STRESS & STRAIN

1. a) The rigid bar BDE is supported by two links AB and CD. Link AB is made of aluminum
(E=70 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 500 mm2; link CD is made of steel (E=200 GPa) and
has a cross-sectional area of 600 mm2. For the 30-kN force shown, determine the deflection (a) of
B, (b) of D, (c) of E.
b) The 4-mm-diameter cable BC is made of a steel with E=200 GPa. Knowing that the maximum
stress in the cable must not exceed 190 MPa and that the elongation of the cable must not exceed
6 mm, find the maximum load P that can be applied as shown.

Fig. 1a Fig. 1b
6
2. a) Rod BD is made of steel (E=29X10 psi) and is used to brace the axially compressed member
ABC. The maximum force that can be developed in member BD is 0.02P. If the stress must not
exceed 18 ksi and the maximum change in length of BD must not exceed 0.001 times the length
of ABC, determine the smallest-diameter rod that can be used for member BD.
b) Both portions of the rod ABC are made of an aluminum for which E=70 GPa. Knowing that
the magnitude of P is 4 kN, determine (a) the value of Q so that the deflection at A is zero, (b) the
corresponding deflection of B.
c) The rod ABC is made of an aluminum for which E=70 GPa. Knowing that P=6 kN and Q=42
kN, determine the deflection of (a) point A, (b) point B.

Fig. 2a Fig. 2b,c

3. a) Members ABC and DEF are joined with steel links (E=200 GPa). Each of the links is made
of a pair of 25X35-mm plates. Determine the change in length of (a) member BE, (b) member CF.
 b) The steel frame (E=200 GPa) shown has a diagonal brace BD with an area of 1920 mm2.
Determine the largest allowable load P if the change in length of member BD is not to exceed 1.6
mm.

Fig. 3a Fig. 3b
4. a) Each of the links AB and CD is made of aluminum (E=75 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area
of 125 mm2. Knowing that they support the rigid member BC, determine the deflection of point E.
b) Link BD is made of brass (E=15X106 psi) and has a cross-sectional area of 0.40 in2. Link CE
is made of aluminum (E=10.4X106 psi) and has a cross-sectional area of 0.50 in2. Determine the
maximum force P that can be applied vertically at point A if the deflection of A is not to exceed
0.014 in.

Fig. 4a Fig. 4b

AXIAL LOADING

1. Link BD is made of brass (E=105 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 240 mm2. Link CE is
made of aluminum (E=72 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of 300 mm2. Knowing that they
support rigid member ABC, determine the maximum force P that can be applied vertically at point
A if the deflection of A is not to exceed 0.35mm.
2. An axial centric force of magnitude P=450 kN is applied to the composite block shown by
means of a rigid end plate. Knowing that h=10 mm, determine the normal stress in (a) the brass
core, (b) the aluminum plates.
3. a) An axial force of 200 kN is applied to the assembly shown by means of rigid end plates.
Determine (a) the normal stress in the aluminum shell, (b) the corresponding deformation of the
assembly.
b) The length of the assembly shown decreases by 0.40 mm when an axial force is applied by
means of rigid end plates. Determine (a) the magnitude of the applied force, (b) the corresponding
stress in the brass core.
 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3
4. Three steel rods (E=29X106 psi) support an 8.5-kip load P. Each of the rods AB and CD has a
0.32-in2 cross-sectional area and rod EF has a 1-in2 cross-sectional area. Neglecting the
deformation of bar BED, determine (a) the change in length of rod EF, (b) the stress in each rod.
5. Two cylindrical rods, one of steel and the other of brass, are joined at C and restrained by rigid
supports at A and E. For the loading shown and knowing that Es=200 GPa and Eb=105 GPa,
determine (a) the reactions at A and E, (b) the deflection of point C.
6. Each of the rods BD and CE is made of brass (E=105 GPa) and has a cross-sectional area of
200 mm2. Determine the deflection of end A of the rigid member ABC caused by the 2-kN load.
7. The rigid bar ABC is suspended from three wires of the same material. The cross-sectional area
of the wire at B is equal to half of the cross-sectional area of the wires at A and C. Determine the
tension in each wire caused by the load P shown.
8. a) The aluminum shell is fully bonded to the brass core and the assembly is unstressed at a
temperature of 150C. Considering only axial deformations, determine the stress in the aluminum
when the temperature reaches 1950C. b) Assuming that the core is made of steel (Es=200 GPa,
αs=11.7X10-6/0C) instead of brass.

Fig. 4 Fig. 5
 Fig. 6 Fig. 7 Fig. 8
9. A rod consisting of two cylindrical portions AB and BC is restrained at both ends. Portion AB is
made of steel (Es=200 GPa, αs=11.7X10-6/0C) and portion BC is made of brass (Eb=105GPa,
αb=20.9X10-6/0C). Knowing that the rod is initially unstressed, determine the compressive force
induced in ABC when there is a temperature rise of 500C.
10. At room temperature (200C) a 0.5-mm gap exists between the ends of the rods shown. At a
later time when the temperature has reached 1400C, determine (a) the normal stress in the
aluminum rod, (b) the change in length of the aluminum rod.

Fig. 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 11

12. A fabric used in air-inflated structures is subjected to a biaxial loading that results in normal
stresses σx=18 ksi and σy=24 ksi. Knowing that the properties of the fabric can be approximated
as E=12.6X106 psi and ν=0.34, determine the change in length of (a) side AB, (b) side BC, (c)
diagonal AC.
13. A 2.75-kN tensile load is applied to a test coupon made from 1.6- mm flat steel plate (E=200
GPa, ν=0.30). Determine the resulting change (a) in the 50-mm gage length, (b) in the width of
portion AB of the test coupon, (c) in the thickness of portion AB, (d) in the cross-sectional area of
portion AB.

Fig. 12 Fig. 13
 TORSION

1. A torque T 5 3 kN?m is applied to the solid bronze cylinder shown. Determine (a) the maximum
shearing stress, (b) the shearing stress at point D, which lies on a 15-mm-radius circle
drawn on the end of the cylinder, (c) the percent of the torque carried by the portion of the cylinder
within the 15-mm radius.
2. Knowing that each of the shafts AB, BC, and CD consist of a solid circular rod, determine (a)
the shaft in which the maximum shearing stress occurs, (b) the magnitude of that stress.

Fig. 1 Fig. 2
3. a) The allowable shearing stress is 15 ksi in the 1.5-in.-diameter steel rod AB and 8 ksi in the
1.8-in.-diameter brass rod BC. Neglecting the effect of stress concentrations, determine the largest
torque T that can be applied at A.
b) The allowable shearing stress is 15 ksi in the steel rod AB and 8 ksi in the brass rod BC.
Knowing that a torque of magnitude T=10 kip-in. is applied at A, determine the required diameter
of (a) rod AB, (b) rod BC.
4. a) A torque of magnitude T=1000 N-m is applied at D as shown. Knowing that the allowable
shearing stress is 60 MPa in each shaft, determine the required diameter of (a) shaft AB, (b) shaft
CD.
b) A torque of magnitude T=1000 N-m is applied at D as shown. Knowing that the diameter of
shaft AB is 56 mm and that the diameter of shaft CD is 42 mm, determine the maximum shearing
stress in (a) shaft AB, (b) shaft CD.

Fig. 3 Fig. 4
5. Two solid steel shafts (G 5 77.2 GPa) are connected to a coupling disk B and to fixed supports
at A and C. For the loading shown, determine (a) the reaction at each support, (b) the maximum
shearing stress in shaft AB, (c) the maximum shearing stress in shaft BC.

Fig. 5

6. The aluminum rod AB (G=27 GPa) is bonded to the brass rod BD (G=39 GPa). Knowing that
portion CD of the brass rod is hollow and has an inner diameter of 40 mm, determine the angle of
twist at A.
7. The aluminum rod BC (G=26 GPa) is bonded to the brass rod AB (G=39 GPa). Knowing that
each rod is solid and has a diameter of 12 mm, determine the angle of twist (a) at B, (b) at C.

Fig. 6 Fig. 7
8. A solid shaft and a hollow shaft are made of the same material and are of the same weight and
length. Denoting by n the ratio c1/c2, show that the ratio Ts/Th of the torque Ts in the solid shaft to
2
the torque Th in the hollow shaft is √1 − 𝑛 ⁄1 + 𝑛 2 (a) if the maximum shearing stress is the same
in each shaft, (b) (1–n2)/ (1+n2) if the angle of twist is the same for each shaft.

PURE BENDING
1. a) Using an allowable stress of 155 MPa, determine the largest bending moment M that can be
applied to the wide-flange beam shown. Neglect the effect of fillets. b) Assuming that the wide-
flange beam is bent about the y axis by a couple of moment My.
2.

3. The beam shown is made of a nylon for which the allowable stress is 24 MPa in tension and
30 MPa in compression. Determine the largest couple M that can be applied to the beam.
4. Knowing that for the beam shown the allowable stress is 12 ksi in tension and 16 ksi in
compression, determine the largest couple M that can be applied.
5. Knowing that for the extruded beam shown the allowable stress is 120 MPa in tension and 150
MPa in compression, determine the largest couple M that can be applied.
6. Two equal and opposite couples of magnitude M=15 kN-m are applied to the channel-shaped
beam AB. Observing that the couples cause the beam to bend in a horizontal plane, determine the
stress (a) at point C, (b) at point D, (c) at point E.

Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Fig. 5a

Fig. 5b Fig. 6
7. A 24 kN-m couple is applied to the W200 3 46.1 rolled-steel beam shown. (a) Assuming that
the couple is applied about the z axis as shown, determine the maximum stress and the radius of
curvature of the beam. (b) Solve the same problem assuming that the couple is applied about the
y axis. Use E=200GPa.
8. A copper strip (Ec=105 GPa) and an aluminum strip (Ea=75 GPa) are bonded together to form
the composite bar shown. Knowing that the bar is bent about a horizontal axis by a couple of
moment 35 N-m, determine the maximum stress in (a) the aluminum strip, (b) the copper strip.

Fig. 7 Fig. 8a Fig. 8b

9. The reinforced concrete beam shown is subjected to a positive bending moment of 175 kN-m.
Knowing that the modulus of elasticity is 25 GPa for the concrete and 200GPa for the steel,
determine (a) the stress in the steel, (b) the maximum stress in the concrete.

SHEAR FORCE & BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAMS

1. For the beam and loading shown, determine the maximum normal stress due to bending on a
transverse section at C.
b) Knowing that rod AB is in equilibrium under the loading shown, draw the shear and bending-
moment diagrams and determine the maximum normal stress due to bending.

Fig. 1a Fig. 1b
2. Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading shown, and determine
the maximum normal stress due to bending.
 Fig. 2a Fig. 2b
3. Determine (a) the equations of the shear and bending moment curves for the beam and loading
shown, (b) the maximum absolute value of the bending moment in the beam.

Fig. 3a Fig. 3b
4. Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading shown, and determine
the maximum normal stress due to bending.

Fig. 4a Fig. 4b
5. Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading shown, and determine
the maximum absolute value (a) of the shear, (b) of the bending moment.

Fig. 5a Fig. 5b
6. Determine (a) the equations of the shear and bending-moment curves for the beam and loading
shown, (b) the maximum absolute value of the bending moment in the beam.
b) Determine (a) the equations of the shear and bending-moment curves for the beam loading
shown, (b) the maximum absolute value of the bending moment in the beam.

Fig. 6a Fig. 6b
7. Draw the shear and bending-moment diagrams for the beam and loading shown, and determine
the maximum normal stress due to bending.

Fig. 7a Fig. 7b

DEFLECTION OF BEAMS
1. a) For the beam and loading shown, determine (a) the equation of the elastic curve, (b) the slope
at end A, (c) the maximum deflection.
b) For the uniform beam AB, (a) determine the reaction at A, (b) derive the equation of the elastic
curve, (c) determine the slope at A.

Fig. 1a Fig. 1b
2. For the cantilever beam and loading shown, determine the slope and deflection at the free end.
 Fig. 1a Fig. 1b
2. For the loading shown, determine (a) the equation of the elastic curve for the cantilever beam
AB, (b) the deflection at the free end, (c) the slope at the free end.

3. For the cantilever beam and loading shown, determine (a) the equation of the elastic curve for
portion AB of the beam, (b) the deflection at B, (c) the slope at B.

4. a) For the beam and loading shown, determine (a) the equation of the elastic curve for portion
AB of the beam, (b) the slope at A, (c) the slope at B.
b) For the beam and loading shown, determine (a) the equation of the elastic curve for portion
BC of the beam, (b) the deflection at midspan, (c) the slope at B.
 Fig. 4a Fig. 4b
5. For the beam and loading shown, determine (a) the equation of the elastic curve, (b) the slope
at end A, (c) the deflection at the midpoint of the span.

Fig. 5
6. a) For the cantilever beam and loading shown, determine the slope and deflection at point B.
b) For the cantilever beam and loading shown, determine the slope and deflection at end C. Use
E=29X106 psi.

Fig. 6a Fig. 6b
7. For the cantilever beam and loading shown, determine the slope and deflection at point C.

Fig. 7
8.
 COLUMNS

1. a) An aluminum column of length L and rectangular cross section has a fixed end B and supports
a centric load at A. Two smooth and rounded fixed plates restrain end A from moving in one of the
vertical planes of symmetry of the column but allow it to move in the other plane. (a) Determine
the ratio a/b of the two sides of the cross section corresponding to the most efficient design against
buckling. (b) Design the most efficient cross section for the column knowing that L=20 in.,
E=10.1x106 psi, P=5 kips, and that a factor of safety of 2.5 is required.

Fig 1
2. a) Two rigid bars AC and BC are connected as shown to a spring of constant k. Knowing that
the spring can act in either tension or compression, determine the critical load Pcr for the system.
b) Two rigid bars AC and BC are connected by a pin at C as shown. Knowing that the torsional
spring at B is of constant K, determine the critical load Pcr for the system.

Fig. 2a Fig. 2b
3. a) The rigid rod AB is attached to a hinge at A and to two springs, each of constant k=2 kips/in.,
that can act in either tension or compression. Knowing that h=2 ft, determine the critical load.
b) If m=125 kg, h=700 mm, and the constant in each spring is k=2.8 kN/m, determine the range
of values of the distance d for which the equilibrium of rod AB is stable in the position shown.
Each spring can act in either tension or compression.
 Fig. 3a Fig. 3b
4. a) A compression member of 20-in. effective length consists of a solid 1-in.-diameter aluminum
rod. In order to reduce the weight of the member by 25%, the solid rod is replaced by a hollow rod
of the cross section shown. Determine (a) the percent reduction in the critical load, (b) the value
of the critical load for the hollow rod. Use E=10.6X106 psi.
b) Two brass rods used as compression members, each of 3-m effective length, have the cross
sections shown. (a) Determine the wall thickness of the hollow square rod for which the rods have
the same cross-sectional area. (b) Using E=105GPa, determine the critical load of each rod.

Fig. 4a Fig. 4b
5. a) The aluminum column ABC has a uniform rectangular cross section and is braced in the xz
plane at its midpoint C. (a) Determine the ratio b/d for which the factor of safety is the same with
respect to buckling in the xz and yz planes. (b) Using the ratio found in part a, design the cross
section of the column so that the factor of safety will be 2.7 when P=1.2 kips, L=24 in., and E=
10.6X106 psi.
b) A column of effective length L can be made by gluing together identical planks in either of
the arrangements shown. Determine the ratio of the critical load using the arrangement a to the
critical load using the arrangement b.
 Fig. 5a Fig. 5b
6. a) Column AB consists of a W10X39 rolled-steel shape made of a grade of steel for which
σY=36 ksi and E=29X106 psi. Determine the allowable centric load P (a) if the effective length of
the column is 24 ft in all directions, (b) if bracing is provided to prevent the movement of the
midpoint C in the xz plane. (Assume that the movement of point C in the yz plane is not affected
by the bracing.)
b) Using the aluminum alloy 2014-T6, determine the smallest diameter rod which can be used
to support the centric load P=60 kN if (a) L=750 mm, (b) L=300 mm.

Fig. 6a Fig. 6b
7. a) A 16-kip centric load must be supported by an aluminum column as shown. Using the
aluminum alloy 6061-T6, determine the minimum dimension b that can be used.
b) A centric load P must be supported by the steel bar AB. Using allowable stress design,
determine the smallest dimension d of the cross section that can be used when (a) P=24 kips, (b)
P=36 kips. Use σY=36 ksi and E=29X106 psi.
c) An aluminum tube of 90-mm outer diameter is used to carry a centric load of 120 kN.
Knowing that the stock of tubes available for use are made of alloy 2014-T6 and with wall
thicknesses in increments of 3 mm from 6 mm to 15 mm, determine the lightest tube that can be
used.
 Fig. 7a Fig. 7b Fig. 7c
8. a) Determine (a) the critical load for the brass strut, (b) the dimension d for which the aluminum
strut will have the same critical load, (c) the weight of the aluminum strut as a percent of the weight
of the brass strut.
b) A rigid bar AD is attached to two springs of constant k and is in equilibrium in the position
shown. Knowing that the equal and opposite loads P and P9 remain horizontal, determine the
magnitude Pcr of the critical load for the system.

Fig. 8a Fig. 8b
9. a) The steel rod BC is attached to the rigid bar AB and to the fixed support at C. Knowing that
G=11.2X106 psi, determine the critical load Pcr of the system when d=12in.
b) The steel rod BC is attached to the rigid bar AB and to the fixed support at C. Knowing that
G=11.2X106 psi, determine the diameter of the rod BC for which the critical Pcr of the system is
80 lb.
 Fig 9
10.

THIN PRESSURE VESSELS

1. A spherical pressure vessel has an outer diameter of 3 m and a wall thickness of 12 mm.
Knowing that for the steel used σall=80 MPa, E=200 Gpa, and n=0.29, determine (a) the allowable
gage pressure, (b) the corresponding increase in the diameter of the vessel.
2. A spherical gas container made of steel has a 20-ft outer diameter and a wall thickness of 7/16
in. Knowing that the internal pressure is 75 psi, determine the maximum normal stress and the
maximum shearing stress in the container.
3. Determine the largest internal pressure that can be applied to a cylindrical tank of 5.5-ft outer
diameter and 5/8 in. wall thickness if the ultimate normal stress of the steel used is 65 ksi and a
factor of safety of 5.0 is desired.
4. A spherical pressure vessel of 750-mm outer diameter is to be fabricated from a steel having an
ultimate stress σU=400 Mpa. Knowing that a factor of safety of 4.0 is desired and that the gage
pressure can reach 4.2 Mpa, determine the smallest wall thickness that should be used.
5. A cylindrical storage tank contains liquefied propane under a pressure of 1.5Mpa at a
temperature of 388C. Knowing that the tank has an outer diameter of 320 mm and a wall thickness
of 3 mm, determine the maximum normal stress and the maximum shearing stress in the tank.
6. a) The compressed-air tank AB has an inner diameter of 450 mm and a uniform wall thickness
of 6 mm. Knowing that the gage pressure inside the tank is 1.2 MPa, determine the maximum
normal stress and the maximum in-plane shearing stress at point a on the top of the tank.
b) For the compressed-air tank and loading of part a, determine the maximum normal stress and
the maximum in-plane shearing stress at point b on the top of the tank.
c) The pressure tank shown has a 3/8 -in. wall thickness and butt welded seams forming an angle
β=200 with a transverse plane. For a gage pressure of 85 psi, determine (a) the normal stress
perpendicular to the weld, (b) the shearing stress parallel to the weld.
 Fig. 6a,b Fig. 6c
7. a) The cylindrical portion of the compressed air tank shown is fabricated of 6-mm-thick plate
welded along a helix forming an angle β=300 with the horizontal. Knowing that the allowable
stress normal to the weld is 75 MPa, determine the largest gage pressure that can be used in the
tank.
b) The cylindrical portion of the compressed air tank shown is fabricated of 6-mm-thick plate
welded along a helix forming an angle β=300 with the horizontal. Determine the gage pressure that
will cause a shearing stress parallel to the weld of 30 MPa.

Fig. 7a,b

SPRINGS

MOHR’S CIRCLE
1. For the given state of stress, determine the normal and shearing stresses exerted on the oblique
face of the shaded triangular element shown. Use a method of analysis based on the equilibrium
of that element.

Fig. 7a Fig. 7b Fig. 7c

2. a) For the given state of stress, determine (a) the principal planes, (b) the principal stresses.
b) For the given state of stress, determine (a) the orientation of the planes of maximum in-
plane shearing stress, (b) the maximum in-plane shearing stress, (c) the corresponding normal
stress.
3. A single horizontal force P of magnitude 150 lb is applied to end D of lever ABD. Knowing that
portion AB of the lever has a diameter of 1.2 in., determine (a) the normal and shearing stresses on
an element located at point H and having sides parallel to the x and y axes, (b) the principal planes
and the principal stresses at point H.

Fig. 3 Fig. 4
4. a) The steel pipe AB has a 102-mm outer diameter and a 6-mm wall thickness. Knowing that
arm CD is rigidly attached to the pipe, determine the principal stresses and the maximum shearing
stress at point H.
b) The steel pipe AB has a 102-mm outer diameter and a 6-mm wall thickness. Knowing that
arm CD is rigidly attached to the pipe, determine the principal stresses and the maximum shearing
stress at point K.
5. a) For the state of plane stress shown, determine (a) the principal planes and the principal
stresses, (b) the stress components exerted on the element obtained by rotating the given element
counterclockwise through 300.
b) For the state of plane stress shown, use Mohr’s circle to determine (a) the value of τxy for
which the in-plane shearing stress parallel to the weld is zero, (b) the corresponding principal
stresses.

Fig. 5a Fig. 5b
6. a) Two wooden members of 80X120-mm uniform rectangular cross section are joined by the
simple glued scarf splice shown. Knowing that β=220 and that the maximum allowable stresses in
the joint are, respectively, 400 kPa in tension (perpendicular to the splice) and 600 kPa in shear
(parallel to the splice), determine the largest centric load P that can be applied.
b) Two wooden members of 80X120-mm uniform rectangular cross section are joined by the
simple glued scarf splice shown. Knowing that β=250 and that the centric loads of magnitude P=10
kN are applied to the member as shown, determine (a) the in-plane shearing stress parallel to the
splice, (b) the normal stress perpendicular to the splice.
c) Two members of uniform cross section 50X80 mm are glued together along plane a-a that
forms an angle of 258 with the horizontal. Knowing that the allowable stresses for the glued joint
are σ=800 kPa and τ=600 kPa, determine the largest axial load P that can be applied.

Fig. 6a.b Fig. 6c