BAND PASS FILTER 2018

SRI VENKATESHWARA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
Mini Project Report on

“BAND PASS FILTER”

Semester: 4th

Section: A

Subject: LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LAB

Subject Code: 17ECL48

Guide Name: NATARAJA.N,

Assistant professor,

Department of ECE,

SVCE, Bangalore.
SL . NO. USN STUDENT NAME
1 1VE17EC034 MANASA H.S
2 1VE17EC036 HARSHITHA M
3 1VE17EC035 HARSHITH N

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ABSTRACT:
Band Pass Filters can be used to isolate or filter out certain frequencies that lie within a
particular band or range of frequencies. The cut-off frequency or ƒc point in a simple RC
passive filter can be accurately controlled using just a single resistor in series with a non-
polarized capacitor, and depending upon which way around they are connected, we have seen
that either a Low Pass or a High Pass filter is obtained.

One simple use for these types of passive filters is in audio amplifier applications or circuits
such as in loudspeaker crossover filters or pre-amplifier tone controls. Sometimes it is
necessary to only pass a certain range of frequencies that do not begin at 0Hz, (DC) or end at
some upper high frequency point but are within a certain range or band of frequencies, either
narrow or wide.

By connecting or “cascading” together a single Low Pass Filter circuit with a High Pass
Filter circuit, we can produce another type of passive RC filter that passes a selected range or
“band” of frequencies that can be either narrow or wide while attenuating all those outside of
this range. This new type of passive filter arrangement produces a frequency selective filter
known commonly as a Band Pass Filter or BPF for short.

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INTRODUCTION:
A simple passive Band Pass Filter can be made by cascading together a single Low Pass
Filter with a High Pass Filter. The frequency range, in Hertz, between the lower and upper -
3dB cut-off points of the RC combination is know as the filters “Bandwidth”.

The width or frequency range of the filters bandwidth can be very small and selective, or very
wide and non-selective depending upon the values of R and C used.

The centre or resonant frequency point is the geometric mean of the lower and upper cut-off
points. At this centre frequency the output signal is at its maximum and the phase shift of the
output signal is the same as the input signal.

The amplitude of the output signal from a band pass filter or any passive RC filter for that
matter, will always be less than that of the input signal. In other words a passive filter is also
an attenuator giving a voltage gain of less than 1 (Unity). To provide an output signal with a
voltage gain greater than unity, some form of amplification is required within the design of the
circuit.

A Passive Band Pass Filter is classed as a second-order type filter because it has two reactive
components within its design, the capacitors. It is made up from two single RC filter circuits
that are each first-order filters themselves.

If more filters are cascaded together the resulting circuit will be known as an “nth-order” filter
where the “n” stands for the number of individual reactive components and therefore poles
within the filter circuit. For example, filters can be a 2nd-order, 4th-order, 10th-order, etc.

The higher the filters order the steeper will be the slope at n times -20dB/decade. However, a
single capacitor value made by combining together two or more individual capacitors is still
one capacitor.

Our example above shows the output frequency response curve for an “ideal” band pass filter
with constant gain in the pass band and zero gain in the stop bands. In practice the frequency
response of this Band Pass Filter circuit would not be the same as the input reactance of the
high pass circuit would affect the frequency response of the low pass circuit (components
connected in series or parallel) and vice versa.

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BAND PASS FILTER :

Unlike the low pass filter which only pass signals of a low frequency range or the high pass
filter which pass signals of a higher frequency range, a Band Pass Filters passes signals within
a certain “band” or “spread” of frequencies without distorting the input signal or introducing
extra noise. This band of frequencies can be any width and is commonly known as the
filters Bandwidth.
Bandwidth is commonly defined as the frequency range that exists between two specified
frequency cut-off points ( ƒc ), that are 3dB below the maximum centre or resonant peak while
attenuating or weakening the others outside of these two points.
Then for widely spread frequencies, we can simply define the term “bandwidth”, BW as being
the difference between the lower cut-off frequency ( ƒcLOWER ) and the higher cut-off frequency
( ƒcHIGHER ) points. In other words, BW = ƒH – ƒL. Clearly for a pass band filter to function
correctly, the cut-off frequency of the low pass filter must be higher than the cut-off frequency
for the high pass filter.
The “ideal” Band Pass Filter can also be used to isolate or filter out certain frequencies that
lie within a particular band of frequencies, for example, noise cancellation. Band pass filters
are known generally as second-order filters, (two-pole) because they have “two” reactive
component, the capacitors, within their circuit design. One capacitor in the low pass circuit and
another capacitor in the high pass circuit.

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Frequency Response of a 2nd Order Band Pass Filter

The Bode Plot or frequency response curve above shows the characteristics of the band pass
filter. Here the signal is attenuated at low frequencies with the output increasing at a slope of
+20dB/Decade (6dB/Octave) until the frequency reaches the “lower cut-off” point ƒL. At this
frequency the output voltage is again 1/√2 = 70.7% of the input signal value or -
3dB (20*log(VOUT/VIN)) of the input.
The output continues at maximum gain until it reaches the “upper cut-off” point ƒH where the
output decreases at a rate of -20dB/Decade (6dB/Octave) attenuating any high frequency
signals. The point of maximum output gain is generally the geometric mean of the two -3dB
value between the lower and upper cut-off points and is called the “Centre Frequency” or
“Resonant Peak” value ƒr. This geometric mean value is calculated as being ƒr 2 =
ƒ(UPPER) x ƒ(LOWER).
A band pass filter is regarded as a second-order (two-pole) type filter because it has “two”
reactive components within its circuit structure, then the phase angle will be twice that of the
previously seen first-order filters, ie, 180o. The phase angle of the output signal LEADS that
of the input by +90o up to the centre or resonant frequency, ƒr point were it becomes “zero”
degrees (0o) or “in-phase” and then changes to LAG the input by -90o as the output frequency
increases.
The upper and lower cut-off frequency points for a band pass filter can be found using the
same formula as that for both the low and high pass filters, For example.

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Then clearly, the width of the pass band of the filter can be controlled by the positioning of
the two cut-off frequency points of the two filters.

FILTER DESIGN

Second order band pass filter design:

Designing HPF section

Step 1: assume the required value of capacitor. It should be less than 0.1 micro Farad. This is
required for better frequency stability. Suppose we assume value C as 10 nF (nano farad)
Step 2: calculate the value of resistance from equation
so our assumption for capacitance value as 10 nF is good (or OK). Otherwise if the
calculated value of R is much less than 1 KOhm, we have to assume some other value of
capacitor. Because the value of R should not be less than 1 K Ohm.
Step 3: choose required pass band gain. Suppose we take it as 10. So form equation

Af = 1 + (R2 / R1)

Here R2 = R1 andc1=c2

We know that

Substitute fc=10 kHz and capacitor value C=0.01 Micro Farad

We will get

R1=R2=1.6k Ohm

Designing LPF section

Step 4: assume the required value of capacitor. Suppose we assume same value C as 10 nF.

Step 5: calculate the value of resistance from equation

Af = 1 + (R2 / R1)

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Here R2 = R1 and c1=c2

We know that

Substitute fc=10kHz and capacitor value C=0.01 Micro Farad

We will get

R1=R2=1.6k Ohm

The design of the circuit is shown below:

The graph of the circuit is shown below:

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APPLICATIONS:

 BPFs (Bandpass filters) are extensively used in wireless transmitters and receivers.
 The main function of this filter in a transmitter is to limit the bandwidth of the o/p signal
to the band allotted for the transmission.
 This avoids the transmitter from interfering with further stations.
 In a receiver, a bandpass filter allows signals within a selected range of frequencies to
be heard or decoded, while preventing signals at unwanted frequencies from getting
through. A bandpass filter also optimizes the signal-to-noise ratio and sensitivity of a
receiver.
 Bandpass filters are used in all types of instruments as well as in Sonar, Seismology
and even medical applications like EEGs and Electrocardiograms.
 These filters are also extensively used in optics like lasers, LIDARS, etc.
 A BPF (Band Pass Filter) permits an exact frequency range to pass, while blocking
frequencies that are lower and higher. A good application of a BPF is in Audio Signal
Processing, where a particular range of frequencies of sound is required while removing
the rest.
 Bandpass filters are used in communication systems for selecting a specific signal from
a range of signals.

CONCLUSION:

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The second order band pass filter is designed and frequency response is plotted. The high pass filter
stop band frequency is found to be 500Hz. The low pass filter stop band frequency is found to be 2.2
KHz.The practicle pass- band frequency found to be 450Hz.

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