones found in tomb. Cave with certral pillar to support roof. Bowl pattern?. 4 bowls, 2 lamps, 1 lentoid flask, 1 stirrup vase. None. ‘Type 17. BETH SHAN Tomb 90 Fisher, "North Cemetery." University Museum Archives. Oren, Northern Cemetery,, pp. 12, 101-150; figs, 8-9, 442-45, 49, 52-53, 62, 71, 74-76, 78, 79, 84. IBII-Iron I, 13th-12th centuries (Oren). Anthropoid coffins probably containing primary burials. Cave. Bowl/lamp-1 pattern?, Bowls 15 17.1% Lamps 33 37.5% Jugiets 3 3.4% Lentoid flasks 33 37.5% Stirrup vases 4 4.5% Total 88 Note: Disagreement in frequencies between Oren's catalogue and distribution list. Above frequencies based on catalogue. 3 beads, 14 arrowheads, 1 razor, 1 dagger, 1 spearbutt,or staff base, 1 fibula, 5 bangles, 2 rings, 1 bronze bowl, 1 bronze strainer, 1 bronze jug, 1 bronze lamp, 2 shawabtis, 1 game board, 2 alabaster vessels, 1 ivory spoon, 3 flint Scrappers, 1 flint blade, 1 ivory inlay. Type 1-27. BETH SHAN ‘Tomb 107 Fisher, “North Cemetery." University Museum Archives. Oren, Northern Cemetery, pp. 13, 101-150; figs. 8, 4311-12, 55a11, 8417. IBII-Iron I, 13th-12th centuries (Oren). Anthropoid coffin probably containing primary burial. Reused MBI Cave. Bowl/lamp-1 pattern?. 1 bowl, 4 lamps, 2 jugiets (1 dipper and 1 shoulder handled juglet with pedestal based), 2 lentoid flasks, i pyxis, 1 stirrup vase, 1 bilbil jug. Noter Disagreement in frequencies between Oren's catalogue and distribution tables. Above219, 220. 221. ARTY CIA: st Br PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ARTS CIA: st Bt PBt Dt INT: CON POT! ART: cra: Bi PBr Dt INT! cONt 226 frequencies based on catalogue. 1 seal, 1 arrowhead, 2, May be Type 1-27. BETH SHAN Tomb 202A Fisher, "North Cemetery." University Museum Archives. Oren, Northern Cemetery, pp. 14-15, 101-150; figs. 6; 4621-16; 55b; 56as35 61153 7651: 82. Iron I, late 12th-early 11th century (Oren). Anthropoid coffins probably containing primary purials?. Bones found in tomb. Reused MBI cave. Bowl pattern?. 6 bowls, 3 lamps, 6 lentoid flasks, and 2 stirrup vases, Note: Disagreement in frequency of vessels between Oren's catalogue and distribution. Above frequencies based on catalogue. 1 ring, 1 gold foil. Type 1?. BETH SHAN Tomb 219 A-B Fisher, “North Cemetery.” University Museum Archives. Oren,” Nogthern ‘Cemetery, pp. 15-16, 101-150; figs. 1; 48a-49; 511:16-27,33; S6b; 57a; 5811-2; 6181; 7444,12; 7512-35 76¢53 7717-8; 8415-6 ,13,15-17. LBII~Iron I, 13th-12th centuries (Oren). Anthropoid coffins (at least, 13 lids) probably containing primary burials. Reused MBI cave. 2, See Tomb 221A-C, 5 bowls, 6 lamps, 1 jugs 18: lentoid flasks, 25 stirrup vases, 1 pyxis, 1 egyptian cup, 1 storage jar. Total = 58. 19+ beads, 8+ lunate earrings, 2 seals, 9 scarabs, 2 bangles, 6 rings, 3 amulets, 3 ushabti figurines, 1 bronze bowl, 1 arrowhead, 1 whorl. 2 BETH SHAN Tomb 221 A-C Fisher, "North Cemetery.” University Museum Archives. Oren, Northern Cemetery, pp. 16, 101- 1503 figs. 1, 47a-b, 51, 56-58, 64. IBII-Iron I, 13th-12th centuries (Oren). Anthropoid Coffin probably containing the primary burials?. Reused MBI cave,222. 223. 224, POT: ARTS CIA: st Br PBs Dt INTs CON: POT: ART? CIAr St Br PBr Dt INT: cONt POT: ARTS cIAr St Br PBt Dt 227 2. Bowls 8 (13.8%) Bgyptian cup 2 (3.4%) Lamps 12 (20.7%) Funnel 1 (1.7%) dugs 1 (1.7%) S. Jar 1 (1.7%) L. Fle 8 (13.8%) Total 58 Stir. 25 (43.1%) Notet Selection process of this tomb and Tomb 219A-B have no known parallels with such a high frequency of stirrup vases. It may be that this unusual frequency is due to robbing of tomb, or perhaps this is a new type of pattern unknown from other published tombs. 1 bead, 1 scarab, 1 strigil, 3 ushabti figurines, 4 bangles, 1 seal. 2 BETH SHAN Tomb 227 Fisher, “North Cemetery.” University Museum Archives. Oren, Northern Cemetery, pp. 16-17. 101-150; figs. 73 46117-22; 5814; 61:4; 8342. Iron I, late 12th-early 11th centuries (Oren). Anthropoid coffin probably containing primary burials. Reused MBI cave. 2, 2 bowls, 3 lamps, 1 Egyptian cup. Noter Disagreement in frequency of vessels between Oren's catalogue and distribution list. Above frequencies based on catalogue. None. cn TELL BIR EL-GHARBI (Yas'ur) Unknown number of Iron I burials. IBS 12: 143. BB 701 566-567. Encvclopedia I, p. 25. 1lth-10th centuries (Prausnitz). Primary burials. Stones placed on top of skeletons (compare to Mt. Carmel). Rock-cut graves?. 2. lor 2 lentoid flasks with each burial. Suglets, lamps, and jugs also present. Ornaments (pins, etc.) and tools. ie TELL BIR EL-GHARBI (Yas‘ur) Unknown number of Iron II burials. IES 121 143, BB 70: 566-567. 9th-8th centuries (Prausnitz).225. 2260 227, 228, INTE CON: POT: clar St Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTY CIA: St Br PBt De INTs CON: POT: ARTE cIAr St Ba PBs Ds INTs CON POT: ARTS crat St Br PBr De INTs 228 Single and double primary burials. Rock-cut graves?. ?. Bowls, jugs, and jars present. Charred animal bones. 2 MP. CARMEL Tomb 1 BSAT 1., pp. 47-55, 48-513 pls. 1, 2. Early Iron Age (Guy) BSAJ 5., p. 47). 10th century (Van Beek, BASOR 124: 28). Pair primary burial and single burial covered with pile of stones. Cave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 bead. Type 1-4, MP. CARMEL Toms 2 BSAJ 1,, pp. 47-55, 51; pls. 1, Early Iron Age (Guy). 10th century (van Beek). Single primary burial. Storage jar may have contained a burial. Cave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 3 rings, 2 bangles, 1 arrowhead, 1 fish hook, 1 fibula. Type 1-47, MT. CARMEL Tomb 3 BSA 1., pp. 47-55, 51. Early Iron Age (Guy). 10th century (Van Beek). Cave?. Few sherds. ar's tusk and other animal bones, Roman glass MT. CARMEL Tomb 4, BSAT 1., pp. 47-55, 525 pls. ly 3. Early Iron Age (Guy). 10th century (van Beek). Contracted burial. Children.229. 230. 231. 232. CONs Port ART? CIAr st Bt PBt Dt INTs CON: POT! ARTE CIA: st Br PBt Dt INT: CON: POT + ARTS CIAt St Br PBr De INTs CON: POT + ARTS cla: St Br PBE Dt INTs Pors 229 Artifical cave, Loffreda Type S?, Few Iron Age sherds. lL bangle, 1 iron fragment. 2 MP. CARMEL Tomb 5. BSAJ 1., pp. 47-55, 52; pl. 34 Early Iron Age (Guy). 10th century (Van Beek). 2. MB 1 shaft grave?. No pottery, but Byzantine sherds. Animal bones. 2 MT. CARMEL Tomb 6. BSAJ 1., 47-55, 52. Early Iron Age (Guy). 10th century (Van Beek). MT. CARMEL Tomb 7. BSAJ 1.4, pp. 47-55, 52-55; pis. 1, 3. Early Iron Age (guy). 10th century (Van Beek). Single primary burial cowered with pile of stones, Artifical cave, Loffreda Type S? or R?. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. Nones Type 1-47. ED DAHRIYEH Tomb 1 QDAP 4s 109-110; pls. 61-64. 1000 B.C. (Baramki, QDAP 4: 110). 900-750 B.C, (Albright, TBM III., p. 159). Primary burials (i.e. skeletons), Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. 15 Bowls (23.8%) 10 Lamps (15.8%) 11 dugs (17.5%) 21 dJugiets (33.3%) 3° Storage jars (4.8%) 2 Chalices ( 3.2%) 41 Amphoriskos ( 1.6%) Sh Total233, 234, 236. cons ARTS CIA: St Br PBt Dt INT CON: POT: ARTS CIA st Be PBt Dt INT: CON: POT: ARTS CIAs sa Ba PEE Dt INTs CON: POT: ART: CIA’ st Bi PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTS CIAr 230 Artifical Cave, Loffreda Type RR. Abercrombie 4 bangles, 1 dipper figurine Type VII. Our?, DHIBAN Grave 1 BASOR 37., p. 573 pls. 7815,6,12,14,15. Tate Iron I? (AASOR 37157). Several burials. Grave. ?, 5 bowls and some lamps. None. 2 DHIBAN Tomb J1, AASOR 37., p. 573 pl. 94. 2. (BASOR 371 57). 10th-8th centuries (Loffreda, IA 18: ). ?, Rectangular repository at rear of chamber indicates massive secondary burial. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type R. No pottery. No artifacts. 2. Robbed. DHIBAN Tomb J2 AASOR 37, pp. 57-58; pls, 94, 98, Iron I-II (Reed, AASOR 37, p. 57). Artifical cave, Loffreda Type S?. No pottery. No artifacts. 2, Robbed. DHIBAN Tomb 53 AASOR 37, pp. 58-60; pls 5811-22, 59:1, 5-13; 7214, 7741, 3-4, 7-11, 13; 78, 791 1-13, 8011-5, 7-95 8117, 21-22; 94, 96, 97. 9th century (Reed, AASOR 37, p. 60). Late 9th- 6th centuries (Tushingham, AASOR 40., pe ). Massive secondary burial in repository and anthropoid coffin burial probably containing primary burial. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type R. Lamp-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. 54 beads, 2 pendants, 4 bronze and gold earrings, 20 bronze and iron rings, 4 bronze bangles, 2 scarab, 12 bronze and iron pins, 1 sandstone disk, 1 claywheel, and 6 iron fragments. Type Two.237. 238. 239. 240. st Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POTs ARTS cIar St CON: POT: ARTS cla: Sa Bt PBs Ds INTs CON: Por: ART? CIAr St Br PBs Dt INTs 231 DHIBAN Tomb J4 AASOR 40, pp. 89-90; figs. 14, 255 pls. 19. Sheet 5. 9th-6th centuries (Tushingham). “Bathtub” coffin fragments probably contained secondary burial. Artifical cave, loffreda Type S?, with ledges instead of divans. ‘Tamp-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 3g beads, 1 lunate earring, 1 bangle, 1 seven linked chain, 1 ring, 1 wire-pendant, 1 bronze wire, 1 bronze chisel or spatula. Type Two. DHIBAN Tomb J5 AASOR 40, pp. 91-953 figs. 15-19, 255 pls, 20, 24, 25, 33; Sheet 5. 9th-6th centuries (Tushingham Coffin burials, child burials inside storage jars, and possibly massive secondary burial indicated by amount of pottery. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type R, with small niche and ledges. Iamp-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. 4 beads, 3 shells, 4 lunate earrings, 7 rings, 6 bangles, iron pin, rattle, 1 pendant. Type Two. DHIBAN Tomb J6 AASOR 40, pp. 95-101; figs. 20-2 Sheet 5. 9th-6th centuries (TuShingham). Massive secondary burial mixed with animal bones, coffin burials, and child burials inside storage jars. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type S. Compare to Sahab Tomb B. Iamp-1 pattern See Chapter Three. 6 beads, 6 rings, 4 bangles, 1 pin, animal bones, bronze fragments. Type Two. DHIBAN Tomb J7 AASOR 40, pp. 101-103; figs. 23, 243 pls. 20; 27; 32. Sheet 5. 9th-6th centuries (Tushingham). 2. Presence of repository indicates massive secondary burial. pls, 27-31;241. 242. 243, CON: POT: ART? cIAr St Be PBt De INTs CON: POT s ARTY CIAr St Br PBr De INT: CON: POT: ART! cIaAr st Br PB Dt INT: CON: POTt ART! CIAt 232 Artifical cave, Loffreda Type R, with small niche. Lamp-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 bangle, 1 iron pin. Type Two?. DHIBAN Tomb JB AASOR 40, pp. 103-104; fig. 25; pl. 21, Sheet 5. 9th-6th centuries (Tushingham). 2 Artifical cave, Loffreda Type R, with ledge or niche on west wall. 2, 3 lamps, 1 juglet, 2 craters, and sherds. = 6+ vessels. Beads, 1 bangle, 1 ring, 1 fibula, 1 looped wire, 1 bronze pendant, 1 earring, iron fragments. 2 DOTHAN Tomb 1 BASOR 156: 275:-ffg..25-160: 10-13; fig. 1. i4th-12th centuries (Free, BASOR 160112), Massive secondary burial. 84 interments in all, but 53 in levels I-II. Artifical cave, loffreda Type C?. Bowl/lamp-2 pattern?. Evidence - high frequency of bowk and lamps. 91 bowls (20.2%), 118 lamps (26.2%), 84 jugs and juglets (18.6%), 16 pots (3.5%), 102 pyxides (22.6%), 25 chalices (5.5%), 4 flasks (0.9%), 7 craters (1.5%), 2 storage jars (0.4%), 1 jar stand. (0.2%) and 1 funnel (0.2%). I8daggers, 7 spear points, 1 knife, 12 bronze bowls, 6 rings, 2 tweezers, 1 hairpin, 4 scarabs, 4 whorls, 1 seal, and 1 bone pendant? described as a minature bone hammer, From ali levels in tomb. Type 1-37. DOTHAN "Bathtub" coffin, BASOR 156: 25+. fig. 3. 8th-7th centuries (Free, BASOR 156+ 25). “Bathtub” coffin burial. Probably contains secondary burial. Grave. 2. 2 bowls. None. ?244, 245. 246. 247. 248. St Br PBr Dt INTs CON POT ARTs CIAr st Br PB De INTs con POT: ART CIAr St Br PBE De INT: CON: POT: ART! CIAr st Br PBr Dt INTt CON: POT: ART? CIAr st Br PB Dt INTs cont POT: ARTS 233 DOTHAN Sub-Area A-105. BASOR 135: 18, 7th century (Free, BASOR 135118). Single primary burial. Grave. 2. 1 bowl. No other artifacts. os DOTHAN Burial near bathtub coffin. BASOR 156, 26. entury.(Free, BASOR 156126), Single primary burial with hands aut off and placed under thigh. Grave. 2. 1 bowl. 1 ring. en DOTHAN Iron II level near Child burial. BASOR 1351 18. 900-600 B.C. (Free, BASOR 135: Single primary burial. Grave. No pottery. No other artifacts, DOTHAN Jar Burial No. 1. , BASOR 135: 18. BA 19, 2: 46; fig. 11. 8th century (Free, BASOR 135: 18). Jar burial. Infant. Grave. ?, 1 storage jar and lamps. No other artitacts. DOTHAN Jar Buriais Nos. 2-4. BASOR 1561 26. @th century (Free, BASOR 156: 26). Jar burials. Infants. Grave. ?, Storage jars. No other artifacts. 2249, 250. 251. 252. 253. St Bt PBs De INTs CON: POT: ARTs Cras St Br PBt De INtr CONt POT: ARTS CIAs st Bt PBt Dt INT: CON: POT s ART: cIAr St Bt PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTS CIAt st Br PBr 254 DOTHAN Jar Burial No. 5. BASOR 1601 9, 8th century (Free, BA: 160: 9). Single primary burial in jar. Infant. Grave. 1 storage jar. 9 beads, 1 bangle. 2 DOTHAN Jar Burial No, 6, BASOR 160: 9, 8th-7th centuries (Free, BASOR 160: 9). Jar burial. Infant. Grave. 2, 1 storage jar. 1 bangle. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 102. Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11; pls. 331353-354; 66; 68. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94. James, "Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” XX Dynasty (Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pl. 68). late Philistine (Tufnell, Beth Pelet I, p. 11). 2 Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 2 lunate earrings, 1 bangle, (not published, hereafter N.P.), 1 scarab, beads. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 103 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11; pis. 66, 68. James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” ?. (Petrie). Late Philistine (Tufnell). 2 Grave or cist? Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 104 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11; pis. 34: 199- 202; 361 405-406; 66; 68. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94, James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery.”254. 255. 256. 257. Dt INTs CON: POTt ARTE CIAr st Br Bt Da INT: CON: POT: ART: CLA: St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: Port ART: CIAt st Bt PB: Dt INT: CON: POT! ART: CIAt St Bs PBt Dt INTs 235 XXI Dynasty (Petrie). Late Philistine (Tufnell). 4 primary burials indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, shell, 3 bangles, 1 scarab 3 amulets Type 1?, FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 105 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11; pls. 66, 68. James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery." XX Dynasty (Petrie). Late Philistine (Tufnell). 2. 2 skulis. Grave or cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artigacts. FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 107 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery." 2. (Petrie). Late Philistine (Tufnell). Single primary burial in supine position(?). Female. Stone-lined cist. No pottery. Mass of beads and cowrie shells, 1 scaraboid. FARAH (S) Toms 110 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11; pls. 351 402, 66, 68. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94, James, Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” -XXI Dynasty (Petrie), Late Philistine (Tufnel1) 2. Mud-bricked ?, cist, Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, cowrie shells, traces of bronze, 1 seal stamp, 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 111 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11; pls. 66, 68. James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” XIX Dynasty (Petrie), late Philistine (Tufnell),258. 259, 260. 261. CON: POT: ART! CIAr st Bt PB: De INTr CONt Port ARTY CIAr St Bt PBE Dt INTt CON: POT: ART CIAt st Br PBr De INT: CON: POT: ART: CIAr St Br PBt De INTs CON: POT: ART? CIAr 236 Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Traces of copper. FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 112 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p, 11; pl. 66. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94, James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery." 2, (Petrie), Late Philistine (Tufnell). 2 Mud-bricked cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, shells, 1 ring. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 114 Petrie, ‘Beth.Pelet I, p. 11; pl. 66. James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” ? (Petrie). Late Philistine (Tufnell). Probably contemporary with other burials (Abercrombie). Pair of primary burials in supine position. Grave or cist? Covered with wadi stones, chamber partitioned. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 115 Petrie, Béth'Pelet I, p. 11s pl. 66. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94, James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” 2? (Petrie), late Philistine (Tufnell). + No bones, No pottery. Beads, sheli, bangles, mass of earrings. FARAH (S) Tomb 116 Petrie, Bath Pelet I, p. 11; pl. 66. James, "Notes on the 100 Cemetery. ? (Petrie), Late Philistine (Tufnell). 2, 2 skulls. No pottery. Lunate earrings, rings 2262. 263. 264, 265. 266. st Br PBs Dt INTs CONs POT: ARTS CLAt St Be PBr Ds INT: CON! POTs ARTS CIAt st Br PB Dt INT: CON: POT: ARTI CIAr st Br PB: De INTs cont POT: ART? CIAr st Br PB 237 FARAH (S) Tomb 117 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11; pls. 351398; 66, 68. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94, James, "Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” XXI Dynasty (Petrie), Late Philistine (Tufnel1). Single primary burial?. Grave or cist?. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 earring (N.P.), 1 bangle (N.P.), 1 scarab. Type 1?. FARAH (S) Tomb 118 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 1: on the 100 Cemetery.” 2. (Petrie), late Philistine (Tufnei1). ae Grave or cist?. No pottery. No other artifacts. Pl. 66. James, "Notes FARAH (S) Tomb 119 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11; pl. 66. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94. James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” ? (Petrie). Late Philistine (Tufnell). + 2 skull. rave or cist?. No pottery. Beads, 1 amulet. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 120 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11; pis. 311 309; 663 68. James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” Xx Dynasty (Petrie), late Philistine (Tufnell). Grave or cist?, Covered with wadi stones. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 scarab. Re FARAH (S) Tomb 121 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p, 11; pls. 341 193; 66, 68. dames, "Notes on the 100 Cemetery.”267. 268. 269. 270, Dt INT: CONt POT’ ART: CIAr St Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT s ARTE CIAr st Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ART CIA: st Br PBE Dt INTs CON POTt ARTE CIAr st Be PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTY clas 238 xX Dynasty (Petrie). late Philistine (Tufnell). Single primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave or cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 copper spear head. ‘Type 17. FARAH (S) Tomb 122 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p, 11: pl. 66. James, the 100 Cemetery.” ? (Petrie), Late Philistine (Tufnell). Single primary burial in supine position. Male?. Grave or cist?. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 ring. Type 1. ‘Notes on FARAH (S) Tomb 123 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11; pl. 66. James, "Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” ? (Petrie). lIate Philistine (Tufnell). Single primary burial in supine position. Mud-bricked cist with wadi stone cover. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 124 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11; pls. 321 152 66; 68. James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery. XX Dynasty (Petrie). late Philistine (Tufnell). Pair primary burial in supine position. One skeleton identified female. Grave or cist?. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 bangle. Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 125 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 115 pls. 665 68. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94. James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery. XIX Dynasty (Petrie), Late Philistine (Tufnell). 2. No bones. Cist or grave?. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 2 beads, 1 shell, 1 scaraboid. 2an. 272. 273. st Br PBs De INT? CON: POT: ART: CIAs St Bt PBr Dt INT: CON: Por: ART? CIAr st Bt PBs De INTs CON POT: ART: CIAr St Br PBt De INTt CON POT: ART: CIAr 239 FARAH (S) Tomb 126 Petrie, Beth Pelet Ij, vpls. 321 170-171; 331 361, 66, 68. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 68. James, "Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” XX Dynasty (Petrie). Late Philistine (Tufnell). Single primary burial in supine position. Immature adult or child. Grave or cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 lunate earring, 2 bangles, 1 amulet. ‘Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 127 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 14 pl.-66, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94, James, "Notes on the 100 Cemetery. ? (Petrie), late Philistine (Tufnell). ?. No bones. Grave or cist?. No pottery. Beads, shell, earring, scarab, 2 amulets, bangle fragments. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 128 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11} pl. 66. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl, 94, James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” ? (Petrie). Late Philistine (Tufne11), 2. Thrown out from tomb robbing. Probably not a burial. ? No pottery. Beads, 1 amulet, 1 scarab. a FARAH (S) Tomb 129 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p, 11; pl. 66, James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” ? (Petrie). Late Philistine (Tufnell). 2. No bones, ee Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 2 bangles.275. 276. 277. 278. St Br PBr Dt INTs CONs POT: ART: CIA: St BE PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ART: CIAr St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POTs ART? ClaAa 2ho FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 130 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11; pl..66, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94, James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery." ? (Petrie), late Philistine (Tufneil). 2, No bones. 2 No pottery. Beads, shelis. on FARAH (S) Tomb 131 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 115. pl. 66s Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94, James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” ? (Petrie), Late Philistine (Tufnell). Single primary burial, Immature adult. Grave or cist?. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 ring, 1 earring, 1 scarab. Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 132 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11}. pl. 664 Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94, James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” ? (Petrie), Late Philistine (Tufnell). Single primary burial in supine position. Immature adult. Grave or cist. No pottery. Beads, 2 bangles. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 133 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11; pls. 29: 262-274; 6; 68. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94. James, "Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” XXI Dynasty (Petrie), Late Philistine (Tufnell). 5 primary burial in supine position except a child in lateral position, Stone-lined cist. No pottery. Beads, 1 scarab, 1 seal stamp, 1 cylinder seal, 2 earrings (N.P.), 4 bangles, 3 amulets. 2279. 280, 261, 282. 283. St PBr De INT: CON: PoTs ART! cIAr st Bt PBt Dt INTs CON POTS ART! CIAr St Br PB Dt INT: cONs POT: ARTS CIAt st Br PBr De INTs CON Port ART? CIAr st Br PBr 2u4 FARAH (S) Tomb 134 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 113 pls. 291 275-2813 66; 68. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94, James, jotes on the 100 Cemetery. XXI Dynasty (Petrie). Late Philistine (Tufnell). 2. 5 burials. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 6 lunate earrings, bangles (N.P.), 2 mammalian bones (astragali)(N.P.), 2 scarabs, 2 seal stamps. FARAH (S) Tomb 135 Petrie, Beth Pelet.I, p. 11; pl. 291 282-2835 66; 68. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94. James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery.” ? (Petrie). Late Philistine (Tugne1l). ? Stone-1ined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Many beads, earring, bangles, scarabs. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 136 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11; pl. 66. James, “Notes on the 100 Cemeter: ? (Petrie), Late Philistine (Tufnell). Single primary burial in lateral position. Grave or cist. No pottery. Beads, shell ring, silver ring, bronze foil sheet?, fibula, fragment of iron knife, whorl. 2 FARRAH (S) Toms 137 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11. James the 100 Cemetery.” ? (Petrie). Late Philistine (Tufnell). 2 Grave or cist. Bowl-pattern, See Chapter Three. 2 beads, 2 earrings, 1 bangle. oo FARAH (S) Tomb 201 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12; pls. 685 363 40; 41; 431 547-548, James, "Notes on the 200 Cemetery.”284, 285- 286. 287. Dt INT: CON: POT: ARTE CIAr St Bt PBt Dt INTr CON: POT: ARTS crar St Bi PBs Di INTs CON: POT: ART! CIA St Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTY CIAr 2he XXII Dynasty (Petrie), Solomonic (Tufnell). Massive secondary burial along with primary burials. 126 burials in total (adults and children). Stone-lined cist. Bowl/Juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 3 metallic foil strips, 1 bone calendar?, 15 amulets, 2 spear points, 22 scarabs, 10 bangles, 10 rings, 1 seal, 1 tab, earrings, 3 lunate earrings, 5 daggers, chariot rigging, 3 arrowheads, 2 whorls, bone fragments, cowrie shells. Type 1-4. FARAH (S) Tomb 202 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 12; pls. 68, 421 301- 312, 431 507-508, James, "Notes on the 200 Cemetery." XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). 2, Multiple burials. Probably Secondary burial. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern, May be transitional to mixed bowl/ juglet-1 pattern. 3 lunate earrings, 1 metallic foil, 1 spear point, 3 bone pieces, 1 ring, metallic wire, metallic piece, 2 scarabs. ‘Type 1-47. FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 204-205 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11. James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery." 2? (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). 2 primary burials (Children). Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 bangle, 1 earring, 1 amulet, some beads. Type 1. FARAH (S} ‘Tomb 206 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 123 pls. 32s 158-160; 331 347-3523 68. James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery Farah (S). xX Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Disturbed. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 2 amulets, 1 metal fragment, 3 lunate earrings, 2 scarabs, 1 stamp. 2288. st Bt PBr Di INTs CON POT! ART! CIAr 289. Si Br PB Dt INT: CON POT: ARTY CIAr 290, 3s Ba PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ARTS cIar 291, st Bt PBe Dt INTs CONt POTt ARTI cIAr 292, St Br PBr Dt 243 FARAH (S) Tomb 207 Petrie, Beth Pelet I on the 200 Cemetery ? (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). 2 primary burials in supine position. (Adult and child), Not a pair burial. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 210 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 11-12; pis. 351 3933 68. James, "Notes on the 200 Cemetery.” XXI Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Single primary burial. Child. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 bangle (N.P.), 1 plaque. ‘Type 1, FARAH (S) Tomb 212 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12; pls. 68, 421 323-334; 431 523-524, James, “Notes on the 100 Cemetery. XXII Dynasty (Petrie), Solomonic (Tufnell). Disturbed. 11 skulls. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, shells, 4 earrings, toggle pin, 1 bangle, 1 ring, 1 bone stick, 2 scarabs, 1 arrowhead. Ps 11-12. dames, “Notes FARAH (S) Tomb 213 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12; pls. 351 407- 422, 428-434; 68. James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery.” XXII Dynasty (Petrie), Solomonic (Tufnell). Disturbed, 26 skulls. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 5 lunate earrings, 4 bangles, 3 scarabs, 10 amu- lets, 1 tab earring. on FARAH (S)* Tomb 214 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pl. 68. XIX (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). *For photograph of one of the urn burials, see pl. 39A1l.293. 294. 295. 296. 297, INTs CON POPs ART: CIAr St Bt PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ARTE CIAr St Br PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ART: CIA: st Br PBt Dt INTr CON: POT: ART CIA: se Bt PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ART? CIA: st Bt PBs Ds, INTs CON: POT! 2h Cremation urn burial. Pit. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. ‘Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 215 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68. Po Battiey SeiGwale Phatnatis. Cremation urn burial. Probably a child. Pit. dJuglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts, Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 216 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68. XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Cremation urn burial. Pit. Juglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 217 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68. XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Cremation urn burial. Pit. \ Juglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 218 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp, 12-13; pls. 67, 68. XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Cremation urn burial. Pit. duglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three, No other artifacts. Type 5. FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 219 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp, 12-13; pls. 67, 68. XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufneli). Cremation urn burial, Adult, probably female. Pit. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three,298. 299, 300, 301. ART: CIAs St Br PB: Dt INT: con: POT: ART! CIAt St PBr De INTs CON: POT: ARTs CIA: st Bs PBt INT: CON: POT: ART? CIA: St Be PBr 245 No other artifacts, Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 220 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp, 11-12; pl. 68; 34: 183-190; 35: 385-390; 36, James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery.” XX Dynasty (Petrie). S@lomonic (Tufne11). Primary burial with small skull pile behind head. Adult male. Infant burials in pile. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 3 bangles, 1 ring, 2 daggers, 1 game board, 2 stone pendants, 3 scarabs, 2 seals, 4 lunate earrings. Type 1-47. FARAH (S} Tomb 221 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12; pls. 68, 41: 289-291, 293-296, James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery.“ XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). 2 Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three, i bone pendant 1 earring, 1 ring, 1 fibula, 3 scarabs, 1 bangle. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 222 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12; pls. 32: 166-169; 33: 362-368; 37; 68. James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery.” ? (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Double primary burials in supine position. Child burials. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Bead, cowrie shell, 2 bangles, 1 ring, ? lunate earrings, 1 dropped tab earring, 1 stamp, i amulet, 3 scarabs, 1 metallic bowl (N.P.), 1 metal? fragment. Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 223 Petrie, Beth Belet I, pp. 11-12; pls. 68; 42: 327-329; 43: 525-526. James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery." *Pendant placed with other artifacts in tomb (see, pl.41)5 however, not listed among artifacts in Petrie's or James's Registry.302. 303, 304, 305. De INTs CON: POT: ART: clar St Br PB: Dt INTs CON: POTs ART Clar St Br PBt De INTs CON: POT: ARTE CIAr St Bt PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ART? CIA: St Bi PBs Dt INTs CON: 246 XXII Dynasty (Petrie), Solomonic (Tufnell). Four primary burials (Children and adults) in supine position. Also a cremation urn burial. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 2 lunate earrings, 1 ring, 1 bangle, 1 amulet, 1 scarab. Type 1? Cremation burial may be Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 224 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12; pls. 68, 35, 42 339-340; 431 533-536. James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery." XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufne11). 2. Disturbed. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 lunate earring, 1 bangle, 4 scarabs. 2. FARAH (S) Tomb 225 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12 “Notes on the 200 Cemetery.” XXIII (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufne11). ?. Six skulls. Stone-lined cist, Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. pl. 68. James, FARAH (S) Tomb 226 James, "Notes on the 200 Cemetery." Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12. Solomonic (Tufnell). ? (Petrie). Single primary burial in supine position, Female?, Grave. No pottery. Beads, 1 earring, 6 rings, 3 or 4 scarabs. Pe FARAH (S) Tomb 227 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp, 11-12; pls. 68, 30: 133-138; 31+ 318-320. James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery.” XX Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). 2. Disturbed, 20 skulls. Stone~lined cist.306. 307. 308. 309, POT: ARTS CIA: st Br PBt Dt INTt CON: POT: ART cat St Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ART: clas st Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT! ART! CIA’ ss Br PBr Dt 247 Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 bone pendant?, 1 lunate earring, 1 seal stamp, 1 whorl, 1 ivory disk, 3 scarabs, 1 iron knife, 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 228 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12; pls. 683 35: 423-427, James, "Notes on the 200 Cemetery. XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Disturbed. 13 (Petrie) or 25 (James) skulls?. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 5 scarabs. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 229 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12; pls. 68: 341 203-213; 391 435-444. James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery.” XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). 2, Disturbed. 80 skulls. Probably same interment method as Tomb 201; that is, massive secondary burial. Stone-lined cist. Bowl/juglet~1 pattern, See Chapter Three, 1 bronze strainer, 1 bronze jug, 1 metallic bowl, 4 arrowheads, 2 knives, 1 iron nail?, 1 seal, 9 scarabs, 1'ring, 1 lunate earring, 3 gaming pieces, 4 bangles, 1 amulet, 1 gold piece. Type 1-47. FARAH (S) Tomb 230 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 12. James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery." ? (Petrie). Late burial in cemetery (Tufnell, Beth Pelet I, p. 12). Single primary burial. Male. Stone-1ined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 6 arrowheads, 1 ewer amulet. Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 231 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp, 11-12; pis. 68, 36, 431 515-517. James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery." XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell).310, 311. 312. 313. INT: CON: POT: ART? CIAL st Br BB: Dt INTr CON: POT: ART: CIA: St Br PBs INTr CONt POT: ART? CIAr 248 ?. Disturbed, Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, cowrie shells, 1 lunate earring, 1 amulet, 1 scarab. FARAH (S) Tomb 232 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12; pls. 68, 351 392, dames, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery.” XXI (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). ?, Disturbed, 4 burials. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three, 1 iron ring (NeP.), 1 plaque seal. 3 FARAH (S) Tomb 233 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12; pls. 68, 32 155; 331 341-343, James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery." XX Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). ?, Disturbed, 12 skulls. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 2 bangles, 3 scarabs, 1 seal (N.P.), 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 234 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp, 11-12; pl. 68. James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery." XX-XXI (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Single primary burial. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 copper bowl (N.P.). Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 235 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 12; pl. 67. ? (Petrie), ate Period (Tufnel1). Cremation burial? Perhaps cremation pyre burial. Charred bones and burnt earth. Grave. No pottery. Heavy bronze bangles. 2314, 315. 316. 317. 318. St Br PBs De INTs CON: POTr ARTS Clat St Ba PBs Ds INTs CON: POT s ART! CIA: st Bs PB: Ds INTs CON: POT: ARTE CIAt St Br PBt Dt INTs CONt POT: ARTE clar St BE 2k9 FARAH (S) Tomb 236 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12; pl. 68. James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery. xX Dynasty (Petrie), Solomonic (Tufnell). Single primary burial in supine position. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 237 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp, 11-12 pls. 68, 325 172-174. dames, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery.” XX Dynasty (Petrie), Solomonic (Tufnell). ?. Disturbed, 10 skulls. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 iron knife, 1 bangle, 1 seal stamp. 2 FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 238 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12; pls. 68; 42+ 297-300; 43+ 501-505. James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufne11). Single primary burial. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 lunate earring, 1 earring with tab, 1 bangle, 1 amulet, 4 scarabs, copper bowl (N.P.). Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 239 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-125 pls. 68, 30: 120-121; 31: 296-298, James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery.” XX Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). ?, Disturbed, Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 metallic foil strip, 1 ivory fragment, 2 scarabs, earrings (N.P.), bangle (N.P.), xing (N.P.), scaraboid (N.P.). 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 240 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12; pis. 68, 38 James, “Notes on the 200 Cemetery.319. 320, 321. 322, Dt INTs ARTE cIAt St Br PBr INTs CON: POT: ART crar st Br PBt Dt INT: CON: POT: ART! CIA: St Br PB: Dt INTs CON: POT: ART? CIA: St Ba PBE Dt INTs CONS Pore ARTE CIA: 250 XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). 2. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 3 lunate earrings, 4 bangles, 2 rings, 2 scarabs, 8 arrowheads, 2 spear points, 1 bone piece, 1 bone handle, 1 chariot rigging, 4 daggers. FARAH (S) Tomb 241 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-: 313-319; 43: 509-514, James, 200 Cemetery.” XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufne11). pis. 68, 421 Notes on the Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 3 bangles, 1 ring, 1 earring, 1 tassle earring, bone pieces, bronze fragments, 5 scarabs. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 242 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 11-12; pl. 68, XIX Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). No bones found. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. FARAH (S) Tomb 250 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp, 12-13; pls. 67, 68. XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Cremation urn burial. Adult, female?. Pit. duglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 251 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pis. 67, 68. XX Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Cremation urn burial. Female?. Pit. duglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 bangle. Type 5.323, 324, 325. 326. 327. 251 FARAH (S) Tomb 252. Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68 ? (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Cremation urn burial. Pit. Juglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts, Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 253 Petrie, Both. Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68. ? (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Cremation urn burial, Young adult female. Pit. duglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 254 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pis. 67, 68, XXTE’ Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufneli). Cremation urn burial. Pit. duglet-2 pattern, Sée Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 256 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68. XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Cremation urn burial. Pit. Juglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. ‘Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 257 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pl. 67, 68. XX-XXI Dynasty (Petrie), Solomonic (Tufnel1). Cremation urn burial. Adult, probably male. Pit. Juglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5.328. 329. 330, 331. 332. INT: CON: POT: ART? CLAt Si Br PBt De INTs CON: POT: ART CLA: 252 FARAH _(S) Tomb 258 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68. XXI Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Cremation urn burial. Pit. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. PARAH (S) ‘Tomb 259 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68. Wail Dymesty (eettie). Solomonic (Pafnei1). Cremation urn burial. Pit. duglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 260 -Petrie;';Beth.Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pis. 67, 68. P (Petrie); Solomonic (Tufnell). Cremation urn burial. Pit. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 262 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68, ? (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Cremation urn burial? Young adult or child. No pottery. 1 arrowhead. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 263 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68. XX Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Cremation urn burial. Pit. Suglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. 39A.333. 334, 335. 336. 337. St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTS CIAt INTs CON: POT: ART! CIA: st Bt PBt Dt INT: CON: POT: ART! CIAs 253 FARAH (S) Tomb 264 Petrie, Beth Pelet 42s 338. XXII Dynasty (Petri Cremation urn buria Pit. Juglet-2 pattern. i bangle. Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 265 Petrie, Beth Pelet XXII Dynasty (Petri Cremation urn buria Pit. Jugiet-2 pattern, No other artifacts. Type 5. FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 267 Petrie, Beth Pe XXII Dynasty Sete Cremation urn buria Pit. ugiet-2 pattern, No other artifacts. Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 268 Petrie, Beth Pelet Solomonic (Tufnell) Cremation urn buria Pit. Juglet-2 pattern, No other artifacts. Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 269 Petzie, Beth Pelet XX-XKII Dynasties ( Cremation urn buria Pit. Juglet-2 pattern. No other artifacts. Type 5. I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68, e). Solomonic (Tufnell). 1, Child. See Chapter Three. I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68. e). Solomonic (Tufnell). le See Chapter Three. I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68 e}. Solomonic (Tufnell). le See Chapter Three. I, pp. 12-133 pls. 67, 68. + XX Dynasty (Petrie). a See Chapter Three. I, pp. 12-135 pls, 67, 68. Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnell). ae See Chapter Three.338. 339, 340, 341, 342. St Br PBs Dt INTs CON: POT: ART? CIAt st Br PBr INTs CON: POT: ARTS CIA: st Br PBt De INT? CON POTs ART: CIA: St Br PBt De INTE CONs POTs ART clar 3a Bt PBt De INTs CON: POT: ART: CIA: 254 FARAH (S) Tomb 270 pls. 67, 68. Petrie, Be Pelet I, pp. 12-1: Wedd Dynsty (Peteie). Solomonic (Tufnell). Cremation urn burials Pit. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other arti ‘Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 271 Petrie, Beth facts. Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68. xXx Dynasty (Petrie). Solomonic (Tufnel1). Cremation urn burial. Pit. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 bangle. Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 272 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 12-13; pls. 67, 68. XXII Dynasty (Petrie), Solomonic (Tufnell). Cremation urn burial. Pit. Juglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. FARAH (S) Tomb 503 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 64, Starkey, Beth Pelet IT ? (Petrie > Pl. 94, 12th-11th centuries (Abercrombie). Evidence - small Philistine style juglet with undulating bo Grave. Bowl pattern. 1 bronze ring 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 504 Petrie, Beth dy line (Corpus., 591-3). See Chapter Three. » beads. Pelet I, pls. 69; 31: 301; 64. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 94. XX Dynasty (Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pl. 69). ae Grave. Bowl pattern. 1 stamp seal, 2 See Chapter Three. beads.343, 344. 345. 346, 347. st Br PBt Ds INtr CON: POT: ART: CIA: St Br PBr De INTs CON: POT: ART? CIA: St Bi PBr De INTs CON: POT: ARTS CIAt St Bt PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ART! CIAt St Br PBt De 255 FARAH (S) Tomb 506 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 30: 139-141; 311 324-330; 36; 64. Starkey, Beth Pelet iI, pis. 94-95, XX Dynasty (Petrie). Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 bangle, 2 rings, 2 lunate earrings, 1 amulet, 1 cylinder seal, 1 scarab, 1 shell. cn FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 507 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pl. 69; 64. ? (Petrie). Iron I (Abercrombie), Evidence ~ elongated pyxis common to Iron I (Corpus., 55W). Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. FARAH (8) Tomb 508 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69, 64. XIX-XX Dynasties (Petrie). 12+! ith centuries (Abercrombie), “Evidence ~ parallels pottery forms in the 500 cave burials. Farah (S). Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 509 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 32: 148; 33% 339-340; 64, xX Dynasty (Petrie). Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 stamp seal, 1 bangle, 1 amulet. FARAH (S) Tomb 513 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 32: 164; 33: 359; 64. xX Dynasty (Petrie).348. 349, 350, 351. INT: cons POTs ARTS CLA: St Br PBr De INT: CON: POT: ART! CIAt St Br PBs INT: CON: POT + ART: CIA: St Bt PBt Ds INTs CON: POT: ART: CIA: St Br PBr De INT: CON: POT: ARTE CIAt 256 Jar burial. Child. Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three, debangle, 1 amulet. Type 1. FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 516 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls, 69; 311 315; 64. Starkey, Be Pelet II, pl. 95, we Dynasty atric} Jar burial. Child. Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three, Beads, 1 scarab, shell. Type 1, FARAH (S) Tomb 519 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pis. 69; 34: 191-1925 351 391; 64, XX Dynasty (Petrie), 2. Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 lunate earring, 1 bangle, 1 stamp seal. FARAH (S) Tomb 522 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 421 341; 43: 543; 64, Starkey, Beth Pelet IT, pl. 95. XXII Dynasty (Petrie), Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 bangle, 2 amulets. FARAH _(S) Tomb 523 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 30: 132; 311 311-312; 64. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. xX Dynasty (Petrie). Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 lunate earring, 1 iron knife, 1 amulet. 2352. 353. 354, 355. 356. St Br PEt De INT! CON: POTs ART CIA: St Ba PBr Dt INTs cons POT: ART? CLAt St Br PBr Dt INT CON: POT: ART! CIA: St Br PBt De INTs CONt POTt ART: Clar St Ba PBs Dt INTs CON: 257 FARAH (S) Tomb 524 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 64. XX Dynasty (Petrie). 2 Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 seal, cowrie shells. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 525 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 35: 397; 64. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XXI Dynasty (Petrie). Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 shell, 1 seal. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 527 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 64, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XX Dynasty (Petrie). 2. Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 bangle, 1 ring, beads. "F FARAH (S) Tomb 528 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 32: 153; 331 331-332, 340; 64, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XX Dynasty (Petrie). 2 Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 bangle, 2 scarabs, 1 amulet. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 529 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 30: 110; 64. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XV Dynasty (Petrie). Iron I (Abercrombie). Evidence ~ parallels for vessel forms (i.e. lamp and dipper) in Iron I and Iron II. 2 Grave.357. 358. 359. 360, CON: Clas st Bt PBr Dt INT? CON: POTs ART? CIAr St Br PBr De INTs CONs POT: ARTY CIA: 258 Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 ring, 1 knife, 1 shell. FARAH (S) Tomb 530 Petrie, Beth Pelet I,,pls. 69; 33: 3523 64. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XX Dynasty (Petrie). 2. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 lunate earring. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 531 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 64. 2? (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie). Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. 2 FARAH. (S) ‘Tomb 532 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 6-9; pls. 14-15; 193 21:1 93, 93A; 22+ 295-204; 36; 37. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl, 95. 1130 8.C. (Petrie), Tate 12th~1lth centuries (Albright, AJA 36300). Primary burial in supine position, 4 pairs. 9 in total. Artifical cave, loffreda Type T. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 2 bronze bowls, 1 lunate earring, 2 rings, 6 scarabs, beads, shells. ‘Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 534 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 481 553-5595 64, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XXII Dynasty (Petrie). 2 Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three, Beads, 1 bangle, 1 earring, 3 scarabs, 4 seals. 2361. 362. 363. 364. 365. st Br PB: Dt INT? CON: POT: ARTI CLA: st Be PBr De INTs CON: POT: ART: CIA: st Bt PBr De INT: CON: POT? ART: CIA: PBt 259 FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 535 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pis. 69; 64. ? (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie). 2. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. FARAH (S) Tomb 536 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 64, XX Dynasty (Petrie). 2 Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. te FARAH (S) Tomb 538 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 64. XIX Dynasty (Petrie). 12th-11th centuries (Abercrombie). Evidence - pottery forms parallel others in 500 cemetery artifical caves. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three, 1 scarab, FARAH (S) Tomb 539 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 481 549; 64, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. xX Dynasty (Petrie) Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 earring, 1 bangle, 1 seal. % FARAH _(S) Tomb 540 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pl. 69; 64, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. ? (Petrie). Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three, Beads, 1 bangle, 1 earring, 2 2mulets, 1 scarab. 2.366. 367. 368. 369. st Bi PBr INTs CON: POTt ARTS clr st Bi PBt Dt INTt CON: POT: ART: CLAr St Bt PBt INTs CON: POTs ARTS CIA: St PBs De INTs 260 FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 542 Petrie, Beth Pelet I,..pp 6-9; pls. 14-15; 195 21s 80-915 221 184-187; 25, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. 1320 B.c. (Petrie, Beth Péiet I, p. 7). 1210 B.c. (Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pp. 31-32). 12th century (Albright, AJA 361 300). Primary burials in supine position, 7 in total. Artifical cave, loffreda Type TT. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three, 1 tweezer, 2 daggers, 4 scarabs, beads, shells, 3 rings. Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 543 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 64. Starkey, Beth Pelet IT, pl. 95. ? (Petrie). 12th-11th centuries (Amiran, Ancient Pottery of the Holy land., pl. 85). Amiran’s dating for the jugiet could imply her date for this burial. 2 Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 544 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 6-9; pls. 15; 19. ? (Petrie). No skeletal remains. artifical cave, loffreda Type 7. No other artifacts. 2. Robbed. FARAH (S) Tomb 552 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp. 6-9; pls. 14-15; 195 211 923 22+ 188-194; 24, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. 1240 B.C, (Petrie). 12th century (Starkey). 12th-early.11th century (Albright, AJA 361300). Primary buriais in supine position. Anthropoid coffin probably containing primary burial. 9 (sic) in total (actually, 2 in total). Problem is that the burial count for Tombs 552 and 532 are confused.370. 371. 372. 373. CON: POT: ART: cIAr St Br PB: Dt INT: CON: POT: ART? CIAr St Br PBE Dt INT! CON: POT: ART: Clas St Bt PBt Dt INTs CON: Port ART? Clas st Bt PBt Dt INTs CON: POT ART! CIAt 261 Artifical cave, Loffreda Type TT, Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 spear butt, 7 scarabs, beads. Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 553 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 221 211-212; 64. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XXI Dynasty (Petrie). Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three, Beads, 2 scarabs. FARAH (S) Tomb 562 Petrie, Beth Pelet T, pp. 6-9; pls. 14-15; 195 21s 94-97; 221 205~ 209A; 24; 25, Starkey, Beth Pelet, pl. 95. 1050 B.C. (Petrie). Late 11th-early 10th centuries (Albright, AJA 361301). 2. Fragments of anthropoid coffin. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type T. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 2 daggers, 1 toggle pin, 1 bronze bowl, 6 scarabs, beads. Type 12. FARAH (S) Tomb 585 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pl. 69; 29: 247, eS om ‘Age (Abercrombie). Evidence ~ presence of iron ring, Re Grave. No pottery. 1 ring, 1 scarab. 2 FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 589 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 69; 64. XIX-XX Dynasties (Petrie). 2 Grave, Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. 2374, 375. 376. 377. 378. St Br PBt Dt INT: CON: POT + ARTS CIAt St Bt PBs Dt INT? CON: POT: ARTs CIA: St Br PBt Dt INTs CONs POT: ART! CIAt st Br PBr Ds INT! CON: POTs ARTS CIA: St Br PBr Dt INT: 262 FARAH (S) Tomb 592 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pl. 69; 64, XIX Dynasty (Petrie), 12th-1ith centuries (Abercrombie). Evidence - pottery parallels that of 500 cemetery artifical caves. 2 Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. FARAH (S) Tomb 601 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 31s 287-2885 67, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. xX Dynasty (Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pl. 70). 2, Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 2 seals. m FARAH (S) Tomb 602 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 311 295; 67. XIX Dynasty (Petrie). 12th-11th centuries (Abercrombie). Evidence - Philistine style crater (Corpus., Type 27). 2 Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. 2s FARAH (S) Tomb 606 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 30s 130; 315 3103 67. xX Dynasty (Petrie). Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 scarab, 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 607 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 67. 2? (Petrie). Tron Age (Abercrombie). Primary burial indicated by reference to orientation.379. 380. 381. 382. cONs POT: ARTS CIAr St Be PBs Dt INT? CON: Por: ART! CIA: st PB: De INTs CON: POT: ART: CIA: St Br PRs Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTS CIAr st Br PBs Dt INTs CON: POTt ART? CIAt 263 Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1?. FARAH (S) Tomb 608 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 67. 2 (Petrie), Tron Age (Abercrombie). 2. GRAVE. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. a FARAH (S) Tomb 609 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 30: 126-12 31: 303-304; 67. ? (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie). Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 lunate earring, 1 bangle, 2 scarabs. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 610 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 331 380; 67. xX Dynasty (Petrie). ?. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 scarab. FARAH (5) Tomb 615 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 301 111-1125 318 289-92; 67. XIX Dynasty (Petrie), 12th-11th centuries (abercrombie), Evidence - presence of Philistine style crater (see Beth Pelet I, pl. 289, 290). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 ring, 1 bronze bowl, 2 scarabs. Type 17.383. 384, 385. 386, 387. St Br PBs Dt INT: CONr POT s clar st Bt PBs Ds INTs CON: POT: ARTY CIA: St Bt PBt Ds INTs CON: POT: ART? CLA: St Bt PB: Dt INTs CON: POT! ART CIAt st Br PBr Dt INT? CON: POT: ART CIA: 264 FARAH (S) Tomb 616 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 31: 307; 67. XX-XXI Dynasties (Petrie). Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 iron bangle, 1 amulet. 2, FARAH (S) Tomb 617 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 301 1195 311 299-300; 67. XIX Dynasty (Petrie). 12th-11th centuries (Abercrombie), Evidence ~ presence of Philistine style juglet (Corpus., Type 5901). 2. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 bangle, 1 scarab. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 620 Petrie, 2th jet I, pls. 70; 67. SHUKE’ Dpaeeties (Petrie) Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Weights. ee FARAH (S) Tomb 621 Petrie, Beth Pelet T, pl. 70; 67 . xIx Dynasty (Petrié). ‘Iron Age (abercrombie). 2 Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 623 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 67. XX Dynasty (Petrie). Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. 2388. 389, 390, 391, 392, St Bs PBs Dt INT: CON: POT: ART: CLA: St BE PB: Dt INTs CON: POT: ART! clAr 265 FARAH (S) Tomb 623 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 67. XIX Dynasty (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 17. FARAH (S) Tomb 625 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls 70; 30: 118; 31: 293-294; 67. XIX Dynasty (Petrie), 12th-11th centuries (Abercrombie). Evidence - presence of Philistine style ware and iron bangle. a Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 bangle, 1 scarab, beads. FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 626 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 67. XIX Dynasty (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie), re Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. FARAH (S) Tomb 627 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 67. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XIX Dynasty (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie). Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads. FARAH (S) Tomb 630 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 67. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95, ? (Petrie). 2393, 394, 395. 396. 397, CON: POT: ARTY CIAs st Br PBs Dt INT: CON: POT: ART CIAr CON: POT: ART! CIA st Br PBt Dt INT: cons POT: ART? CIA: st Be PBr 266 Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 seal, shell. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 631 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 67. XIX Dynasty (Petrie). 2 Grave. , Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three, No other artifacts. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 634 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 675 331 369-370, XX Dynasty (Petrie). ? Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 2 amulets. FARAH (S) Tomb 635 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 30: 12: 308; 67, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95, ? (Petrie). Primary burial or burials indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. May be more than one burial, because of artifact selection. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 bronze knife, 1 scarab, beads, Type 1?. FARAH (S) Tomb 636 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 36; 31: 313-314; 67, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. wo vynasty (eetsioyen Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 2 lunate earring, shell, 1 scarab, 1 amulet, Be FARAH _(S) Tomb 637 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 32: 146.398. 399, 400, 401. De INTs CON: POT: ART CIAr st Br PBr De INTs cont Por: ART: CIA: st Br PBt De INTs CONE POT: ART! CIAr st Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT? ART! cIAt St Br PBr Dt INT! CONt POTs ARTS cIAr 267 XX Dynasty (Petrie). Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 iron bangle, beads. cy FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 639 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 67. XX Dynasty (Petrie). Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. FARAH (S) Tomb 640 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 35: 403-404; 67, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XX Dynasty (Petrie). Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 2 scarabs. 2 FARBH (S) Tomb 641 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 301128; 31:305- 306; 321147; 67, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95, XX Dynasty (Petrie). Grave. Bowl. pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 lunate earring, 1 seal, 1 amulet. Me FARAH (S) Tomb 642 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls, 70; 32: 147; 67. Starkey, Bet) II, pl. 95. xx Dynasty (Petric). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation, Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 bangle. ‘Type 17.402. 403. 404. 405. 406. St Br PBt Ds INT: CON POT: ARTS CIAL st Bt PBs Dt INTs CON: POT: ART: CIA: St Br PBt Dt INT: CON: POTt ART? CIA: St Br PBt De INT: CONs POT s ART CIAt st Br PBr Ds INT: CON: 268 FARAH (S) Tomb 643 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 341 198; 35: 399-400; 67, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XXI Dynasty (Petrie). 2 Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 amulet, 2 scarabs. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 644 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 67. XIX Dynasty (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation, Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 arrowhead, 1 bronze bowl. Type 17. FARAH (S) Tomb 645 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 30s 113-117; 365 67. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XIX Dynasty (Petrie), Iron Age (Abercrombie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation, Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, shell, 1 toggle pin, 3 rings, 1 bangle. Type 17. FARAH (S) Tomb 646 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 67. XIX-XX’ Dynasties (Petrie). Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. FARAH (S) Tomb 647 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 32: 1573 331 3453 36; 67. XX Dynasty (Petrie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation, Grave.407. 408. 409. POT’ ART: crat St BE PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ARTE CIA: St Dt INTs CON: POT: ART! CIAt st Br PBt Dt INT: CONS POT: ART? cra: St Br PBt De INTs CONt POrt ART! CIAs 269 Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Shells, 1 bangle, 1 lunate earring with tassel. Type 17. FARAH (S) Tomb 648 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 67. ? (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie). 2 Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 649 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pl. 70; 67. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XX Dynasty (Petrie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads. Type 17. FARAH (S) Tomb 650 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p, 14; pis. 70, 44-46, 67. 9th-8th Centuries (Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 14). Persian Period (Ifille, QDAP 4: 185-186). cist. ?, 1 storage jar (Corpus., Type 47H). Silver bowl, 1 bronze dipper, kohl1 stick, bronze couch fittings. Type 1?.or related to Iron Age Type 1. See also Tomb 817 Farah (S) for identical burial practice. FARAH (S) Tomb 656 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 67. ? (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1?.410, 411. 412. 413. St Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ART! CIAr St CON: POT: ART! CIAr Se Br PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ART? CIAr St Br PBr INTs CON: POT: ART! CLA: St PBr 270 FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 660 rie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 70; 28; 67. Dynasty (Petrie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 bronze bowl. Type 1?. FARAH (S) Tomb 661 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls, 70; 261 98-99; 67, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. ? (Petrie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 dagger, 1 spear butt or staff base 1 amulet. Type 1? FARAH _(S) Toms 701 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 65. ? (Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pl. 71). Primary burial Indicated by reference to sKéletal orientation. Grave. ?, Small bottle-like form (Corpus., Type 763). l'bronze bowl, 1 bronze dipper, 1 scarab. Type 1?. FARAH (S) Tomb 704) Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 65. 2? (Petrie). 10th-9th centuries (Abercrombie). Evidence - parallels for black-on-rea I (III) juglet. Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. 2. Bowl (Corpus., Type 1834) and juglet (82E). 1 bronze bowl, 1 bronze dipper, 1 amulet. Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 716 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 10; pls. 71; 65.414, INT: BON: POTr ART: CIAr St Br PBs Dr INTs cons POT: ART? INT: CON: POT: ART CIAt st Bt PBt Dt INTr CON: POT: ART: CIA: 271 800 B.C. (Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 10). Notes Petrie's date for bronze bowl may imply date for tomb, Persian Period (Abercrombie). Evidence - parallel for swan dipper in Farah (S) 7.817. Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. ?. Storage jar (Corpus., Type 4784), 1 bronze bowl, 1 dipper with swan handle. Type 1 or related to Iron Age Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 744 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 10; pls 71; 655 28. 800-700 B.C. (Petrie). Note: Petrie's date for bronze bowl may imply date for tomb. Persian Period (Abercrombie). Evidence - storage jar type 47H4. Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. ?,_ 1 bowl (Corpus., Type 18V3) and storage jar (47H4). 1 bronze bowl. Type 1? or related to Iron Age Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 756 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 10; pls. 71; 653 28. 800-700 B.C. (Petrie). Note: Petrie's date for bronze bowl may imply date for tomb. Persian Period (Abercrombie), Evidence - parallels other Persian burials. ?. Grave. ?. 1 storage jar (Corpus., Type 478). 1 bronze bowl. on FARAH (S) Tomb 801, Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. XX Dynasty (Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pl. 71). Iron I (Abercrombie). Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Shells, 2415. 416. 417. 418. 419, St Br PBt Dt INT: CON: POTt ART: CIA: St Br PBr De INT: cont POT: ART: cIAr St Br PBt INT: CONs POT: ART? CIA: st Br PBr De INT: CON: POT: ARTs CLAs St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POTs 272 FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 802 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls, 71; 66, ? (Petrie). Iron I (Abercrombie). 2 Grave, Bowl pattern. Sée Chapter Three. Beads. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 805 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. XIX-xX' Dynasties (Petrie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 12. FARAH: (S) Toms 807 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 715 66. XIX Dynasty (Petrie). Iron I (Abercrombie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three, No other artifacts. Type 17. FARAH (S) Tomb 809 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. XIX Dynasty (Petrie), Iron I (Abercrombie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 bangle. : Type 7. FARAH (S) Tomb 812 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XIX Dynasty (Petrie). Iron I (Abercrombie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three.420. 421, 422. ART: CIA: St PBr De INTs CONs POT: ART: CLA sa Br PBr De INT: CON POT: ART? CIAr Se Br PBs Dt INT! CON: POT: ART: CLA: St Br PB: Ds INTs CON: 273 Beads, earrings. Type 17, FARAH (3) Tomb 813 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 28; 66. Starkey, Beth Pelet IT, pl. 95. 1400-B.C. (Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 10). Notes Petrie's date for the bronze bowl may imply date for tomb, Iron I (Abercrombie). 2 Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 ring, 1 bronze bowl. ‘Type 17. FARAH (S) Tomb 814 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. XIX Dynasty (Petrie). Iron I (Abercrombie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeietal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. ‘Type 17. FARAH (S) Tomb 817 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pp, 14-15; pls. 715 27. > (beteie)s Persian period contemporary with Tomb 650 (Abercrombie), Artifacts comparable to Tomb 650, thus probably contemporary. Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. ?, 1 storage jar (Corpus., Type 47H4). 1 bronze bowl, 1 strainer, 1 swam handled dipper. Type 1 or related to Iron Age Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 822 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 10; pls. 71; 265 275 283 66. 1200 B.C. (Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 10), Note: Petrie also dates it to the 19 dynasty. This is important to note because it may imply that other burials that Petrie dates to the 19th Dynasty belong to the first half of the 12th century. 2 Grave.423. 424, 425. Port ART: CIAt St Br PBs De INTs CON: POTs ART? CIAr st Br PBs Ds INT: CON: POTt ART: CIAt st Bt PBE Dt INTs CON: POT: ART! CIAt St PBt De INTs CON: POT? ART! CIA: 27h Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 knife, 1 bronze bowl. Type 1?. FARAH (S) Tomb 823 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95, F(pctrie). ixon'I (Abercrombie). Pe Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, shell. FARAH (S) Tomb 824 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 10; pls. 28; 66. ath century (Petrie, Beth Pelet T, p. 10). Persian period (Abercrombie). Evidence - compare ceramic vessels and bronze piece to ‘Tomb 650, Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. 2. i jug (Corpus., Type 67) and 1 storage jar (Type 47H4). 1 metallic bowl, 1 bronze dipper. Type 1 or related to Iron age Type 1. FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 828 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. ? (Petrie), Iron I (Abercrombie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 17. FARAH (S) Tomb 830 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 293 24 Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95 . (Petrie). Iron I (Abercrombie). Grave. No pottery. Beads, 1 scarab. 2426. 427. 428. 429, 430. st Br PBr Die INTs CON: Port ART CIA: St Bi PBt De INT: CON: Port ART# CIAt st Br PBr Dt INT CON: POTs ART: CIA: PB: Dt INT: CON: POT: ART CIA: St PBr CON: 275 FARAH (S) Tomb 831 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls, 71; 66. Starkey, Beth Pelet IT, pl. 95, (Petrie). tron'I (Abercrombie). Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 833 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. 2? (Petrie). Iron I (Abercrombie). Singie primary burial (see Pl. 66). Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three, No other artifacts. Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 834 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. 1150 B.C. or XIX-XX Dynasties (Petrie, Beth Pelet I, p. 10; pl, 71). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 bronze bowl. Type 1. FARAH (S) Tomb 838 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 29: 242; 66. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. ? (Petrie). Iron I (Abercrombie). Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 ring, 1 scarab, 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 839 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls, 71; 66, Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl, 95. XIX Dynasty (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie). Evidence - presence of iron bangle. 2 Grave.431, 432. 433. 434, Por ART! CIA: st Br PBI Dt INTs CON POTs ARTE Clas St BE PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ART! CIAt St Bt PBt Dt INTs CON: POT ARTS CLA: St Be PBr Dt INTs CONs POT: ART: CIAr 276 Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, shell, 1 bangle. 2 FARAH (S) Tomb 840 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. XIX Dynasty (Petrie), Iron I (Abercrombie). 2 Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. FARAH (S) Tomb 844 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XIX Dynasty (Petrie), Iron I (Abercrombie). Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, toggle pins. t FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 846 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. ? (Petrie). Iron Age (Abercrombie), Evidence - presence of iron ring. Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. Beads, 1 bangle, rings. Type 17. FARAH (S) Tomb 849 Petrie, Bi I, pls. 713 66. XVI Dynasty (Petrie), May be typographical error. 12th-11th centuries (Abercrombie), Evidence ~ type of cup-mouth lentoid flask (Corpus, 8502). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1435. 436. 437. 438. St Bt PB: Dt INTs CON POT: ART: CIA: St CON: ARTS CLA: St PBr INTt CON: POT: ARTE CLat 277 FARAH (S) ‘Tomb 851 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 26; 273 66. ? (Petrie). 12th-11th centuries (Abercrombie), Evidence - Philistine style pitcher (Corpus, Type 34¥4). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation, Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 dagger, 1 chain. Type 17, FARAH (S) Tomb 853 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl, 95. XIX Dynasty (Petrie). Iron I (Abercrombie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, shell, bangles. Type 17. FARAH (S) Tomb 858 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. XXII Dynasty (Petrie). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Grave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 17. FARAH (S) Tomb 859 Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 71; 66. Starkey, Beth Pelet II, pl. 95. XV Dynasty (Petrie). May be typographical error. 1lth century (Abercrombie), Evidence - presence of iron bangle and degenerated Philistine ware (Corpus, Type 67D6). Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation, Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Beads, iron bangle. Type 2.439, 440. 441. 278 Ss FARAH (S) Bi ‘Tomb 860 PB: Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 7. Di ? (Petrie), Iron I (Abercrombie). INTs 2. CON: Grave. POT: Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three. ART: Bronze needie. CIAt ?. St FARAH (S) Br Tomb 862 PB Petrie, Beth Pelet I, pls. 715 66. Dt ? (Petrie). INT: Primary burial indicated by reference to skeletal orientation, CON: Grave. POT: Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. ART: No other artifacts. CLA: Type 17. Several burials in the 900 cemetery Farah (S), dated by Starkey after 1200 B.C., are not included in this Appendix because they have been dealt with in Stiebing's dissertation; and also because they date to the thirteenth century B.C.E. rather than the thirteenth and twelfth centuries as Starkey concluded. St TELL EL-FUL Bt Tombs on the southern slope (unknown number). PB: PEFQS (1915): 35-37. Dt 900-500 B.C. (Macalister, PEFQS (1915)+ 36). 6th-Sth centuries (Sinclair & Albright, AASOR 34, De 52)6 Ints ?4 CON: Caves. POT: Juglet-1 pattern?. The high occurrence of small black juglets and dippers plus the few illustrated bowls are suggested of a Juglet-1 pattern, ART: 1 clay quadruped, 1 rattle, 1 figurine Type VII, 1 glass amphoriskos. cIAr ?, St GEZER Bt Cave 81 PBs Macalister, Gezer I, pp. 81-82. Macalister, Gezer III, pl. 18. De Third and fourth Semitic (Macalister, Gezer I, p. 81), Late Bronze II - Iron I (Abercrombie). INT! Massive secondary burial in pile covered with animal bones and stones. CON: Cave,442. 443, 444, POTt ARTE cla: St Br PBt INTr CON: POTr ARTE CIA: St Br PBr Dé INTs CON: POT: ART? CIA: St Br PBr Dt INTs CON POTs ART? CIA: 279 in Animal bones, 4 figurines, 2 scarabs, 1 rattle, 1 arrowhead, 2 pendants, 4 beads, 1 ivory piece, 1 shell, 1 quadruped (broken), 1 quarzite object, 1 shell spoon, 1 bronze handle, 1 bone pricker, unknown number of iron fragments from daggers, 1 bronze weight; possibly a bronze bowl fragment (no, 29). 2 GEZER Tomb 9 Macalister, Gezer I, pp. 308-309, Macalister, Gezer III, pl. 71. T3th-10th centuries (loffreda, LA 18s 253-256). 13th-11th centuries (Abercrombie). Evidence - Philistine style pottery and late Bronze II. 2, Disturbed. Artifical cave, loffreda Type ¢ ?. Bowls, lamps, jugs (local imitation of the bilbil), lentoid flasks, stirrup vases, and craters. 2 arrowheads, 1 alabaster vase, and 1 whorl. 2 GEZER Tomb 21 Macalister, Gezer I, p, 311. Gezer III, pl. 71+ 21-226 Fourth Semitic (Macalister, Gezer I, p. 311). 12th-10th centuries (Loffreda). ?, Four skull fragments. Artifical cave with pillar in center. May be Loffreda Type C (compare to Gezer 28) pillar feature. ?. 1 bowl, 1 black juglet, 1 lamp. 1 iron nail. 2 GEZER Tomb 28 Macalister, Gezer I, pp. 311-312. Macalister, Gezer III, pls. 59: 12; 73. Fourth Semitic (Macalister, Gezer I, p. 312). 12th-10th centuries (Loffreda). Pe Artifical cave, Loffreda Type CC, with central pillar. ?. Bowls, lamp, pitcher-shaped jugs, black perfume juglets, cup, dipper juglet. i bangle, 1 bird model on a pillar. ee445, 446. 447, 448, St Br PB: Dt INT? CON: POT: ART: CLA: St Br Dt INT CON: Por: ART: CIA: St Br PBr INTs CON: Por: ART: cIAr St Be PBs 280 GEZER Tomb 31 Macalister, Gezer I, pp. 314-315. Macalister, Gezey III, pl. 76. FP acalister, Gezer I, pp. 914-315), 12th-10th centuries (Ioffreda). 2. Massive secondary burial indicated.by presence of three repositories. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type ¢ ?, 4 bowls, 4 lamps with duplicates, 2 jugs, and juglets with duplicates. 1 bangle, 1 knife, 1 alabaster palette, 3 GEZER Tomb 58 Macalister, Gezer I, pp. 321-325. Macalister, Gezer III, pls. 56116; 81-83. ? (Macalister, Gezer I, pp. 321-325). lith century (Wright, BANE, pp. 94-100), 13th-10th centuries (Loffreda). Secondary burial. Artifical cave, loffreda Type C. Bowl/lamp-2 pattern?. Compare patter to Tomb 59 and see Macalister's comments on p. 323. 1 quadruped, 1 small bronze ingot, 2 knives, 1 toggle pin, several rings, 1 bangle, 1 earring, 1 bronze sheet, 1 scaraboid, 2 alabaster vases, 4 ivory pieces, several beads. Type 1-37, GEZER Tomb 59 Macalister, Gezer I, pp. 325-331. Macalister, Gezer III, pls. 56: 175 743 75. ? (Macalister), ith century (Wright, BANE, pp. 94-100), 12th century (Albright, PBM I, p.71). Massive secondary buriai in bone pilese 12th-10th centuries (loffreda). Artifical cave, loffreda Type C. Iamp-2 pattern?, Indicated by high frequency of lamps (40 out of 100 vessels). Animal bone, 1 figurine head, beads, 1 ivory comb, 2 rings, 1 lunate earring, 1 bangle, 1 arrowhead, 1 amulet. Type 1-37. GEZER Tomb 82 Macalister, Gezer I, p. 335. Macalister, Gezer III, pls. 87-89450, 451. 452. Dt INT: CONs POT: ART: CIA: St Br PB Dt INTs CON: POT: ART: CIA: St Br Dt INT: CON: POT: ART? CIA: Se Bt PBs Dt INTs CON: POT 281 ? (Macalister, Gezer I, pp. 334-335). Early 10th century (Wright). | 12th century (Albright). 13th-10th centuries (Loffreda). Artifical cave, Loffreda Type C. 2'bangles, 1 axehead, 1 fibula, 1 knife, 1 whorl, 1 club-shaped pendant, 2 alabaster dishes, 1 horse's fetterlock, 1 amulet, 1 bronze rosette. Re GEZER Tomb 96 Macalister, Gezer I, pp. 336-337, Macalister, Gezer TII,’pis. 59:8; 90; 91. Fourth Semitic (Macalister, Gezer I, p. 337). Early 10th century (Wright), 12th-10th centuries (loffreda). Massive secondary burials in piles. Artifical cave, loffreda Type CC. 70 beads, 10 scarabs, 1 cylinder seal?, 7 bangles, 1 ring, 1 arrowhead, 3 iron fragments, 1 faience vessels, 2 toggle pins. GEZER Tomb 138 Macalister, Gezer I, p. 350, Macalister, Gezer III, pl. 102. Early fourth Semitic (Macalister, Gezer I, p. 350). Barly 10th century (Wright). 12th-10th centuries (loffreda). Cave. ?, 1 bowl, 1 lamp, 2 pyxides, and 1 chalice. 1 alabaster vase. 2 GEZER Tom 142 Macalister, Gezer I, pp. 353-354, Macalister, Gezer III, pls. 57:3; 103. Iate fourth Semitic (Macalister, Gezer I, p, 353). Early 10th century (Wright). 10th century (Albright). ?, Massive secondary burial indicated by repository. Artifical cave, loffreda Type R, with rectangular repository. Compare to Dhiban J3.262 ART: Beads, pins, 1 bone pendant, 1 fibula, 1 ring. CIA: 2, 453... Si GEZER Tomb 149 Macalister, Gezer I, p. 358. Macalister, Gezer III, pl. 5717. Ds 2 (Macalister), Iron IZ (Abercrombie), Evidence - chamber style. Int: 7, Massive secondary burial indicated by repository. CON: Artifical cave, loffreda Types S or R. PoT: 2. Tomb was robbed. ART: 24 CIA: ?, 454, St GEZER Br Tomb 150 PBs Macalister, Gezer I, p. 358, Macalister, Gezer III, pl. 57:8. Di ? (Macalister), Iron II (Loffreda, IA 18:256). InTt 7, Massive secondary burial indicated by repository. CON: Artifical cave, loffreda Type S. POT: ?. No pottery. ART: 2 arrowheads, 1 fibula. CIA: 7, Robbed. 455, St GEZER Bt Tomb 153 PB! Macalister, Gezer I, p. 359. Macalister, Gezer TII, pls. 57:6; 107:1-19. Di Fourth Semitic (Macalister, Gezer I, p. 359). INT: 2. CON: 7, POT: ?, ART: 7 beads, 3.rings, 1 whorl, 2 scaraboids, 1 silver ornament, 2 nails, 1 stone box. clan Macalister's so-called Philistine graves (Gezer I, PP, 282-301) date to the Persian period and need not be considered here (see QDAP 41.185). However, it should be mentioned that the burials have several traits of Type 1 and could be classified as a Persian Type 1? comparable to Farah (S) Tomb 650, 456. S: HALIF Bt Tomb 1 PB: IBS 20° (1970. 150-169; figs. 1-13; pls. 36-38,457, 458. 459. 460, cons POT: ART! CIA: Br PB Dt INT: CON POT: ART CLA: st 283 foe centuries (Biran & Gophna, IEJ 20: 168). Massive secondary burial in two bone piles and double primary burials on divan. Artifical cave, loffreda Type R, with niche near entrance. Suglet-1 pattern?. 34 bangles, 3 scarabs, 5 amulets, 1 limestone roller, 2 iron tridents, 1 bronze lamp, 3 seals. ‘Type 1-47, HALIF ‘Tomb 1-2 (2-3) Ted 22 (1972): 161. 950-750 B.C. (Seger, IEJ 22: 161). ?, Massive secondary burial indicated by presence of repository. artifical cave. 2. Several bangies, 1 earring, 2 iron blades with bone handles, quadruped. Pe HALIF Tomb 3 (4) TBI 22s 161. 950-750 B.C. (Seger). 2. Massive secondary burial indicated by presence of repository and amount of pottery (200 vessels). Artifical cave. IRBED ‘Tomb A ADAT 11 (1966): 88-97. Tate 10th-middle 9th centuries (Dajani, ADAJ 11, 91). Artifical cave, Loffreda Type CC. Iamp-2 pattern, 6 bowls, 19 lamps, 18 jugs, 13 juglets (12 black, 1 dipper) = 56 vessels. Bead, 1 basalt bowl, 1 figurine. 2 IRBED Tomb B ADAT 111 88-97, Second quarter of the 13th end of 9th century (Dajani, ADAJ 111 95), Late Bronze Age (Ioffreda, IA 18s 287),462. 463- 465. INTs CON: POT? ART? CIA: INT: CONs POTs ARTI CIA: St Bs PBt DE INT: cont 284 2. Secondary burial indicated by amount of pottery., Artifical cave, Loffreda Type CC. Bowi/lamp-1 pattern? 57 bowls, 11 lamps, 4 censers, 10 storage jars, 12 jugs, 10 jugiets, Numerous fragments. 1 bead, 1 earring, spatula fragments, 1 basalt owl, 1 clay figurine. Type 1-27. IRBED Tomb C ADAS 11: 88-97; pis. 32, 36-39. 10th-9th centuries (Dajani, ADAJ 11: 97). Primary burial. Artifical cave, loffreda Type R. 1 bowi, 15 lamps, 7 jugs, 9 juglets (8 black jaglets, 1 cup), 1 storage jar = 33 vessels. i quadruped. Type 1-2. TRBED ‘Tomb D . ADA 8-95 99-101, 1350-1100 B.C. (Dajani, ADAJ 8-91 101). Late Bronze Age (Ioffreda, LA 18: 257). ? Cave. 2 1 dagger, 1 ring, 1 amulet. 2 JERUSALEM Ophe1 Slope vincent, Underground Jerusalem, pp. 25-26. 9th-8th centuries (Vincent, Underground Jerusalem, Artifical caves? ?. 2 jugs and 1 lamp. JERUSALEM Tombs 1-3 Weill, la Cité de David, pp. 157-175. Remains, of Royal Necyopolis of Judah (Weill, Ia Cite’ de David, p. 172). Artifical caves. Tomb 1 may be a loffreda Type Re466. 467. 468- 469. 285 Por: ARTS 2. CIAs 2. St JERUSALEM Br Silwan PB: POS 21 (1948); 134-137. * : D: 8th century (Reifenbach, JPOS 21: 137). INT: ?. Robbed. CON: Cave. POT: ? ART: 2. CIAs 7? St JERUSALEM Bs: Royal Steward Tomb, Silwan cemetery. PBs IES 3+ 137-152. Ds 700 B.C. (N. Avigad, IBJ 31 150). INT: ?. Double burial? May be pair burial. CON: Artifical cave. POT: 2. ART! 2. CEA: 7. There has been considerable debate whether the Silwan cemetery predates the Seventh century. It is my opinion that Silwan as whole dates after the Seventh century with the exception of the above two tombs. The basis for that conclusion isthe excellent research of Galling and loffreda on this issue. However, others have taken a different view, the most recent being Ussishkin. See David Ussishkin, "The Necropolis from the Tomb of the Kingdom of Judah at Silwan, Jerusalem." BA 38:2 (1970): 34-46. Whatever position is correct, it is nevertheless obvious that Silwan contributes little to the understanding of puria’ practices in the Iron Age or Persian period; theeefore, it need not be elaborated on here as was done with other burials. Si JERUSALEM Bs Tombs 1-2 PBr BIES 20: 3-4 (1956) 173-78. Ds Iron II (Amiran). INT: 2. Massive secondary burial indicated by reposi- tories, if structures parallel Ain Shems Tombs. CON: Artifical cave, Loffreda Type S. POT: ?. Water decanter jug, one handled round jug, red slipped jug, dipper juglet.470. 471. 472- 473, 474, ART: CIAr POT! 286 1 figurine Type VII. JERUSALEM Ophel PEQ 951 11; pls. 4:B, Kenyon, Jerusalem: Excavating 3000 Years. of Hist: PP. 64-65, 800 B.C. (Kenyon, PEQ 95? 11 2. No bones. Cave. ?. Bowls, red slipped jugs, water decanters, spouted jar. % a JERUSALEM Ophel PEQ 100: 108-109, Kenyon, Royal Cities, pp. 119- i21. 700'B.c. (Kenyon, Royal Cities, p. 122). ?. No bones. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type R?. ?. 1300 vessels found. Numerous figurines and quadrupeds, animal bones. 2 JERYSALEM Marahat Tomb, One tomb among about a dozen bbed tombs. HEAL 14: 114," tron 11 (Negbi, IRI 141 114). jf Massive secondary burial indicated by use of fepository. rtifical cave, loffreda Type R?. Black juglets, lamps, and water decanters. eee 2 fonrusaten [Mazar, Excavating in the 014 City, p, 25-26. 7th century B.C. (Mazar, Excavating in the Old is YY» Pe 25). [Artiical cave, Loffreda Type S, with shaft entrance. in ?. Robbed.475. 476. 477, 478- 480, St Bt PBr De INTs CON: Por: ART: CIA: St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTY Cla: St Br PBs Dt IND: CON: POTt ART: Clas st Br PBt De INT: 287 JERUSALEM Locus 6051 or 6015? Mazar, Excavations in the Old City, p. 26; Figs. 15-16, 8th-7th centuries (Mazar, Excavations in the Qld City, p. 28). Artifical cave, loffreda Type S?, with shaft entrance. 2. 5 bowls, 2 lamps, 4 jugs (2 water decanters, 2 one handled, round based jugs), 3 juglets (1 cup, 1 dipper, 1 black perfume), 1 storage jar, 1 spouted jar, 3 cooking pots, 1 crater = 20 vessels. Inscriptions on handles. No other artifacts. 2 JERUSALEM Tomb near Damascus Gate. Bd 26 (1976) 1-8; pl. 1. Bth-7th centuries (A. Mazar, IEJ 26:4.) ?. Massive secondary burial indicated by presence of repository. Artifical cave, loffreda Type M and Abercrombie R-2/8-4. ?, Lamps, water decanter jugs, dipper juglets, and other juglets. No other artifacts. 2 JERUSALEM Tomb 2 near Damascus Gate, IBI 26 (1976) 1-83 pl. 2. Sth-7th centuries (A, Mazar), Massive secondary burial indicated by presence of repository pit. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type-M-and:Abercrombie Type R/S, with headrests and niche. ?, Bowls, jars, jugs, lamps, and holemouth jar. 1 alabaster bottle. Be JERUSALEM Other Tombs in Domincian Monastery St. Etienne. ZBI 26 (1976) 55-57. Qadmoniot 8 (1975) 71-76. 7th century (Barkay & Kloner, IED 26157). Massive secondary burial indicated by presence of repositories, Artifical caves, Loffreda Type M and Abercrombie Types R/M-4?, R/M-8?, and ? with headrests,481, 482- 488. 489~ 490. POT: ARTt CIA: St Br PBr De INTs CON: POT: ARTY claAr st Br PBs Dt INT: CON: POT: ART: CIA: St Br PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ARTE cla: 288 sacrophagi slots, body slots, and cornice, ?, Lamps and bowls. None. Third tomb is Loffreda - Abercrombie Type N-1, with headrests and niche?. EL JIB Tomb 1 ADAI 21 66-74; pis. 9-10. ADAJ 3: figs, 19-21. Tron I-II (Dajani, ADAJ 21 66-74), 11th-9th centuries (Abercrombie). Evidence - pottery types parallel Nasbeh 54, Massive secondary burial indicated by number of burials and amount of pottery. Reused. Type 3. Several beads, 7 earrings, 11 rings, 55 bangles, 3 fibulae, 4 dagger handles, few whorls, 1 clay quadruped, 1 stone quadruped head, 1 figurine, 6 scarabs, 2 seals, 2 arrowheads, 1 bone handle, 13 toggle pins, 1 tong, 2 needles, 1 bone lid, cowrie shells. Type 3. KEFIRA Tombs 1-7 Bugatti, I Monumenti, pp. 201-202; figs. 41+ 5-6; pl. 48: 1-6. Iron II - Hellenistic (1offreda, IA 181 259). ?, Massive secondary burial indicated by use of repository. Artifical caves, loffreda Types R and S. EL-KOM Tombs 1-2. HUCA 40 (1970): 139-189. 8th century (Dever, HUCA 40: 139-189). 2. Massive secondary burial indicated by use of repositories. Artifical caves, Loffreda Type M and Abercrombie Types R/S-3 and R/S-4. Tomb inscriptions. 2 7. Dever reports that the inhabitants showed him some of the artifacts remaved from the tombst including figurines, rattles, and bronze vessels. 2. Robbed.491. 492. 493. 494, St Br PBt Dt INTt CON: POT: ARTY clar St Br PBr Dt INT: CON: POTt ARTE CIAr st Br PBr Dt INT! CON: POT: ART: CIAr st Br PBt Dt INT? CONs POT: ARTI 289 KHIRBET KUFIN Tomb 4 smith, The Cemetery of Khirbet Kufin, pp. 30-323 pl. 8. End of Iron II? (Smith, The Cemetery at Khirbet Kutin, Pe 32) Artisical cave, loffreda Type S. a LACHISH Tomb 103 Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 179; pl. 1251 B-5, 700-600 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 179). 2 Artifical cave. 2, Persian storage jar (Type 505). No other artifacts. ? LACHISH, Tomb 105 Tufnell, Iachish III, p. 179; pl. 125. 700-600 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 179). 2, Massive secondary burial indicated by use of repository. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type M and Abercrombie ‘Type R/S~2. No pottery. Tomb was robbed. No other artifacts. 2 IACHISH Tomb 106 Tufnell, Iachish III, pp. 179-187; fig. 213 pls. 313-65 2741-73 291203; 341-2; 43119, 21, 36, 58; 44178, 109; 45s 129, 137-139, 145, 155, 157, 158, 171; 54% 1-56; 66; 67; 1251 B-6. 670-580 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 179). late 7th-6th centuries (Wright, BANE, pp. 94-100). Massive secondary burial in piles. Artifical cave, loffreda Type M and Abercrombie Type R/S-2. Lamp-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. 34 beads, 23 scarabs, scdraboids, and seals, 4 amulets, 1 whorl, 9 arrowheads, 5 knives,495. 496. 497. 290 1 tweezer, 1 nail, 1 fibula, 1 chisel, 1 rattle, 4 figurines Type VII, 1 clay horse-and-rider model, 1 furniture model, 5 earrings, 2 rings. CIAt sType 3. st Ba PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ART? crar St Ba PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTA CIA: st Bt PBr Dt INT? CONs POT: ART: CIAt LACHISH Tomb 107 Tufnell, Lachish III, pp. 187-188; pls. 34:3~ 36151; 4313, 16, 30, 43; 44:73, 75, 116, 1195 541 57-675 663 673 7611, 6, 10, 14; 1251 A~6. Burial, 900 B.c.? Bone deposit, 700-600 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 187). Massive secondary burial in piles with layers of charred pig bones over human bones (compare Gezer Cave 8I and other Lachish tombs). Bone pile was 1 meter high. Reused MB bibolate cave. Juglet-1 pattern?, 2 bowls, 2 jugs, 13 jugiets (4 dippers and 9 black jugiets) = 17 vessels. 26 beads, 16 amulets, 9 scarabs and scaraboids, 2 bangles, 1 ring, 1 earring, 1 bone spacer, 4 bone pendants, 1 rattle, 1 quadruped, 1 bezel. Type 47. LACHISH ‘Tomb 108 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 188; pls. 4:1; 76123 1251 a-6, 700-600 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 188). Massive secondary burial in piles (2.2 meters high) and covered with layer of animal bones. Reused MB bibolate cave. ?. 1 bowl, 1 jug, and 3 juglets (1 cup and 2 dipper jugiets) = 5 vessels. 1 loom weight, fragments of stone vases. TACHISH Tomb 110 Tufnell, Lachish III, pp, 189-190; pls. 45: 135, 153; 541 68; 66; 1251 B-5. 925-900 B.C, (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 169). Primary burial in supine position. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. 9 beads, 1 cowrie shell, 4 bangles, 1 seal, 1 plaque. Type 1-4,498. 499. 500, st Br PBr Dt INT! CON: POT: ART? cIAr St PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTS CIar St Be PBt INTs CON: POT: ART! 291 LACHISH ‘Tomb 116 Tufnell, Lachish III, pp. 190-192; pis. 41 25 431 2, 5, 15, 17, 20, 29, 56; 441 72, 122; 45 131, 140, 147, 152, 161; 54s 71-79; 55: 1-3; 663 1251 A-6. 875 B.C. Reused 700-600 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 190), Late 10th century (Wright, BANE, pp. 94-100), 10th century (Kenyon, Samaria III, PP. 204-205). Massive secondary burial in piles on benches over primary burials. Artifical cave, loffreda Type S. duglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 10 beads, 5 bangles, 4 lunate earrings, 2 amulets, 14 scarabs, seals and scaraboids, 3 bone pendants, 1 knife. Type 1-4. IACHISH, Tomb 117 Tufnell, Iachish III, p, 1925 pl. 1251 A-6. Reused 700-600 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 192). Massive secondary burial?. Reused MB-LB cave. Juglet-1 pattern?. 1 bowl, 4 lamps, 10 juglets (1 dipper and 9 black jugiets, 1 miscellaneous vessel (type 366). No other artifacts, Type 47. IACHISH Tomb 120 Tufnell, Lachish III, pp, 193-196; pls. 413-45 2718-9; 30128; 3418-17; 3716-15, 175 38425 43:4, 9, 22, 23, 35, 59, 613 44176, 77, 905 5514-293 66; 673 125: A-6. Dwelling 900 B.C., bone deposit, 700-600 B.C. (Tufnell, Iachish IIT, p. 193). Late 8th century (Wright, BANE, pp. 94-100). Massive secondary burial, mostly skull (1500), separated by layers of pig bones. Reused Late Bronze Age cave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, 16 bowls (18.6%), 2 lamps (2.4%), 1 censer (1.2%), 4 jugs (4.7%), 43 jugiets (50.0%), 5 storage jars (5.8%), 1 spouted Jar (1.2%), 2 flasks (2.4%), 1 pyxis (1.2%), 2 craters (2.4%), 8 cooking pots (9.3%), 1 miscellaneous (1.2%) = 86 vessels. 23 beads, 1 ring, 1 earring, 10 scarabs, 12 amulets, 6 bangles, 1 arrowhead, 1 figurine, 1 quadruped, 1 rattle, 20 bone pendants and gavels, 5 bone calendars or game boards, 1 gypsum flask, 1 glass jug, 2 whorls.501. 502. 503. 504, 505. clas st Bt PBt Dt INT: CON: POT: ART: CIAs St Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT’ ART? CIA: St Br PBt Dt INT CON: POT! ARTS CIAt st Br PBr Di INT: CONS POT: ARTY CIAr St BE PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ARTS Clas 292 Type 1-47. LACHISH Tomb 132 ‘Tufnell, Lachish III, pp. 196-197; pls. 51 13 731 21, 223 1251 C-8. 750 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 196). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. Bowl/jugiet-1 pattern. No other artifacts. Type 1-4. LACHISH, Tomb 137 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 197; pl. 125: D-8, 950-750 B.C. (Tufnell, Iachish III, p, 197). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. No pottery. No other artifacts. m LACHISH Tomb 138 Tufnell, Lachish TIT, p. 197; pl, 125: D-8, 950-750 B.C, (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 197}. Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. No pottery. No other artifacts. oy TACHISH Tomb 139 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 197; pl. 125: D-8. 950-750 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 197). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-4. LACHISH Tomb 147 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 1973 pis. 512; 365 58- 60; 55: 303 1251 C-8, 850 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 197). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1. pattern. See Chapter Three, 4 bangles. Type 1-4,506. 507. 508. 509. 510. st Br PBs Dt INT: cONt POT: ART CIAr st Br PBt Dt INTs CON POT: ART? cIAt St Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ART! CIAr st Br PBs Dt INTs CON POT s ART. CIAr St Bt PBs Dt INT! CON: POTs ART CIAr 293 IACHISH Tomb 152 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 197; pl. 731 8, 9% 1251 C-9, 850 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 197), Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three, No other artifacts found, Note: clay strainer comparable to metallic prototypes in decanter sets. Type 1-4, LACHISH Tomb 154 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 197; pis. 73: 10-12; 1251 C~8. 850 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 198). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave, Bowl/juglet~1 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-4, IACHISH Tomb 159 ‘Tufnell, sh III, p, 198; pl, 125: C10, 850 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 198). Single primary burial?, Grave, Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. ‘Type 1-47. LACHISH Tomb 160 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 198; pl. 44s 110; 125: B-10. 850-750 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 198). Double primary burials in supine pos: be pair burial. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three, 1 scaraboid. Type 1-4, May IACHISH Tomb 167 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 198; pl. 1251 C-9. 850 B.C, (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 198). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave, Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-4,511. 512. 513. 514. 515. CON: POTs ARTS Clas St Ba PBr Dt INT CON: POT: ARTS CIAs st Bt PBt Dt INTs CON: Port ART! CIAt St Bs PBs Dt INT! CON: POT! ARTI CIAt 294 IACHISH Tomb 169 Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 198; pl. i25: D-8. 850 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 198). Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, No other artifacts. IACHISH Tomb 182 Tufnell, Lachish III, pp. 198419! 73% 1-33 1251 C-10, 850 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 198). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. Bowl/jugiet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-4. pls. 5: LACHISH Tomb 189 4: Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 199; pls. 5: 6; 551 31, 32; 66: 14; 1251 C-10. 900 B.C, (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 199). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 bead, 1 whorl, 1 bangle. Type 1-4. IACHISH Tomb 191 Tufnell, Lachish III, pp. 199-200; pls. 45: 1251 3-9, 825 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 199). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 plaque. Type 1-4, IACHISH Tomb 192 Tufnell, lachish ITI, p. 200; pl. 125: B-9. 900 B.C, (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 200), Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. Bowl/jugiet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. ‘Type 1-4. 130;516. 517. 518. 519. 520. st Br PB: Dt INT: CON: POT: ART? CIAt st Bs PB Dt INT: CON POT: ARTI cIAt st Br PB Ds INTs CON: POT: ARTS CIAr st Br PBs Dt INT: CONt POT: ARTs CIAt Se Bs PBt Dt INT? CON POT: ARTs CIA: 295 IACHISH ‘Tomb 193 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 200; pls. 55: 33; 67: 1293 125: B-9, 900 B.C. (Tufnell; Lachish III, p. 200). ?. No bones. Grave. No pottery. Shells, 1 bone pendant, 1 bangle. 2 LACHISH Tomb 194 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 200; pls. 51 75 451 1325 1258 B-10. 900 B.C. (Tufnell, Iachish III, p. 200). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. Bowi/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 bead, 1 bangle, 1 scaraboid. Type 1-4. LACHISH Tomb 195 Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 200; pis. 5+ 75 451 1325 425% B10) 950-750 B.C, (Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 200). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. No pottery. No other artifacts. 2 IACHISH Tomb 196 Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 200; pl. 125: B-10. 900 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 200), Single primary burial in supine position, Grave. Bowl/jugiet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. ‘Type 1-4. LACHISH Tomb 197 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 2013 pl. 1251 B-9. 950-750 8.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 201). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-4,296 521, Ss LACHISH Bi Tomb 198 A PB: Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 201. 2 950-750 B.C, (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 201), INT: 2. No bones. CON: Grave. POT: No pottery. ART: No other artifacts. CIA: 7. 522, Si LACHISH Bt Tomb 218 PBs Tufnell, Lachish III, pp. 203-210; fig. 255 pls, 301273 521 11; 34118-29; 351 30-35; 375 18-25; 3811; 4016; 4351, 6, 11-14, 27, 40, 44, 50, 52; 441 79, 84, 85, 88, 111, 112, 1213 451 125, 126, 128, 136, 143, 150, 151, 159, 1625 55: 34-52; 663 67; 125: A-5. De 900 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 203). Late 10th century (Wright). 1000-900 B.C. (Kenyon). INT: Massive secondary burial in piles with animal bones. CON: Reused bibolate cave. POT: Bowl/jugiet-1 pattern. Compare to lachish 120. ART: 50 beads, 30 scarabs and scaraboids, 1 quadruped, 8 bangles, 5 earrings, 8 bone pendants and gavels, 19 amulets, 1 hone. CIA: Type 1-4, 523. Si: LACHISH Bs Tomb 219 PBt Tufnell, Lachish III, pp. 210, 3545 fig. 263 pls. 61 2; 56+ 1-2; 66s 13, 38; 125: A. Ds 850-750 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 210). INT: ?. No bones. CON! Artifical cave, Loffreda Type ?. POT: ?. 1 lamp, 1 jug, 1 juglet, 1 miscellaneous jar (Type 377) = 4 vessels. ART: 2 beads, 1 bone pin, 1 faience playing piece, 1 stone weight. cla: 2. 524, St — LACHISH Bs Tomb 222 PBt Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 211; pl. 1251 AA-6. Di 950-700 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 211). INT: Single primary burial in supine position. CON: Grave. POTs Bowl/jugiet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. ART: No other artifacts. CLAs Type 1-4.525. 526. 527. 528, St Br PBt INTs CON: POT: ART: clar St Bt PBr INTs con: POT: ART CIA: St Br PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ARTE Clas st Br PBr Dt INTs 297 LACHISH Tomb 223 Tufnell, Lachish III, pp. 211-214; fig. 275 pls. 61 3-5; 301 351 36; 451 134, 1335 561 3, 4-9; 66; 671 116. 900 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 211). Mid 10th century (Wright, BANE, pp, 94-100). 10th century with terminal date 900 B.C. (Kenyon, Samaria III, p. 205). Somewhat disturbed primary burial. Massive secondary burial indicated by use of repository. Reused cave. Bowl pattern. 12 bowls (32.4%), 5 lamps (13.5%), 4 jugs (10.8%), 10 juglets (27.0%), 8 storage jars (21.6%), 1 chalice (2.7%), 1 miniature pithoi (2.7%), Total = 37. 11 beads, 1 ring, 1 earring, 1 fibula, 1 amulet, 2 bangles, 1 bronze handle, 1 bone iid, 1 bronze awl, 1 ceramic bird vessel, 2 plaques. Type 1-4? LACHISH Tomb 224 Tufnell, Lachish III, pp. 215-217, pls. 351 37, 383 431 45, 60; 441 83, 100, 101, 117; 56: 10-16; 66; 673 1251 A-S. 860-820 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 215). Mid 9th century (Wright), 10th-early 9th century (Kenyon, Samaria III, p. 204). 2, Massive secondary burial indicated by reference to many burials. Reused MB bibolate cave?. Suglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. Animal bones, 24 beads, 3 amulets, 1 earring, 4 bangles, 7 scarabs and scaraboids, 3 armour pieces, 1 knife, 1 bone ferrule, 3 bone pendants, Type 4?. TACHISH Tomb 229 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 218; pl. 125: A-6 950-700 B.C, (Tufnell, lachish III, p. 218). 2. No bones. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. No other artifacts. Type 1-4. IACHISH Tomb 230 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 218; plsy 616;-1251 A-4/5. 850 B,C. (Tufneil, Lachish III, p. 218). 7, No bones,529. 530. 531. CON: POT: ART: CIAt st Br PEt Dt INT: CON: POT: ART: CIA: CON: POT: ARTE CIA: St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT? ARTS 298 Artifical cave, Loffreda Type C. Bowi/juglet-1 pattern?, 1 bowl, 2 lamps, 4 juglets (3 dippers and 1 black juglet type), and 2 storage jars = 9 vessels. No other artifacts, LACHISH Tomb 231 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 218. 950-700 B.C, (Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 218). Single primary burial in supine position, Grave. Bowi/jugiet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three, No other artifacts. Type 1-4, IACHISH Tomb 236 Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 218, 950-700 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 218). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. No pottery. 1 bangle. 2 LACHISH Tomb 239 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 218. 950-700 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 218). Single primary burial in supine position, Adult male, Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts, Type 1-4, IACHISH Area 500, surface Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 219; pls. 71 1-23 126. LBIIB ae possibly Iron I (Tufnell, Lachish III, Ps 219). Anthropoid coffin fragments found on surface. Probably primary burials. cn 2 2 CIAL. 2.532. 533. 534, 535. st Br PBr Ds INTs CON: POs ART: CIA: St Br PBs Dt INTs CON POT: ART: cra: St Br PBt De INTs CON: POT: ART: cCIAr st Dt INTs cons POT: ART? 299 TACHISH Tomb 507 @ufnelt, lachish IIL, p. 220; pl, 961195 126: -23 850 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish II, p. 220). 2. 2 skulls found. Irregular cut pit. 2 2. 1 bowl, 1 jug, 1 dipper, 1 storage jar = 4 vessels, 1 hone, 2 LACHISH Tomb 518 Tufnell, Lachish III, 221; pl. 126:A-24, 950 B.C. (Tufnell, lachish III, p, 221). Single primary burial supine position, Grave. ?, 1° juglet (Type 316). No other artifacts. ee TACHISH, Tomb 519 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 221; pl. 126:A-24, 950-700 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 221). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. 2. 1 jug (Type 230). No other artifacts. Re TACHISH Tomb 521 Tufnell, Lachish III, pp, 222-224j pls, 611-23 3712, 53 43:51; 44:96; 561 21 - 273 126+ AA~22, ; 1000 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 22). Early 10th century (Wright). 1000 B.C. (Kenyon). 2 pair of primary burials in supine position. Adult male identified. Artifical cave, loffreda Type R. Bowl pattern, 5 bowls, 4 lamps, 4 jugs, 3 juglets, 4 storage jars = 24 vessels. 1 pendant,”°2 bone seals, 1 bone gaming board or calendar, 2 scarab and scaraboid, 3 iron knives, 1 iron trident, 2 whorls. Type 1-4?, If bone pendant was not among remains, it would be a Type 1?,536. 537. 538. 539, St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ARP? CIAr St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ART! CIA: St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ART? CIAs St 300 LACHISH en ey 1, 126s B-23 Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 225 Pl. 126 B-23, 1300-1000 B-C. (Tufneii, Lachish III, p. 225). 2. No bones. Reused cave. 2, 2 bowls. 1 figurine, fragments of iron. IACHISH Tomb 526 Tufnell, Lachish ITI, p, 225; pl. 126:4-24. 700 B.C. (Tufnell, lachish III, p. 225). %, No bones. Cave or pit 2. 3 bowls and 2 dippers = 5 vessels. No other artifacts. 2 LACHISH Tomb 569 Tufnell, lachish III, p. 228; pls. 56134-35; 126 sB-25. 1400-1200 B.C, Reused in the 8th century or later (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 228). 2, No bones. Reused cave. 2, 3 bowls, 1 jug = 4 vessels. 1 knife, 1 bronze spike. cm ZACHISH Tomb 1002 Tufnell, Lachish III, pp. 229-236; pls. 814; 28; 293'301 23, 24, 26; 36: 48-51; 43:7, 31-39, 41, 42, 46, 49, 54; 44:62-64, 66-68, 87, 89, 92794, 103, 108, 118; 5713-32; 66; 673 12738-30. 810-710 B.C, (Tufnell, lachish III, p. 229). Iate 10th-8th centuries (Wright). 900-700 B.C. (Kenyon, Samaria III, p. 206). Massive secondary burial. Some evidence of burning of contents. (For comparisons, see Adoni Nur, Nebo and Dhiban). Natural cave?. Jugiet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. 55 beads, 16 amulets, 34 scarabs and scaraboids, 13 lunate earrings, 2 rings, 7 bangles, 2 armour pieces, 2 fibulae, 2 knives, 1 hone, 4 bone pendants, 1 bone finial, 1 bone gaming board or calendar, 5 figurines type VII, 5 rattles, 2 bird~ omstand models, 2 horse-and-rider’models, 4 furniture540. 541. 542. 543. CIAr st Bi PBr INT: CON: POT: ART: CIAr st Bi PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ART: CIA: Br PBr Dt INT: CON POT: ARTS cla: St Bi PB: Ds INTs cons 301 models, 5 quadrupeds. Type 4. LACHISH Tomb 1004 Tufnell, Lachish III, pp. 236-238; pis. 443102, 120; 127:E-30, 820-810 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 236). Mid 9th century B,C. (Wright). 2, Disturbed buriais. Cave? Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. 10 bowls (27.0%), 4 lamps (10.8%), 5 jugs (13.5%), 16 juglets (43.2%), (9 dippers and 6 black juglets), 1 storage jar (2.7%), 1 miniature pithoi (2.7%), Total = 37. 2 scarapoids. IACHISH Tomb 1010 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 238; pl. 127sC-27. 750-550 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 238). 2. No bones. Cave. 2. 1 jug and 2 cooking pots = 3 vessels. Cache Of seeds and fragments of figurines. 3 LACHISH Tomb 4002 Tufnell, Lachish III, pp, 239-240; fig. 28; pls. 57:38; 66; 675 733 19, 20; 128sS-1. 950-900 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 239). Pair primary burial in supine positions. Adult female identified. Reused MB Cave. 2, 1 bowl, 2 lamps, 1 juglet, 1 cooking pot, 1 storage jar = 6 vessels. 12beads, 1 iron knife, 1 loom weight, 1 equine manible. Pe IACHISH Tomb 4005 Tufnell, Lachish III, pp. 240-241; fig. 29; pls, 91 3 731 23-26, 28, 29; 441123; 57:39-46; 661 9, 12, 66; 671.115, 142; 1281 T-1. 900 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 240). Massive secondary burial pushed aside and not piled. Over 50 burials. Reused cave.544, 545, 546. 547. POT: ART: CIA: St Br PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ART: CIAr Br PBr INT: CON: POT: ART: De INTs CON: POTt ARTS CIA: St CON: POT: ART: CIA: 302 Bowl/juglet-1 pattern?. 3 bowls, 5 juglets (2 dippers, 2 black juglets, 1 miscellaneous), l spouted jar, 2 storage jars, 1 lentoid flask, 1 miniature amphorae = 13 vessels. 5 beads, 1 ring, 2 bangles, 1 fibula, 3 earrings, 1 polisher, 1 scaraboid, 1 rubber. Type 1-47, LACHISH, Tomb 4006 Tufnell, Lachish III, pp. 241-242; pl. 128:7-2. Reused 750 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish fII, p. 241). ? Reused cave. 2, 3 bowls, 2 jugs, 1 juglet = 6 vessels. Grinders and polishers, 1 flint blade. IACHISH ‘Tomb 4007 Tufnell, lachish III, p. 2423 pl. 731275 128:0-7. 750-550 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 242). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. 2, 1 ientoid flask (Type 438). 4 arrowheads. . 2 IACHISH ‘Tomb 4010 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 2423 pl. 734305 128: U~26 900-600 B.C, (Tufnell, Zachish III, p. 242). ?, Disturbed.+ At least five skeletons. Reused MB bibolate cave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern?. 3 bowls, 2 jugs, 8 jugiets (6 dippers and 2 black juglets), 1 pithoi = 14 vessels. 1 arrowhead. 2, May be Type One-Four. LACHISH Tomb 4023 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 243; pl. 128:T-3. 900-600 B.C, (Tufnell, achish III, p. 243). 2. No bones. Reused cave, ?. 1 miniature amphora. (Type 414). No other artifacts. 2548, 549, 550. 551. 552. st Bs PB: Dt INTs CON POT: ART? INT: cONt POTt ARTS CIA: St Br PBS De INT? CON: POTr ARTI CIA: St Br PBt Dt INT: CON: POT: ART CIA St Br PBs Dt INT: CON: POT: 303 IACHISH Tomb 4027 Tufnell, Iachish TII, p. 244; pl. 1281 R-3. 900-700 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 244). Single primary burial in supine position; however, hands placed across chest. Grave. ?. 2 black jugiets, 1 flint blade, bronze pins. 2 IACHISH Tomb 4029 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 244; pl. 128: U-3. 900-600 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 244). 2. Five skeletons with animal bones. 3 adult females identified. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type CC, ?, 1 black juglet (Type 322). No other artifacts, 2 LACHISH Tomb 6006 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 247; fig. 31; pls. 10: 1-2; 431 25; 581 1s 731 31, 325; 1293 U-3, 875 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish ifI, p. 247). Pair of primary buriais in supine position. Adult male and female, Artifical cave, Loffreda Type R. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern?. 1 bowl, 1 lamp, 8 juglets, 2 storage jars, 1 chalice = 13 vessels. 1 iron knife, 1 scarab, Type 1-47, LACHISH Tomb 6011 Tufnell, Lachish III, p, 249; pl. 1281 U-4, 950 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 249). 2. Traces of two burials. Reused cave. + 1 lamp and 10 storage jars. No other artifacts. LACHISH Tomb 6020 Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 249. 825 B.C. (Tufnell, Lachish III, p. 249). 2, No bones. Cave. ?, 1 bowl, 1 chalice, 1 jug.553. 554 - 558, 304 ART: No other artifacts, CIAs ?. Four contexts published by Tufnell in Iachish IV (559, 561, 570, 571) have material considered to date before and just after 1200 B.C, However, my survey of the published material would indicate that it is best to date most of these burials to the end of the late Bronze Age asiliright suggests. G. Ernest Wright, “Philistine Coffins and Mercenaries." Biblical Archaeologist Reader 2. ed. by David Noel Freedman & Edward F. Campell (Ann Arbor, Michigan: Edward Brothers Printing, 1975), p, 63. None of these tombs can be classified'as a particular type of burial practice, because the burials were ail disturbed and robbed. Nevertheless, traits of Type 1 selection are apparent in all four. Tomb 571, considered contemporary with Tomb 570, did contain a clay figurine, a trait of Types Two, Three, and Four burial practices. See, Tufnell, lachish IV, pp. 246-250. St | MADEBA B: Tomb 1 PBs EFA 6, pp. 27-41, figs. 12-15; pls. 4-5. Ds 1250-1150 B.C, (Harding, PEFA,6, p. 28). INT! ?, Massive secondary burial indicated by the amount of pottery. CONs Cave, POT: Type 1-2?, 50 bowls (42.0%), 26 lamps (21.8%), 2° jugs (1.7%), 4 jugiets (3.4%), 3 storage jars (2.5%), 17 lentoid flasks (14.3%), 9 craters (7.6%), 1 stirrup vase, 4 pyxides (3.4%), 3 miscellaneous (2.5%) = 119, Bowl/lamp-1?. ART: Many beads, cowrie shells, several rings, 12 lunate earrings, 42 bangles, 11 toggle pins, 1 other pin, 2 tazzle earrings, 4 scarabs, 2 bronze chain, 1 bronze sheet, 5 arrowheads, 2 spear point, 1 razor, 1 pommel off of a dagger, 1 quadruped, 2 amulets, several unidentified fragments, armour seals. CIA: Type 1-27. St | MEGIDDO B: 5 urns in Temple precinct. PB: Schumacher, _Tell_et Mutesellim, p. 121-1223 Photos 181-182; pl. 381A. De ?. (Schumacher, elt et Muteseliin, p. 122). Iron II (Abercrombie). Evidence - parallels for spouted jug and pithoi types. INT: Cremation urn burial. Ingants. cons Pit?. PoTs Juglet-2 pattern?, 3 pithoi with horizontal handles and spouted jug. Similar selection found among559. 560, 561. 562. ART: PBr Dt INT: CON POT: ART: CIA: st Br PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ART: CIA: St Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTS Char st Br PBr Dt INT: 305 Regeish and Farah (S) cremations. No other artifacts. Type 5?, MEGIDDO "Bathtub" coffin burial Schumacher, Tell et Mutesellim, p, 145, Photo 216. 2, (Schumacher, Tell et Mutesellim. p. 145). ate 8th-7th centuries (Abercrombie). Evidence - parallel date for other bathtub burials at Dothan, Dhiban, Nebo, and Amman. "Bathtub" coffin burial containing human bones. Grave. No pottery. No other artifacts. MEGIDDO Schumacher, Tell et Mutesellim, pp. 166-168, Photos 241-248, ? (Schumacher, Tell_et Mutesellim, pp. 166-168). 12th-11th centuries (Abercrombie). Evidence - pottery types of early Iron I and presence of iron pieces. ? Artifical cave, Loffreda Type R. Bowl pattern?. 68 bowls, 10 lentoid flasks, 9 craters, 2 jugs, 3 lamps, 1 chalice. 2 whorls, 1 iron ring, 1 iron knife, 1 bangle, 1 needle. Megiddo Tomb 3 Guy,’ Megiddo Tombs, p. 72; fig. 82; pls. 373 135s1-11, aol eee 12th century (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, Pe 72). Reused 1B cave. ?. 1 bowl and 1 cup-mouth lentoid flask. Earring, arrowhead, figurine, rubbers, dri11 socket, grinders, flints, feluccas. MEGIDDO Tomb 11 Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 116; pl. 164. MBI a EI I or 12th century (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, Be 116).563. 564, 565. 566, 567. CON: POT: ART: CLA: St Br PBr INTs CON POT: CON: POT: ART: CIA: 306 Artifical cave, loffreda Type C. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. 2 MEGIDDO Tomb 14 Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 116; fig. 128; pl. 164. EI I or 12th century (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 116). Artifical cave, Loffreda Type C. 2, Sherds. Whorl. MEGIDDO ‘Tomb 17 Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 117; figs, 141-142; pl. 68. EI I or 12th century (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 117). Single primary burial in supine position, Adult female. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Bead and flint scraper. Type 1. MEGIDDO Tomb 27 Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 1273 pls, 74; 171. EI II or 1lth century (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 127). Irregular cave, loffreda, Type ?. 2 2 whorls. MBGIDDO Tomb 29 Guy, Meaiddo Tombs, p. 1173 pl, 68. EI I or 12th century (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 117). Reused MBI cave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. MEGIDDO Tomb 30 Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p, 117. EI I or 12th century (Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 117). 2568. 569. 570, 571. 572. POTs ART# cla: St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT! ART: CIA: PBs INTs cons POT! ART: CLA: 307 Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. 2 MEGIDDO Tomb 37B Guy, ee. ddo Tombs, p. 77; fig. 90; pl, 137814. IronI? (Gu: Megiddo Tombs, p. 77). Single primary burial in supine position. Infant. Grave inside large cave. No pottery. 1 bangle. Pe MEGIDDO Tomb 37¢1 Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 77; fig. 84, 91. Early Iron I (Guy, Meaiddo Tombs, p, 77). Single primary burial in supine position, Infant. Grave inside large cave. No pottery. No other artifacts. MEGIDDO Tomb 37¢2 Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p, 79; figs. 84, 913 pl. 137115. EI I or 12th century (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 79). dar burial. Infant. Grave,inside large cave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 4 bangles, shell, numerous beads. 2 MEGIDDO Tomb 37D? Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 79; fig. 84. Iron Age?. (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 142). 2 Grave inside large cave. Pe ? 2. MEGIDDO Tomb 37K1? Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 80; fig. 84. Iron Age (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p, 142). Single primary burial. Aduit, Grave inside large cave. Pottery not illustrated. No other artifacts.573, 574. 575. 576. St Br PBr Ds INT: CON: POT: ART? cIAr st PBs Ds INT: CON: CIA: Bt PB: Ds INTs SON: POT: ART: CIAt st Br PBs Dt INT: CON: POT: ART: clar 308 MEGIDDO Tomb 370? Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 81. Iron Age (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 142), Pe Grave. No pottery. No other artifacts, Qe MEGIDDO Tomb 39 Guy, Megiddo Tombs, pp. 117-119; figs. 143-144; pls. 68-69; 164-168:1-10, EI I or 12th century (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 117). 2. Some evidence of primary burial. A few bones are still articulated. Plus large jar types remniscent of jar burials in Sahab Tomb D. Reused MBI cave. Bowl pattern. See Chapter Three, 1 bronze bowl, 1 basalt tournette, 2 pestles, 11 scarabs, 4 gold foil strips, 1 medailion, 33 beads, 2amulets, 4 rings, 2 lunate earrings, 6 whorls, 1 comb, 9 inlays, 3 knives, 2 scale- pan? or mirror, 2 nails, 3 arrowheads, 1 faience jar, 9 weights, 1 toggle pin, 1 shell, 1 ivory Fragment. Type 1. MEGIDDO Tomb 41 Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 29; fig. 27. MBI and BI I or 12th century (Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, Ps 29), Reused MBI tomb. 2. 1 bowl. Flint blade and whorl. 2 MEGIDDO Tomb 47 Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 127; pls. 74; 171-172. IBII and MI or 40th-7th centuries (Guy, Meaiddo Tombs, p. 127). 3 Beads, 1 amulet, 1 alabaster jar, 1 inlay, 2 quadrupeds. Re577. 578. 579. 580, 581. st Br PBs Ds INT: CoN: POTt ARTS cIAr St BE PBt Dt INTs CON: POTs ARTs CIAt St Br PB: Ds INT? CON: POT! ARTS CIAr st Br PBr De INTs CON POT: ARTS CIAL st Br PBs Dt INTs CONs POT: ARTS CIAr 309 MEGIDDO ‘Tomb 52 Guy, Meaiddo Tombs, pp. 20-21; pls. 6; 85. EB, some LBIT and MI or 10th-7th centuries (Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 20). 2 a Pottery wheel, whorl. Note: Animal quadruped is dated to EB. 2 MEGIDDO Tomb 51 Guy, Meaiddo Tombs, p. 1193 fig, 145. EI 1? or 12th century (Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 119). Single primary burial in supine position, Adult. Grave. No pottery. No other artifacts. MBGIDDO Tomb 62 Guy, Meaiddo Tombs, p. 1195 fig. 14 1681 11-17. EI I or 12th century (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 119). Single primary burial in supine position. Adult. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. Numerous beads, 1 ivory ointment spoon, 2 toggle pins, 1 gold foii strip, 1 bronze bowl, 1 pin. Type 1. pls. 69-70; MEGIDDO Tomb 64 Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 127; pls, 74; 171. EI II or llth century (Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 127). ee Pin, flint blade, figurine, shell. 2 MEGIDDO Tomb 71 Guy, Meaiddo Tombs, p, 121; fig. 147; pls. 70; 169. EI I or 12th century (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 121). Single primary burial in supine position. Adult. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 ring, 3 flints. Type 1.582. 583. 584, 585. st Br PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ART! CIA: st Bs PBs St Bt PBt Dt INTs CON: POTs ARTS CIAr St Bt PBr Dt INT: CON: POT: ARTE CIA: st Br PBr Dt INTs CON POT: ART! CIA: 510 MBGIDDO Tomb 72 Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 1213 fig. 148; pl. 70. EI I or 12th century (Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 121). 2 Adult. Grave. Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. 2 ‘MEGIDDO Tomb 73 Guy, Megiddo Tombs, pp. 111-115, esp. 113. Context used in Iron Age for domestic occupation. Thus it would not be useful in a discussion of burial practices. MEGIDDO Tomb 76 Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 127; pls. 1, 74, 172-173. EI-Mr (Guy, Heaiddo Tombs, pl. 74). Artisical cave, probably reused MBI. 2 beads, 1 amulet, 1 rubber, 1 spindle, 1 bangle, 2 rings, 2 flints, 1 bone pendant, fragment from basalt bowl. 2 MEGIDDO Tomb 80 Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 127, 129; pls. 753 173-175« IB, Iron Age (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 127). 2 Cave. Pe 3 basalt bowls, 2 grinders, 1 whorl, 1 rubber- hammer, 4 flint blades, 1 shell, 1 dagger pommel, 1 loom weight or macehead, 1 statuette base. Be MEGIDDO Tomb 217 Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 31; pls. 89-91. MBI, LB, Iron Age (Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 31). No other artifacts. 2586. 587. 588. 589. 3a. St MEGIDDO Br Tomb 221 PB: Guy, Megiddo Tombs, pp, 121-125; fags, 149-1515 pls. 70-72; 169-170. D: EI I or 12th century (Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 121) INT: 2. CoN! Cave, Loffreda Type?. Tomb has deep cistern-like pit Comparable to those found in Samarian Tomb 103. POT: Howl pattern, See Chapter Three. ART: Bangle, shell, 2 flint blades. CIA: 7. St MEGIDDO Br ~-~Tomb 237 PBt Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 126; fig. 152. Di BI I or 12th century (Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 126) INT: Single primary burial in supine position. Adult. CON: Cave. POT: Bowl pattern, See Chapter Three. ART: No other artifacts. CIA: Type 1. S$: MBGIDDO + Tomb 1090 PB: Guy, Megiddo Tombs, p. 126; figs. 153-155; pls. 733 170. Dt EI I or 12th century (Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p. 126). INT: Disturbed or secondary burial. Most bones lay near the NW corner. Adults. cons Artifical cave, loffreda Type R. POT: 2. ART: No other artifacts. CIA: ?. St MEGIDDO 2 Tomb 1101 B-D PB: Guy,~Megiddo. Tombs, pp. 25-26; fig.-25; pls. 8-9; 875. Ds EI I or 12th century (Guy, Meqiddo Tombs, p, —) INT: Primary burials in chamber C-D, POT: ART: 1 dagger, 2 spear points, 1 toggle pin, 1 kohl stick, 1 ring, 1 clay quadruped. CIA: Type 1-47. St MEQABELEIN TOMB Bt Meaabelein Tomb PB: QDAP 14 (1950) Dt 7th~6th centuries (Harding, QDAP 14:44). 6th- INTt early 5th centuries (Albright, Miscellanea Biblica B. Ubach, p. 131, n. 2).590, 591. 592, CON: POTt ARTE cIAr St Br PBr INTs CON: POT: ART: CIAt Br PBr 512 Artifical cave, Loffreda Type S?. ?. Most pottery forms date to the Persian period. 12 bowls, 4 lamps, 1 censer, 13 jugs or jars, 8 juglets (ammonite bottle and Persian dipper flask). 9 fibulae, 2 bronze bowls, 1 mirror, 6 bangles, 4 kohi sticks, 1 strainer, 1 dipper swan, bronze dishes, 1 dagger handle?, earrings, rings, 1 bell, 2 daggers, 1 arrowhead, pieces of iron, 1 iron lid?, beads, 1 seal, 1 cylinder seal, 1 glass kohi pot, 1 glass amphoriskos, 2 horse-and-rider figurines, 1 alabstron, 1 limestone saucer, 2 rectangular palettes. May be Type 1-2 or related to Tron Age Type 1-2. Notet As was the case with the partially robbed Amman Tombs A-D, there is a low frequency of lamps, a pottery form most common in Iron Age ‘Trans jordian tombs. MOTZA OR MEVASSERET YERUSHALYIM Tomb 1 Yeivin Festschrift, pp. 358-369, Sth-7th centuries (Negbi, IEJ 13:145), ?. Massive secondary burial indicated by presence of cylindrical repositories. Artifical cave, loffreda Type R. Bowl pattern. 33 bowls (40.2%), 17 lamps (20.7%), 20 jugs (24.4%), 12 water decanters (6 one- handled, round based; 2 pitcher), 10 juglets (12.2%) (3 dippers, 7 black perfume juglets), 2 cooking pots (2.4%), Total = 82. 1 seal. Type 1-47. : MOTZA OR MEVASSERET YERUSHALYIM Tomb 2 q Yeivin Festschrift, pp. 358-369. 8th-7th centuries (Negbi, IEJ 131145), ?, Massive secondary burial indicated by presence of repository. Artifical cave, loffreda Type RR. 17 bowls, 3 lamps, 6 jugs (4 water decanters; 1 one-handled, round based; 1 pitcher), 5 juglets (2 dippers, 2 black perfume juglets), 1 lentoid flask, Total = 32, No other artifacts. Type 1-47, NASBEA Tomb 3 Bade, Some Tombs, p. 6-18. McCown, Nasbeh I, pp. 103, 124, 226-227, 264, 271n; fig. 11; pls. 19, 54, Appendix G, No. 32.593. 594. 595. INT: CON: POT: ART: 313 Wampler, Nasbeh II, MI ii (8th century) to Hellenistic (Wampler, Nasbeh II, py 125). 900-850 B.C. or 8th century (Badé, Some Tombs, p. 18). ?, Massive secondary burial indicated by use of a repository. Artifical cave, Loffreda,Type S, with lamp sockets. Iamp-1 pattern?. 10 lamps, 6 bowls, 5 jugs (4 water. decanters and 1 pitcher), and 4. black perfume jugiets. 2 earrings, 1 fibula, 1 ring, seal. Other arti- facts probably date to the later Hellenistic burials. Type 3 NASBEH ‘Tomb 5 Bade, Some Tombs, pp, 18-33. McCown, Nasbeh I, pp. 8, lin, 61, 67, 77, 78, 83-102, 105, 118, 124, 148-149, 238n, .239, 247, 268, 271n;: fig. 85 pls. 16, 36-37, 54, Wampler, Nasbeh II. 1150-950 B.C. (Badé, Some Tombs, pp. 28-33). 14th-2nd centuries (McCown, Nasbeh I, pp. 85-86). 9th-7th centuries (Wampler, Nasbeh II, p. 125). 9th century (Wright, BANE, p. 99). ?, Massive secondary burial indicated by amount of pottery, Artifical cave, Loffreda Type R. Abercrombie R/S?. Juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three, Beads, 7 earrings, 2 scarabs. Type 4 NASBER Tomb 7 McCown, Nasbeh I, p. 77, 89, 93, 100, Wampler, Nasbeh IT. MI ii or 8th century (Wampler, Nasbeh II, p. 125), 2 Artifical cave. 2.1 lamp and 1 bowl. 1 bangle and 2 vhoris. NASBEH Tomb 14 McCown, Nasbeh I, pp. 104-106; fig. 13. EI-MI?, (Wampler, Nasbeh II, p. 125). 2 Cave. ?. I blatk juglet and 1 jug (pitcher). z 2314 596. Si NASBEH Bi: Tomb 29 PB: | McCown, Nasbeh I, pp. lin, 61, 77, 83, 84-100, 101, 124, 288f, 291; fig. 19; pls. 16; 38, Wampler, Nasbeh II, De 13th-2nd centuries (McCown, Nasbeh I, pp. 85-86). 8th-7th centuries (Wampler, Nasbeh II, p. 125). 8th century? (Wright, BANE, p. 99). INT: 2. CON: Artifical cave, Loffreda Type S?. POT: Juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. ART: Beads? Some metal?. CIA: 2 597, S: NASBEH + ‘Tomb 32 PB: McCown, Nasbeh I, pp. 8, 9, 1ln, 60, 61, 68, 75, 77-100, 105, 107, 110, 124, 148, 149, 225n, 233, 238, 247, 253, 265, 268, 269, 270, 271n, 2725 pls. 175 29-34; 54:1~413; 111342; 112:4, 31-32. Appendices D, F, G. Wampler, Nasbeh II, D: 14th-2nd centuries (McCown, Nasbeh I, pp. 85-86). 10th-8th centuries (Wampler, Nasbeh II, p. 125). Late 10th century (Wright, BANE, p. 97). INT: Massive secondary burial. CON: Reused cave. POT: Juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. ART: B40 beads, 30 earrings, rings, 18 bangles, 4 bone pendants, 27 toggle pins, 4 fibulae, 1 bronze bowl, 1 weight, 23 scarabs, 18 seals. cla: Type 4. 598. S: = NASBEH Bi Tomb 53 PB: McCown, Nasbeh I, pp. 77, 93, 100, 264, 265n, 270, 271n, 282; fig. 713195 pl. 112117. Di MI ii or 8th century (Wainpler, Nasbeh II, p. 125). INT: 7. CON: Cave. POT: ?, 1 lamp, 3 juglets, 1 bowl. ART: Beads, earrings, rings, 1 bangle, 1 kohi stick, : 1 fibula, 1 bone handle, arrowhead. cla: ?, 599, S: NASBEH Bt Tomb 54 PB: McCown, Nasbeh I, pp, 9, lin, 61, 75, 77, 81-100, 124, 148-150, 238, 262, 268, 269, 270, 271n, 272, 2805 pls. 18; 35; 54:44-48; 8741; 896115 1083; 112:18, Appendix F. Wampler, Nasbeh II. Di —- 14th-6th centuries (McCown, Nasbeh I, pp. 85-86). 10th-9th centuries (Wampler, Nasbeh II, p. 125).600, 601. 602. 603, INT? cont POT! ARTS CIAr st Br PBr De INT: CON: POT! ARTs CIAr st Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ART: cIaAt St Br PBr Dt INTs CONs POTs ART: CIA: st Br PBr De 315 10th century (Wright, BANE, p. 97). Massive secondary burial. Reused EB cave. Juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 287 beads, 13 earrings, 25 rings, bangles, 2 bone pendants, 1 quadruped, 1 horse-and-rider model, 9 toggle pins, 1 cylinder seal, 2 seals, 1 scarab, flint blades, 2 arrowheads. Type 4. NASBEH Tomb 55 McCown, Nasbeh I, pp. 77, 89n, 100; pis. 16, 38. MI ii-iii or 8th-7th centuries (Wampler, Nasbeh II, p. 125). Natural cave. 2. 1 jug (one-handed, round based) and juglets. Ring, bangle, jewelry. Pe ‘EN HA-NASIV CEMETERY ‘En Ha-Nasiv Cemetery IBJ 23 (1973) = 259-260. Iron I (Porath, IES 231259). Single primary burials. Reused MBI shaft graves. NEBO Tomb 20 JA 161 169-257, 281-291; figs. 1-27. Tron II (Saller, IA 161290). Massive secondary burial probably in piles. Coffin burial?. Burnt layer.supposedly evi- dence of cremation; however, may be cleansing of tomb with fire (see Dniban). No additional evidence of cremation. Artifical cave. Lamp-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 56 beads, 11 shells, 26 lunate earrings and rings, 32 bangles, 1 scarab, 1 cylinder seal, 1 amulet, 5 fibulae, 1 whorl, 4 mammalian bones (astragali), 1 basalt bowl, 4 pendants, 1 bronze rod/pin, 1 disk. ‘Type 2. NEBO Tomb 84 IA 16+ 259-291; figs, 28-36. Tron II (Saller, LA 16290).604, 605, 606. 607. INTs cons POTs ART! CIA: St Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ART: CIA: St Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POTt ART! CIAs st Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTE cIAr st Br PBt INTs CON: POT: 316 Massive secondary burial probably in piles. Burnt layer thought to indicate cremation (see above). Artifical cave. Iamp-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. 5 beads, 4 shells, rings, grains of biue pigment (see Sahab), 2 figurines Type VII, 1 horse-and- rider, 1 bone quadruped, 39 metallic fragments (rings, earrings, nails, blades, 30 mammalian wones (astragali}, 2 stone pendants. Type 2. TELL QASILE IBJ 1 (1950-51) 66. Tron Age (Maisler, IEJ 1: 66). Fs REQEISH Grave 1 AJBA 2 (1973)1 66-105, 68; figs. 15 10a. 9th century (Culican, AJBA 2:99, 103). 9th-8th centuries (Loffreda, LA 16: 263). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 2. AIBA 21 70, 98; figs. 1; 65 13; 14. 9th century (Culican), 9th-8th centuries (loffreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern. 12 beads, 2 scarabs, 1 sheli. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 3 AIBA 2+ 70; figs. 13 10b. 9th century (Culican). 9thr8th centuries (1offreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. duglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three.608, 609, 610. 611. 612. ART: CIA: St Bt PB Dt INT: CON: POT: ART: CIA: Br PBr De INTs CON: POT! ART! Cla: st Br PBs Dt INT: CON: POT! ARTE CIAt St Bs PBt De INTs CON: POT: ARTY CIA: St Br PBs Dt 37 No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 4. AIBA 21°70; fig. 1. Sth century (Culican).’ 9th-8th centuries (loffreda). 2 Grave. 2. 1 chalice and 1 bowl, but no cinerary urn. No other artifacts. ? REQEISH Grave 5 AIBA 2+ 70; figs, 1; 115 13. Sth century (Culican), Sth-8th centuries (loffreda). Cremation urn burial, Grave, Juglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts, ‘Type 5. REQEISH Grave 6 ABA 21 70; figs, 1; 8; 10a; 12. Sth century (Culican). 9th-8th centuries (loffreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 7 AUBA 2s 71; figs. 23 7. 9th century (Culican), 9th-8th centuries (offreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 8 ABA 2: 71; fig. 2. th century (Culican), 9th-€th centuries (offreda).613. 614, 615. 616. INT: cONs POT: ART: cIAt Si Br PBs De INT: CON: POT: ARTS CIAr St PB: INT: CON: POT: ART: CIA: St Br PBs Ds INTs CON: POT: ART: CLA: St Br PB: Dt INT: CON POT: ARTS clar 318 Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts, Type 5. REQEISH Grave 9 BBA 21 71; figs. 2s 75 13. Sth century (Culican). 9th-8th centuries (loffreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Jaglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 10 AJBA 2: 715 figs. 25.8. Sth century (Culican), 9th-8th centuries (loffreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 11 AJBA 21 71; figs. 25 13. 9th century (Culican), 9th-8th centuries (loffreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave, Jugiet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 12 AJBA 21 72; figs, 2; 7b; 11. 9th century. (Culican), 9th-8th centuries (Loffreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5.617. 618. 619. 620, 621. St Br PBs De INTs CON: ART: CIAr INT: CON: POT: 319 REQEISH Grave 13 ASBA 2: 723 figs, 33 11; 12. 9th century (Culican). 9th-8th centuries (leffreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 14 AOBA 2: 72; figs. 35 76 9th century (Culican), 9th-8th centuries (Loffreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 15 AIBA 2s 72; figs, 33 7. 9th century (Culican). 9th-ath centuries (loffreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. duglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 16 AJBA 21 72; figs, 3; 73 123 13, 9th century (Culican). 9th-8th centuries (toffreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 17 AJBA 2+ 745 figs. 33 6+ 9th century (Culican). 9th-8th centuries (Loffreda). Cremation urn burial. . Grave. . Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three.622. 623. 624, 625. 626. ART: CIA: St Br PB: Dt INT: CON: POT: ART! Clas Br PBr Ds INT: CON: POT: ART: CIA: St Bi PB: INT: CON: POT: ART: CIA: CON: POT: ART: Car St PB: 320 No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 18 AJBA 2: 74; figs, 35 6. 9th century (Culican). 9th-8th centuries (loffreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. duglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three, No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 19 AJBA 2: 74; figs. 45 14. 9th century (Culican), 9th-8th centuries (1offreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave Juglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. 2 Scarabs? (see p. 98). Type 5. REQEISH Grave 20 AJBA 2: 74; figs. 43 7. 9th century (Culican), 9th-8th centuries (Loffreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern, See Chapter Three, Fragments of an egg-shell. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 21 AUBA 2: 74,983 figs. 4; 10c; 12; 13. 9th century (Culican). 9th-8th centuries (loffreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Grave 22 ABA 2: 74; figs. 4; 7. 9th century (Cutican). 9th-8th centuries (Loffreda).627. 628- 636. 637. 638- 643. INTs CON: POT: ARTE CIAt Sa Br PBs De INT: CON: POT: ART: CIA: st PB De INTs CON: POT: ART: CIA: st PB: Ds INT: CON: ART: CIA: St PBr Dt INT: 321 2. Culican notes that no burial was found in this storage jar. 2 2, 1 storage jar “torpedo” shaped. No other artifacts. % REQEISH Grave 23 AUBA 21 74-75; figs. 43 7+ 9th century (Culican). 9th-8th centuries (Loftreda). Cremation urn burial. Grave. Juglet-2 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 5. REQEISH Graves 24-32 AJBA 2: 763 figs Sa. 9th century (Culican). 9th-8th centuries (Loffreda)4 No cinerary urn types present. Uncertain whether Graves 24-32 contained any skeletal remains. May be compared to Grave 22. Grave. 2, Grave 24 - 1 bowl Grave 29 - 1 dipper juglet Grave 25 - 1 bowl Grave 30 - 1 black jugiet Grave 26 - 1 bowl Grave 31 ~ 1 black juglet Grave 27 - 1 bowl Grave 32 - no pottery Grave 28 - 1 bowl 1 stone burnisher in Grave 32. 2 REQEISH 20 primary burials Teg 24 (1974)s 141-142. Iron II (Biron, IEJ 24: 141). Primary burials. Graves. ary REQEISH Six cremation urn burials IES 243 141; pl. 240A, Iron II (Biran, IED 241141). Cremation urn burials, Each urn contained a single adult skeleton except one. In that urn,644, 645, 646, 647. CON: POT: ART: St Bi PBs 322 adult female and fetus were present. Compare to Azor D63. ?, Placed in loose sand. ?, Illustrated pieces comparable to other Type 3; however, too few illustrated at this time for possible classification of ceramic selection, cn REQEISH Open cremation burials. IES 24: 141, Tron II (Biran). Open cremation burials? May be cremabien pyre burial. 2 vow SAHAB Tomb A Ada 36 (1932)s 295-306, 9th century (Albright, AJA 361 296-297), Anthropoid coffin lid, Probably contained primary burial. Cistern-like cave. Compare to Amman Palace Tomb. ?. A few sherds however were found. 2 rw SAHAB Tomb B QDAP 13 (1948): 92-102; figs. 1-8; pls. 34-35. 8th century (Harding, QDAP 13: 96), 7th century (Simon, QDAP 13: 96). Massive secondary burial probably in piles. Artifical cave, loffreda Type S?, with divan and chimney like structure. Compare tomb shape to Dhiban JS, Parallels for chimney-like structure, Sahab Tomb C and Ain Shems Tomb 2. Iamp-1 pattern?, See Chapter Three. 3 beads, 3 bangles, 2 shells containing blue pigment (see Nebo), 4 earrings, 3 arrowheads, 3 fibulae, 1 iron knife handle, 1 iron fragment (armour), 1 quadruped, 1 limestone palette. ‘Type 27. SAHAB Tomb C ADAT 15 (1970); 29-34; pis. 1-23. 14th-8th centuries (Dajani, ADAJ 15130).648. 649, 650. INts CON: POT: ARTS cIAr st Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT? ART! CIA: St Br PBr Dt INTs CON: POT: ART clas St INTs 323 Massive secondary burial probably in several piles. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type R?, with chimney-like structure (see Ain Shems Tomb 2 and Sahab Tomb B). Bow1/iamp~1 pattern in periods: LB-Iron I, Iron I, and Iron II, Probably bowl pattern in LB, Lamp-1 pattern in Iron II. IB-Iron I Iron I tron II Total Bowls 4 8 ? 12 12.2% Lamps 5 19 28 52 53.1% Jugs 4 2 6 6.1% duglets 5 1 6 Flasks 7 7 Cooking pots 3 2 5 Estimated Totals 28 31 29 98 2 ostrich eggs, 3 toggle pins, 8 rings, 5 lunate earrings, 2 bell-shaped pendants, 3 seals, 1 amulet, 45 bangles, 7 arrowheads, 7 daggers, 1 basalt bowl, 1 basalt lamp, 1 quadruped, 1 rattle, 3 kohl sticks. Type 1-2. SAHAB Tomb D ADAT 17 (1972) 31-33. 12th century (Ibrahim, ADAJ 17: 32). Double jar burial, wooden coffin burial, and other primary burials in supine position, Adult male and child burials identified. Natural cave. + Lamps, bowls, and jugs mentioned. Daggers, arrowheads, rings, bangles, beads, alabaster vases, gold disk (perhaps foil). SAIDIYEH Tomb 105u Pritchard, "Cemetery at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh.” 12th century (Pritchard). Single primary burial in supine position, Adult, Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-4. SAIDIYEH Tomb 108 Pritchard, “cemetery at Tell es-Sa‘idiyeh.” 13th-12th centuries (Pritchard). Three primary burials in supine position. One skeleton somewhat disarticulated. Other two are aduit pair burial.651. 652. 653. 654. 655. INT: 324 Mud-brick cist. Bowi/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 earring. Type 1-4, SAIDIYEH Tomb 109 Pritchard, "Cemetery at Tell es-Sa’idiyeh.” 13th-12th centuries (Pritchard). Single primary burial in supine position. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-4, SAIDIYEH Tomb 111 Pritchard, "Cemetery at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh.” 13th-12th centuries (Pritchard). Single primary burial of a child in supine position. Grave. No pottery. Beads, 1 scarab. SAIDIYEH Tomb 112 Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell e: 13th-12th centuries (Pritchard). Single primary burial in lateral extended position. Child burial. Grave» No pottery. 69 beads. ja tidiyeh, SAIDIYEH Tomb 113 Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh.” 12th century (Pritchard). Single primary burial in supine position. Adult?. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 1 iron knife. Type 1-4. SAIDIYEH Tomb 115 Pritchard, "Cemetery at Tell es-Sa'idiyen." 13th-12th century (Pritchard), | Wooted?, Disturbed. Single burial.656. 658. 659, 660, cont POT: Cras St PBs De INT: CON: POT: ART: CIAr St Br PBr INT: 325 Grave Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-4, SAIDIYER Tomb 116 Pritchard, "Cemetery at Tell es-Sa‘idiyeh." 13th or 12th century (Pritchard). ?. Single burial. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-4, SAIDIYEH Tomb 118 Pritchard, "Cemetery at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh.” 12th century (Pritchard). Pair primary burial. Adults. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 conical stamp, 1 seal, 1 scarab, Type 1-4, SMIDIYEA ‘Tomb 120 Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell es-Sa‘idiyen." 13th-12th centuries (Pritchard). Jar burial, 3 small children, Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. 4 shells, 2 bangles. Type 1-4, SAIDIYEH Tomb 122 Pritchard, "Cemetery at Tell es-Sa‘idiyeh.” 13th-12th centuries (Pritchard). Single primary burial in supine position. Adult. Grave. No pottery. No other artifacts. SAIDIYEH Tomb 123 Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell es: 12th century (Pritchard). Double primary burial, Adult female with fetus and child. Adult in supine position, and child in lateral?. tigiyen.661. 662. 663. 664, 665. INTs CON: POT: ARTS CIA: st Bs 326 Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 10 beads, 3 rings, 3 bangles. Type 1-4. SAIDIYEH Tomb 124 Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell es~Sa'idiyeh.” 13th-12th centuries? (Pritchard). Single primary burial in supine position. Adult. Grave. No pottery. No other artifacts. 2 SAIDIYEH Tomb 125 Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell es-Sa'idiyen.” 13th-12th centuries ? (Pritchard). Singie primary burial in lateral position. Infant. Grave. No pottery. 13 beads. 2 SAIDIYEH Tomb 127 Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell es-Sa‘idiyen." 13th-12th centuries (Pritchard). Double primary burial, Aduit and child in supine position. Grave, Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-4, SAIDIYEH Tomb 128 Pritchard, "Cemetery at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh. 13th-12th centuries (Pritchard). Double primary burial, Adult and child laid on adult's side. Supine position for adults child in lateral position (?)4 Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. Animal bones, a piece of bronze. Type 1-4. SAIDIYEH Tomb 129 Pritchard, "Cemetery at Tell es~Sa'idiyeh. 13th or 12th century (Pritchard).666. 667. 668, 669. 670, INT: CON: POT: ART: CIAr PBr Ds INTs CON: POT: ART: CIA: 327 Single primary burial in supine position, Adult. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 spear point. Type 1-4, SAIDIYEH Tomb 130 Pritchard, "Cemetery at Tell es-Sa'idiyen.” 15th: igth’ centuries’ (Pritchard). Rs Skull. Grave. Type 1. 3 beads. SAIDIYEH Tomb 131 Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell es-Sa 13th-12th centuries? (Pritchard). Single primary burial. Child. Grave. No pottery, One bead. 2 idiyeh. SAIDIYEA Tomb 133 Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell es~Sa‘idiyeh." 13th-12th centuries? (Pritchard). Single primary burial in supine position, Adult. Grave. No pottery. No other artifacts. SQ IDIYEA Tomb 133B Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh.” 13th-12th centuries (Pritchard). Single burial. Grave. No pottery. No other artifacts. 2 SAIDIYEH Tomb 134 Pritchard, "Cemetery at Tell es-Satidiyeh. 13th-12th centuries (Pritchard). Single burial. Fragmentary. Grave.671. 672. 673. 674, 675. POT: ART? CIA: St Br PB: De INTs CONt POTt ART: crar 328 Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. No other artifacts. Type 1-4. SAIDIYEH Tomb 135 Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh.” 13th-12th centuries (Pritchard), Single primary burial. Infant. Grave. No pottery. No other artifacts. SAIDIYEH Tomb 136 Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell es-Sa‘idiyeh. 12th century (Pritchard). Pair primary burial and 1 child burial. AL in supine position, Adult female identified. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. 646cbeads, 1 shell, 1 weapon, 1 alabaster vase, 2 rings. Type 1-4. SAIDIYEH ‘Tomb 138 Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell es~Sa'idiyeh.” 13th-12th centuries? (Pritchard). Single primary burial. Child. Grave. No pottery. No other artifacts. 2 SAIDIYEH ‘Tomb 140 Pritchard, "Cemetery at Teil es-Sa'idiyeh. 13th-12th centuries (Pritchard). ?. 1 skull. Fragmentary burial. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts, Type 1-47. SAIDIYEH Tomb 142 Pritchard, "Cemetery at Tell es~Sa'idiyeh." 13th or 12th century (Pritchard). Single primary burial in supine position. Adult, Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three,676. 677. 678. 679. ART: INT? CON: POT: ART: CLA: Dt INTt CON: POTs ART: CLA: 329 1 bead. Type 1-4, SA*IDIYEH ‘Tomb 143 Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell es-Sa‘idiyen." 13th or 12th century (Pritchard). Single primary burial. Grave. Bowl/jugiet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. 1 ring. ‘Type 1-4, SA*IDIYEH ‘Tomb 144 Pritchard, “Cemetery at Tell es-Sa‘idiyeh." 13th-12th centuries (Pritchard). Single buria2. Grave. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. No other artifacts, Type 1-4. SAMARIA Tomb 101 Crowfoot, Samaria I, pp. 21-22; pls. 1; 5. Crowfoot, Objects from Samaria, pp. 135, 1985 figs. 14:5, 10; 15:1; 18:4; 19:1, 3, 53 23:2; 3 106+2. Period V or iate 8th century (Kenyon, Obiects m Samaria, pp. 135, 201-204.). Period V or 735-721 B.C. (Wright, BANE, p. 100), 2 Cave. ?, 8 bowls and 2 juglets. 1 whorl, 1 bangle. 2 SAMARIA Tomb 102 Crowfoot, Samaria I, pp. 21-22; pls. 1; 5. Crowfoot, Objects from Samaria, pp. 135, 198; figs. 13:7, 10; 14:8, 9; 22:5; 27:1. Period V or late 8th century (Kenyon). Period v or 735-721 B.C. (Wright). Cave. ?, Several bowls, 1 jug, lamp fragments, dipper juglets, 1 holemouth jar, upper part of 2 jars, No other artifacts. 2680, 681. 682, 683. St PB: Dt INT: CON: POT: ARTS CIA: St PB: 330 SAMARIA Tomb 103 Crowfoot, Samaria I, pp. 21-22; pls. 1; 5, Crowfoot, Objects from Samaria, pp. 135, 198; figs. 13: 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 12, 16, 17, 18; 1431, 10; 18:1, 2, 3, 8, 10, Period V or late 8th century (Kenyon), Period V or 735-721 B.C. (Wright). Four primary burials indicated by reference to skeletal orientation. Artifical cave, Loffreda Type ?. Bowl pattern?, 49 bowls, 1 lamp, 3 jugs, 2 juglets, 1 footbath, 1 holemouth jar, 4 storage jars, 7 cooking pots, 1 amphoriskos. One can unfortunately only estimate the number and types of pottery forms from what was published. Animal bones, 8 spatulae, 3 arrowheads, 1 scarab, 1 amulet, 9 beads, 3 fibulae, 1 cosmetic pallette, 1 bone pendant, 2 rattles, 1 polisher stone, 1 tweezer, 1 whorl. Type 1-4 SAMARIA Tomb 104 Crowfoot, Samaria I, pp. 21-22; pls. 1; 5. Crowfoot, Objects from Samaria, pp. 135, 1983 figs. 18:4, 5; 1911; 20:23 21:3; 22163 92a12 Period V or late 8th century (Kenyon). Period v or 735-721 B.C, (Wright). Cave, ?, 1 storage jar, 1 crater, 4 jugs, many pieces of small bowls. 1 bead, 2 whorls. SAMARIA Tomb 107 Crowfoot, Samaria I, pp. 21-22; pls. 1; 5 Crowfoot, Objects from Samaria, pp. 135, 1983 figs. 13:5, 7, 10, 12, 16; 14:5, 8; 18:8; 27:1, 16. Period V or late 8th century (Kenyon). Period Vv or 735-721 B.C. (Wright). Cave, 12 bowls and 1 lamp. Rattle, 2 SAMARIA Tomb 108684, 685. 686. PBs De INTs CON: POT: ART? clas St INT: CON: POTr ARTE CIA: Br PBr INT: CON: Port ART: Cla: St Bs De INT: CON: POT: ART? CIA: 331 Crowfoot, Samaria I, pp. 21-22, pls. 1; 5. Crowfoot, Objects from Samaria, pp. 135, 1983 figs. 22:13 11:2, 4, 8, 11, 15, 17; 11631, 2, 3. Period V or late 8th century (Kenyon). Period V or 735-721 B.C. (Wright). 2 Cave. 2, Water decanter, some bowls, and dipper jug- lets. 4 beads, 79 arrowheads, 4 nails, 1 bronze buck, 1 scarab, 1 knife, 4 stone palettes. 2 SAMARIA Tomb 113 Crowfoot, Samaria I, pp. 21-22; pls. 435. Crowfoot, Objects from Samaria, pp. 135, 198; figs. 13:17; 14:9, 10. Period V or late 8th century (Kenyon), Period Vv or 735-721 B.C. (Wright). Cave. 2, 3 bowls. 1 bone pendant, fibulae, 2 SAMARIA-SEBASTE TOMB RB 75 (1968): 562-585; figs. 1-9. 850-800 B.C. (Zayadine, RB 75: 567). Massive secondary burial with pig astragali. A single primary burial in supine position (adolescent ).baSed on illustrated forms. Compare to Nasbeh 5. Artifical cave, loffreda Type RR and Abercrombie Type R-3. Juglet-2 pattern?. 17 bowls, 13 jugs, 6 lamps, 23 juglets (mostly black), 2 chalices, 3 amphoriskos, 1 crater, 1 lentoid flask, 1 censer, 1 pyxis, 1 cup-and-saucer. 150 pig astragali, 1 fibula, 1 seal, fragment of ivory vase. Type 1-47. AS-SAMU Tomb 1 ADAT 1 (1951): 47. B-Early Tron I (Dajani, ADA 1: 47). Cave. 2 Rw687. 688. 689. 690. PBr INT: CON: POTs ART CIA St Br PBr Dt INT: con: POT: ART: 332 TELL ES-SULTAN Tomb A85 Kenyon, Jericho IT, pp. 482-189; figs. 252-2533 Pl. 20, Late 10th century (Tushingham, Jericho I, p. 482). Primary burials in supine position found in four layers. 17 burials in total. 2 Juglet-1 pattern?, 4 bowls, 8 jugs (4 pitchers, 1 water decanter, and 3 neck handled jugs), 9 jugiets (4 black juglets, 2 dippers, 1 painted jugiet, and 2 miscellaneous) = 21 vessels. & beads, 1 bronze ring. Type 1-47. TELL BS-SULTAN Tomb Whe Kenyon, Jericho II, pp. 491-513; figs. 254-261; pls. 21. 9th-7th centuries (Tushingham, Jericho II, p. 504). Massive secondary burial in bone pile, mostly skulls. Artifical cave, loffreda,Type R. Bowl pattern?. Difficult to be certain about classification because so many vessels were found in fragments. 36 bowls, 2 lamps, 29 jugs. (10 pitcher, 5 water decanter, 2 red slipped, 11 other), 32 juglets (21 dippers, 1 cup, 4 black juglets, 6 miscellaneous) 1 lentoid flask, 1 cook- ing pot, 1 amphoriskos, 1 chalice. 8 beads, 2 amulets, 1 shell, 2 scaraboids, 8 rings, 8 bangles, 3 lunate earrings, 2 knives, 1 quad- ruped. Type 1-47. TELL ES-SULTAN Tomb WH.2 Kenyon, Jericho II, pp. 513-515. 7th century (Tushingham, Jericho II, p. 514). Secondary burial?. Cave. 7. 2 bowls, 3 water decanters, 2 dippers, 2 lamps, and 1 lentoid flask = 10 vessels. 1 bangle, 4 rings. 2 TANAACH Burial near cultic structure, BASOR 173 (February, 1964): 27n. Tron II (lapp, BASOR 173: 27n). Single primary burial, ‘Adolescent female. Grave. No pottery.691, 692, 693. 694, ART? CIAr St Bt PBr De INTs CON: POT: ART: CIAs St Br PBr Ds INT1 CON: POT: ARTI CIA: St By PB: Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTS clas Se Br PBt Dt INTs CON: POT: ARTE crar 333 Beads, 1 scarab, 2 fibulae. ZEROR cist I Ohata, Zeror II, pp. 35-413 pls. 35 73 83 103 36-38; 48-49. 1050-950 B.C. (Ohata & Kokhavi, IEJ 161 274-276). Several primary buriais in supine position, Some secondary movement with small skull pile. Six + burials in total. Stone-lined cist. ee 1 iron dagger. Pe ZEROR cist IT 5 Ohata, Zeror II, pp. 35-41; pls. 33 7s 393 40; 48-49, 1050-950 B.C, (Ohata & Kokhavi, IEJ 16+ 274-276). 2. Stone-lined cist. os ZEROR cist IIT Ohata, Zeror II, pp. 35-41; pls. 35 73 103 41-43; 48-49. 1050-950 B.C. (Ohata and Kokhavi). Primary burials indicated by reference to skeletal orientation, Two or more buriais. Stone-lined cist. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern, See Chapter Three. Some beads, 2 bangles, 1 earring, 1 dagger, 1 quadruped, 3 whorls, 1 scarab, 1 armour plate. Type 1-4. ZEROR cist IV Ohata, Zeror II, pp. 35-41; pls. 3; 7s 10; 43; 48-49. 1050-950 B.C. (Ohata and Kokhavi). Primary burials. Stone-lined cist. Bowl pattern?, See Chapter Three. 3 bangles, 1 earring, 3 daggers, 1 nail, 2 flints, 1 bronze coin, Type 17.695. 696. 697. 698. 699, Se Br PBr Dt INT: cons POT: ART: Cla: st BE PBr INT: 33 ZEROR Cist v Ohata, Zeror II, pp. 35-41; pls. 3 43-45; 4 . 1050-950 B.C. (Ohata and Kokhavi). Primary burial in supine position. Some evidence of secondary burial. Five burials in total. Stone-lined cist. Bowl/juglet-1 pattern. See Chapter Three. 4 bangles, 1 ring, 2 earrings, 3 daggers, 1 bronze bowl, 1 figurine. Type 1-4, ZEROR Cist VI Ohata, Zeror II, pp. 67-74; pls. 1; 135 Sis 52; 58; 63: 6, 10, 11. 1050-951 B.C. (Ohata and Kokhavi). Primary burials in supine position found in layers. Fifteen burials in total. Stone-lined cist. 1 javelin head, 1 dagger, 2 bangles, 3 rings, 1 bronze bowl, 2 bronze rivets, 1 bead. 10; ZEROR Cist vir Ohata, Zeror Il, pp. 67-74; pls, 1: 13; 535 58. 1050-950 B.C. (Ohata and Kokhavi). Single primary burial in supine position. Stone-lined cist. a 1 dagger. ZEROR Cist vIrz Ohata, Zeror III, pp. 67-74; pls. 13 133 54; 58; 631 7-8. 1050-950 B.C. (Ohata and Kokhavi). Four primary burials in supine position. Stone-lined cist. No pottery. 1 javelin butt, 1 dagger, 1 earring, 1 stone bead. a ZEROR Cist 1x Ohata, Zeror III, pp. 67-74; pls, 1; 13; 53; 58. 1050-950 B.C. (Kokhavi and Ohata). 2. 1 skull.700. CONs ART: 335 Stone-lined cist. No pottery. 2 beads and stone pendant. 2 ZEROR Ohata, Zeror II, pp. 67-74; pls. 1, 56, 58. Unknown number of the 77 jar burials dating from the Late Bronze to Hellenistic period. Single and double jar burials containing infants and children, Excavator unable to determine exact skeletal position. Graves. ?, Storage jars and pithoi.BIBLIOGRAPHY OF IRON AGE TOMBS ABU GOSH Abel, F. M. "Découverte d'un tombeau Antiques Abu Ghouch. Revue Bibligue 28 (1921) 97-102. Cooke, Francis T, The Site of Kirath-jearim., Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 5. 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AITUN Edelstein, G. “The Necropolis at Tell ‘Aitun,” Qadmoniot 4 (1971) 86-90, Ussisshkin, David. "Tombs from the Israelite Period at Tel "Eton." el Aviv 3 (1974) 190-227. 336337 AJIUL Petrie, W. M. F. Ancient Gaza II, Londont British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1932+ AMMAN Harding, G, L. "Two Iron Age Tombs from ‘Amman.“ er) of the Department of Antiquity in Palestine 11 (1944 67-74, Henschel-Simon, E. “Notes on the Pottery of the ‘Amman Tombs he _Ds of Antiquity in Palestine 11 (1944) Harding, G. L. "Two Iron Age Tombs in Amman." Annual of the Department of Antiquity of Jordan 1 (1951) 37-40. + "The Tomb of Adoni Nur in Amman." Palestine ——BiBloration Fund Annual 6 (1953) 48-65. Tufnell, 0. “Notes and Comparisons.” Palestine Exploration Fund Annual 6 (1953) 66-72. Dajani, R. W. "An Iron Age Tomb from Amman." Annual of the Department of Antiquity of Jordan 11 (1966) 41-47. — » “Jabal Nuzha Tomb at Amman.” Annual of the Dabartment of Antiquity of Jordan 11 (1966) 46-52. Yassine, Khair N, "Anthropoid Coffins from Raghdan Royal Palace Tomb in Amman." Annual _of the Department of Antiquity of Jordan 20 (1975) 57-68. ASHDOD Dothan, M. and Freedman, D, N. Ashdod I, Atigot Series 8. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1967. . Ashdod II-III, Atigot Series 9-10, Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1971. ASHDOD-YAM Merom, D. “An Iron Age I Tomb between Ashdod and Ashkelon.” Atigot 6 (1970) 1-5. ATLIT Johns, C. N. “Excavations at Pilgrims’ Castle, ‘Atlit (1953)+ Cremated Burial of Phoenician Origin, arterly of the Department of Antiquity in Palestine 6 (1936-1937) 121-152. AZOR Dothan, M. “Excavations at Azor." Israel Exploration Journal 11 (1961) 171-175. + “The Excavations at Azor, 1960." Bulletin of the Istael Exploration Society 2514 (1961) 224-230.338 BETHLEHEM Bagatti, R. P. B, “Bethiéem,” Revue Biblique 72 (1965) 270-272 Saller, S, "Iron Age Remains from Bethlehem." Liber Annuus 18 (1966) 153-180. BETH SHAN Oren, Eliezer, D. The Northern Cemetery of Beth Shan. 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Annual of the American Schoois of Oriental Research, No. 40, New Haven: American Schools of Criental Research, 1972. DOTHAN Free, Joseph P, “The Second Season at Dothan." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 135 (October, 1954) 18-19, +, “The Sixth Season at Dothan.” Bulleti i iental Research 156 (December, 1959) ci 25-28. ——__—__ "The Seventh Season at Dothan.” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 160 (December, 1960) 9-13. FARAH (S) Petrie, W. M. F. Beth-Pelet I. London: British School of Archaeology, 1932.339 Starkey, J. L. and Harding, Lankester. Beth-Pelet II. Lon- dont British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1932. Duncan, J. Garrow. Corpus of Dated Palestinian Pottery. Londons British School of Archaeology in Egypt, 1932, James, Frances. ‘Private Notes on the 100 and 200 Cemeteries Farah (S)." State College, 1977. EL-FUL R.A. S. Macalister. ‘Some Interesting Pottery Remains.” Palestine Exploration Fund Quarterly Statement (1915) 35-37. 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"A Newly Discovered Hebrew Inscription of the Pre~Exilic Period.” Journal of Palestine Oriental Society 21 (1948) 134-137. aAvigad, N. “The Epitaph of a Royal Steward from Siloam Nillage.” Israel Exploration Journal 3 (1953) 137-152. Amiran, Ruth. “Two Tombs in Jerusalem from the Period of the Kings of Judah." Bulletin of the Israel Exploration Society 2013-4 (1956) 173-178. Kenyon, “Kathieen. “Excavations at Jerusalem, 1962." Pales~ ine Exploration Quarterly 95 (1963) 11. . “Excavations at Jerusalem, 1967.” Palestine Exploration Quarterly 100 (1968) 108-109.3ho Negbi, Ora. “Tombs near Manahat Southwest of Jerusalem,” Israel Exploration Journai 14 (1964) 114, Mazar, B. The Excavation in the 01d City of Jerusalem near the Temple Mount. Jerusalem: Israel.Exploration Society, 1972. Barkay, G. Kioner, and Mazar A. "The Northern Cemetery of Jerusalem in the First Temple Times.” Qadmoniot 8 (1975) 71-76. Mazar, Amihay. “Iron Age Burial Caves.” Israel Exploratii Journal 26 (1976) 1-8. EL JIB Dajani, Awni. “An Iron Age Tomb at Al Jib." Ai 1 tment of Anti Jordan 2 (1952) 66-69. Pritchard, James 5. The Bronze Age Cemetery at Gibeon, Philadelphias University Museum, 1963. KEFIRA Bagatti, P. Bellarmino, I Monumenti de Emmaus _e1_Qubeibeh @ Dei Dintorni, Jerusalem: P, P. Francescani, 1947, EL KOM Dever, William G. “Iron Age Erigraphic Material from the Area of Khibat el Kom." Hebrew Union College Annual. 40 (1970) 139-189. KUFIN Smith, Robert Huston. Excavations in the Cemetery at Khirbet Kufin Palestine. Londons Bernard Quariteh LTD., 1962. IACHISH Tufneil, Olga. Lachish Ill: The Iron Age. Londons Oxford University Press, 1953. Risdon, D. L. “Cranial and Other Human Remains from Palestine. Biometrika 31 (1939-1940) 101-166, MADEBA Harding, G. L. “Early Iron Tomb at Madeba." Palestine Explora~ tion Fund Annual 6 (1953) 27-47. MEGIDDO Schumacher, G. Tell _el-Mutesellim. Leipzig: Rudo Haupt, 1908, Volumes I and II, Guy, P. L. 0, Megiddo Tombs. Oriental Institute Publication, No. 32. Chicagos the University of Chicago Press, 1938. MOTZA Negbi, 0. “The Cemetery of Biblical Mosa." Sefer Shemu'el Yeivin. Edited by Samel Abramsky. Jerusalemt Israel Society for Biblical Research, 1970.SHA NASBEH Bad&, W. F. Some Tombs of Tell en-Nasbeh. Palestinian Institute Publication, No, 2. Berkeley: the Professional Press, 1931. McCown, Chester Charlton. Tell_en-Nasbeh I, New Havens American Schools of Oriental Research, 1947. Wampler, Joseph Carson. Teli en-Nasbeh II. New Havent American Schools of Oriental Research, 1947. NASIV Porath, ¥. “En Ha-Nasiv." Israel Exploration Journal 26 (1973) 259-260. NEBO Saller, S. J. “Iron Age Tombs at Nebo, Jordan." Liber Annuus 16 (1966) 165-298, GASILE Maisler, B. "The Excavations at Tell Qasile." Israel Exploration Journal 1 (1950-1951) 66. REQEISH Culican, William, “The Graves at Tell er-Regeish." Austra~ lian Journal of Biblical Archaeology 2:2 (1973) 66-105. Biran, A. “Tell er Rugeish to Tell er-Ridan." Israel Explora~ tion Journal 24 (174) 143-142. SAHAB Albright, W. F. “An Anthropoid Clay Coffin from Sahab in the Trans jordan.“ American Journal of Archaeology 36 (1932) 295-306, Harding, G. L. “An Iron Age Tomb at Sahab warterly of the Department of Antiquity in Ealestine 13 (1947——— 1948) 92-102. Dajani, R. We late Bronze-Iron Age Tomb Excavated at Sahab, 1968." Annual of the Department of Antiquity of Jordan 15 (1970) 29-34, Horn, Dr. Siegfried H. “Three Seals from Sahab Tomb C.” a nt of Antiquity of 15 aot 103-106. Ibrahim, Dr. Moawiyah. “Archaeological Excavations at Sahab, 1972." Annual of the Department of Antiquity of Jordan 17 (1972) 30-33. SAIDIYEH Pritchard, James B, “The Cemetery at Tell es-Sa'idiyeh (Jor- dan)." Philadelphia, 1978.whe SAMARIA Crowfoot, J. W+, Kenyon, Kathleen Mo» and Kukenik, E. Ly Buildings at Si . london: Palestine Explora- tion Fund, 1956. The Objects from Samaria. 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Hazor I, Jerusalem: Magnes Press of Hebrew University, 1958. » Hazor II, Jerusalem: Magnes Press of Hebrew University, 1960, Hazor IT: University, 1962 IV, Jerusalem Magnes Press of HebrewINDEX ABU GOSH»... 41 (TELL) ABU HAWAM . . . . 178, 181, 183 ACHZIB . . . . 15, 21, 26, 36, 37, 38, 42, 136, 166, 176, 2179, 183, 184 ADULT BURIAIS . . « . 14, 22, 23, 24, 25, 30, 34, 39, 42, 166 ADULT FEMALES . . . . 22, 39, 166 ADULT PALES . . . . 22, 89, 147, 166 AFFULAH . . « « 36, 37, 38, 136, 176, 179, 184 AHIRAM SACROPHAGUS . . . , 189 AIN SHEMS . . . . 11, 26, 41, 55, 106-108, 143, 144, 148, 150, 153, 155, 157, 160, 161, 162, 176, 179, 184 "AIR SHAFTS" . . . . 48, 53 AITON . 6 6 6 41, 49, 51, 55 AJJUL « « « 6 15, 36, 37, 38, 54, 119-120, 127-128, 135, 143, 145, 149,151, 154, 156, 158, 161, 163, 176, 177, 179, 181, 183, 184 AMMAN . . « « 23, 24, 39, 40, 179 ANIMAL BONES . . « » 31, 159, 167, 189 ANTHROPOID COFFINS . . « . 5, 23-24, 99, 104, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 187 ASHDOD . . « . 21, 26, 30, 39, 41, 42, 45 ASHDOD-YAM . . . . 136 ATLIT . . . . 11, 42, 97-98, 136, 143, 145, 149, 151, 154, 156, 158, 161, 163, 176, 177, 179, 184 AZOR . « « « 15, 21, 33, 37, 38, 39, 45, 46, 54, 166, 176, 179, 184 “BATHTUB COFFINS . . » . 5, 25, 104, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 187 weag BETHLEHEM . . . . 176, 184 BETH SHAN. . . « 26, 40, 100, 136, 137, 176, 179, 162, 183, 184 BIR EL-GHARBI . .. - 38 BODY SLOTS . . . . 48, 53 BONE PENDANTS . . . . 146-147, 167, 172, 173, 186 BONE PILES . . . . 25, 30-32, 33, 41-42, 172, 181, 168 BOWL PATTERN . . . . 56-99, 164, 167, 168, 170, 174 BURIAL PRACTICE TYPE ONE . . . « 170-171, 176, 178, 181, . 182, 183 BURIAL PRACTICE TYPE TWO. . . . 171-172, 176, 178, 181, 183 BURIAL PRACTICE TYPE THREE . . . . 172, 176, 178, 161, 183 BURIAL PRACTICE TYPE FOUR. . . . 172,173, 176, 178, 181, 183 BURIAL PRACTICE TYPE FIVE . . . « 174, 176, 178, 182, 183 MT, CARMEL . . . . 15, 37, 39, 40, 54, 118, 166, 177, 179, 183 CAVES . . « . 5, 21, 23, 24, 30, 31, 32, 44, 48-52, 55, 99, 104, 105, 109, 147, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 188, 195 “CHARACTERISTIC” ARTIFACTS . . . . 7, 146-147, 163-164, 169, 171, 172, 173 CHILD/INFANT BURIALS . . . « 14, 19, 23, 25, 30, 32, 39, 42, 166 CHRONOLOGICAL CHANGES . . . « 9, 48, 51-53, 99, 104, 109, 125, 135, 137, 146, 152, 164, 178-183, 192 CIST-GRAVES . . . « 5, 21, 23, 24, 45-48, 54, 99, 104, 105, 109, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 188 CIASSIFICATION OF PRACTICES . . . . 8, 169-177 CIAY MODELS . . . « 159-164, 171, 172, 173, 181350 COSMETIC ITEMS . . . . 152-158, 167 ED DAHRIYEH . . . + 55, 177, 179 DEIR EL-BAIAH . . . « 24, 39, 179, 181, 183 DHIBAN . . . « 7, 11, 26, 40, 41, 42, 100-103, 137, 142, 144, 148, 150, 153, 155, 157, 160, 162, 176, 179, 184 DIVANS . . . . 48, 53 DOTHAN . . . « 23, 25, 26, 38, 39, 109, 166, 176, 179 FARAH Ss. . «6, 11, 15-16, 21, 22, 31, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 42, 46, 54, 58-61, 65-96, 131-134, 135, 136, 142-145, 148-151, 153-158, 160- 163, 166, 176, 177, 179, 181, 183, 184 FOOD OFFERINGS . . . . 168-189 FRACTIONAL BURIAL . « « « 41-42 FUNERARY OFFERINGS AND RITES . . . . 9, 134-135, 146, 152, 187-191 GEZER . . « « 26, 41, 42, 109, 176, 179 GRAVES . . . » 5, 19, 21, 23, 24, 25, 32, 34, 45, 46, 54, 99, 104, 105, 126, 135, 167, 168, 170, 171, 173, 174, 188, 195 HALIF . . . . 27, 41, 50, 55, 110-111, 177, 179 HEADRESTS . . . . 48, 53 INCENSE OFFERINGS . . . . 190-191 INSCRIPTIONS . . « « 22, 48, 53, 187, 194-195 IRBED . . . « 16, 39, 40, 176, 183 IRON I BURIALS . « « » 33, 51-53, 57, 104, 109, 126, 138, 146, 152, 167, 178-163 IRON II BURIALS . . . - 25, 33, 51-53, 57, 104, 109, 126, 135, 138, 146, 152, 167, 178-183 JAR BURIAIS . . » « 4, 5, 23, 104, 105, 146, 166, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172 JERUSALEM... . 41, 51351 JEWELRY AND OTHER ADORNMENT PIECES . . . « 7, 20, 22, 30, 34, 37, 141-147, 171 EL JIB. . . « 27, 40, 106-108, 143, 144, 148, 150, 153, 155; 157, 161, 176, 179, 184 SUGLET-1 PATTERN « + . + 109-125, 159, 167, 168, 172 SUGLET-2 PATTERN . « « + 126-134, 147, 167, 168, 173 KEFIRA . . . + 42 BL-KOM . «+ 41, 51, 55 IACHISH . . « « 11, 16-17, 21, 27-28, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 51, 54, 55, 106-108, 110-113, 121-125, 136, 142-144, 148-150, 153, 155, 157, 160-163, 166, 176, 177, 179, 183, 184 IAMP-1 PATTERN . « + + 99-104, 159, 167, 168, 171 IAMP-2 PATTERN . « « + 105-108, 147, 159, 167, 168, 172 IAMP SOCKETS . « « + 48, 53, 190 IATE BRONZE AGE BURIALS . . i . 22; 24, 138, 164, 178-183, 188, 192 LEDGES . . . + 48 MADEBA . « « » 40, 137, 176, 179 MASSIVE SECONDARY BURIAL . . . « 25-33, 45, 99, 104, 105, 109, 141}'142-145, 146, 147, 248-150, 152, 153-155, 157, 159, 160, i61-163, 167, 168, 171, 172, 173, 174, 188 MBGIDDO . . «+ 11, 17, 25, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 54, 62-64, 136, 142, 144, 148, 150, 153, 155, 157, 160, 162, 166, 176, 179, 181, 184 METALLIC BOWLS . + + « 37-38, 164, 188 MOTZA . « . « 41, 49, 50, 136, 177, 179 NASBEH . . . « 11, 28, 41, 55, 110-113, 143, 145, 149, 150, 154, 155, 157, 161, 163, 176, 179, 184 NASEV. « « « 54 NEBO . . « + 14, 28, 40, 100-103, 137, 142, 144, 148, 150, 153, 155, 157, 160, 162, 176, 179, 184352 NICHES . . . . 48, 53 NUMBER OF INTERMENTS . . . . 21, 30, 33, 38-39, 45, 152 ORIENTATION OF SKELETONS . « . « 15-19, 36-37 PAIR BURIAL . . . . 21-22, 24, 39 PITS . . + «5, 34, 44-45, 54, 104, 105, 126, 135, 167, 168, 173, 188 PLACEMENT OF ARTIFACTS « . . « 20: 24, 37-38 POTTERY . . « » 5-7, 20-21, 30, 33, 34, 38, 40, 44, 56-140 POTTERY PATTERNS . . » . 7, 56, 136, 147, 167, 168 PRIMARY BURIAL . . . « 4, 5, 14-23, 24, 25, 46, 99, 142, 144, 146, 147, 148, 149, 152, 153, 155, 157, 164, 167, 168, 170, 174, 167-188 PYRES . « . « 5, 33, 34, 44, 104, 105, 126. 167, 168, 174, 188 PYRE BURIALS . « « » 5, 33-34, 42, 99, 14 154, 156, 158, 161 175, 187 163, 167, RATTIES . . . . 159-164, 171, 172, 173 REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN PRACTICES . ... . 9, 183-187 REPOSITORY PIT. . . . 30, 40-41, 48 REQEISH « . « . 11, 42, 129-120, 135, 143, 145, 149, 151, 154, 156, 158, 161, 163, 176, 179, 183, 184 SAHAB . . . . 11, 17, 28, 36, 39, 40, 102-103, 137, 142, 144, 148, 150, 153, 155, 157, 160, 162, 176, 179, 182, 183, 184 SAIDIYEH . . . . 11, 17-18, 22, 36, 37, 38, 39, 46, 49, 54, 124-116; 136, 142, 144, 148, 150, 153, 155, 157, 160, 162, 166, 176, 177, 179, 181, 182, 183, 184 SAMARIA . . . « 29, 37, 39, 40-41, 4. 50, 55, 136, 177, 179 SECONDARY BURIAL . . . « 4, 5, 21, 25, 33, 46, 142, 144, 167, 168, 174 SKELETAL POSITIONS . . . . 14-19, 23, 24, 33, 42353 STONE VESSEIS . . . . 159-163 SULTAN . . « « 29, 38, 177, 179 TANAACH . . «+ 166 TOOLS . «+. 7, 30, 152-158, 171 TOMB SCULPTURE. . - + 48, 53 TYPOLOGY OF IRON AGE CAVES (S. Loffreda) . . + + 5, 44, 49- 52, 171, 172, 173 URN BURIALS . « « + 5, 34-35, 99, 143, 145, 146, 149, 151, 154, 156, 158, 161, 163, 166, 167, 168, 173, 387 WEAPONS . . « » 7, 20, 22, 30, 37, 147-152, 171, 172, 173, 187-188 WINE OFFERINGS . . . . 168-189 WOODEN COFFINS... + 25 ZEROR . « « « 11, 18, 21, 22, 33, 36, 37, 38, 39, 117, 136, 142, 144, 148, 150, 153, 155, 157, 160, 162, 166, 176, 177, 179, 163, 184