EM 144 Mine Survey

 Types of Maps
 Map Contents
 Map Symbols
 Mapping Tools and Procedures
 Coordinate System and Map Projections
 Digital Terrain Modelling
 Application of Mine Maps
 Cross Sections and Profiles
 A map is a picture or representation of the Earth's
surface/ (subsurface), showing how things are related
to each other by distance, direction, and size.

 Cartography is considered as the theory and practice of

mapmaking and map use, notably in the context of
graphic communication.
 The distinction between conventional analogue
cartography and modern digital cartography is
contextual.
 A generalized definition of a map may refer to it (map)
as a 2-D graphic representation of the attributes of
spatial relationships of geographical features to scale.
 Political Maps
 City Map
 Topographic Maps
 Physical Maps
 Road Map
 Density Map
 Geologic Map
 Land Use Map
 Mine Maps
 Resource Maps
 MAIN CONTENTS
 The extent and contour of the working;
 the shape and extent of the ore shoots, and the nature of the
ore found in them;
 the geological features, such as variations in the wall rocks.

 A complete mine map must consist of several maps.

 These will be the main office maps, showing the workings

pure and simple; the superintendent's working maps, on a
scale sufficient for him to take them underground; assay
maps, upon which are recorded the assays of all mine
samples, thus showing the value and trend of all ore shoots;
the geological maps, upon which are recorded the
formations and their changes, the nature and details of
faults, and any other geological facts deemed worthy of
notice.
 Most commonly used in Mining Operations
 Scale
 Legend
 Contours
 Spot Elevation
 Symbols
 Projection/Coordinate System
 Datum
 Grids
 North Direction
 Date
 Title
 Location
 Sheet Number
 Data Sources
Size and Scale
 Regarding the scale to which maps should be made, it can only be
said that the scale must be selected to best suit the purpose of the
map and the mining and geological conditions of the property.

 The size of the map is, of course, dependent upon the size of the
property, and the scale to which the map is drawn.

 While a large sheet of paper is awkward and difficult to work

upon and to keep neat, there is a tendency among engineers to
have the whole map upon one sheet of paper.

 The map can undoubtedly be split up and drawn in sections upon

reasonable sized sheets.

 These are made to match, and blue-prints taken from the tracings
can be pasted together into one sheet if desired.
 Small scale maps show a large area of Earth
with less detail.

 Large scale maps show a small area of Earth in

great detail.
Scale
 Map scale shows the relationship between the
distance on a map and the actual distance on
the Earth’s surface.
Direct Statement Scale
Uses words to describe the relationship
between a distance on a map and a specific
distance on the Earth’s surface
1 cm to 10 km or 1 cm = 10 km
Scale
 Linear Scale

• A special RULER on the map that is divided

into equal units of distance
• Always includes the units of measurement on
the Earth’s surface
• Always blocks out units of measurement on the
map (the alternated black blocks on the linear
scale)
Scale
 Linear Scale
Scale
 Representative Fraction Scale (RF)

• The fraction is a ratio where on unit on the

map equals a specific number of the same unit
on the Earth’s surface
• Always done as a ratio or fraction of 1
 1:50,000

1:50,000 equals 1 cm = 0.5 km

1 cm on the map equals 50,000 cm on the Earth’s
surface
 Conversions

1 km = 1000 m ; 1 m = 100 cm
1 km = (1,000x100) cm = 100,000 cm
Map Symbols

 Since a map is a reduced representation of the real

world, map symbols are used to represent real objects.
 Without symbols, we wouldn't have maps.
 Both shapes and colors can be used for symbols on
maps.
 A small circle may mean a point of interest, with a
brown circle meaning recreation, red circle meaning
services, and green circle meaning rest stop.
 Colors may cover larger areas of a map, such as green
representing forested land and blue representing
waterways.
 To ensure that a person can correctly read a map, a
Map Legend is a key to all the symbols used on a map. It
is like a dictionary so you can understand the meaning
of what the map represents.
CONTROL DATA AND MONUMENTS VEGETATION
Woodland
Horizontal control trees at least 6feet tall
Scrub
Third order or better, permanent mark low brush
Orchard
With third order or better elevation planted vegetation
Vineyard
Check spot elevation cultivated vines
Mangrove
dense, tropical trees
Coincident with section corner

Unmonumented*
SURFACE FEATURES
Vertical control Levee
Third order or better, with tablet Sand or mud area, dunes or shifting sand

Third order or better, recoverable mark Intricate surface area

Gravel beach or glacial moraine

Bench mark found at section corner
Tailings pond
Spot elevation
Boundary monument
MINES AND CAVES
With tablet Quarry or open pit mine

Without tablet Gravel, sand, clay, or borrow pit

Mine tunnel or cave entrance

With number and elevation
Prospect; mine shaft
Location monument
Mine dump

Mine tailings
 (1) The relations of the mineral deposits to the
property lines can be seen, and steps taken, if
necessary, to secure or control adjoining
properties before the work of exploration and
development is begun.
 (2) The relation of the different outcrops and
developments, and whether they represent one
deposit or several, can be determined,
sometimes at a glance."
 (3) The area of the portion of the property
under laid by the deposit can be measured, and
the available areas of mineral at certain depths
and within certain boundaries determined.
 (4) If the geological structure be complicated, all
the known data can be brought together on the
map and sections, and advantageously studied.
 (5) The probable outcrop line can be determined
and traced on the map as a guide to works of
exploration and development.
 (6) If necessary, the underground contours of the
deposit can be determined approximately; and the
probable depth of a shaft, or the length of a tunnel,
to reach the deposit can be measured on the map.
 (7) Roads, buildings, and all surface work, and in
general all works of exploration and development,
can be better located and planned with the aid of
an accurate map than is possible without such
assistance.'
 Protractor

 Tangents

 Chords

 Coordinates
Standardized color scheme

 Brown –contours
 Blue –water
 Black –human-made features
 Green –vegetation
 Red –important human-made features
 Pink –urban areas
 Purple –revisions/updates due to aerial
photos
Contour Lines
􀂄 Contours are drawn at regular intervals(e.g.,
every 5 meter of elevation) called Contour
Interval.
􀂄 Contours are always closed loops, though
they usually travel beyond the margins of
the map.
􀂄 Contours never cross each other.
􀂄 Where contours are close together, they show
a rapid change in elevation. Where they are
far apart, they show a gradual change.
􀂄 Values inside a closed contour line are higher
than outside the contour line.
 CONTOUR INTERVAL
Spacing between each contour line
This will be a consistent number.
Watch for the unit of measurement associated with the
contour interval.

 INDEX CONTOUR
Every 5th contour line
Indicated by a heavier line.
Helps draw your eye to certain intervals.
Allows the mapmaker to simplify the map –may only
label index contours instead of every line.
 The contour interval
is marked with a
specific unit of
measurement.

 You can see the index

contours every five
lines.
 Relief= difference in elevation between two points
on a map
 Total/Local Relief= difference in elevation
between the highest and lowest points on a map
 Topographic maps
show a birds-eye view
of the landscape.

 Topographic profiles
show a side-view of
the same landscape.
 All maps have one basic objective, namely to serve as a
means of communicating information about spatial
patterns, relationships and attributes.
 The communication aspect is accomplished through
the use of suitably designed graphical marks called
symbols.
 The appearance of a map affects how it is perceived
and consequently how readily the user interprets the
information it contains.
 So a suitable design of the symbols, their hierarchy,
similarities and differences relating to the real world
features they represent, as well as their arrangement on
the map and the entire map layout are a prerequisite
for an efficient and effective communication of
information to map users.
 'Maps and drawings of different sizes are filed
in different size and shape pigeon-holes and
drawers.

 These are all catalogued in an ordinary

surveyor's field-book so that each may be
found by reference to the catalogue rather than
to labels on the files.