S. D. M. College, Ujire (D.K.

)
(An Autonomous College under Mangalore University)

Unitized Syllabus of
‘Medicinal Plant Biotechnology’ B.Sc.
(As one of three Optional Subjects)

B.Sc. Paper number Paper Title

Semester
Theory Practical
I BT-1T Biochemistry & Biophysics

BT-1P
Biochemistry & Biophysics
II BT-2T
Cell biology & genetics

BT-2P Cell biology & genetics

III BT-3T Microbiology & Immunology

BT-3P Microbiology & Immunology

IV BT-4T Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA

Technology

BT-4P Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA

Technology

V BT-5T Medicinal Plant Diversity

BT-6T Medicinal Plant Tissue Culture

&Environmental Biotechnology

BT-5P Medicinal plant taxonomy and Tissue Culture

VI BT-7T Animal Cell Culture & Bioinformatics

BT-8T Phytochemistry & Drug Development

BT-6P Phytochemistry & Drug Development

 S. D. M. College, Ujire (D.K.)
(An Autonomous College under Mangalore University)

Syllabus of B.Sc. ‘Medicinal Plant Biotechnology’

FIRST YEAR
First Semester
(Theory)
Paper Title Instruction Duration of Marks Total Credit
Hours per Examination Marks
week
Theory IA
BT - Biochemistry
1T and *4* 3 80 20 100 2
biophysics
*Weekly 1 hour tutorial
(Practical)
Practical Title Instructional Duration of Marks Total Credit
Marks
Hours per Examination
week
Exam IA
BT - Biochemistry
1P and 3 3 40 10 50 1
Biophysics
Total Marks (Theory & Practical) 150 3

Second Semester
(Theory)
Paper Title Instructional Duration of Marks Total Credit
Hours per Examination Marks
week
Theory IA
BT - Cell biology
*4* 3 80 20 100 2
2T & genetics
*weekly 1 hr tutorial
(Practical)
Practical Title Instructional Duration Marks Total Credit
Hours per of Marks
week Examination
Exam IA
BT - Cell biology
3 3 40 10 50 1
2P & genetics
Total Marks (Theory & Practical) 150 3
 SECOND YEAR
Third Semester
(Theory)
Paper Title Instructional Duration of Marks Total Credit
Hours per week Examination Marks
Theory IA
BT-3T Microbiology
& *4* 3 80 20 100 2
Immunology
*weekly one hour tutorial
(Practical)
Practical
Title Instructional Duration of Marks Total Credit
Hours per week Examination Marks
Exam IA
BT- Microbiology
3P & 3 3 40 10 50 1
immunology
Total Marks (Theory & Practical) 150 3

Fourth Semester
(Theory)
Paper Title Instructional Duration of Marks Total Credit
Hours per week Examination Marks
Theory IA
BT- Molecular
4T Biology and
Recombinan *4* 3 80 20 100 2
t DNA
Technology
*weekly 1 hr tutorial
(Practical)
Practical
Title Instructional Duration of Marks Total Credit
Hours per week Examination Marks
Exam IA
BT- Molecular
4P Biology and
Recombinan 3 3 40 10 50 1
t DNA
Technology
Total Marks (Theory & Practical) 150 3
 THIRD YEAR
FIFTH Semester
(Theory)
Paper Title Instructional Duration of Marks Total Credit
Hours per Examination Marks
week
Theory IA
BT-5T Medicinal
Plant *4* 3 80 20 100 2
Diversity
BT-6T Medicinal Plant
Tissue
Culture& *4* 3 40 10 100 2
Environmental
Biotechnology
Total Marks 200 4
*weekly 1 hr tutorial
(Practical)
Practical Title Instruction Duration of Marks Total Credit
al Hours Examination Marks
per week
Exam IA
BT-5P Medicinal plant
Tissue 2
Culture& 4 4 80 20 100
Environmental
biotechnology
Total Marks (Theory & Practical) 300 6

Sixth Semester
(Theory)
Paper Title Instruction Duration of Marks Total Credit
al Hours Examination Marks
per week
Theory IA
BT-7T Animal cell
culture 2
biotechnology *4* 3 80 20 100
and
bioinformatics
BT-8T Phytochemistry
and drug *4* 3 80 20 100 2
development
Total Marks 200 4
*weekly 1 hr tutorial
 (Practical)
Practical Title Instructio Duration of Marks Total Credit
nal Hours Examination Marks
per week
Exam Record
BT-6P Phytochemistry&
Drug Devpt. 4 hours 4 Hours 80 20 100 2
Practical
Total Marks (Theory & Practical 300 6

Semester Total Marks Credits

I 150 3
II 150 3
II 150 3
IV 150 3
V 300 6
VI 300 6
Total 1200 24
 Theory: B.Sc. I-Semester
Subject: BIOCHEMISTRY & BIOPHYSICS

Paper Number: BT-1T 36 Hrs

Learning objective:
• Understanding structure and characteristic of Biomolecules.
• Understanding the structure and application of enzymes.
• Imparting skills of instrument in assay of biological molecules.

Unit I

Aims & scope of Biochemistry & biophysics

General classification, structure & functions of biomolecules (carbohydrates,
proteins, lipids & nucleic acids)

Detailed structure of monosaccharide, glycosidic bonds, structural polysaccharides
(cellulose &peptidiglycons), storage polysaccharide (starch)

Classification of standard amino acids, peptide bonds, primary, secondary &
quaternary structure of proteins, non-covalent bonds in protein structure

Enzymes: nomenclature, classification & active site, Michelis-Menton’s equation,
allosteric enzymes-general properties.

Types of reversible inhibition: Competitive, Non-competitive and Uncompetitive
with examples.

Application of enzymes in industry (Medicine, Food ,Textile& biomass conversion).

Enzymes in clinical applications (In diagnosis)

Enzymes as analytical tools (Glucose oxidase).
Unit II

Structure & function of water

Impact of pH on biomolecular reactions, application of Handerson&Hasselbalch’s
equation, buffers.

Bioenergetics: Free energy, Enthalpy & Entropy. ATP as biological energy
currency.

Beer Lambert law, absorption spectrum & its specificity for a substance,
chromophores, UV-visible & infrared spectrophotometry; application

Fluorescence, phosphorescence instrumentation & its applications

Methods employed to understand the structure of molecules: X-ray crystallography
& NMR
Unit III

Microscopy, optical (bright field, dark field, phase contrast & fluorescence) and
electron microscopy (TEM &SEM)

Partition coefficient, significance of Rf-value, Adsorption
chromatography(paperchromatography & TLC), Gel filtration chromatography,
affinity chromatography.

Agarose, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, SDS PAGE;its principle& application.

Principles of Centrifugation; differential, density gradient&ultra centrifugation.

Learning outcome:
• Knowledgeable and skilled in qualitative and quantitative assay of
biomolecules.
• Able to find new application of enzymes.
• Skilled in use of instrument and different techniques of biochemistry
laboratory.
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 Practical: B.Sc. I-Semester
Subject: BIOCHEMISTRY & BIOPHYSICS
Paper Number: BT-1P
36 Hrs

1. Qualitative test for Carbohydrates

2. Qualitative test for Proteins
3. Qualitative test for Lipids
4. Assay of enzymes (Salivary amylase and urease)
5. Estimation of Carbohydrates (DNS&Somayaji methods)
6. Estimation of proteins (Biuret method, Lowry’s method)
7. Lambert Beer law
8. Absorption maximum of solution.
9. Agarose gel Electrophoresis – demonstration.
10. Amino acid separation by Paper chromatography (ascending & circular).
11. Thin layer chromatography for separation of chlorophyll pigment.
12. Demonstration of ultra-centrifugation technique.

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References
Basic reading:
1. Rajeshwari.S.Shetty and V.Shree Krishna, Biotechnology 1 , New age publication.

2. Upadhyay .A and Upadyay.K., and Nath, N., 2007, Biophysical chemistry, Third
edition ,Himalaya Publication house, Mumbai
3. Nelson, D.L Cox., M.M., 2008. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5th ed:
Illustrated W.H. Freeman and Company,: New York
4. Berg,JM, Tymocozo JL, Stryer L,2006. Biochemistry,6thed,: WH. Freeman and
Company, New York.
Suggested reading:
1. Murray R.K, Granner D.K, Mayes P.A and Rodwell V.W,2006. Harper’s Illustrated
Biochemistry (Harper’s Biochemistry).

2. Palmer, t (2001), Enzymes:biochemistry, biotechnology and clinical chemistry.

Horwood Publishing limited Wilson.k and Walker J.,2000
3. Nicholas C.P.and Lewis Stevens, 1982. Fundamentals of Enzymology. Oxfard
4. Hames B.D. Hooper, N.M and Hougton, J.D.Biochemistry –Instant notes. Viva
Books Pvt Ltd., New Delhi 1998
5. Wilson.K and Walker.J.,2010.Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and
molecular biology, &thEd.Cambridge University Press,New York USA
6. Practical Biochemistry-Principle and techniques, 5th Ed. The Press of University of
Cambridge, Cambridge,U.K.
 Theory: B.Sc. II Semester
Subject: CELL BIOLOGY & GENETICS
PaperNumber: BT-2T 36 Hrs

Learning objectives:
• Understanding the structure of cell organelles.
• Understanding the structure of genes and inheritance of genetic pattern.
• Understanding the genetic disorder.

Unit I

Cell theory, levels of organization in cell biology

Classification of cell types; Cell, tissue, organ & organism.

Prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells; ultra structure, cell membrane & cell wall.

Cell organelles: Ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, Golgi complex,
chloroplast, lysosomes, peroxysomes, interphase nucleus

Cell locomotion (amoeboid, flagellar, ciliary)

Cytosol & cytoskeletal structures : (ex-microfilaments, intermediate filaments &
microtubules)
Unit II

Cell division (mitosis & meiosis), cell cycle, cell synchrony & its importance

Cell to cell interactions & signal molecules.

Cell differentiation in plants(e.g.: Arabidopsis) & in animals(e.g. Drosophila)

Cell senescence & programmed cell death (apoptosis).

Chromosomes : Structure, chemical composition, structural 10ach10modal10n of
chromatids, centromeres, telomeres, chromatin, nucleosome 10ach10modal10n,
euchromatin& heterochromatin.

Special chromosomes (lampbrush&polytene), banding patterns in human
chromosomes.

Mendelian laws of inheritance.

Concept of gene(recon, muton&cistron)

Bacterial conjugation, transduction, & transformation.

Sex determination in plant & animals, sex linkage, non disjunction, chromosomal
theory of inheritance & gene mapping.

Extra chromosomal inheritance, mitochondria & chloroplast genetic systems
Unit III

Structural and numerical aberrations of chromosomes

Hereditary defects: Klinefelter, Turner, Cri-du-chat & Down’s synrdrome

Spontaneous & induced mutations, chemical & physical mutagens, induced
mutations in plants, animals & microbes and its applications.

Analysis of mutation in biochemical pathways, one gene-one enzyme hypothesis.

Evolution of crop plants with examples of wheat, cotton & rice.

Learning outcome:
• Able to identify cell organelles and their functions.
• Knowledgeable on pattern of gene transfer in different cases types of crosses,
gene mapping.
• Knowledgeable on cause and effect of chromosome aberrations.
• Skilled in identifying the stages of embryo development.

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 Practical: B.Sc. II Semester
Subject: CELL BIOLOGY & GENETICS
Paper Number: BT -2P
36 Hrs

1. Study of mitosis by staining onion root tip squash

2. Study of meiosis by using permanent slides.
3. Preparation of permanent slide for Mitosis Division.
4. Microtome: Preparation of blocks for staining.
5. Study of cell organelles.(Isolation and staining of mitochondria and chloroplast)
6. Study of Drosophila (wild type and mutant).
7. Separation of Drosophila’s eye pigments by paper chromatography.
8. Sex comb mounting of Drosophila.
9. Salivary gland chromosome isolation and staining
10. Counting of total RBC by Haemocytometer method.
11. Counting of total WBC by Haemocytometer method.
12. Micrometry: Measuring plant & animal cells & their organelles.
13. Karyotyping analysis in man.
14. Genetics problems.

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References
Basic reading:
1. Karp.G, 2009, Cell and Molecular Biology-Concepts and Experiments 6th Ed John Wiley and
sons.
2. B.D.Singh.,Ed:. 2004.Biotechnology. Kalyani Publishers-2004
3. Rajeshwari.S.Shetty and V.Shree Krishna, 1998. Biotechnology-2 , New age publication,
New Delhi
4. Cooper G.M 2007.The cell – A molecular Approach 2nd Ed SunderlandSinauerAssociatesInc

Suggested reading:
1. De Robertis , E.D.P andDeRoberties E.M.F., 1995 Cell and Molecular Biology
8ThEd.,WaverlyPvt Ltd New Delhi B.I.

2. Ed: J.Gardner, 2003.Principles of genetics .Vii John Willey and sons, New York
3. Lewin,B. 2003Gene VII Oxford Univ.Press Oxford
4. C.B Powar,2001. Cell Biology ,Himalaya Publication House,Mumbai..
 Theory: B Sc. III Semester.
Subject: MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY
Paper Number: BT-3T 36 Hrs
Learning objective:
• To study the importance of microbiology and immunology.
• To study the diversity of micro-organisms.
• To study the techniques of identification and culture of micro-organisms under
laboratory conditions.
• Understanding the concept of immunity and its enhancement.

Unit I

Aim, scope and historical perspectives of microbiology

Contribution of early microbiologists (e.g. Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch,
EdwardJenner and Leeuwenhoek)

Concepts of sterilization and disinfections (dry heat, moist heat, radiation, chemical
and filtration)

General classification of microbial kingdom (classical, nutritional and molecular
approaches).

Virus: Definition, structure and classification withexamples.

Bacteria: Morphology (Size, Shape &arrangement ), ultra structure, respiration &
reproduction.

Microbial cell components: Structure and function of cell wall, lipopolysaccharides,
flagella, capsule, endospores, pili (fimbriae), cell membranes and cell inclusions.

Structure and characteristics of eukaryotic microbes (Plasmodium, Rhizopus,
Penicillium, Aspergillus& Yeast)

Unit II

Microbial culture : Nutrient media, their composition, types &culture techniques.

Selective isolation of microorganisms (physical and chemical)

Growth kinetics, Microbes in extreme environments (thermophiles and
psychrophiles, acidophiles and alkalophiles, halophiles,barophytes).

Microbial association: Symbiosis, mutualism and endophytism of microbes with
plants, animals and microbes.

Antibiotics: Definition, mode of action. & their classification with examples.

Representative pathogenic microorganisms (e.g. Protozoa, Candida)

Unit III

Historical perspective in immunology and diversity of immune system.

Classification of immunity- Innate ((mechanical&surface) & adaptive (cell mediated
& humoral)

Cells and organs of immune system, antigen presentation by MHC.

Salient features of antigens.

Structure, types and functions of antibodies.

Antigen-antibody reactions (precipitation, agglutination, complement fixation)

Immunological disorders: (e.g. autoimmune disease, acquired immunodeficiency
syndrome) Hypersensitivity and allergy.

Vaccines (classical and modern), vaccinations and immunization.

Microbial defense mechanism. Steps in disease development in animals and plants
(bacterial, fungal, protozoal and viral).
Learning outcome:
• Skilled in screening and identification of microbes.
• Skilled in culturing of microbes in suitable media.
• Knowledgeable in immunity and skilled in testing antigen diversity.

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 Practical: B.Sc. III Semester.

Subject: MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY

Paper Number: BT -3P 36 Hrs

1. Instrumentation and Microscopy (w.r.t. microbiology and immunology)

2. Preparation of media (aseptic techniques & different types of media)
3. Isolation and characterization of micro-organisms (bacteria from water, soil, food, cow
dung, plant sources etc.)
4. Isolation and characterization of micro-organisms(fungi from water, soil, food, cow
dung, plant sources etc.)
5. Staining of microorganism (simple & differential staining, negative staining)
6. Biochemical activities of microorganisms (Indole, Methyl red, V.P, Catalase)
7. Antibiotic sensitivity test for micro-organisms.
8. Isolation of bacteriophages from sewage.
9. Effect of pH and temperature on Bacterial growth.
10. Blood grouping and Rh factor determination.
11. Study of different types of Leucocytes.
12. Immuno-diffusion studies.

References
Basic Reading:

1. Aneja K.R., Jain P, Aneja R, 2008. A Text book of Basic and Applied Microbiology,
New Age International, New Delhi.
2. Tortura, Funk, B, R., Case C L. 2010. Microbiology – an introduction. 9th edition.
Communing Publishing Company Inc.,
3. Prescott, L. M., Harley, J.P and Klein, D.A 2007. Microbiology 6th ed, McGraw
Hill, Boston
4. R.C Dubey and D.K Maheshwari. Practical Microbiology 2004. S.Chand& Co. Ltd,
New Delhi.

Suggested reading:
1. Pelczar M.J, RD. Microbiology, Haricot Brace College Publishers, New Delhi. R.C Dubey .
Microbiology 2004. S.Chand& Co. Ltd, New Delhi.
2. Subba Rao, 2006. Soil Microbiology, 4th ed. Oxoford& IBH publishing Co. PVT. New Delhi.
3. Sullia S. B. &Shantharam S. General Microbiology-cbPowar, hfDaginawala, Himalayan
Publishing House (1998) General Microbiology.
4. Goldsby R. A., Thomas J K, Osborne B.A., 2007. Kuby Immunology, W. H Freeman and
Company, New York.
5. Roitt, L., Brostoff, J. and Male, 1990. Immunology, D. Grower Medical Publishing, London.

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 Theory B.Sc. IV Semester-IV
Subject: MOLECULAR BIOLOGY & RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY
Paper Number: BT –4T 36 Hrs
Learning objective:
• To study the molecular structure of genetic materials
• To study the central dogma of molecular biology in detail and in molecular levels.
• Learn to manipulate DNA for the production of Recombinant fruitful products.

Unit I

Discovery, structure and types of DNA. Experiments on DNA as genetic material

Replication of DNA in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

DNA repairmechanism- SOS, base excision & mismatch repair types

Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic gene

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription and translation

Unit II

Prokaryotic gene expression (e.g. lac, trip)

Eukaryotic gene expression transcription factors (e.g. yeast)

Mechanism of DNA recombination in prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Discovery and types of transposons in eukaryotes

Aims, objective and scope of gene cloning and recombinant DNA technology

Isolation and purification of DNA from bacterial plant and animal cells

Unit III

Tools of DNA modification restriction enzymes, ligation ,DNA modifying enzymes

and DNA vectors(e.g. plasmids, bacteriophages, phagemids, cosmids and virus)

Construction of genomic and cDNA libraries, screening and selection of
recombinants by selection media probes, insertion inactivation and PCR

Gene cloning and its applications in Agriculture (e.g genetically modified crops)

Gene sequencing & its methods (Maxam& Gilbert method &Dideoxy nucleotide
method ). Human Genome project.

Hazards and bio-safety measures for recombinant DNA technology and GMO’s
Learning outcome:
• The structure and function of genetic material studied in detail.
• The processes of central dogma mechanisms in detail which helps to learn
the alteration in the process may helpful to learn new possibilities in
research.
• Recombinant DNA technology techniques could be used to transform DNA.

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Practical: B.Sc. IV Semester

Subject: Molecular Biology and Recombinant DNA Technology
Paper Number: BT –4P (36 Hrs)

1. Separation and study of cell organelles

2. Isolation of RNA & DNA
3. Test for DNA/RNA/Proteins isolated from tissue
4. Estimation of total DNA/RNA /Protein from animal cells and plant cells
5. Agarose gel electrophoresis to separate DNA
6. SDS polyacrylamide gel électrophoresis (PAGE)
7. Agarose gel electrophoresis to separate serum proteins
8. DNA ligation
9. Restriction digestion
10. Bacterial transformation
11. Western blotting technique
12. Plasmid isolation

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 References
Basic reading:

1. Watson J.D.2007. Recombinant DNA Technology: Genes & Genomes, III Ed.,
W.H. freeman & Co., New York.
2. Karp.G, 2009, Cell and Molecular Biology-Concepts and Experiments 6th Ed John
Wiley and sons.
3. Alberts, B., Bray, D., Lewis, J., Raff, M., Roberts et al. 2008. Moleculer Biology of
cell, IV Ed., Garland Publishing, New York.

Suggested reading:

1. H., Berk, A., Zipursky et al. 2008 Molecular Cell Biology, IV Ed. W.H. freeman & Co., New
York.

2. De Robertis , E.D.P andDeRoberties E.M.F1995 Cell and Molecular Biology

8ThEd.,WaverlyPvt Ltd New Delhi B.I.
3. Lewin,B.2003. Gene VII Oxford Univ.Press Oxford

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 THOERY: B.SC. V-SEMESTER
SUBJECT: MEDICINAL PLANT DIVERSITY

Paper Number: BT-5T (36 Hrs)

Learning objective:
• Understanding the medicinal plant distribution at global, national and local levels.
• Learning identification, collection and preservation and field conservation
techniques.
• Understanding the role of medicinal plants in different medicinal systems.
• Methodology of studying taxonomical, morphological, anatomical and
phytochemical characters of herbal drugs.

Unit-I
• Diversity of Plants: The classification and distribution of plant kingdom with
examples of medicinal plants from each group. (Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes,
Gymnosperms & Angiosperms)
• Biosphere: Definition, components, and significance.
• Global Biodiversity: Biomes, their characters& types with representative plant
species.
• Plant diversity of India. :Biogeography regions, their salient features with
representative medicinal plant species. Major Medicinal& Aromatic Plants of India.
• Plant diversity of Karnataka: Geology, Geomorphology and Plant distribution of
Karnataka with representative medicinal plant species.
• Traditional use of plant resources: Traditional knowledge systems, Ethno-botany,
its branches & significance, with examples on traditional use of plant resources in
Agriculture, food&medicine. Traditional Medicinal Formulations.
• Indian Systems of Medicine: Salient features of Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha
&Homeopathy and use of medicinal plants in them.
• Introduction to AyurvedicPharmacognosy: Concepts of
Panchamahabhuta,Saptapadartha,Ayurvedic drug combinations & formulations.
• Modern use of plant resources: The role of plants in modern medicine.
Unit-II
• Key morphological features of plants used in plant taxonomy. (Leaf, Inflorescence&
Flower)
• Botanical classification systems of Angiosperms, with special emphasis on
Benthem& Hooker system.
• Methods of surveying, collection, preservation of medicinal plants and their parts
&products, Herbarium principles& techniques.
• Rare, endangered, threatened and endemic medicinal plants of Western Ghats
• Taxonomy of families: Ranunculaceae,Myrisiticaceae, Papilionaceae,
Euphorbiaceaae, Bursearaceae, Ulmaceae,

Unit-III
• Herbal Drugs: Definition, significance & commercially important herbal drugs of
India & Karnataka
• Oil yieldingPlants with examples.
• Gums, Resins & latex yielding plants with examples
• Species and aromatic plants
• Poisonous plants of India
• Stimulant & hallucinogenic plant species.
• Drug substitution: Reasons, principles & examples.
• Drug adulteration: Reasons and impact withexamples.
• Herbal drug processing &storage methods.
• Conservation strategies of medicinal plants ( In-situ, Ex-situ, In-Vitro)
Learning outcome:
• An outlook on medicinal plants distribution at global, national and local levels.
• Skilled in identification, collection, preservation and field conservation techniques.
• Knowledgeable on role of medicinal plants in different medicinal systems.
• Skilled in the methodology of herbal drugs studies.

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 References
Basic reading:
1. Kokate&Gokale,2004. Text book of pharmacognosy, Nirali publication, Pune
2. Kirthikar&Basu, 1995. Indian medicinal plants, (volume I to IV, Chowkamaba Pub.,
Dehradun.
3. Major Medicinal Papnts of India, 1990. CSIR Publication.,NewDelhi.
4. Father Saldhana, 1990. Flora of Karnataka, central college, Bangalore
5. Kaveriappa & G.K. Bhat., et al. 2004. Plant resources ofDakshina Karnataka,
Pilikula, Mangalore
Suggested reading:

1. Pande, b.p. 2005. Economic botany, Chand pub., New Delhi

2. Albert, H.N., 1979. Economic botany, Tata Mc-Graw Hill pub., New Delhi.
 THOERY: B.SC. V SEMESTER
SUBJECT: MEDICINAL PLANT TISSUE CULTURE&
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY
Paper Number: BT-6T (36 Hrs)
Learning objective:
• To learn the in vitro methods of culturing plant cells, tissues and organs.
• Practical knowledge of tissue culture media preparation and different culture
techniques.
• Knowledge about the transgenic plants.
• Learn the biotechnological processes of environmental cleanup.
• Practical exposure to estimation of the water quality.
• Understanding the significance of biofuel and biofertilizers.

Unit I
• Introduction, history and scope of plant cell and tissue culture, terms and definitions.
Sterilization technique,
• Plant tissue culture media – Types, role of macro & micro nutrients, pH, gelling
agents, and growth regulators (MS media as example).
• Cellular totipotency and its significance.
• Micro-propagation techniques –meristem culture (axillary bud, shot-tip,
22ach22modal culture).
• Callus culture and its application.
• Organs cultures & their application – Ovary and ovule culture, in-vitro
pollination and fertilization, Embryo culture, embryo rescue, Endosperm culture and
production of triploids.
• Organogenesis and somatic embryogenesis – Techniques and applications
• Somoclonal variation and their significance.

Unit II
• Cell Culture: cell suspension culture, Growth kinetics, growth measurements,
Single cell suspension culture methods and their applications.
 • Haploid cultures: direct and in direct androgenesis, anther culture and pollen
culture. Gynogenesis and its application. Diploidization of haploid plants,
application of haploids.
• Protoplast culture: Introduction of protoplast isolation (Mechanical and
Enzymatic). Testing of viability of isolated protoplast.
Somatic hybridization: different methods of protoplast fusion, selection of hybrid
Cells, cybrids, Protoplast regeneration techniques.
• Transgenic plants: Agrobacterium mediated transformation
• Cryopreservation: Technique and application.
• Examples for practical applications of tissue and organ culture in Agriculture,
Horticulture & Pharmaceutical industry.

Unit III
• Introduction to environment al biotechnology, Scope and applications.
• Microbial treatment of liquid waste- Municipal and Industrial waste water.
Treatment of solid waste – Composting, its types, application.
• Bioremediation: introduction, types (phytoremediation, microbial remediation,
Biosorption), in-situ and ex- situ bioremediation.
• Bioleaching of metals: Definition, process and significance (e.g: Biomining of
Cu & Fe)
• Biofuels: Principle & signifiance, (e.g: Pongamia sp.& Jatropa sp.).
• Biofertilizers– Principle & production methods of biofertilizer( e.g: utilization
of Rhizobium sp. &Mycorhizae ).
• Biopesticides :Principle & production methods . (e.g.: Bacillus thuringenesis)
•
Learning outcome:
• Knowledge on in vitro methods of culturing plant cells, tissues and organs.
• Skilled in tissue culture media preparation and different culture techniques.
• Understand the production and importance of transgenic plants.
• Learn the biotechnological processes of environmental clieanup.
• Skilled in estimation of water quality.
• Knowledge on biofuel and production of biofertilizer.
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REFERENCES
Basic reading:

1. Bhojwani S.S and Razdan M.K,2004 Plant tissue culture, Panima Publishing
Corporation, Delhi.
2. Chawla H.S 2004, Plant Biotechnology Oxford and IBH Publishing Co, Pvt.
3. Ramawath K.G, 2004 Plant Biotechnology ., Chand Publication, Delhi
4. Chawla, H.S., 2003, Plant Biotechnology: A Practical Approach. Oxford and IBH.
5. Kalyan Kumar D.E., 2000. Plant Tissue Culture., New Age Book Agency Kolkata.
6. Slater, A., Scott, n AND Flower, M, 2008. Plant Biotechnology The Genetic
manipulation of Plants. Second Edition, Oxford University Press, NY.
7. Giri C Cand Giri A., 2007. Plant Biotechnology Practical Manual, I K International
Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
8. Srivatsa PS. 1998. Plant tissue culture and Molecular Biology: Application and
Prospects. Narosa Publishing House New Delhi.
9. Sathynaraya U.., 2011, Biotechnology, Books and Allied (P) Ltd.
10. R. C .Dubey, 2003. Atext Book of Biotechnology, S Chnad& Co. Ltd, New Delhi.
11. Purohit , 1998. Agricultural Biotechnology, Biotechnology of Higher Plants.
Pub:Russel G. E.
Suggested reading:
1. R A Dixon and R A Gonzates1993. Plant cell culture: A practical approach..
2. Alexander, G and Nikaido, H. 2006. Microbial Biotechnology: Fundamentals of Applied
Microbiology. W H Freeman and Company.
3. Chatterji A K.,2002.Introduction to Environmental Biotechnology. Prentice – Hall of
IndiaPvt. Ltd., New Delhi
4. Foster C.F., Wae J. D. A, Environmental Biotechnology, Ellis HorwoodLtd..
 Practical: B.Sc. V Semester
Subject: Medicinal plant Tissue culture and environmental Biotechnology
Paper Number: BT –5P (24+24= 48 Hrs)

1. Plant Tissue culture laboratory organization

2. Methods of sterilization. (Wet heat, Dry heat, Chemical & radiations)
3. Preparation of plant tissue culture media- Stock & final ( MS &Nitsch media)
4. Callus and multiple shoot culture.
5. Micro-propagation: Shoot culture, subculture for rooting and hardening &
establishing plants in green house
6. Anther and pollen culture
7. Establishing cell lines by suspension cell culture.
8. Protoplast isolation and culture
9. Isolation of Agro bacterium from plant or soil sources
10. Culture of Agro bacterium in-vitro
11. Synthetic seeds
12. Water analysis: Estimation of oxygen & CO2
13. Water analysis: BOD & COD
13. Filed visit for study of Biofertilizers&Biopesticides
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 Theory: B.Sc. VI Semester

Subject: Animal Cell Culture Biotechnology &Biofinforamtics

Paper: BT-7T (36 Hrs)

Learning objectives:
• Understanding the laboratory organization and animal tissue culture techniques.
• Studying the methods of culturing animal cells, tissues and organs invitro.
• Understanding the importance of secondary metabolites and its production by rDNA
technology.
• Knowledge on transgenic animals, stem cells, gene therapy.
• Understanding the importance of Bioinformatics in life sciences.

Unit I
• History of development of cell cultures, organization of animal cell culture
laboratory.
• Cell culture media- components, types (Natural & Artificial), Role of growth factors
for proliferation of animal cells ( EGF, FGF, PDGF, IL-I, IL-2, NGF, erythropoietin
etc.)
• Metabolic capabilities of animal cells
• Natural factors stimulating growth of animal cells,
• Primary cultures- Cell (Enzymatic & Mechanical disintegration) & Explants culture
techniques, Anchorage dependent & independents cells.
• Cell line- finite & continuous, commonly used cell lines, their origin and
characteristics.
• Bioreactors for large scale culture of cells
• Growth kinetics of cells in culture
• Organ culture
• Transfection of animal cells: Physical & chemical methods.
• Selective markers, HAT selection, antibiotic resistance.

Unit- II
• Introduction to animal metabolism- Anabolic &ketabolic.
 • Secondary metabolism and production of secondary metabolites (insulin, growth
hormones, Interferon, t-plasminogen, activator factor VIII etc.)
• Expression of cloned proteins in animal cells. (e.g. Alpha-1anti-trypsin)
• Production of vaccine in animal cells. (e.g. Hepaitis B)
• Somatic cell fusion techniques, Production of monoclonal antibodies
• Stem cell culture (embryonic & non-embryonic ) and it’s applications.
• Applications of animal cell culture: Transgenic animals ( e.g. Dolly the sheep),
Tissue engineering (e.g. Artificial skin) & Gene therapy.

Unit-III

Introduction to bio-informatics: Definition, scope and relevance

Biological database & data tools, types of database, database software.

Tools for genomics & proteomics, genome data visualization tools

Annotations, genome comparison, sequence analysis &alignment.

Application of bioinformatics in pharamcogenomics, agriculture & aquaculture
Learning outcome:
• Understand the laboratory organization and animal tissue culture laboratory and its
maintenance.
• Knowledge on methods of culturing animal cells, tissues and organs in vitro and its
importance.
• Understanding significance of secondary metabolites and its production by rDNA
technology.
• Knowledge on transgenic animals, stem cells and gene therapy techniques.
• Understanding the use of importance of Bioinformatics in life science research.
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 References
Basic reading:

1. Shashidara R., Animal Biotechnology

2. Freshney I. R., Wiley – Liss. 2000. Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic
Technique 4th edition.
3. P.K. Gupta, Elements of Biotechnology, Rastogi publishers, Meerut.
4. B.D.Singh, Biotechnology- Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiana Davis J. .M, 2002. Basic
Cell Culture: A Practical approach, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Suggested reading:
1. Portner R., 2007. Animal Biotechnology: Methods and Protocols, 2nd ed., Humana press.

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Thoery: B.Sc. VI Semester

Subject: PHYTOCHMISTRY & DRUG DEVELOPMENT

Paper: BT -8T (36 Hrs)

Learning objectives:
• Understanding the structure, function and diversity of plant metabolites.
• Understanding the physiological reasons behind the unique chemical nature of a
plant.
• Knowledge the major principal and techniques used analyzing the plant chemicals.
• Understanding how pharmaceutical products can be developed from different plant
sources.
Unit I
• Primary metabolism in plants.
• Role of analytical chemistry in phyto-chemistry and instrumentation
• Isolation and purification of plant compounds: Principles and techniques
• Principles and working modes of Chromatography, Spectrophotometry &
radioisotope labeling
• Different models of Chromatography: Paper. TLC. HPLC, HPTLC, GLC
• Different models of Spectrophotometers: Visible, UV-Visible, IR.

Unit-II
• Secondary metabolism in Plants; Principles, functions & significance
• Major metabolic pathways leading to production of secondary metabolic products:
Glycolysis , Citric Acid pathway, Shikmic Acid pathway & Pentose-Phosphate
pathway
• Structure and functions of Isoprenoid compounds, Alkaloids, Glycosides and
Phenolic compounds.
• Biosynthesis of Alkaloids and steroids
• Distribution of Volatile oils, Steroids, growth Regulators in plants
• Therapeutic applications of phytochemicals. .
Unit III
• Plant compounds as drug candidates, Identification &chemical evaluation of New
Chemical Entities (NCE) for therapeutic properties, High Throughput Screening.
• Principles &approaches of Pharmaceutical chemistry
• Pharmacokinetics & pharmacodynamics
• Drug modulators & drug intermediates
• Drug administration
• Ethno-pharamcognosy&Bioprospecting.
• Drug development protocol
• Clinical trial land legal framework for the drug screening
Learning outcome:
• Knowledgeable on structure and function and diversity ofs to prodct plants
metabolites.
• Proficient in different metabolic pathways that lead to production of specific
plant chemicals.
• Skilled in applying the major principles and techniques for analyzing the
plant chemicals.
• Expertise in basic skills of developing pharmaceutical products from
different plant sources.

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 REFERENCES:
Basic reading:

1. Pande, B.P. Plant Physiology, S. Chand Publisgers., New Delhi

2. Kokate&Gokale, 2004. Text book of pharmacognosy, Nirali publication, Pune
3. Kirthikar&Basu, 1995. Indian medicinal plants, ( volume I to IV, Chowkamaba
Pub., Dehradun.
4. Major Medicinal Plants of India, 1990. CSIR Publication. NewDelhi.
5. Kaveriappa & G.K. Bhat., et al. 2004. Plant resources of Dakshina Karnataka,
Pilikula, Mangalore
Suggested reading:

1. Chatwal, 2000. Chemistry of Natural Products

2. J.Mann, 2012. Secondary metabolism., Oxford Univ. Press, New Delhi

3. P.V. Sharma,DravyagunaShastra, Chowkamaba Pub., Varansi
 Practical: B.Sc. Semester-VI.

Subject: Phytochemistry & Drug Development Practical

Paper Number: BT-6P (24+24= 48 Hrs)

1. Crude drug evaluation: Morphological

2. Crude drug evaluation: Anatomical
3. Crude drug evaluation: Chemical
4. Crude drug evaluation: Biological
5. Isolation of therapeutically active ingredients by Solvent extraction ( Two different
organic solvents ) & centrifugation technique.
6. Qualitative analysis of plant extracts
7. Soxhlet extraction.
8. Spectrophotometric analysis of plant extract
9. Thin Layer Chromatography (TCC ) for separation of phytochemcials
10. Drug development protocol.
11. Basics of Bioinformatics
12. Basics of computational chemistry used in Pharmaceutical chemistry.

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 BASIS OF INTERNAL ASSESSMENT, PATTERN OF THEORY QUESTION
PAPER AND PRACTICAL EXAMINATION

S. Basis for internal assessment in theory and practical:

The internal assessment marks in the theory papers shall be based on two tests. The
Tests shall be of at least 1 hour duration each and to be conducted after 6 and 12
weeks after the start of a semester. The average ofthe two tests shall be taken asthe
internal assessment marks in theory papers.
The practical internal assessment marks shall be based on one test and continuous
evaluation during the practical. The practical test shall be conducted after 10 weeks after
the start ofa semester. The average of the test and continuous evaluation shall be taken as
the internal assessment marks in practical.

T. Theory question paper pattern:

Theory question papers in science subjects with practical shallcarry 80 marks.

The syllabus of each paper is grouped into three(3) units of 12 teaching hours each in the
first 4 semesters and 10 teaching hours each in the 5th and 6th semesters for all science
subjects with practical. The question paper shall consist of part A and B. Part A is an
objective type compulsory question(Q.No.1) containing six(12)very short answer objective
type questions/divisions,carrying 2 marks each drawn from all the three units of the
syllabus(4 questions per unit).. Part B shall contain six (6) short and long answer
questions(Q.Nos.2 to7) carrying 20 marks each drawn from all the three units of the
syllabus. There shall be four divisions per questions. The marks splitting shall be 3+4+5+8
in even number questions(2,4,6) and 4+4+4+8 in odd number questions(Q.No.3,5,7).
The students are required to answer 5 divisions in part A and 3 full questions from part
B(Q.Nos.2to7),choosing one full question from each unit.The same is detailed as follows:
Part A:
Part A shall contain 12 objective type questions/divisions(Q.No.1) drawn from all the 3
units of the syllabus(4divisions per unit) carrying 2 marks each(i to vi),10 divisions are to
be answered. 10X2=20marks.

Part B:
Part B shall contain (6) short and long answer questions(Q.Nos.2 to7) carrying 20 marks
each drawn from all the 3 units of the syllabus(2questions per unit).There shall be four
divisions per question. The students are required to answer 3 full questions,choosing one
full question from each unit. 3X20=60marks.

UNIT I
Question No:2 with the marks splitting of 10+5+5 =20
Or
Question No:3 with the marks splitting of 10+5+5 =20

UNIT II
Question No:4 with the marks splitting of 10+5+5 =20
Or
Question No:5 with the marks splitting of 10+5+5 =20

UNIT III
Question No:6 with the marks splitting of 10+5+5 =20
Or
Question No:7 with the marks splitting of 10+5+5 =20

Final Scheme:
Part-A. Q.1 10 out 12 question (4 each from. Three units) 10X2=20

Part-B. Two questions from 34ach unit. Only one has to be written. Each question having
thesubquestion withthe break up of 10+5+5=20.

Unit –I Q.2 OR Q.03 20

Unit –I Q.4 OR Q.05. 20
Unit –I Q.6 OR Q.07 20

U. The pattern of practical examinations:

They shallbe evolved by the HOD and Senior Faculty of the Department.
 S.D.M. COLLEGE –UJIRE
(AUTONOMOUS COLLEGE OF MANGALORE UNIVERSITY)

CREDIT BASED SEMESTER DEGREE EXAMINATIONS – BIOTECHNOLOGY

MODEL QUESTION PAPER
(Scheme for all semesters)

Time: 3hrs Max. Marks: 80

1. Answer Part A and Part B

2. Answer 4 full questions from PART –B choosing one full question from each unit.
3.All questions in PART-B carry equal marks
4. Draw diagram wherever necessary.

PART-A

I) Answer any TEN of the following: 2X10 = 20

(Minimum four from each unit)
1. Define carbohydrate. Give an example.
2. Define active site of an enzyme.
3. Expand ELISA . Write its application
4. Define active site of an enzyme.
5. Which are the different types of ribonucleic acids present in the living system? Write
their functions.
6. Which are the confirmations can be seen in the secondary structures of the
7. Define active site of an enzyme Which are the confirmations can be seen in the
secondary structures of the
8. Which are the confirmations can be seen in the secondary structures of the
9. Define active site of an enzyme
10. Which are the confirmations can be seen in the secondary structures of the
11. Define active site of an enzyme
12. Define active site of an enzyme
 PART-B

II)
1. Define glycolysis? Explain the glycolytic cycle 10
2. Explain Krebs cycle. 05
3. Explain the quaternary structure of proteins 05

or

1. What are nucleic acids? Explain the Watson- Crick model of DNA
10
2. What are epimers classify the carbohydrates based on the optical isomerism 05
3. Write detailed classification of amino acids 05

III)
1. Derive Michelis –Menton’s equation 10
2. Explain Lineviewer –burk plot. And derive equation for velocity of reaction 05
3. Define and explain the principles of ELISA and Immunoblot. 05

or
1. What are allosteric enzymes.write the characteristic features of allosteric enzymes.
10
2. What is enzyme inhibition? Write different types of enzyme inhibition 05
3. Write the applications of enzymes in genetic engineering. 05

IV
1. What buffers? Derive Handerson –Hesselbalch equation and its application 10
2. Write note on fluorescent microscopy 05
3. What is the impact of pH on bimolecular reactions 05

Or
1. Write different laws of thermodynamics and explain 10
2. Write a note on X-ray crystallography 05
3. Write a note on impact of pH on bimolecular reactions 05

V)
1. Write the principle of electrophoresis. Write a note on agarose gel
electrophoresis and PAGE 10
2. Write a note on working principle of microscope 05
3. Write the note on significance of R value. 05

Or
1. Write the principle of centrifugation. Write a note on differential and density
gradient centrifugation. 10
2. b. Write a note on gel filtration and adsorption chromatography 05
3. c. Write a note on electrophoresis and chromatography techniques. 05
 S.D.M. College (Autonomous), Ujire (D.K.), Karnataka-574240
Practical Examinations: Model Question Paper .
Class: I Semester B.Sc. Sub: Medicinal Plant Biotechnology
Paper: BT-1P. Biochemistry & Biophysics

Time : 03 Hrs. Max Marks: 40

QI.Major Experiment: Write down the requirement, write down the procedure, conduct
the experiment & show the results in A. (2 + 3+6+4) 15

Q.II.Minor Experiment / Procedure Writing: Write down the requirement & procedure
and / or conduct the experiment & give the inference in B. (2+3+3) .08

Q.III. Spotters.: Identify & give brief explanations in C, D&E. (1+2) 3X3=09

Q.IV. Records & Viva-voce .(5+3)= 08

S.D.M. College (Autonomous), Ujire (D.K.), Karnataka-574240

Practical Examinations: Model Question Paper
Class: II Semester B.Sc. Sub: Medicinal Pant Biotechnology
Paper: BT -2P. Cell Biology & Genetics

Time : 03 Hrs. Max Marks: 40

QI.Major Experiment: Write down the requirement, write down the procedure, conduct
the experiment & show the results in A. (2+3+6+4) 15

Q.II.Minor Experiment / Procedure Writing: Write down the requirement & procedure
and / or conduct the experiment & give the inference in B. (2+3+3). 08

Q.III. Spotters.: Identify & give brief explanations in C, D&E. (1+2) 3X3=09

Q.IV. Records & Viva-voce . (5+3)= 08

 S.D.M. College (Autonomous), Ujire (D.K.), Karnataka-574240
Practical Examinations. Model Question Paper
Class: III Semester B.Sc. Sub: Medicinal Pant Biotechnology
Paper: BT-3P. Microbiology & Immunology

Time : 03 Hrs. Max Marks : 40

QI.Major Experiment: Write down the requirement, write down the procedure, conduct
the experiment & show the results in A. (2+3+6+4) 15
Q.II.Minor Experiment / Procedure Writing: Write down the requirement & procedure
and / or conduct the experiment & give the inference in B. (2+3+3). 08

Q.III. Spotters.: Identify & give brief explanations in C, D&E. (1+2)3X3=09

Q.IV. Records & Viva-voce . (5+3)= 08

S.D.M. College (Autonomous), Ujire (D.K.), Karnataka-574240

Practical Examinations: Model Question Paper
Class: IV Semester B.Sc. Sub: Medicinal Pant Biotechnology
Paper: BT-4P. Molecular Biology& Recombinant DNA Technology

Time : 03 Hrs. Max Marks: 40

QI.Major Experiment: Write down the requirement, write down the procedure, conduct
the experiment & show the results in A. (2+3+6+4) 15

Q.II.Minor Experiment / Procedure Writing: Write down the requirement & procedure
and / or conduct the experiment & give the inference in B. (2+3+3) . 08

Q.III. Spotters.: Identify & give brief explanations in C, D&E. (1+2)3X3=09

Q.IV. Records & Viva-voce . (5+3)= 08

 S.D.M. College (Autonomous), Ujire (D.K.), Karnataka-574240
Practical Examinations: Model Question Paper
Class: V Semester B.Sc. Sub: Medicinal Pant Biotechnology

Paper: BT-5P. Plant Tissue Culture& Environmental Biotechnology

Time : 03 Hrs. Max Marks: 80

QI.Major Experiment: Write down the requirement &procedure, conduct the experiment
& show the results in A. (8+ 12)= 20

Q.II.Minor Experiment: Write down the requirement & procedure and conduct the
experiment & give the inference in B. (4+8)=12

Q.III. Procedure Writing: Write down the requirement & procedure and give the expected
inference in C. 12
Q.IV. Spotters.: Identify & give brief explanations inD, E, F, G& H.(1+3)4X5=20

Q.V. Records & Viva-voce. (10+6)= 16

S.D.M. College (Autonomous), Ujire (D.K.), Karnataka-574240

Practical Examinations: Model Question Paper
Class: VI Semester B.Sc. Sub: Medicinal Pant Biotechnology
Paper: BT-6P. Phytochemistry & Drug Development
Time : 03 Hrs. Max Marks : 80

QI.Major Experiment: Write down the requirement & procedure, conduct the experiment
& show the results in A. (8+ 12)= 20

Q.II.Minor Experiment: Write down the requirement & procedure and conduct the
experiment & give the inference in B. (4+8) =12

Q.III. Procedure Writing: Write down the requirement & procedure and give the expected
inference in C. 12
Q.IV. Spotters.: Identify & give brief explanations inD, E, F, G & H. (1+3)4X5=20

Q.V. Records & Viva-voce. (10+6)= 16

 S. D. M. College (Autonomuos), Ujire (D.K.)
Department of Biotechnology
List of Members of Board of Examinations (BoE)
(For Medicinal Plant Biotechnology Subject at B.Sc. level)
No. Name Designation
1 Dr.Bharathi Prakash Assistant professor ,Microbiology,University
college Hampanakatte, Mangalore
2 Mr.Melwyn Lecturer , Dept. of microbiology
St. Aloysius College, Mangalore
3 Father MelwynD’cunha Associate Professor
Dept. of Botany & Biochemistry
St. Aloysius College, Mangalore
4 Miss. Renita D’Souza Lecturer , Dept. of Biotechnology
St. Aloysius College, Mangalore
5 Mrs. AmitaKumari Lecturer , Dept. of Biotechnology
St. Agnes College, Mangalore
6 Dr. Rama Bhat Assist Professor
Dept. Biotechnology
Alva’s College, Moodbidri
7 Dr. Raghavaendra Rao Associate Professor, Dept. of Biotechnology
Sikkim – Manipal University. Manipal
8 Dr. Shrinidhi Shetty Assistant Professor
Dept. of Biotechnology
Alva’s College, Moodbidri,
9 Dr. Rashmi Assistant Professor Dept. of Biotechnology
Alva’s College, Moodbidri
10 Mr. Santosh Wilson Assistant Professor
Dept .of Biotechnology
St Aloysius College, Mangalore
11 Ms. Shweta Shetty Assistant Professor
Dept. of Biotechnology
Alva’s College, Moodbidri,
12 Ms Deepthi Assistant professor
Dept. of biotechnology
Sri Bhuvanendra College Karkala
13 Ms. Smitha B. Rosario Assistant Professor
Dept .of Biotechnology, SDMC, Ujire